16 Batch Report 2

UNIVERSITY OF MORATUWA
Faculty of Engineering
Registered Module No: EE3993
INDUSTRIAL TRAINING REPORT
Ceylon Electricity Board
Lanka Electricity Company (Pvt.) Ltd.
LTL Holdings Pvt. (Ltd)
From: 24/06/2019 to 06/12/2019
Date of Submission: 31/12/2019
S.K.A.Deshapriya
160112C
Department of: Electrical Engineering

Preface
This report is regarding my Industrial Training experience of six months period in

Ceylon Electricity Board, Lanka Electricity Company and LTL Transformers of LTL Holdings
(Pvt.) Ltd. The industrial training Program conducted for us by the Industrial Training
Department of University of Moratuwa, was a great opportunity to get the industrial exposure
as a practicing engineer. It gave us the chance to apply the theoretical knowledge we gathered
in the university into industry, and to gather the knowledge relating to each industry. And it
also gave us the chance to improve our managerial skills and professional ethics.
I have included the training experience I got for 12 weeks in Ceylon Electricity Board
and Lanka Electricity Company (Pvt.) Ltd starting from 24th June, 2019 to 12th September, 2019
and 12 weeks in LTL – Transformer (Pvt.) Ltd starting from 17th September, 2019 to 06th
December, 2019 in this report.
This report contains 3 chapters. Chapter 1 contains Information about all Training
establishments with brief introductions. Therefore it contains the main functions, organizational
structure, a SWOT analysis, and the usefulness of the establishment for the country.
Chapter 2 contains details emphasizing the daily entries made in my daily diary, my
duties and functions, technical details, knowledge I gathered, hand on experience and how I
developed my professional skills.
Chapter 3 contains the conclusion of the training experience describing, summary of the
training, my identified areas of weaknesses and shortcomings for them, overall assessment of
the training and comments, suggestions to improve entire process.
II
Acknowledgment
I convey my sincere gratitude to Industrial Training Division of University of Moratuwa

and National Apprentice & Industrial Training Authority (NAITA) for arranging the industrial
training and making it successful giving me a great opportunity to gain the internship in Ceylon
Electricity Board, Lanka Electricity Company (Pvt.) Ltd. and LTL – Transformers (Pvt.) Ltd.
And I would like to express my deepest appreciation to our Department Training Coordinators
Dr.Saranga K.Abeygunawardane, Dr.A.M.Harsha S. Abeykoon, Training Coordinator from the
Industrial Training Division Eng.Chulani Perera, Director of Industrial Training Division
Eng.Nihal Wijewickrama and Acting Director of Industrial Training Division
Eng.Plnr.T.Ananda Gamage for their effort to make the program success.
And I should convey my gratitude to the Training Officer of CEB, Eng. (Ms.) K.A.C.K.
Premarathne and to all the engineers, superintendents, technicians, workers and other staff of
CEB in Transmission Operation & Maintenance – Southern, Biyagama Grid Substation,
Transmission Line Construction Projects Branch, Transmission Design Branch, Transmission
& Generation Planning Branch, Colombo City Branch and Projects & Heavy Maintenance
Branch– DD4.
Next I express my gratitude towards the Training Manager of Lanka Electricity

Company (Pvt.) Ltd.-Mr.S.K.S.Pushpakumara and all the engineers, superintendents,
technicians, workers and other staff of Ekala-Training Center, Head Office, Ante-LECO Meter
Factory, LECO-Kalutara Branch and Payagala Customer Center of LECO.
Then I convey my sincere gratitude to Prof.J.Rohan Lucas, Dr.Rasara Samarasinghe

COO of LTL – Holdings (Pvt.) Ltd. - Mr.D.A.J.Nanayakkara, HR-Executive of LTL –
Transformers (Pvt.) Ltd. – D.G.Awishka Navodee, my supervisor Eng.B.L.E.A.Balasooriya,
and all the other engineers, engineer assistances, technicians, workers and other staff of LTL –
Transformers (Pvt.) Ltd.
A special gratitude I give to my CEB and LECO Training group members, Pulindu,
Muditha, Virantha Pasan and to my friend Vidula Tharinda and his father, uncle Janith for their
effort to arrange the training for me in LTL – Transformers (Pvt.) Ltd. and to my LTL-
Transformers (Pvt.) Ltd. - training group members Sulekha and Shathir who helped and
encouraged me to complete the Industrial Training Successfully. And I am also thankful to my
family, my colleagues and any other who helped me for their guidance and support in many
ways during the training period.
III
Contents
Chapter 1 ............................................................................................................................ 1
1. Introduction to the Training Establishment .................................................................... 1
1.1 Ceylon Electricity Board............................................................................................ 1
1.1.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................. 1
1.1.2 Organizational Structure ......................................................................................... 1
1.1.3 SWOT Analysis....................................................................................................... 1
1.1.4 Usefulness to the Country ....................................................................................... 2
1.1.5 Suggestions to improve performance ...................................................................... 2
1.1.6 Possible Constraints for achieve objectives ............................................................ 3
1.2 Lanka Electricity Company (Pvt.) Ltd. ...................................................................... 3
1.2.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................. 3
1.2.3 SWOT Analysis....................................................................................................... 3
1.3 LTL – Transformers (Pvt.) Ltd. ................................................................................. 5
1.3.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................. 5
1.3.3 SWOT Analysis....................................................................................................... 5
Chapter 2 ............................................................................................................................ 7
2. Training Experience ........................................................................................................ 7
2.1 Ceylon Electricity Board............................................................................................ 7
2.1.1 Workshops, Divisions involved .............................................................................. 7
2.1.2 Duties and Functions ............................................................................................... 7
2.1.3 Start of the Training ................................................................................................ 7
2.1.4 Gathered Knowledge ............................................................................................... 8
2.1.4.1 Hydro Power Generation in Sri Lanka ................................................................. 8
2.1.4.2 Samanalawewa Power Station ............................................................................. 9
2.1.4.2.1 Intake Screen ..................................................................................................... 9
2.1.4.2.2 Tunnel................................................................................................................ 9
2.1.4.2.3 Surge Chamber .................................................................................................. 9
2.1.4.2.4 Portal Valve ....................................................................................................... 9
2.1.4.2.5 Penstock ............................................................................................................ 9
2.1.4.2.6 Main Inlet Valve (MIV) .................................................................................. 10
2.1.4.2.7 Turbine ............................................................................................................ 10
2.1.4.2.8 Governor.......................................................................................................... 10
2.1.4.2.9 Generator ......................................................................................................... 10
2.1.4.2.10 Transformer ................................................................................................... 10
2.1.4.2.11 Switchyard ..................................................................................................... 10
2.1.4.3 Non-Conventional Renewable Generation in Sri Lanka .................................... 11
2.1.4.4 Thermal Power Generation in Sri Lanka............................................................ 11
2.1.4.5 Lakvijaya Coal Power Plant ............................................................................... 11
2.1.4.5.1 Coal Supply ..................................................................................................... 11
IV
2.1.4.5.2 Coal Bunker and Coal Mill ............................................................................. 12
2.1.4.5.3 Boiler ............................................................................................................... 12
2.1.4.5.4 Steam Turbine and Generators ........................................................................ 12
2.1.4.5.5 Transformers ................................................................................................... 12
2.1.4.6 System Control Center ....................................................................................... 12
2.1.4.7 Transmission Operation and Maintenance - Southern ....................................... 13
2.1.4.7.1 Biyagama Grid Sub Station ............................................................................. 13
2.1.4.7.2 Components of a Grid Sub Station .................................................................. 13
2.1.4.7.3 Gas Insulated Switchyard (GIS) ...................................................................... 18
2.1.4.7.4 Hot Line Maintenance ..................................................................................... 19
2.1.4.8 Transmission Construction Projects Branch ...................................................... 19
2.1.4.8.1 Tests done at the commissioning of a Grid Substation ................................... 19
2.1.4.8.2 Transmission Lines ......................................................................................... 20
2.1.4.9 Transmission Design & Environment Branch ................................................... 21
2.1.4.9.1 Substations Design .......................................................................................... 21
2.1.4.9.2 System Voltage Stabilizing ............................................................................. 21
2.1.4.10 Transmission and Generation Planning Branch ............................................... 22
2.1.4.10.1 Transmission, Generation Expansion Plans .................................................. 22
2.1.4.10.2 Load Flow Analysis ...................................................................................... 22
2.1.4.11 Colombo City ................................................................................................... 23
2.1.4.11.1 Planning Section ............................................................................................ 23
2.1.4.11.2 Feeder Pillars ................................................................................................. 23
2.1.4.12 Projects and Heavy Maintenance Branch – DD4 ............................................. 24
2.1.4.12.1 Planning and Designing ................................................................................ 24
2.1.4.12.2 Auto Re-closer (AR) ..................................................................................... 24
2.1.4.12.3 DDLO (Drop Down Lift On Switch) ............................................................ 24
2.1.5 Administrative and Office practices ...................................................................... 25
2.1.6 Safety Procedures .................................................................................................. 25
2.1.7 Exposure to machinery and equipment ................................................................. 25
2.1.8 Hands-on experiences and skills acquired ............................................................ 25
2.2 Lanka Electricity Company (Pvt.) Ltd. .................................................................... 26
2.2.1 Workshops, Divisions involved ............................................................................ 26
2.2.2 Duties and Functions ............................................................................................. 26
2.2.3 Start of the Training .............................................................................................. 26
2.2.4 Gathered Knowledge ............................................................................................. 26
2.2.4.1 Head Office ........................................................................................................ 26
2.2.4.1.1 Load Forecast .................................................................................................. 26
2.2.4.1.1 Line Constructions .......................................................................................... 26
2.2.4.1.1 Operations Division......................................................................................... 27
2.2.4.2 ANTE – LECO Meter Factory ........................................................................... 27
2.2.4.3 LECO – Kalutara Branch ................................................................................... 27
2.2.4.3.1 Lowest Conductor Clearances ......................................................................... 27
2.2.4.3.2 Distribution Equipment ................................................................................... 27
2.3 LTL – Transformers (Pvt.) Ltd. ............................................................................... 30
2.3.1 Workshops, Divisions involved ............................................................................ 30
2.3.2 Duties and Functions ............................................................................................. 30
V
2.3.3 Start of the Training .............................................................................................. 31
2.3.4 Production Process ................................................................................................ 32
2.3.4.1 LV Winding........................................................................................................ 32
2.3.4.2 Clamping and Ovening of Oval Shape LV Winding ......................................... 35
2.3.4.3 HV Winding ....................................................................................................... 35
2.3.4.4 Core .................................................................................................................... 36
2.3.4.5 Assembling ......................................................................................................... 37
2.3.4.5.1 No Load Tap Changer ..................................................................................... 38
2.3.4.6 Ovening .............................................................................................................. 40
2.3.4.7 Tanking............................................................................................................... 40
2.3.4.7.1 ISD Unit (Integrated Safety Detector) ............................................................ 41
2.3.4.8 Pressure Testing ................................................................................................. 41
2.3.4.9 Transformer Electrical Tests .............................................................................. 42
2.3.4.9.1 Routine Tests ................................................................................................... 42
2.3.4.9.2 Type tests......................................................................................................... 46
2.3.4.10 Theories and Facts about Transformers ........................................................... 47
2.3.4.11 Transformer Design.......................................................................................... 48
2.2.7 Management Practices and Operational techniques .............................................. 50
Chapter 3 .......................................................................................................................... 52
3.1 Conclusion ................................................................................................................... 52
Annex 1 .......................................................................................................................... 54
Annex 2 .......................................................................................................................... 55
Annex 3 .......................................................................................................................... 56
Annex 4 .......................................................................................................................... 57
List of References .......................................................................................................... 58
Abbreviations and Acronyms

