Chapter Objectives

Chapter Objectives
 Determine stresses developed in thin-walled pressure

vessels
 Determine stresses developed in a member’s cross
section when axial load, torsion, bending and shear
occur simultaneously.
Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

8.1 Thin-Walled Pressure Vessels (1)
Assumptions:
• Thin-wall : ratio r/t ≥ 10 (r: inner radius, t: thickness)
1) Cylindrical vessels
 1 :circumferential or hoop stress

 2 :longitudinal or axialstress
Fig. 8-1 (a)

a. Hoop stress
Consider a cross sectioned plane by y-z plane.
y
2 1dyt  p 2rdy
x
pr pd Eq. (8-1)
 1  
t 2t
Fig. 8-1 (b)
b. Longitudinal stress
Consider a cross sectioned plane by x-z plane.
 2 2 rt   r 2 p
pr pd
 2  
2t 4t Eq. (8-2)
 1  2 2
Fig. 8-1 (c)
2) Spherical vessels
Fig. 8-2
 2  2 rt   r 2 p
pr Eq. (8-3)
 2 
2t
EXAMPLE 8.1
A cylindrical pressure vessel has an inner diameter of 1.2 m
and a thickness of 12 mm. Determine the maximum internal
pressure it can sustain so that neither its circumferential nor
its longitudinal stress component exceeds 140 MPa. Under
the same conditions, what is the maximum internal pressure
that a similar-size spherical vessel can sustain?

EXAMPLE 8.1
Solutions
The maximum stress occurs in the circumferential direction.
pr
1 
t
p600
140 
12
p  2.8 N/mm2  2.8 MPa (Ans)
• The stress in the longitudinal direction will be  2 

1
140  70 MPa
2

EXAMPLE 8.1
Solutions
• The maximum stress occurs in any two perpendicular directions
on an element of the vessel is
pr
2 
2t
p600
140 
212
p  5.6 N/mm2  5.6 MPa (Ans)
• The maximum stress in the radial direction occurs on the material

at the inner wall of the vessel and is
 3(max)  p  2.8 MPa

8.2 State of Stress Caused by Combined
Loadings (1)
• Most often, the cross section of a member is subjected to
several of an internal axial force, a bending moment or
torsion of loadings simultaneously.
 The method of superposition can be used to determine
the resultant stress distribution.
① Linear relationship exists between the stress and load.
② Deformation should not significantly influence change in load.
• Normal force P leads to:
P
uniform normal stress : 
A
• Shear force V leads to:
VQ
shear  stress distribution : 
It

Loadings (2)
• Bending moment M leads to:
My
longitudinal stress distribution :    (for straight beam)
I
My
or   (for curved beam)
AeR  y 
• Torsional moment T leads to:
T
shear  stress distribution :   (for circular shaft)
J
T
 (for closed thin - walled tube)
2 Amt 

Loadings (3)
• Resultant stresses by superposition:

Once the normal and shear stress components for each
loading have been calculated, use the principle of
superposition to determine the resultant normal and shear
stress components.

EXAMPLE 8.2
A force of 15 kN is applied to the edge of the member shown in
Fig. 8–3a. Neglect the weight of the member and determine the
state of stress at points B and C.

EXAMPLE 8.2
Solutions
• For equilibrium at the section there must be an axial force of 15 000 N
acting through the centroid and a bending moment of 750 000 N•mm
about the centroidal or principal axis.
P 15000
   3.75 MPa
A 100  40 
• The maximum stress is
Mc 75000  50 
 max    11.25 MPa
1
I
 40 100 
3
12

EXAMPLE 8.2
Solutions
• The location of the line of zero stress can be determined by proportional
triangles
7.5 15

x 100  x 
x  33.3 mm
• Elements of material at B and C are subjected only to normal or uniaxial

stress.
 B  7.5 MPa (tension) (Ans)
 C  15 MPa (compression) (Ans)

EXAMPLE 8.3
The tank in Fig. 8–4a has an inner radius of 600 mm and a
thickness of 12 mm. It is filled to the top with water having a
specific weight of γw = 10 kN/m3. If it is made of steel having a
specific weight of γst = 78 kN/m3, determine the state of stress at
point A. The tank is open at the top.

EXAMPLE 8.3
Solutions
• The weight of the tank is
  612 2  600  
2
Wst   stVst  78        1  3.56 kN

  1000   1000  
• The pressure on the tank at level A is
p   w z  10 1  10 kPa
• For circumferential and longitudinal stress, we have

pr 10  1000
600
  500 kPa (Ans)
1   12
t  1000 
Wst 3.56
2    77.9 kPa (Ans)
Ast   1000
612

2
  1000
600

2

 
EXAMPLE 8.4
The member shown in Fig. 8–5a has a rectangular cross
section. Determine the state of stress that the loading produces
at point C.

EXAMPLE 8.4
Solutions
• The resultant internal loadings at the section consist of a normal force, a
shear force, and a bending moment.
4 4 3 3 4 4 3 3
RB (4  2.5  )  RB (2.5  )  125  (4  1.25  )  125  (1.25  )
5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
RB  (500  75  0.75) / (4.8  0.9)  97.59(kN )
3 3 4 4
Rx  125   97.59   0, R y  125   97.59   0
5 5 5 5
Rx  16.45kN , R y  21.93 kN
N  16.45 kN, V  21.93 kN, M  32.89 kN

EXAMPLE 8.4
Solutions
• The uniform normal-stress distribution acting over the cross section is
produced by the normal force.
• At Point C, P 16.45 103 

c    1.32 MPa
A  0.05  0.25 
• In Fig. 8–5e, the shear stress is zero.

EXAMPLE 8.4
Solutions
• Point C is located at y = c = 0.125m from the neutral axis, so the normal
stress at C, Fig. 8–5f, is
Mc  32.89 10    0.125 

3
c    63.16 MPa
I  12  0.05  0.25 3 
 

EXAMPLE 8.4
Solutions
• The shear stress is zero.
• Adding the normal stresses determined above gives a compressive

stress at C having a value of
Mc
c   1.32  63.16  64.5 MPa
I

EXAMPLE 13.1
EXAMPLE 13.1
EXAMPLE 13.1
EXAMPLE 13.1
EXAMPLE 13.1
EXAMPLE 13.1
EXAMPLE 13.1
EXAMPLE 13.1

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Chapter Objectives

 Determine stresses developed in thin-walled pressure

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

 1 :circumferential or hoop stress

Fig. 8-1 (a)

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

• The stress in the longitudinal direction will be  2 

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

• The maximum stress in the radial direction occurs on the material

 3(max)  p  2.8 MPa

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

• Resultant stresses by superposition:

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

• The maximum stress is

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

• Elements of material at B and C are subjected only to normal or uniaxial

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

Wst   stVst  78        1  3.56 kN

• The pressure on the tank at level A is

p   w z  10 1  10 kPa

• For circumferential and longitudinal stress, we have

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

• At Point C, P 16.45 103 

• In Fig. 8–5e, the shear stress is zero.

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

Mc  32.89 10    0.125 

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

• Adding the normal stresses determined above gives a compressive

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

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