AAAC – All Aluminum Alloy Conductor
AAC – All Aluminum Conductor
ABC – Aluminum Bundle Conductors
AR – Auto Re-closer
CEB – Ceylon Electricity Board
CSS – Customer Service Supervisor
CT – Current Transformer
CVT – Capacitive Voltage Transformer
DC – Direct Current
DD4 – Distribution Division 4
DDLO – Drop Down Lift On
DDP – Diamond Doted Paper
DETC - De-energized Tap Changer
DGM – Deputy General Manager
EMF – Electro Motive Force
ES – Electrical Superintendent
GIS – Gas Insulated Switchyard
VI
GSS – Grid Substation
HV – High Voltage
ID – Inner Diameter
IEC – International Electrotechnical Commission
IEEE – Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
IOT – Internet of Things
IPP – Independent Power Producer
ISD – Integrated Safety Device
kV – Kilo Volt
kVA – Kilo Volt Ampere
LBC – Load Break Cutout
LBS – Load Breaker Switch
LECO – Lanka Electricity Company
LV – Low Voltage
MCM – Millions of Cubic Meters
MCSR – Magnetically Controlled Shunt Reactor
MIV – Main Inlet Valve
MSL – Mean Sea Level
MV – Medium Volt
MVA – Mega Volt Ampere
MW – Mega Watt
N/C – Normally Closed
N/O – Normally Open
NCRE – Non Conventional Renewable Energy
NLTC - No Load Tap Changer
O&M – Operation and Maintenance
OCTC - Off Circuit Tap Changer
OD – Outer Diameter
ONAF – Oil Natural Air Forced
ONAN – Oil Natural Air Natural
PHM – Projects and Heavy Maintenance
R&D – Research and Development
SCADA – Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition
SMD – Surface Mount Device
T.O. – Technical Officer
TCP – Transmission Construction Project
TCR – Thysristor Controlled Reactor
TTR - Turns Ratio tester
UDA – Urban Development Authority
VA – Volt Ampere
VT – Voltage Transformer
VII
List of Figures
Figure 2.1 – Laxapana Complex ......................................................................................... 8
Figure 2.2 – Mahaweli Complex ......................................................................................... 8
Figure 2.3 - Transformer Buchholz Relay ........................................................................ 14
Figure 2.4 – Earthing Transformer Name Plate ................................................................ 15
Figure 2.5 – Circuit Breaker .............................................................................................. 16
Figure 2.6 – Current Transformers (CTs) ......................................................................... 16
Figure 2.7 – Line Isolators ................................................................................................ 17
Figure 2.8 – Capacitive Voltage Transformer (CVT) ....................................................... 17
Figure 2.9 – GIS ................................................................................................................ 18
Figure 2.10 – Circuit Breaker in a GIS ............................................................................. 18
Figure 2.11 – Hotline Maintenance ................................................................................... 19
Figure 2.12 – Transmission Line Tower ........................................................................... 20
Figure 2.13 – Capacitor Banks in Biyagama Grid Substation .......................................... 22
Figure 2.14 – PSSE software............................................................................................. 22
Figure 2.15 – Inside the Feeder Pillar ............................................................................... 23
Figure 2.16 - Clearances.................................................................................................... 27
Figure 2.17 – Two step core and multistep core side view cross section ......................... 32
Figure 2.18 – LV Former arrangement ............................................................................. 32
Figure 2.19 – LV winding and winding process ............................................................... 34
Figure 2.20 – HV winding and winding process ............................................................... 35
Figure 2.21 – Transformer Core with clamps ................................................................... 37
Figure 2.22 – Step Lap Core ............................................................................................. 37
Figure 2.23 – Transformer Active Part ............................................................................. 37
Figure 2.24 – HV side connections diagram with a tap changer of 5 tap positions .......... 39
Figure 2.25 – No Load Tap Changer................................................................................. 39
Figure 2.26 – Transformer Tank ....................................................................................... 40
Figure 2.27 – ISD Unit ...................................................................................................... 41
Figure 2.28 – Transformer Turns Ratio Tester (TTR) ...................................................... 43
Figure 2.29 – DC Resistance Test Connections and Calculations .................................... 44
Figure 2.30 – Vector Group test for Dyn11 Transformers ................................................ 45
Figure 2.31 – Lightning Impulse Waveform ..................................................................... 48
VIII
List of Tables
Table 2.1 – Workshops, Divisions involved in CEB .......................................................... 7
Table 2.2 – Soil Types....................................................................................................... 24
Table 2.3 - Workshops, Divisions involved in LECO ...................................................... 26
Table 2.4 - Workshops, Divisions involved in LTL - Transformers................................. 30
IX
Chapter 1
1. Introduction to the Training Establishment
1.1 Ceylon Electricity Board
1.1.1 Introduction
Ceylon Electricity Board (CEB) is started in Sri Lanka on the 1st of November, 1969 on
the Parliamentary Act No. 17, under legal obligation to develop and maintain an efficient,
coordinated and economical system of Electricity supply in accordance with any License issue.
It is owned by the government of Sri Lanka and it is a company under the Ministry of Power
and Energy. The head office of the CEB is located in the address, Chittha. A. Gardinar Road,
Colombo 02. CEB is one of the two establishments in Sri Lanka for the electricity utility supply,
and other one is Lanka Electricity Company (Pvt.) Ltd, which is also a government owned
company. Mainly, CEB generates and purchases electricity and Transmits to remote areas for
distribution among customers. So CEB’s main functions are generation, transmission and
distribution of electricity. Vision of the CEB is “Enrich Life Through Power”.
1.1.2 Organizational Structure
Organization structure is mentioned in the Annex 1.
1.1.3 SWOT Analysis
1.1.3.1 Strengths
Operating as a government organization is the first and main strength of CEB. Therefore
CEB is funded by the government of Sri Lanka. And also, it has the monopoly in the electricity
utility supply of Sri Lanka. Therefore CEB doesn’t have competitors in power sector. CEB have
large amount of physical resources in generation, transmission and distribution. And it also
have well qualified, experienced and professional engineers, superintendents, specialists and
technicians.
1.1.3.2 Weaknesses
First thing is, there is a political pressure on the higher administration of CEB and in
some cases it leads to corruption. CEB couldn’t do any power additions to the national grid in
past five years due to political influences. CEB has lost its efficiency in some cases due to
inefficiency of work. CEB doesn’t have backup power generation for use in situations like
1
shutting down or tripping of CEB’s base load power plants. Therefore power generation cost
increases dramatically due to running IPP thermal plants in base load.
1.1.3.3 Opportunities for sustainability
CEB can propose more coal power plants to give a cheap and reliable electricity supply.
And the world is moving to the renewable and clean power generation as the fossil fuel
resources are decaying now. Therefore CEB is also going towards renewable energy for future
power additions and to get rid of oil based power.
1.1.3.4 Threats
In past five years, there wasn’t any power additions to the national grid to fulfill the
increasing power requirement year by year. Therefore power plants are operating in their
maximum capacity to meet the demand. In such a situation, if a base load plant fails, power cuts
can happen. And it will lead to increase the cost of CEB. And hydro power generation is also
in the saturation level. No more large hydro power plants can be proposed. Therefore CEB
should step for new methods of power generation and add them to the national grid in near
future to increase the profitability. Otherwise CEB will have to purchase more and more
emergency power increasing the cost more and more.
1.1.3.5 Profitability
As CEB is working as a service for the country, it doesn’t try to make profits. It always
try to give a reliable, quality and cheap electricity supply for the people. But through a proper
management of the cost of CEB, even profits can be gained because, in past there were some
years that CEB did make profits.
1.1.4 Usefulness to the Country
As a government organization, CEB is giving a service to people and development of

the county even bearing financial losses. CEB is mainly focused to give a cheap, reliable and
quality power supply rather than having profit because, it will is directly responsible for
sustainability of industries in Sri Lanka. And also, CEB helps people who have financial
difficulties to have an electricity supply, providing solutions.
1.1.5 Suggestions to improve performance
CEB at present, is having a loss of billions of rupees due to delaying of power plants
which can generate cheap electricity. So CEB have to work on that to get those power plants
2
immediately to the national grid. CEB should also concern more on renewable power like, wind
and solar. Researches should be done on new methods of power generation. And the
inefficiencies can be reduced by deploying online based customer services. Through proper
acknowledgment of customers to utilize their energy use, electricity wastage can be reduced.
1.1.6 Possible Constraints for achieve objectives
 Wind power equipment cost is reducing

 Solar panel cost is going down as an effect of new researches
 Battery Technologies are improving now
1.2 Lanka Electricity Company (Pvt.) Ltd.
1.2.1 Introduction
Lanka Electricity Company (Pvt.) Ltd. (LECO) was formed in 1983 for distribution of
electricity in western sea-belt of Colombo area. Before LECO forms, the UDA distributed the
electricity. At present, LECO distributes in areas of Negombo, Colombo, Kalutara and Galle.
LECO has branches in Negambo, Kelaniya, Kotte, Nugegoda, Moratuwa, Kalutara and Galle.
Mainly, LECO buys electricity from CEB and distributes it. The shares of LECO are distributed
as CEB-54.8%, Treasury-43.6%, UDA-0.8% and Other Local Authorities-0.8%.
1.2.3 SWOT Analysis

1.2.3.1 Strengths
LECO is mainly a government funded organization. LECO has well qualified,

experienced and professional engineers, superintendents, specialists and technicians. And their
response for customer issues, breakdowns is very efficient. They have their own transformer
repairing workshop, a meter manufacturing factory and a meter testing laboratory and a training
center. And also they use new technology for maintenance of their distribution network.
1.2.3.2 Weaknesses
LECO have to buy electricity only from CEB. Therefore LECO has to depend on CEB.
Most of the distribution transformers work overloaded. Therefore lifetime of the transformers
reduces.
3
1.2.3.3 Opportunities for Sustainability
Because of the limited area of their network and their researches, they could reduce the
distribution loss less than 4%. They use the medium voltage level as 11kV and therefore they
can reduce the clearances for distribution network. It helps to distribute electricity in urban
areas. Their smart meter project can increase the efficiency of revenue collection and
operations.
1.2.3.4 Threats
LECO has saturated the spreading of their network and new connections. If the CEB
supply side interrupts, LECO has to wait until CEB fixes it.
LECO Also doesn’t focus on profitability same as CEB. LECO fixes its tariffs in way
that profit is zero, to give an electricity supply of reliable, quality and cheap. But it is a highly
profitable organization.
As a government organization LECO also giving a service to the people and country.
To have an electricity supply with high reliability, standard voltage level, efficient customer
service and to fulfil the high electricity demand in urban areas, LECO is an important
organization.
LECO can also provide online based customer services to improve the efficiency of the
customer service and operations. If the energy meters which are already installed can be
replaced by smart meters, the efficiency can be increased more. LECO can also inform
consumers on energy saving methods to reduce the electricity wastage, to reduce the cost of
LECO.
 Mobile Technology is developing rapidly

 Concepts related to internet like IOT are popularizing among people.
 World is moving towards green energy and energy saving
4
1.3 LTL – Transformers (Pvt.) Ltd
1.3.1 Introduction
LTL – Transformers was formed in 1982. It started as a joint venture of CEB. It was
established to cover the entire distribution transformer requirement of Sri Lanka. Now it is
manufacturing transformers for requirement in Sri Lanka and for export. LTL – Transformers
manufacture Distribution transformers, Power transformers, Auxiliary transformers, Earthing
transformers, Dual ratio transformers, Isolation transformers and Switchgear panels. The
ratings of those transformers varies between 5kVA to 5MVA and voltages up to 33kV.
Switchgear panels are mainly, Bus bar chambers and Feeder pillars.
1.3.3 SWOT Analysis
1.3.3.1 Strengths
LTL – Transformers have built its name as a long lifetime transformer manufacturer.
Therefore transformers manufactured in LTL – Transformers, have a demand for export. LTL
– Transformers is the only one supplier of distribution transformers, for CEB and LECO. LTL
– Transformers is one of the companies under LTL – Holdings (Pvt.) Ltd., which is a big player
now in Sri Lankan Power Sector. LTL – Transformers also have well qualified, experienced
and professional engineers, superintendents, specialists and technicians. And it can also provide
after sales services for their products and other services related to transformers.
1.3.3.2 Weaknesses
Sometimes the cost of production increases due to failures of work in progress in middle
stages of the production. The workers are unhappy due to high work load because the workers
are not enough for some works. Workers from outsourcing companies don’t have much loyalty
to the company at the work. They just do their work according to their schedule. LTL –
Transformers doesn’t have the capacity to manufacture transformers above 5MVA.
1.3.3.3 Opportunities for Sustainability
Demand for electricity supply is increasing day by day and, more and more equipment
for electricity distribution is also needed. For LTL – Transformers, the demand is more than the
5
supply now. Currently installing new machines can fulfil this gap near future. There is no other
company in Sri Lanka to manufacture large power transformers in large scale.
1.3.3.4 Threats
There is no any company in Sri Lanka to manufacture large power transformers in

large scale, therefore there is a chance to come other company to the transformers market.
Company has to depend on CEB and LECO as they are the main buyers.
The company gains a good profit by exporting transformers, meeting with various
kinds of customer requirements. Because of the high value of dollars compared to rupees and
its variation with time, sometimes company can compensate with extra cost made, in or after
manufacture.
LTL – Transformers exports their products gaining foreign exchange for the country.
And it fulfils distribution transformers requirement of Sri Lanka. It provides direct and
indirect job opportunities for the people enriching their lives and their families also.
The company can expand their production to manufacture large power transformers to
compete in the world market. They can increase the quality of transformers if the factory can
make a dust free environment in the production area. The inefficiency in transformer oil
unloading can be fixed by upgrading the unloading equipment (Large horses and better
pumps)
 Newly installing winding machines and “Vacuum and oil filling plant” can increase the
productivity.
 The company is expanding their office area and going to recruit more engineers and
assistances in near future.
6
Chapter 2
2. Training Experience
2.1 Ceylon Electricity Board
2.1.1 Workshops, Divisions involved
Division Key Training Personnel Designation Period Spent

Biyagama Grid Sub Station Mr.D.G.S.D.Madusanka Engineer 5 days
J’pura GIS Engineer 1 day
Hot line Maintenance ES 2 days
Transmission Construction Mr.M.P.Palihawadana Engineer 1 week
Projects
Kelanitissa Power Plant and Mr.M.P.Palihawadana Engineer 1 day
GIS
Transmission Design and Chief Engineer 1 week
Environment Branch
Transmission and Chief Engineer 1 week
Generation Planning Branch
Colombo City Branch Mr.M.R.Divarathne Engineer 1 week
Projects & Heavy Mr.C.L.Wisumperuma Engineer 2 weeks
Maintenance Branch
Table 2.1 – Workshops, Divisions involved in CEB
2.1.2 Duties and Functions
I had to come on time for the training place in the morning and observe, learn well about
the functions, theories related to the training place. I had to contact the engineers, supervisors
to arrange sessions. And I had to mark and get the sign on the attendance sheet from the
responsible engineer.
Training Coordinator: Eng.K.A.C.K.Premarathne
2.1.3 Start of the Training
My first training establishment was Ceylon Electricity Board and in the first two days
of the training, there were sessions on System Control, Hydro Power Generation and Thermal
Power Generation conducted by System control Engineers, Engineer in New Laxapana Hydro
Power Plant and by Engineers of Kelanitissa Combined Cycle Power Plant. System Control
Center has 24 hours and 365 days operations. The Control Center can control the power addition
and removal from the grid using the SCADA system. And it gives instructions to power plants
to dispatch power. The Control Center decides which machine in which power plant should be
loaded and connected or disconnected from the grid and in which amount of megawatts. I
7
learned about the main parts of a hydro power plant and a thermal power plant. Governor of a
hydro power plant controls the wicket gates to increase or decrease the water flow through the
turbine. Governor of a thermal power plant controls the fuel flow into combustion chamber or
to boiler. Some of the generation voltages found in Sri Lanka are 11kV, 12.5kV, 13.8kV and
14.5kV. There is a switch yard in every power plant to arrange different power flows to different
load centers.
2.1.4 Gathered Knowledge
2.1.4.1 Hydro Power Generation in Sri Lanka
The major hydro power generation complexes are,
 Laxapana Complex – 354MW

 Mahaweli Complex – 811MW
 Samanala Complex – 195MW
So the total hydro generation is around 1360MW.
Figure 2.1 – Laxapana Complex
Figure 2.2 – Mahaweli Complex
8
2.1.4.2 Samanalawewa Power Station
Samanalawewa Power Station is built based on the Walawe River and the Belihul Oya
River. The Walawe River and Belihul Oya River together feeds the Samanalawewa Reservoir.
It is situated at an elevation of 400 m from MSL. And it has a capacity of 278 Million Cubic
Meters but 60 MCM is drain storage, which cannot be used for power generation.
Samanalawewa Dam is 530 m long and it is made of Rockfill Clay Core. It has an average
hydraulic head of 320 m. The power station consists of two generators, each with 60MW
capacity.
2.1.4.2.1 Intake Screen
It filters the debris coming to the intake of power plant. It should be cleaned once a
month to avoid clogging. There is a mechanism to clean the debris.
2.1.4.2.2 Tunnel
The tunnel carries the water from reservoir to near the power plant, under a low pressure
head. In Samanalawewa Power Plant, tunnel shape is “horse shoe” shape and tunnel inside walls
are concreted. This horse shoe shape helps the tunnel to withstand to pressure. It is 4800 m
long.
2.1.4.2.3 Surge Chamber
Surge chamber is a water storage which is used to neutralize sudden pressure changes
in Penstock of the power plant. Therefore it protects penstock in sudden pressure changes.
When the water supply to turbine stops, this can be happen. Surge chamber is found before the
penstock relating to the direction of water. In Samanalawewa Plant, the surge chamber has an
18 m diameter and a height of 94 m.
2.1.4.2.4 Portal Valve
This is found after the surge chamber and before the penstock. This is used in the De
Watering operations of penstock. Anti-vacuum and air relief valves are provided. De Watering
of penstock is done for inspections and maintenance purposes.
2.1.4.2.5 Penstock
Penstock carries water to the power plant under a high pressure head. In Samanalawewa
Power Plant, it is made of stainless steel and it is 670 m long.
9
2.1.4.2.6 Main Inlet Valve (MIV)
It can control the water flow into the turbine. The valve is operated by a hydraulic system
and it is only fully opened or fully closed.
2.1.4.2.7 Turbine
It converts the potential and kinetic energy of water into mechanical energy. The turbine
is Samanalawewa Plant is Francis type. It has 21 runners rotates counter clockwise. The rated
output is 70.2MW. Water is flowed by 21 guide vanes controlled by 21 wicket gates, into the
turbine. After the MIV, water goes through a spiral shaped tube before comes to wicket gates.
2.1.4.2.8 Governor
Governor controls the water flow rate into the turbine. It controls the wicket gates using
a hydraulic system guided by a PID system. So it controls the power output of the generator.
There is a speed signal generator system to sense the speed of the rotor for the PID system.
2.1.4.2.9 Generator
It converts the rotational energy given by the turbine shaft into electrical energy. It
consists of a stationary part – stator, and a rotating part rotor. The rotor creates a magnetic field
and due to the rotation, it induces sinusoidal electrical fields in the stator, the 3-phase electricity.
In Samanalawewa Plant, there are two 60MW generators. The rotors and the turbines rotates at
500 rpm. Therefore there are 12 poles in a rotor. Generation Voltage is 10500V.
2.1.4.2.10 Transformer
The Transformer which is connected to the generator, steps up the voltage up to the
transmission voltage reducing the size of the current. Therefore a step up transformer is used.
In Samanalawewa Plant, voltage is stepped up from 10500V to 132kV. The cooling methods
are ONAN and ONAF. In ONAN cooling, transformer can operate at a capacity of 32MVA and
with ONAF, it is 71MVA. Vector symbol is YNd11. There are two transformer units for the
two machines.
2.1.4.2.11 Switchyard
The power output of the transformers goes to the switchyard. In the switchyard, the
power coming from two machines directed to two transmission lines arranging different power
flows.
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2.1.4.3 Non-Conventional Renewable Generation in Sri Lanka
CEB Mini Hydro - 20MW
IPP Mini Hydro - 351MW
Wind - 124MW
Bio Mass - 27MW
Solar - 50MW
Solar (Rooftop) - 168MW
Total NCRE - 740MW
2.1.4.4 Thermal Power Generation in Sri Lanka
Most of the power plants are oil based power plants. Some of them are owned by CEB
and some of them are IPPs (Independent Power Producers). Installed capacities are as follows.
 Coal-CEB - 900 MW
 Oil Fired-CEB - 604 MW
 Oil Fired-IPP - 533 MW
Total thermal - 2037 MW
The cost per unit is high compared to hydro power generation. And the negative effect on
environment is also high.
2.1.4.5 Lakvijaya Coal Power Plant
The first unit of the Lakvijaya Power Plant was commissioned in 2011. It is the first
coal power plant of Sri Lanka. The first unit has a 300MW capacity. 2nd and 3rd (2x300MW)
units were commissioned in 2014 and the total capacity of the plant is 900MW.
2.1.4.5.1 Coal Supply
Main fuel is Bituminous Coal which have a high calorific value and low ash content.
Coal is imported from countries like Indonesia, Russia. Coal is transported to Sri Lanka by
ships. A coal supply ship has a capacity of 85000t. The coal supply ships anchors in the ocean
near the plant and then transported to the jetty by Self Propeller Barges and Tug Barges. Coal
is transferred from barge to a conveyer belt using the unloading machines and conveyer belt
carries coal to the coal yard. The coal yard has a capacity of 0.98 million tons.
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2.1.4.5.2 Coal Bunker and Coal Mill
It can store 350t of coal to feed for Pulverizer (Coal Mill). Pulverizer crushes coal into
a powder.
2.1.4.5.3 Boiler
The coal powder is fed to the furnace using an air flow. Coal is burned in the furnace
releasing heat energy to the water pipes in boiler. The stating of the plant is done burning Auto
Diesel in the furnace. The hot gases goes through the Super heater, Re-heater, Economizer,
ESP, FGD and Stack before the atmosphere. Steam is generated in the water pipes and directed
to steam turbines.
2.1.4.5.4 Steam Turbine and Generators
The steam goes through turbines rotating them and goes to the condenser to condense
into water again. Turbines rotates at 3000 rpm and there are 3 sections as HP, IP and LP.
Condenser is cooled by sea water. The generation voltage is 20kV. The 3 generators are
300MW units. Exciter voltage at maximum MVA is at 364V.
2.1.4.5.5 Transformers
Power transformers are 20kV/220kV step up transformers and the capacity is 360MVA.
There are Auxiliary transformers of 20kV/6kV used for generator units. Startup Standby
Transformer is 220kV/6kV.
2.1.4.6 System Control Center
System Control Center balances the electricity supply and demand of Sri Lanka.
Electricity cannot be stored currently in Sri Lanka therefore, it all the power generated should
be consumed in the same time. This is done by monitoring the system frequency variation. If
the frequency go down, more power should be generated and more machines should be added
to the system when needed. If the frequency goes up, power generation should be go down and
if needed machines should shutdown. Instructions for power plants and grid substations to
maintain the frequency at 50Hz, are given by System Control Center. System Voltage should
be also controlled by the System Control Center. When system voltage varies, reactive power
should controlled to maintain the rated voltages. Frequency controlling Power Plants are, New
Laxapana, Victoria, Samanalawewa, Kotmale, Upper Kotmale, Kelanitissa Power Station etc.
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2.1.4.7 Transmission Operation and Maintenance - Southern
2.1.4.7.1 Biyagama Grid Sub Station
A Grid Sub Station is a load center which step downs transmission voltages to
distribution voltages for distribute of power coming from Power Plants. Biyagama Grid
Substation is one of the large substations of CEB. It contains two 250MVA single core bank
type Auto Transformers and two 31.5MVA transformers. It has transmission line connections
with voltages of 220kV, 132kV and distribution lines of 33kV. The two Auto transformers
consist of 6 units each with 250/3MVA. The 220kV bay and 132kV bay consists of 2 bus bar
arrangements. The special thing of an Auto transformer is the HV Winding is tapped to take an
output terminal. In Biyagama Grid Sub Station, this output terminal is 132kV, input is 220kV.
The LV winding consists of 33kV terminals. Therefore, an Auto Transformer in Biyagama GSS
contains 3-Bushings for HV side including the Neutral and 2-bushings for LV side. The
31.5MVA transformers were added to the substation after the blackout in 2015. It has been
planned to remove the 33kV connections from Auto Transformers as the two 31.5MVA
transformers can bear the 33kV load and 132kV output can be increased. The switchgears in
the switchyard are controlled by the control room.
2.1.4.7.2 Components of a Grid Sub Station
2.1.4.7.2.1 Transformers
Transformers in a grid substation, step-downs the transmission voltages to distribution

voltages. The main parts of a power transformer are, transformer Tank with the Active part,
Tap Changer Drive, Bushings, Radiators, Radiator Fans (ONAF) Conservator Tank, Buchholz
Relays, Oil pipes, Temperature and Pressure Gauges, Breather, Name Plate etc.
The active part is, core, windings, tap changer all together. Usually the tap changer is
an On Load Tap Changer. It can change the tap position without disconnecting the load. Tap
changer is separated from the windings compartment inside the tank. The reason is, die electric
strength of oil inside the tap changer compartment decreases quickly compared to oil in the
winding side compartment, due to arcing in the tap changer. Therefore oil in tap changer has to
be replaced or filtered often. Transformer. In any transformer, tap changer is connected to the
HV windings. The reason is, the current flow in the HV side of a transformer is small compared
to LV side. Therefore when tap position changes, arcing between conductors inside the tap
changer is small. Tap changer drive consists of motor, control system and a shaft which
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connects with the tap changer. Bushings contains terminals for primary or secondary side
connections and an insulation arrangement (usually porcelain) to hold them. Radiators are fitted
to the tank with flanges, and they remove the heat coming with the oil from transformer.
Transformer oil circulates through the tank and the radiators due to convection. Oil Natural
cooling method works on that. Oil Forced cooling method uses an oil pump to circulate. Air
Natural Means, Radiators are cooled only using natural air flow. In Air Forced method, fans
are used to cool down the radiators. The Conservator tank stores transformer oil for circulation.
It contains two compartments. One is for storing tap changer oil and other one is for oil in
windings compartment. There is a rubber balloon inside the conservator tank, to hold the
atmospheric pressure. The air for the balloon is supplied through the Silicon Breather to remove
moisture.
Buchholz Relays are protection and monitoring devices. It can show the transformer oil
level. Buchholz Relays operates, when gases are emitted from inside the transformer. There are
two reed switches in the Buchholz unit, one of them operates in large gas emissions and other
one operates for small gas emissions after collecting them to a level in the Buchholz.
Figure 2.3 - Transformer Buchholz Relay
The reed switch terminals are connected to the control room control panels to operate
transformer protection functions.
Oil pipes carries transformer oil from transformer tank to radiators and from conservator
tank to transformer tank. Temperature Gauges measures the transformer core temperature and
oil temperature. Temperature and Pressure gauges also have contact switches to sense abnormal
temperature levels and pressure levels, for activation of protection systems. The Name Plate
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contains information about the Transformer. It has, voltage ratings, current ratings, power
ratings, tap information, short circuit data, impedance, rated temperature and pressure, weight
data, vector group, cooling method etc. In Biyagama GSS, Auto Transformer vector group is
YNa0d1.
 Earthing Transformers
Earthing Transformer is used to make a common point for 3-phases to divert
abnormal energy coming with lightning and surges. It is also used to detect phase
unbalances. Its primary side windings zigzag connected making a Neutral point. In a
phase unbalance, the current flowing through the neutral is measured and through the
control panels, protection systems are activated.
Figure 2.4 – Earthing Transformer Name Plate
 Auxiliary Transformers
These are used to power up the control room equipment, DC Battery Charging
units etc.
2.1.4.7.2.2 Circuit Breaker
This is used to open or close circuits under high voltages and currents. Circuit Breakers
have mechanical and electrical systems for its operation. Open and Closing is done by a
mechanism with a motor and springs. Motor is used for spring charge. When the circuit is need
to be closed, the switches in the control room are operated and they activates the relays,
contactors, in control panels next to the control room.
15
The control panels gives the signals to the control box of the Circuit Breaker. Then the
solenoids activated releasing the spring, and it moves the metal rod inside the Circuit Breaker,
connecting the two terminals to complete the circuit. While in this process, another spring is
charged for the opening process of Circuit Breaker. After closing of circuit breaker, the springs
which released are charged again by the motor. When the metal rod moves inside the Circuit
Breaker, arcing happens. To reduce arcing, “Arcing Shoes” are used. And also to reduce arcing,
inside the Circuit Breaker made as a vacuum or SF6 is filled. Circuit Breaker can be operated
manually and remotely.
Figure 2.5 – Circuit Breaker
2.1.4.7.2.3 Current Transformer (CT)
It is a measuring device used to measure large currents. The signals coming from CTs
are used for protection systems and monitoring systems at the control room. In this device, the
large current flowing through the device induces a small current in a coil. This small current
changes according to the large current flow through the CT.
Figure 2.6 – Current Transformers (CTs)

16
2.1.4.7.2.4 Line Isolator (Disconnector)
Line Isolator is also a switch but it can’t switch large currents. They are operated only
when there is no current flow through them. To avoid the operation of device under large current
flows there are interlock systems in both mechanical and electrical. Two Line Isolators are
placed beside the Circuit Breaker. The two Isolators can be operated only if the Circuit Breaker
is opened. It can be operated manually and remotely. The contact resistances of Isolators should
be checked while in the maintenance as they can be lowered due to frequent operation. A small
arcing can be seen sometimes when they are opening and closing. There is an earthing method
for incoming line of the Isolator, which is activated before the maintenance work in the
switchyard.
Figure 2.7 – Line Isolators
2.1.4.7.2.5 Capacitive Voltage Transformer (CVT)
Figure 2.8 – Capacitive Voltage Transformer (CVT)
17
This is also a measuring device which is used to measure very high voltages. CVT
contains a capacitor arrangement connected between high voltage terminal and earth.
2.1.4.7.2.6 Surge Arrester (Lightning Arrester)
This device is used to protect the equipment in Grid Substation from surges coming
from transmission lines. They are connected to all transmission lines for each phase. When a
very high voltage (Surge) appears on its terminal, the impedance between the terminal and earth
reduces until the surge disappears, allowing the current to flow through the device into earth.
There is a counter to count number of surges handled by the device.
2.1.4.7.2.7 Bus Bars
They makes the connections between transmission lines and power transformers. Bus bars are
used to make different connection arrangements between incoming transmission lines,
transformers and outgoing transmission lines. In a Grid Substation, different Bus bar
arrangements are used. In Biyagama GSS, there are 2-Bus bars with a Bus Coupler in 220kV
and 132kV bays. Bus coupler is an arrangement of 2-Line Isolators and a Circuit Breaker for
each phase.
2.1.4.7.3 Gas Insulated Switchyard (GIS)
Gas Insulated Switchyard is a very compact Grid Substation. Bus bars, Circuit Breakers,
CT, VT, Isolators all are placed inside chambers which is filled with SF6 gas. Due to the die
electric properties of SF6 gas, the equipment can be placed very closely. There are pressure
gauges for each separate chambers. If pressure goes down, the protection system isolates
equipment by tripping. There is an underground platform in a GIS for placing of underground
cables connected to GIS.
Figure 2.9 – GIS
Figure 2.10– Circuit Breaker in a GIS

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2.1.4.7.4 Hot Line Maintenance
Hotline Maintenance means doing maintenance work on transmission line without interrupting
the electricity supply. There are few gangs in CEB to do Hotline Maintenance Island wide.
Gang is a group of workers who has skills for Hotline Maintenance. A gang has a gang leader.
The leader has the best knowledge and experience. Every gang has a supervisor in charge. There
are many tools and techniques used for Hotline Maintenance.
Figure 2.11 – Hotline Maintenance
2.1.4.8 Transmission Construction Projects Branch
2.1.4.8.1 Tests done at the commissioning of a Grid Substation
o Surge Arrester
Impedance Check
o VT
Voltage Ratio test
Polarity test
Path Resistance test
Insulation Resistance test
o Line Isolator
Operating time – (10 s At Normal Conditions)
Motor Operating Current
Insulation Resistance
Contact Resistance (<40MΩ)
o Circuit Breaker 33kV 220kV
Opening time - 35 ms 30 ms
Closing time - 45 ms 40 ms
Spring charging time
SF6 Pressure
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 Burden – This is the multiplication of the voltage and current of the control signal, an
instrument can handle. The unit is VA. Burden is mentioned for CTs, VTs.
2.1.4.8.2 Transmission Lines
Transmission lines carries large amount of power to distanced load centers. They can
be found between Power plants and GSS and between GSSs. Transmission lines are constructed
when new power plants are built, when new GSSs are built and to increase reliability of the
system. Transmission voltages used currently in Sri Lanka are, 132kV and 220kV.
Transmission lines can be Overhead lines or Underground lines. In the design process,
conductor size, bundled conductors – Single, Twin, Three, Four, number of circuits is decided.
Conductor names - Zebra, Lynx, Tiger, Goat
Figure 2.12 – Transmission Line Tower
Transmission lines are named as follows,
Single Circuit - TS
Double Circuit - TD
For double circuit lines,
Suspension Towers - TDL
0o- - 10o Angle Tower - TD1
10o – 30o Angle Tower - TD3
30o – 60o Angle Tower- TD6
Terminal Tower - TDT
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2.1.4.9 Transmission Design & Environment Branch
2.1.4.9.1 Substations Design
 For the drawing of single line diagrams, 2 standards are used. They are,
o IEC (British)
o IEEE
 AAAC (All Aluminum Alloy Conductor) are used for grid conductors.
 Bus bar is a hollow Aluminum pipe. Diameter is around 5 to 7 inches. To make a long
bus bar several pipes are used. These pipes are connected each other using cables. Bus
bars are placed on the insulators of the supporting structure. For a one pipe, 2 insulators
used and one them are fixed rigidly and other one gives some freedom to bus bar to
move in a short circuit situation.
 The error tolerance of a measuring device mentioned as follows,
5P20 – 5% error causes when the measuring value is 20 times the rated
value.
 4-Criterion of earthing is,
1. Earth mesh resistance
2. Touch potential
3. Step Potential
4. Surface Voltage Profile
2.1.4.9.2 System Voltage Stabilizing
The system voltage varies according to the reactive power delivered through the system.
If the voltage goes down, more reactive power should be added to the system.
𝑉2
=𝑄 X-Reactance Q-Reactive Power V-Voltage
𝑋
Capacitor Banks are used to stabilize the System Voltage, as they quickly adjust the
reactive power of the system. They also improve the power factor. Shunt reactors are
categorized as, Fixed, Variable, MCSR, TCR (Thyristor Controlled). MCSR is not used in Sri
Lanka. An air core reactor is used with capacitors in Capacitor Banks to absorb 5th and 7th
harmonics. Static Var Compensators are used with a transformer to connect to the high voltage
lines. Capacitor banks are placed in Grid Substations.
21
Figure 2.13 – Capacitor Banks in Biyagama Grid Substation
2.1.4.10 Transmission and Generation Planning Branch
2.1.4.10.1 Transmission, Generation Expansion Plans
Transmission and Generation Planning Branch mainly focuses on studying and analysis
of Sri Lanka Power System. Transmission Expansion Plan is revised by every 2 years and it
predicts for next 10 years. Generation Expansion Plan is revised every year and it predicts for
next 20 years. Bulk Consumers who have generators over 100kVA can register on CEB as self-
generators. There are grid codes, regulations, guidelines given by government for Generation
Expansion Planning.
 Net Loss = Distribution Loss + Transmission Loss

 Gross Loss = Generation Loss + Distribution Loss + Transmission Loss
Total Consumption of the year
 System Load Factor =
Peak Demand X 365 X 24
Power plants which should be added to the system and retired from the system mentioned
in the Generation Expansion Plan.
2.1.4.10.2 Load Flow Analysis
Figure 2.14 – PSSE software
This done using a software called PSSE. All the data should be entered in per unit basis.
Bus data, Plant data, Machine data, Line data and protection equipment can be entered to the
22
software. Data entered in tabular form and the system can solved to find the power flow of the
system. Using the Auto Draw tool, the load flow diagram can be drawn using the entered data.
2.1.4.11 Colombo City
2.1.4.11.1 Planning Section
Colombo City branch is mainly focused on distribution of electricity. Distribution is

mainly done using underground cable networks. In few places old overhead lines be seen. There
are 6-11kV rings for distribution in Colombo City. They are named as, A/G, B, C/H, D, E, F.
11kV supply for those rings are given by Primary Sub Stations. Small sub stations connected
to those ring networks are called, Ring Subs or Radial Subs. Radial Subs have a direct
connection with the Primary Sub Station. And small sub stations connected to Ring Subs or
Radial Subs are called Satellite Subs. All those substations are indoor. Satellite subs have
11kV/400V indoor type transformers. Some substations are built in private building basements
and some are in private building basements. Usually the substations which have the total load
above 12MVA are Ring substations. There is a panel for metering in Ring substations. RMU
(Ring Main Unit) can ON or OFF the supply for the substation. There are other control panels
next to the metering panel, to control the outputs of the Ring Sub.
When new customer connections are needed and system expansions are needed, line
designs, cost estimations are done by the Planning Section.
2.1.4.11.2 Feeder Pillars
Feeder pillars are used to distribute the 400V supply for the customers. Feeder pillars
are placed near the streets as any one access. Feeder pillars are connected to subs, and also
feeder pillars are interconnected with nearest two other feeder pillars. This interconnecting is
done to increase the reliability of the network. The cables come underground to the feeder pillar.
Figure 2.15 – Inside the Feeder Pillar
23
It contains fuses as protection devices for consumer supplies. The fuses are usually
250A and they are fixed inside the fuse box. And there are bus bars to distribute the supply
among fuses. Normally the Feeder pillars are supplied to CEB by LTL – Transformers.
2.1.4.12 Projects and Heavy Maintenance Branch – DD4
2.1.4.12.1 Planning and Designing
PHM branch mainly focuses on MV Distribution lines construction and Primary

Substations Construction. The branch creates an MV Distribution Plan for next 10 years and it
is revised by every two years. It contains what are the Line constructions and Substation
constructions which should be done in next 10 years. They use a load flow simulation software
called “Synergy” to identify highly loaded areas in the system and to predict future system
expansions. Normally loaded areas are indicated in green color and highly loaded areas are in
red color. There are 8 soil types found in tower foundation construction.
A – Good Soil E – Soft Rock

B – Poor Soil F – Hard Rock
C – Water logged G – Well Type
D – Raft H – Pile Type
Table 2.2 – Soil Types
A full detailed survey is done before the construction and detailed design of a new line,
according to the CEB’s requirements by a licensed Survey Officer. 30 m - 30 m bandwidth is
reserved along MV lines in rural areas and 15 m – 15 m bandwidth reserved in rush areas for
survey.
2.1.4.12.2 Auto Re-closer (AR)
It is an on-load switching device which, automatically opens and closes a distribution

line when the lines are in a fault situation for a small time. This can be happen by touching of
tree branches close to the line. Auto Reclosers can be controlled remotely through a SCADA.
When the fault clears, AR automatically closes the circuit again. If this is happened for 2 times
closely, AR permanently opens the circuit and it can be only closed by manually.
2.1.4.12.3 DDLO (Drop Down Lift On Switch)
It is a manually operated on-load switch which is used in distribution lines to isolate

some areas. DDLO is operated by a non-conductive stick or a lever system connected to the
distribution line pole.
24
2.1.5 Administrative and Office practices
While in the training, I had to visit several branches, places. In the first day of the every
branch, I had to meet the Chief Engineer, Engineer or Electrical Superintendent to arrange the
training schedule for that place. Each branch in CEB have a DGM in charge and under the
DGM, there are Chief Engineers. Under the supervisory of Chief Engineers, Electrical
Engineers and Under the Electrical Engineers, Electrical Superintendents work. Labor gangs
are under the supervisory of Electrical Superintendents.
2.1.6 Safety Procedures
To do maintenance work on lines by a gang, the responsible ES should give them a work
permit after informing the switching stations, control center and responsible personnel. When
maintenance work are going on distribution lines, the maintenance area is isolated by switching
off LBS (Load Breaker Switch), DDLO. Earth rods are fixed to the ground and lines are
connected to them before the maintenance work. Gang members should wear safety shoes,
helmet, gloves and overall kit. After finishing of maintenance work, gang leader should make
sure that the earth connections are removed and all the gang members are on the ground. Work
permit is given to the ES after finishing the work and then line is energized.
2.3.7 Exposure to machinery and equipment
See Annex 4.
2.1.8 Hands-on experiences and skills acquired

I could observe the Hotline maintenance work on a 132kV transmission line while in
the training of O&M – Southern branch. And also I got the chance to observe the J’Pura GIS.
While in the Transmission Projects and Environment branch, I could observe the cable-end
sealing work in Colombo – F grid substation. While in the Transmission and Generation
Planning branch I could learn about load flow analysis software, PSSE and to design, simulate
an example power system. When in the Colombo City branch I did some cost estimation work
on a project related to UDA. While in the TCP branch, I got the chance to visit Kelanitissa
Power Station and GIS. And I could visit Samanalawewa Power Station and Lajvijaya Power
Station at the end of the training.
25
2.2 Lanka Electricity Company (Pvt.) Ltd.

Training Center 1 day
Head Office 2 weeks
Ante LECO Meter Factory 1 day
Kalutara Branch 2 weeks
Table 2.3 - Workshops, Divisions involved in LECO
I had to come on time for the training place in the morning and observe, learn well about
the functions, theories related to the training place. I had to contact the engineers, supervisors
to arrange sessions. And I had to go with the T.O to observe the field work while in the Kalutara
branch.
Training Coordinator: Mr.S.K.S.Pushpakumara
2.2.3 Start of the Training
In the first day I had to visit the LECO Training Center in Ja-Ela. An introduction
about LECO was conducted by the training coordinator and after that I observed the meter
testing lab in there and then I observed the transformer repair workshop. The technician
explained about the repairing work.
2.2.4 Gathered Knowledge
2.2.4.1 Head Office
2.2.4.1.1 Load Forecast
Load Forecast is done by analyzing sales data of 10 years and predicting for next 5
years. The sales data are, number of customers, kWh used, kVA etc. For the analysis, Trend
lines using Linear Regression and Curve shifting, Average growth technique and weighted
average methods are used.
2.2.4.1.2 Line Constructions
LECO is a mesh constructed radially operated network. 11kV is used as the HV

distribution voltage, as less clearances needed and cost is less. Clearance levels of L-L, L-G
26
and insulation levels should be considered for line construction. There are predetermined pole
structures and they also varies as 11kV only, 11kV+LV Bundle and 11kV+LV Bundle
+Transformer arrangements. For HV lines (11kV) AAC (All Aluminum Conductor) cables of
60mm2, 100mm2, and 150mm2 are used. For LV bundled lines, ABC (Aluminum Bundled
Conductors) cables are used. Poles are two types as Pre-stressed and Reinforced Concrete. Pole
maximum strengths are 200, 350, 500, 850, 1200daN. Cables are tensioned according to the
sag-tension chart of the cable manufacturer.
2.2.4.1.3 Operations Division
Under this, new connections establishing (Bulk, 3Phase and Single Phase) interruptions
handling, customer service handling is done. Line inspections and maintenance is done by
branches. The voltage margin for Single Phase is 230 6%. The LECO distribution network is
established in way that, every customer have a normal and alternative supply. A color coding
is used to record the status of the switches (AR, LBS, LBC) when they are switched.
2.2.4.2 ANTE – LECO Meter Factory
The Energy Meter manufacturing factory was started in 2008. Meter cover material is
Polycarbonate and it is made by a moulding. SMD soldered PCB is imported from China and
other parts (Battery, Protection Device) are soldered in the factory. A 3.6V Li-ion battery is
used to give the backup power for the meter circuit in a supply failure to keep the data in
memory continuously.
2.2.4.3 LECO – Kalutara Branch
2.2.4.3.1 Lowest Conductor Clearances
Figure 2.16 - Clearances
2.2.4.3.2 Distribution Equipment
 Insulators
Pin type and post type insulators are used. From the 3 insulators mounted on a pole,
middle one is Post type. The reason in middle insulator is closer to the pole tip and
27
therefore small animal can come close to the line. In such cases, an earth fault can
happen interrupting the supply. Post insulator can minimize that. And for holding of
conductors with the pole where tension is applied, Tension Disk insulators are used.
 LBC (Load Breaker Cutout) unit
This is used to connect and disconnect of spur lines with the backbone HV lines. This
is also an on-load switch.
 DDLO (Drop Down Lift On) unit
This on-load switch is used with the distribution transformer in LECO. This is
placed above the transformer as the HV supply can be switched ON or OFF.
 Transformer
This is used step down the 11kV voltage to 400V for LV distribution. Single pole
mounted transformer ratings are 50kVA, 100kVA, 160kVA, 250kVA. Small capacity
transformers are used to cover demand of a small area. Even the number of transformers
used are high, the voltage drop and distribution loss is minimum. There are CTs in the
transformer bushings for measuring of power and they are connected to an energy meter
placed below the transformer.
 Surge Arresters
These are also used with a transformer. Surge Arresters are connected to HV lines at the
DDLO input side. They protects the distribution network from lightning and surges.
Surge Arresters and Transformer body are earthed with one electrode and the
Transformer Neutral terminal is separately earthed with two earth electrodes.
Head of the branch is Branch Manager and under him Branch Engineer and Electrical
Engineer have the responsibilities. Under the Branch Engineer Customer Service Supervisor
(CSS) works. Under the CSS, TO and under TO, Technicians, Drivers, Store Keepers and
Linesmen works. I had to meet the Branch Engineer to arrange the training schedule and I was
under the supervisory of Branch Engineer and the Electrical Engineer.
To do maintenance work on lines by linesmen, the responsible TO should give them a

work permit after informing the LECO control Center and responsible personnel with
maintenance. When maintenance work are going on distribution lines, the maintenance area is
isolated by switching off LBS (Load Breaker Switch), LBC and DDLOs if needed. Earth rods
28
are fixed to the ground, one near the LBC or LBS and another beside the maintenance area and
lines are connected to them before the maintenance work. The TO should ensure that the earths
are fixed and then he gives the work permit to gang leader. Gang members should wear safety
shoes, helmet, gloves and overall kit. After finishing of maintenance work, gang leader should
make sure that the earth connections are removed and all the gang members are on the ground.
Work permit is given to the TO after finishing the work and then control center is informed and
line is energized.
See Annex 4.
I could observe the Control Center of LECO at the Head office and to observe the meter
manufacturing process at Bandaragama ANTE – LECO Meter factory. And I learned about
Geographic Information System of LECO. When I was in the Kalutara branch I could observe
and join the field work in the area with Mr.Upul who is a TO. I could observe the pole
replacement work in Beruwala – Pinhena area. And also I did some survey work in Maggona –
Munhena area for an 11kV line. And I could do some work with the LV design software
according to the instructions of the Electrical Engineer. When I was in the Payagala Customer
Service Center I could observe the 11kV line maintenance work in the area.
29
2.3 LTL – Transformers (Pvt.) Ltd.

Department/Process Key Training Designation Period Spent
Personnel
Winding and Assembling Mr.Kumara Engineer 2 hours session
Assistant and 19 days
General Awareness Cooperate Mr.Sampath Executive 1 hour session
Structure and History
Customer Interaction Mr.Rasika Engineer 1 hour session
Design Mr.Eranga Engineer 1 hour session and
19 days
Production Planning Mr.Pasan Engineer 1 hour session
Organization Policies Mr.Sampath Executive 1 hour session
Quality/Environment/Safety
Mngt. Systems
Purchasing Ms.Ashani Engineer 1 hour session
Out Sourcing Ms.Avishka Executive 1 hour session
Administration and HR Ms.Avishka Executive 1 hour session
Tank Mr.Asoka Engineer 1 hour session
Fabrication/Galvanizing/Painting
Tanking and Finishing Mr.Akila Engineer 1 hour session and
Assistant more than 6 days
Tender/Export Mr.Rasika Engineer 1 hour session
Stores Mr.Nilan Executive 1 hour session and
two weeks
Pressure Testing and Electrical Mr.Nipun Engineer 1 hour session and
Testing two weeks
Quality Control and Incoming Mr.Chanuka Executive 1 hour session
Inspections more than 6 days
Repair and Servicing Mr.Sanjeewa Engineer 1 hour session
Maintenance Mr.Denuwan Engineer 1 hour session
Dispatch/ Loading/ Packing Mr.Akila Engineer 1 hour session
Methods Assistant
Managing Production Discussion Mr.Pasan Engineer 1 hour session
Table 2.4 - Workshops, Divisions involved in LTL - Transformers
The company has a Research and Development project on manufacturing transformers

with oval shape windings and multistep cores. I had to take measurements of LV windings, HV
windings and multistep cores made under this project throughout the training period in LTL -
Transformers. LTL – Transformers also manufactures Feeder Pillars and Bus Bar chambers. In
Angulana factory, only the assembling is done. I had to measure and check all the dimensions
for all parts in some Bus Bar Chambers and Feeder Pillars, for the design section. A stocks
counting is done 4 times for a year. So I had to work as a supervisor in the 3rd stock counting
30
of the year. It was an assignment for engineers, assistances and trainees. In that assignment, a
QR code system for stock items was newly introduced. So I had to manage the locations,
quantity details, QR codes of stock items in Rack no.5 in the company warehouse. And there
was an order from Qatar to manufacture 200kVA/11kV transformers. I got the chance to
supervise, clamping and ovening of few oval shape LV windings for that order with the help of
2-workers, Mr.Chandana and Mr.Panduka. And sometimes I had to do data entry works of
engineers and executives. There was a factory re-arranging and waste management project at
the end of the November. I had to work as a supervisor in that project too.
Training Coordinator: D.G.Awishka Navodee (HR-Executive)
Training Supervisor : Mr.B.L.E.A.Balasooriya (Engineer)
2.3.3 Start of the training
We had to visit the CEB-Training Center in Piliyandala to finalize the Training in the
CEB. Then next day I had to visit the LTL – Holdings (Pvt.) Ltd head office in Kollupitiya –
Park Street to arrange the Training place. I got the training place as LTL – Transformers in
Angulana. Next day I had to go to the LTL – Transformers to start my training. I and my other
two friends, Sulekha and Shathir who got the same training place as me, had to meet the HR-
Executive of the company. The HR-Executive gave us a training schedule to follow during the
training. Engineer Mr.Eranga was our training supervisor, and we met him to discuss about the
training schedule. The training schedule contains number of sessions from engineers,
assistances, superintendents and from executives. LTL-Transformers manufactures
transformers of 5kVA to 5MVA. Transformers below 100kVA, manufactured in the factory are
usually single phase transformers. Those single phase transformers are mostly used in grid
substations as auxiliary transformers.
Next day we met our supervisor Mr.Eranga as his request to come. The company
has a Research and Development project on manufacturing transformers with oval shape
windings. Mr.Eranga is the project manager of this R&D project. He explained about this
project and asked us to take some measurements of already made oval shape windings and
multistep cores. Multistep cores were used only for transformers of above 1000kVA and two-
step cores were used transformers below 1000kVA in LTL previously. But, for this R&D
project, the core of a transformer is multistep. The two step cores are made by two different
sizes of metal laminations. Multistep cores are made with multiple sizes of metal laminations.
31
Figure 2.17 – Two step core and multistep core side view cross section
2.3.4 Production Process

2.3.4.1 LV Winding
We had to take outer diameter measurements of some oval shape LV windings near the
LV winding area on the production floor. Low Voltage side winding of the transformer is called
“LV winding” in the factory. The first part of the production of a transformer is making of LV
winding. LV windings are made using a machine operated by a single worker.
LV windings are wound on a part called “Former”. Former is made by assembling of
some wood or metal parts as showed in the Figure 2.2. Former is mounted on the LV winding
machine mandrel before the starting of winding process.
Figure 2.18 – LV Former arrangement
There are various shapes of formers for various kinds of LV windings. The shape of the
LV winding depends on this former. Shape of the former is decided in the transformer design
process. Some dimensions of the former are adjustable. Those dimensions are adjusted by the
32
worker with the help of a Digital Vernier Caliper, according to the design given him. When an
oval shape LV winding is made by the machine the winding is detached from the former and
dimensions are checked whether they are within the design values. A dimensions checking item
called “Jig” is used to check inside clearance of the LV winding to determine whether it is
capable of putting into the core. Jig has the cross section dimensions of the core relating to the
respective LV winding. If the jig cannot be inserted to the LV winding, the winding cannot be
put into the core. Jig is made of ebonite plate, cut by a cutting machine according to dimensions
provided by the design. When an oval shaped winding is detached from the former, this oval
shape is slightly changed due to mechanical forces, stresses inside the newly made winding. So
the dimensions tries to change a little bit. The dimensions measured for a LV winding are,
OD1 – Outer Diameter 1
OD2 – Outer Diameter 2
ID1- Inner Diameter 1
ID2 – Inner Diameter2 and
Radial Builds.
The raw material used for LV winding process are, Copper foil, DDP – Diamond Dotted
Paper, Edge strip insulation, LV leads, Permacel tape, Press board, Cooling duct etc. In LTL
transformers, for transformers normally below 1000kVA, and for some transformer designs
copper foils are used as the conductors of LV winding instead of copper wires. LV leads are
also made of thick copper strips bended to a shape. LV leads are welded to the copper foils at
the beginning of the LV winding process. Weight measurements are also taken by the worker
for the calculation of raw material usage for windings. At the beginning of the winding process,
worker measures the weights of the copper foil reel, DDP reel and Edge strip reel with the help
of another worker. After completing of making a batch of windings, weights of the copper foil
reel, DDP reel and Edge strip reel are measured. All measurements are recorded in a file by the
worker.
This multistep core design optimizes the size of the core and windings, reducing the
copper cost for a winding and the copper loss. In the first week I had to measure ODs, IDs and
radial builds HV windings and to measure build sizes of steps and to count number packets in
some multistep cores. Build sizes are the widths of steps in a core. I used a Digital Vernier
Caliper to take measurements.
Number of cooling ducts and cooling duct size depends on the temperature rise of the
transformer under loaded conditions. If the temperature rise of a transformer is expected to be
33
high, more cooling is needed. To achieve that more cooling ducts are needed. However, it is
decided in the designing process.
 Reason for using copper foils in LV winding

HV winding is wound on the LV winding, so they are places symmetrically having a
same center point. When transformer is loaded electromagnetic forces acts on windings.
These forces should be neutralized otherwise windings can be damaged. But due to
changing of taps the forces acted on HV winding shifts. This makes torques on the
windings. When we use copper foils for LV winding, it is capable of changing the line
of action of forces acted on LV winding according to the shift in HV winding. So the
electromagnetic forces, torques are neutralized. And it is also possible to conduct high
currents in transient conditions as the skin effect will limit the effective cross section of
the conducting current.
While in the LV winding making process, cooling ducts are placed among the middle turns of
the winding. The machine is temporarily stopped to do this. Cooling duct increases the effective
area for heat exchange between transformer cooling medium (Oil or air) and the windings.
Figure 2.19 – LV winding and winding process

After completing a winding, a sticker containing winder’s name, kVA, voltage ratings, date,
winding number, outer diameters and a reference number, is pasted on the winding.
34
2.3.4.2 Clamping and Ovening of Oval Shape LV Winding
After completing an oval shape LV winding it has to be ovened to maintain its oval
shape unchanged as after detaching from the former, the winding tries to change its oval shape
little bit to a circular shape. Before ovening, the winding is clamped using a clamping
arrangement made of metal and with 3-ebonite plates of having diameters equal to winding
inside diameters. Ebonite plates are placed inside the winding at the bottom, middle and top.
The clamp is adjusted until the outer diameters of the winding reach the design values. Then
the winding is kept inside a large oven 3-4 hours. When a winding is ovening, the DDP
insulation and copper foils sticks together strengthening the winding and stabilizing the oval
shape. After taking out the winding from the oven, it is kept to cool down about 6-8 hours.
When the winding is cooled to room temperature, the clamps are removed and dimensions are
checked and recorded again. Chandana and Mayura are the workers in the factory who have the
skills for this job.
2.3.4.3 HV Winding
Finished LV winding is a work in progress item and it is used to build the HV winding.
HV windings are also made using a machine. There are two kinds of HV winding machines in
the factory. One type is hand operated and other type is automated machines called “Tuboli”.
These machines also have formers to mount the LV winding. Copper wire conductors are used
make HV winding since, the number of turns in the HV side of a transformer is much higher
than LV side and the size of the current carried in the HV side is small compared to LV side.
Figure 2.20 – HV winding and winding process
35
Turns are wound layer by layer. One layer contains specific number of turns. Raw
material used for HV winding is, DDP insulation, Edge strip insulation, Salack (an enamel),
Permacel tapes, HV-LV Barrier, Cooling duct, Press Board, Copper wire conductors etc. After
mounting the LV winding on the former, HV-LV Barrier is placed on it. Then it is tightened
using permacel tapes and a press board is placed on the HV-LV Barrier. Then some DDP turns
are wound and copper wire turns winding starts then.
HV-LV barrier is normally 17mm thick. It is also called “Stick Barrier”. HV-LV barrier
and DDP layers together shouldn’t be below 18mm. DDP layer is normally 0.25mm thick.
HV-LV barrier is used to maintain the electrical clearances between HV winding and
LV winding and the edge strips are used to maintain the clearance between turn to turn. At the
middle layer of turns, a cooling duct is placed. But for higher capacity transformer windings,
more cooling ducts are used. At the last layers, the tap leads are made. Number of tap leads in
a winding depends on the customer requirement. For distribution transformers, usually it is 5
tap leads and transformer contains 5 tap positions.
2.3.4.4 Core
Core is a major part of a transformer. Core is made by a stack of thin steel laminations.
The steel laminations are made as packets. A single laminations packet contains 5 steel
laminations in LTL – Transformers cores. Previously it was 3 laminations. Core is made by
stacking these packets. LTL – Transformers builds two types of cores. One is “Two step core”
and other one is “Multistep core”. Two step core contains packets of two sizes. Multistep core
contains packets of multiple sizes. Two step cores are normally used for transformers below
1000kVA but now the company is doing a R&D project on manufacturing transformers with
multistep cores and oval shape windings, to move multistep core transformers completely.
Transformers above 1000kVA transformers, multistep cores are already using. There are 3 other
types of cores for both two step and multistep cores as, Butt-Lap cores, Step Lap cores and
Hybrid type cores (Found in LTL – Transformers). Butt-Lap cores are not used in LTL –
Transformers now, but previously it was used. The core can be divided to parts as, Top York,
Bottom York and Limbs. Normally there are 3 limbs in a core, in LTL manufactured
transformers. In step-lap and hybrid type cores, the laminations in a packet have different sizes
of lengths. They are placed one on another as increasing of length.
36
Figure 2.22 – Step Lap Core
Figure 2.21 – Transformer Core with clamps
The laminations are cut by a fully automated machine. For transformers below
1000kVA, two workers assemble a core. This is done on a platform like a table. After finishing
the assembling, a glue is applied to sides of the core and clamps are tightened. Assembled core
is kept for a day to dry-out the glue and then it is put on the production floor to clear the
platform. The thicknesses of the core steel used in LTL – Transformers are, 0.23mm and
0.27mm.
2.3.4.5 Assembling
When all 3 HV windings are made and the core is made, they should be assembled.
There is an insulation packet to be used in the assembling. It contains insulation boards, strips
to be placed between windings and the core. Wood plates are also used, as supports for the
windings.
Figure 2.23 – Transformer Active Part

37
For higher capacity transformers, circular shape wooden supports are added at the top
and bottom of all windings. At the beginning of the assembling, upper clamps and top York of
the core are detached. After insulations and supports are placed on the core, windings are put
into the core limbs. This is done with carefully to avoid any damage to the windings. Then the
top York and the clamps are placed on the core again. Then clamps are tightened by tie rods. A
DC resistance test is done for the windings to make sure, that there is no damage happen to the
windings. Then insulations adding is finished and the electrical connections between windings
and the tap changer are made. Sleeves are used for insulation of copper conductors used for
connections. After finishing the electrical connections, a Turns Ratio Test is done to make sure
that the tap changer is working and the ratios are correct. The finished product from this stage
is called the “Active Part”.
2.3.4.5.1 No Load Tap Changer
No load tap changer allows regulation of output voltage of a transformer through

changing of taps in the transformer. Tap changing is done when no load is connected or
transformer is completely de-energized. No load tap changer is also called as, Off Circuit Tap
Changer (OCTC), De-energized Tap Changer (DETC). For distribution transformers, output
voltage is not required to be changed frequently, as the change of LV side voltage is small from
its rated voltage. That is why the distribution transformers use No Load Tap Changers (NLTC).
For distribution transformers, tap changer is connected to the HV windings. The reason
for that is, the size of the current flow in HV windings is small compared to LV windings. So
it will reduce any possibility of arcing in tap changer. The tap changing technique used in here
is, adding or removing sets of turns in the HV winding by short circuiting or open circuiting tap
leads 2 by 2. By the basic equation of a transformer,
𝑉𝑝 𝑁𝑝
=
𝑉𝑠 𝑁𝑠
𝑁
𝑉𝑠 = 𝑉𝑝 𝑁𝑠 can be derived.
𝑝
To make the secondary voltage 𝑉𝑠 constant, while in the change of primary voltage 𝑉𝑝 , 𝑁𝑝 can
be changed using tap changer. Tap changer does adding or removing number of turns from the
primary winding. The tap changer changes HV supply voltage normally in 2.5% gaps of
nominal voltage.
38
Example: for a 33kV transformer with 5 tap positions
Tap 1 – 33kV+2.5% of 33kV = 33825V
Tap 2 – 33kV = 33000V
Tap 3 – 33kV-2.5% of 33kV = 32175V
Tap 4 – 33kV-5.0% of 33kV = 31350V
Tap 5 – 33kV-7.5% of 33kV = 30525V
Figure 2.24 – HV side connections diagram with a tap changer of 5 tap positions
Figure 2.25 – No Load Tap Changer
39
2.3.4.6 Ovening
The finished active part subjected to Turns Ratio test. If the test is passed, active part is
put on the oven for ovening. This is done to melt and solidify the glue in the DDP insulation,
to make the windings tight and steady and to remove any moisture in the active part. HV in
33kV transformer active parts are put in the oven for 36 hours and for 11kV transformers it is
24 hours.
2.3.4.7 Tanking
After ovening of the active part, it is directly brought to the tanking section. In this
section, the active part is put into the transformer tank and all the physical parts are assembled.
Before tanking the active part, an Insulation Resistance Test is done using Megger Tester. All
resultant resistances should be more than 1GΩ (In 1000V testing). HV to Earth, LV to Earth,
HV to LV, Core to Earth, n terminal to Earth insulation resistances are tested. There are two
ways of mounting an active part on the tank.
1. Tank Mount 2. Cover Mount
In the tank mount, active part is mounted inside the tank using mounts. Oil is filled in
the tank and the active part is immersed in the oil. Then the top cover is mounted on the tank.
At the bottom side of the tank, there is a valve to take oil samples. In cover mounting, active
part is first fixed to the top cover. HV Bushings, LV Bushings, Flags, Pressure relief valve,
Pressure relief device or ISD Unit are fixed on the cover plate. Tank sealing is done using
Silicon sealer or Cork gasket. Then it is placed inside the tank and sealed by tightening the nuts.
After sealing, nuts and bolts are tightened to the designed torque. Then the transformer is put
into the vacuum chamber. Inside the vacuum chamber pressure is reduced to 0.5milibar. After
2 hours under this pressure, transformer is filled with oil.
Flange
Radiator Fins
Base
Figure 2.26 – Transformer Tank

40
2.3.4.7.1 ISD Unit (Integrated Safety Detector)
ISD is a protection device designed to hermetically sealed oil immersed transformers

without gas cushion. It gives complete control of the transformer’s pressure, temperature, and
oil level and gas detection. It is fitted directly to the transformer cover plate and it insures
protection against internal faults, prolonged over voltages and fire risks associated with the use
of inflammable dielectric fluids. The oil compartments of the device should be filled to the
regular level with the oil used for transformer. If oil level drops, we can see it in the ISD unit
and if the oil level is largely dropped, a contactor in ISD closes. If the pressure inside the
transformer is increased by 0.2bar, another contactor is closed. And there are two more
contactors in ISD for temperature alarm trigger and tripping of transformer. The over-pressure
level and over-temperature levels are adjustable. Each contactor has 3 terminals as, common
terminal, N/C and N/O. In LTL – Transformers, this unit is used in higher capacity transformers
as the customer’s request.
Figure 2.27 – ISD Unit
2.3.4.8 Pressure Testing
After the oil filling is done in the vacuum chamber, transformer is moved to the pressure
test area. First the transformer is kept on the floor, inclined to some angle to remove any air
bubbles dissolved in the oil. After 24 hours, transformer is pressurized with oil to its designed
41
maximum pressure and kept for 24 hours. Then it is visually inspected for any leaks. If there is
any leak, the transformer is sealed again properly by tightening nuts and bolts.
2.3.4.9 Transformer Electrical Tests
Normally 3 types of electrical tests are done.
1. Routine Tests
Done for all the transformers manufactured in the factory. 9 Tests are done.
2. Type Tests
Done only for a sample set of transformers as the customer’s requirements for a
type of transformers.
3. Special Tests
Done when customer requests a test which is not categorized under type tests.
2.3.4.9.1 Routine Tests
2.3.4.9.1.1 Insulation Resistance Test
This is also called the Megger Test. In this test, winding insulations are tested.
5000V DC supply is applied between HV terminals and transformer earth, and HV
terminals and LV terminals. These two resistance values should be in Giga Ohms
(GΩ) range. The testing device shows the resistance directly on the screen (Megger
is used usually). 1000V DC is applied between LV and transformer earth. This
resistance value should be in Mega Ohms (MΩ) range. Usually it should be more
than 600MΩ. If the test values are in acceptable ranges, the test is passed and the
transformer is passed to the next test.
2.3.4.9.1.2 Turns Ratio test
It is an essential routine test of a transformer. This test is done using Transformer

Turns Ratio meter (TTR).This test verifies whether the transformer turns ratio is
correct for all the tap positions. TTR gives an AC supply to energize HV side. The
voltage is around 8-10V but sometimes it is around 40V. TTR has probes for both
HV side terminals and LV side terminals and they should be connected in correct
order. TTR has separate programs for different ratings and types of transformers. In
42
the beginning of the test, correct test program should be selected according to the
transformer ratings under testing. After that the button for start the test is pressed
and test program runs on the TTR. It shows the turns ratio directly on the screen for
all 3 windings and they should be in a 0.5% error range according to the IEC
standards. The turns ratio is calculated phase voltages on transformer’s HV and LV
side terminals. When the HV side is energized by TTR, LV side voltage is induced.
This voltage is measured by the TTR and turns ratio is calculated itself.
(𝐻𝑉 𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑒)𝑃ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒
Turns ratio =
(𝐿𝑉 𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 )𝑃ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒
Figure 2.28 – Transformer Turns Ratio Tester (TTR)
2.3.4.9.1.3 DC Resistance Test
This test is done to find the resistances in HV windings and LV windings. Measuring
the resistance of windings in transformer assures that each circuit in the transformer active part
is wired properly and all the connections are tight. Winding resistance in transformers can be
varied from each other windings, due to short circuited turns, loose connections or deteriorating
contacts. The test is done using the DC Resistance Measuring device. It looks similar to TTR.
The test device has probes to connect with transformer HV and LV terminals. The method used
in this test is called IR Method. A known current is flown through the windings and voltage
drop between terminals are measured by the device. It shows the resistance of HV side and LV
side on the screen. HV side resistance is usually in ohms (Ω) range and LV side resistance is
usually in milliohms (mΩ) range. The test should be done for each and every tap position and
connecting channel 1 probes to A-B, B-C, C-A HV terminals and connecting channel 2 probes
to a-b, b-c, and c-a LV terminals respectively. The 3- resistance values for each tap positions
43
shouldn’t be varied more than 3% from each other. The resistances of each winding can be
calculated as follows.
Figure 2.29 – DC Resistance Test Connections and Calculations
2.3.4.9.1.4 Oil Die Electric Test

The breakdown voltage of the transformer oil is tested in this. The testing device
contains a compartment with 2- hemi-spherical metal electrodes of diameter 2.5mm and with a
gap of 2.5mm. The compartment is filled with transformer oil and the voltage between the
electrodes is increased from 0V at a rate of 2kV/s until an arcing happens. The test device
automatically stops, the voltage increasing between the electrodes. For a one oil sample the test
is done 6-times and the average value of 6 values is taken as the breakdown voltage of the oil
sample. To pass the test, the breakdown voltage should be more than 50kV. Sometimes, the
breakdown voltage can be found as a lower value (around 14kV) in used transformers, and this
can be fixed by filtering the transformer oil.
2.3.4.9.1.5 Vector Group Test
Normally LTL – Transformers manufactures distribution transformers in Dyn11 vector
group. But a customer can requests other vector group if needed. The phase sequence or the
order in which the phases reach their maximum positive voltages must be identical, hence every
transformer must undergo through vector group test. This also done using the Transformer
Turns Ratio tester. After connecting the probes with the transformer in the correct order, we
have select the correct test program according to the ratings of the transformer. In this case,
transformer vector group also has to be concerned. Therefore, when the turns ratio test is done,
44
if the TTR displays turns ratios correctly the vector group is also correct. Otherwise the test
fails. The vector group of a transformer is decided according to the connections arrangement
between the windings and the terminals. But in the site, TTR is not used and there is a method
to test the vector group using a 3-phase supply and a multi-meter. The method differs according
to the vector group. In this method HV – A terminal and LV - a terminal is connected using a
jumper wire.
For a Dyn11 Transformer the vector group test can be done as follows.
Figure 2.30 – Vector Group test for Dyn11 Transformers
If the 3-conditions mentioned in the above figure are satisfied, the vector group of the
transformer is verified as Dyn11.
2.3.4.9.1.6 Separate Source Voltage Test

This test is done to check the insulation property between HV windings to earth, LV
windings to earth, between HV windings and LV windings, HV windings to core and LV
windings to core. A single phase supply is given to the transformer to be tested and voltage is
monitored for 60 seconds duration. The test is successful if the voltage doesn’t collapse during
the 60 seconds time interval. The test is done to HV side and then to LV side. For 33kV – HV
side transformers, 70kV is applied to all three HV terminals (A, B, C) while all LV terminals
(a, b, c, n) are connected to earth. For 11kV – HV side transformers, 28kV is applied to HV
terminals and LV side all terminals are connected to earth. When the test is doing for LV side,
for 415V – LV side transformers, 3kV is applied and monitored the voltage for 60 seconds.
Voltage is step by step increased from 0V to test voltage level using the controls in voltage
supply device. A step up transformer is used to increase the 240V to the test voltage. The test
supply frequency should be matched with the transformer rated frequency.
45
2.3.4.9.1.7 Induced Over Voltage Withstand Test
This tests the withstanding of the insulation between turn to turn, between windings,
between windings to earth and between terminals of different phases. In this test HV side
terminals are kept open and double the voltage and double the frequency 3 - phase supply is
applied to the LV side terminals (480V phase voltage at 120Hz). Double the frequency is
applied in this to avoid the magnetic saturation of the core. The voltage is monitored for 50
seconds duration. If the voltage doesn’t collapse in the time interval the test is passed. The
transformer is highly stressed in this test. The 120Hz 3 – phase supply is generated using a
motor-generator couple in LTL - Transformers. The generator can generate a 3-phase supply
up to 600V phase voltage.
2.3.4.9.1.8 No load test

This test is done to get the excitation current for the core and core loss power. In this
test, LV side of the transformer is supplied by a 415V (Line voltage) 3-phase supply. The
voltages, currents, and power is measured using 2-voltmerter method in the control panel of the
supply.
2.3.4.9.1.9 Full Load test
This test is done to find the full load loss and the percentage impedance voltage of the
transformer. In this test, LV side terminals are short circuited using copper strips and C-clamps.
Copper strips are flexible. HV side terminals are supplied by a variable 3-phase supply. HV
side voltage is increased from 0V until the rated current for the HV side flows through the
supply. When the rated current flows through the supply, the voltage at the HV side is recorded
to calculate the percentage impedance voltage. The full load loss is displayed on the screen and
it is also recorded.
2.3.4.9.2 Type tests
Four type tests are done in by LTL – Transformers if there is a request from a
customer. These tests are done for a sample transformers set only.
1. Impulse Voltage Withstand Test

2. Three Phase Symmetrical Short Circuit Test
3. Temperature Rise Test
4. Sound Level Test
46
2.3.4.10 Theories and Facts about Transformers
 Multistep core transformers
When a multistep cores are using for transformers, the amount of copper used for
windings are lower, compared to two step core transformers. Therefore, the cost for
copper and copper loss of the transformer is lower.
 90% of transient voltages, currents are passed to LV winding from first 2 layers of HV
winding.
 For HV winding, copper wires are used as conductors. Cross section is small compared
to LV winding copper conductors because, the current flow in HV winding is small
compared to LV winding. And also we can’t use copper foil for HV winding as it
contains large number of turns and if we use copper foil, it will make the HV winding
very large.
 Tap leads are fixed in final layers of HV winding in distribution transformers.
 Usually 5 or 7 tap positions can be found in distribution transformers manufactured by
LTL – Transformers.
 When a customer asks for a transformer to be earth-quake proof, it should be seismic
qualified. Seismic Test is done on the transformer to do this. This not done in the LTL
– Transformers as they still not have facilities for the test. Therefore it is done in
laboratories outside the company.
 EMF equation of the transformer
E = 4.44fNBA
E=EMF induced in the winding f=Frequency N=Number of turns
B=Magnetic Flux Density A=Core Cross Section Area
 Lightning Impulse Test
For liquid immersed transformers, the test voltage is normally of negative

polarity. It reduces the risk of erratic external flashovers in the test circuit.
o Tests on Line terminals

The impulse test sequence is applied to each of the line terminals of the
tested winding in succession. The other line terminals of the transformer
should be earthed.
47
o Tests on Neutral terminal
Lightning impulses are applied directly to the neutral terminal with all
other terminals earthed.
To pass the test for a transformer, it should withstand during the test without any partial
discharges. According to the IEC Standards, the front time of the lightning impulse wave should
be 1.2 s and tail time should be 50 s.While in the test, if the transformer generates noise or
smoke, the test is failed. And if the lightning impulse wave form, which is applied to the
transformer contains noise or any deformations, the test also fails.
Figure 2.31 – Lightning Impulse Waveform
 Making of transformer tank

o Metal works done to make a transformer are, shearing, punching, bending,
welding, galvanizing and painting.
o Transformer tank orders are given 3 months before the active part production.
o Tanks are manufactured in LTL – Galvanize factory in Sapugaskanda.
o Galvanizing tank is bathed in an acid to remove oil, grease and then it is bathed in
the flux. Flux is a material for efficient zinc absorption. After bathing in zinc, tank
is bathed in a Phosphoric acid (117). Then it is washed out and painting is done.
o Sheared metal contains active elements (+ ions). Primer reduces those active
elements to a reasonable level. This is called “half cure”. Then powder paint is
done eliminating all active elements. This is called full cure.
2.3.4.11 Transformer Design
In the designing 2 tasks are done,
1. Preliminary Design
2. Detailed Design after advance payment
48
CEB gives customer requirements for transformers, therefore customer requirements
are not included in the design file. But for other customers, customer requirements sheet is
included in the file. It contains, frequency, capacity, rated voltages, number of phases, vector
group, indoor or outdoor use etc. Preliminary design is sent to the customer for approval and
when it is approved, detailed design is done and the production starts. And if there is a
requirement for radiators, they are ordered after the customer’s approval. Detailed design sheet
is quite complicated to understand for workers therefore, Design data output sheet is made for
understanding of the design easily. It is understandable for workers too. It contains details of
core, LV winding details, HV winding details, losses, clearances, weights etc. LV diagram is
included in the design file, if it is made by rectangular copper conductors. If the copper foil is
going to be used, there is no need of a LV diagram for design file. For transformers of
33kV/11kV, round shaped core and round shaped windings are made. For smaller capacities
like 5, 25, 50 kVA a rectangular shape core and rectangular shape-inside winding windings are
made. For newly designing distribution transformers oval shape core and oval shape windings
are made.
Core cutting diagram contains all the details needed for core cutting workers like
window height, center to center width, thickness etc. The core should be earthed in point only.
Otherwise it will create circulating currents in the core. For lifting of the finished active part
“Trava” is placed on the top of the core. It has a hole to hook to the crane and two Travas are
used for a one transformer. Jacking pads mounted on the tank (Welded) when the customer
requests the transformer to be movable on wheels. Vacuum chamber insertion diagram is
included in the design file to avoid problems occur in inserting the transformer to vacuum
chamber. Radiator design is also include in the design file for the order if radiators are required.
As the basic equation of the transformer,
E = 4.44fNBA
“A”, the cross section of the core can be found using below equation according to the “ABB”
terms,
A = 11.5√𝐶𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑒𝑟 𝑖𝑛 𝑘𝑉𝐴
For two-step cores, maximum steel width can be found as follows,
H = √𝐴
49
Window height of the core = Copper foil height + Edge strip width + Clearances
No load loss of a core can be calculated using the no load loss curve.
I had to come to work on 8.00AM and I had to work on two Saturdays for a month. I
can leave after 5.00PM. But sometimes when I have work left, I had to stay few more hours
after 5.00PM to complete the work. When I come to the facility and when I leave, I had to sign
on an attendance book including times. There were some days which I had to take leaves
because it was urgent. To take a leave, first I had to inform my training supervisor, Mr.Eranga
and if he approves, then the HR – Executive should be informed. For a leave on a medical issue,
I had to provide a medical when I come back to work. To inform above two persons, I can take
a call or if they are not responding I can send them a text message mentioning the reasons for
the leave.
Every time I go to the production floor, I had to wear safety shoes and a white color
helmet. And I should aware of my safety while in the production floor, as there are lot of
machines under operation of workers. For fire protection, there is a protection system with
alarms and fire water supply. There are fire assembly points to assemble all the personnel in the
facility while in a fire.
2.3.7 Management Practices and Operational techniques
In the stock counting project, I had to work as a supervisor. All the raw material in the
factory warehouse were counted and assigned QR code stickers. The QR code system was
newly introduced in that stock counting. The QR code contains an item code, batch number,
and a serial number. The raw material are stored inside the boxes which placed on pallets, and
they are stored in a racks. I had to work on rack no.5. All the boxes should be unloaded to the
floor and all items in the boxes should be counted. Some items like, HV bushings, LV bushings,
there are multiple components for a unit. But we found them sometimes in separate boxes.
Therefore I had to manage the floor between the two racks in an efficient way, to make complete
sets of that kind of items. And there were few fork lifts for entire stock counting process,
therefore I had to manage fork lifts to finish the work in rack-5 also. And sometimes raw
material are found to be hold. For them, a “Hold” sticker is assigned and quantities of the items
are displayed on the boxes.
50
I had to supervise the clamping of some oval shape LV windings, therefore I had to
manage that work with two workers. First the dimensions (Outer diameters, Inner diameters)
of the LV winding are measured and recorded in a winding data file and then the clamp is fixed
to the LV winding carefully. Then the nuts and bolts are tightened until dimensions come to
ideal values. Dimensions are checked several times to do this. After that winding is placed on
a cart and moved to the oven. Before opening the doors of oven, it should be stopped from the
control panel and after putting the cart inside the winding, doors are closed and oven is started
again. Sometimes my supervisor assigns works on HV windings and cores, so when I finish the
work I had to give them to him directly or via email.
There was a factory re-arranging and waste management project and I had to work as a
supervisor also. The area near the warehouse was assigned for me and another trainee in the
factory. So we had to clean up the area and remove the waste and unwanted wood, supervising
workers. Then we had to arrange the transformer tanks stored in that area in a proper way,
managing the space for storing more tanks and path way for fork lifts and other vehicles.
And we had to follow the training sessions schedule among those works, so I managed
the time slots and dates contacting the persons, who were assigned as in the schedule to conduct
the sessions for all the university trainees in the facility.
See Annex 4.
While in the training I could acquire managerial skills which are valuable for my future
carrier. I could get hands-on experience on working with engineers, executives, supervisors and
workers. And I could join the transformer production process also, regarding the R&D project
and Qatar order’s oval shape LV winding clamping as mentioned before in this report. And I
could develop my communication skills while interacting with staff and other trainees.
51
Chapter 3
3.1 Conclusion
I was in CEB for 8 weeks as a trainee. In first 2 days, I could learn about Hydro power
generation, Thermal power generation and System Control Center from the sessions conducted
by the CEB at University of Moratuwa. Then I got the chance to visit several branches, places
in CEB. In first 2 weeks, I could learn about Grid Sub Station, Hotline Maintenance and GIS.
Then I was in the Transmission Construction Project branch for one week. In there I learned
about transmission towers, line parts and Grid Substation commissioning. And I got the chance
to visit Kelanitissa Power Station and GIS. Next I was in the Transmission Design and
Environment Branch for one week. When I was there, I could learn about Grid Substation
designing, Transmission lines. Then I had to go to Transmission and Generation Planning
Branch for a week, and I learned about Transmission, Generation Expansion plans. And I could
do some example load analysis using a simulation software. Next place was Colombo City
branch and in there, I could go on site visits in Kollupitiya area with Electrical Superintendent
and technicians. I also did some cost estimation work on a UDA Project. While in the PHM
branch I could learn about MV distribution. And I visited the newly constructing Primary
Substation site in Unawatuna to observe the Transformer transportation and unloading from the
low bed trailer. At the end of the training, I could visit the Samanalawewa Power Station and
Lakvijaya Power Station. All the people I met while in the training, were very kind to me and
they helped in their best to give me a good training and a good knowledge.
Training in LECO was for 4 weeks. First day I visited the Training Center in Ja-Ela and
learned about Transformer Repairing and observed the Energy Meter testing lab. While in the
LECO Head office in Kollupitiya, I could learn about Load Forecast, Line Constructions,
Operation Division and Geographic Information System (GIS). And I got the chance to visit
the ANTE-LECO Meter Manufacturing factory and observe the production. Then my training
place was LECO – Kalutara Branch and when in there, I could observe the line maintenance
work in Wadduwa area and pole replacement project work near Beruwala area. And I could
involve in some survey work for a new 11kV line project in Maggona area. I could do some
work with LV distribution simulation software while in the Branch office. After that I was in
the Customer Service Center in Payagala, and I could observe the distribution line maintenance
work in Payagala area. People I met while in LECO also very kind and when I ask questions to
learn something, they explained in their best for me and other trainees from UOM.But, the work
load given us from CEB and LECO was not much high.
52
My next training place was LTL – Transformers (Pvt.) Ltd. While in there, I learned
about the transformer manufacturing material, manufacturing process, various tests done for
unfinished and finished transformers etc. I followed the training schedule given by the HR –
Executive. The training schedule covered the theories, methods, processes and many other
things about transformer manufacturing. I had to contact engineers, engineer assistances,
electrical superintendents an executives to arrange sessions and I got a wide knowledge about
transformer manufacturing from the sessions. I had to work for the 5 week days for a week and
two Saturdays for a month. From the beginning of the training I could join the R&D project on
Distribution Transformer manufacturing with oval shape windings and multistep cores. And
sometimes I had to do data entry work while in the office. And sometimes I worked with the
draftsmen in design section for design of Bus Bar Chambers and Transformers. I got the chance
to involve in production process by supervising the clamping and ovening of LV windings for
an order from Qatar. There was a stock counting process when I was in the training, and I could
work as a supervisor to handle the work in a section of the warehouse. And also I worked as a
supervisor in the factory re-arranging and waste management project. I got the chance to visit
the Kerawalapitiya Combined Cycle Power Plant at the end of the training. I could work with
engineers, assistances, executives and workers while in the LTL – Transformers. It gave me a
so much good training experience giving me the chance to involve in professional working
environment and production too.
I didn’t had the knowledge on PLCs, therefore I couldn’t involve myself for the Vacuum
drying and Oil filling plant works. And I hadn’t much experience with design software like
Solid Works and Auto CAD. They are the weaknesses I met in the training. I can overcome
these by Industrial Automation modules in final year at the university and by practicing the
design software through online tutorials.
In the overall training program, we were familiar with deferent administrational levels,
so much technical knowledge, and health, safety practices. But while in CEB and LECO taking
of responsibilities were minimum. But in LTL – Transformers, it was in a satisfactory level.
The overall training program conducted for us is good and much valuable for our future
career. And I think it is better to reserve more time on Power Generation for CEB Training.
And also more time should be provided to hold some responsibility for the trainees while in the
training in CEB and LECO.
53
Annex 1
Organizational Structure of CEB

54
Annex 2
Organizational Structure of LECO
55
Annex 3
Organizational Structure of LTL – Transformers (Pvt.) Ltd.
56
Annex 4
1. Exposure to machinery and equipment in CEB
 Generator in Samanalawewa Power Plant

Power Output 1xUnit : 60MW
Excitation : Brush Excitation
Generation Voltage : 10500V
Rotor speed : 500 rpm
Poles : 12
 Generator in Lakvijaya Power Plant
Power Output 1xUnit : 300MW
Excitation : Self - Shunt Excitation
Generation Voltage : 20000 V
Rotor speed : 3000 rpm
Poles :2
 Biyagama Grid Substation Auto Transformers
Capacity : 250 MVA
Voltages : 220kV, 132kV, 33kV
Vector Group : YNa0d1
2. Exposure to machinery and equipment in LECO
 HV Tester
 Megger Tester
 Measuring Wheel
3. Exposure to machinery and equipment in LTL - Transformers
 Measured with Digital Vernier Caliper – Small one and Large one
 Observed Winding Making with “Tuboli” Machines : 15-18 HV Windings/day
 Observed test lab motor-generator couple
 Transformer Turns Ratio Tester
 Megger Tester
 DC Resistance Measuring Kit
 LV Winding Machine : 75 LV Windings/day
57
List of References
Figure 2.1 – Laxapana Complex: https://www.ceb.lk/plant-operation/en
Figure 2.3 - Transformer Buchholz Relay: https://owlcation.com/stem/How-does-a-Buchholz-
relay-work
Figure 2.3 - Transformer Buchholz Relay:
http://www.yourelectrichome.com/2011/07/buchholz-relays.html
Figure 2.21 – Transformer Core with clamps: https://www.indiamart.com/proddetail/core-
assembly-6342064012.html
Figure 2.22 – Step Lap Core: http://www.transformercoreindia.com/transformer-parts.htm
Figure 2.23 – Transformer Active Part: https://transfabzelectricals.tradeindia.com/active-part-
of-630kva-22kv-distribution-transformer-158265.html
Figure 2.25 – No Load Tap Changer: http://www.capt.it/capt/en/index.html
Figure 2.26 – Transformer Tank: https://www.indiamart.com/proddetail/transformer-tank-
12581440088.html
Figure 2.27 – ISD Unit: https://electrical-engineering-portal.com/dmcr-protection-relay-for-
oil-transformer
Figure 2.28 – Transformer Turns Ratio Tester (TTR): https://cablehipot.en.made-in-
china.com/product/PNIEGHVyXjWT/China-Made-in-China-Hot-Sale-Electrical-Testing-
Equipment-TTR-Tester-Voltage-Transformer-Turns-Ratio-Tester-for-Wholesale.html
Figure 2.31 – Lightning Impulse Waveform:
https://ebrary.net/84238/computer_science/overvoltages_insulation_requirements
58

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UNIVERSITY OF MORATUWA

Registered Module No: EE3993

INDUSTRIAL TRAINING REPORT

Ceylon Electricity Board

Lanka Electricity Company (Pvt.) Ltd.

LTL Holdings Pvt. (Ltd)

From: 24/06/2019 to 06/12/2019

Date of Submission: 31/12/2019

Department of: Electrical Engineering

This report is regarding my Industrial Training experience of six months period in

I convey my sincere gratitude to Industrial Training Division of University of Moratuwa

Next I express my gratitude towards the Training Manager of Lanka Electricity

Then I convey my sincere gratitude to Prof.J.Rohan Lucas, Dr.Rasara Samarasinghe

Abbreviations and Acronyms

1. Introduction to the Training Establishment

1.1 Ceylon Electricity Board

1.1.2 Organizational Structure

Organization structure is mentioned in the Annex 1.

1.1.3 SWOT Analysis

1.1.3.3 Opportunities for sustainability

1.1.4 Usefulness to the Country

As a government organization, CEB is giving a service to people and development of

1.1.5 Suggestions to improve performance

1.1.6 Possible Constraints for achieve objectives

 Wind power equipment cost is reducing

1.2 Lanka Electricity Company (Pvt.) Ltd.

1.2.2 Organizational Structure

Organization structure is mentioned in the Annex 2.

1.2.3 SWOT Analysis

LECO is mainly a government funded organization. LECO has well qualified,

1.2.4 Usefulness to the Country

1.2.5 Suggestions to improve performance

1.2.6 Possible Constraints for achieve objectives

 Mobile Technology is developing rapidly

1.3.2 Organizational Structure

Organization structure is mentioned in the Annex 3.

1.3.3 SWOT Analysis

1.3.3.3 Opportunities for Sustainability

There is no any company in Sri Lanka to manufacture large power transformers in

1.3.4 Usefulness to the Country

1.3.5 Suggestions to improve performance

1.3.6 Possible Constraints for achieve objectives

2.1 Ceylon Electricity Board

2.1.1 Workshops, Divisions involved

Division Key Training Personnel Designation Period Spent

2.1.2 Duties and Functions

Training Coordinator: Eng.K.A.C.K.Premarathne

2.1.3 Start of the Training

2.1.4 Gathered Knowledge

2.1.4.1 Hydro Power Generation in Sri Lanka

The major hydro power generation complexes are,

 Laxapana Complex – 354MW

Figure 2.1 – Laxapana Complex

Figure 2.2 – Mahaweli Complex

2.1.4.2.1 Intake Screen

2.1.4.2.3 Surge Chamber

2.1.4.2.4 Portal Valve

CEB Mini Hydro - 20MW

IPP Mini Hydro - 351MW