CRP Sci Final

Central Luzon State University
Science City of Munoz 3120

Nueva Ecija, Philippines
Introducing Challenges in Farming and Approaches for Balanced Production
Abad, Francis Chelsey C.

Abelardo, Erica Y.
Asuncion, Jeruel A.
Bedania, Jone Kaye M.
Ibale, Arjay D.
Mananes, Fuena Jane P.
Maon, Jay N.
Mata, Marissa F.
Mojica, Charles Steven S.
Paglinawan, Nica A.
Pascual, Eloyda D.
Rejano, Bhea Angela P.
Santiago, Ivan Rhedzel C.
Sarmiento, Aireen Joy T.
Sumalbag, Marie Joy B.
Tayras, Dominic T.
Tuliao, Lawrence C.
CRP 1100: Principles of Crop Science ( lecture )
February, 2023
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE PAGE : ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 1
TABLE OF CONTENTS ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2
CHAPTER I : Introduction ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 4
CHAPTER II : The problem ---------------------------------------------------------------------- 6
PRE-PRODUCTION --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 6
Concern 1 : Genetic resources improvements ------------------------------------------ 6
Concern 2 : Agricultural Practices------------------------------------------------------------ 7
Concern 3 : Agricultural Inputs --------------------------------------------------------------- 7
PRODUCTION ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 8
Concern 4 : Growing ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- 9
Concern 5 : Harvesting--------------------------------------------------------------------------- 9
Concern 6 : Food loss management-------------------------------------------------------- 9
POST-PRODUCTION ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 10
Concern 7 : Processing ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 10
Concern 8 : Transportation-------------------------------------------------------------------- 10
Concern 9 : Storage ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 11
Concern 10 : Whole saling/ Retailing ------------------------------------------------------ 12
CONSUMPTION ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 14
Concern 11 :Food waste Management--------------------------------------------------- 14
CHAPTER III : The Solution ------------------------------------------------------------------ 15
PRE-PRODUCTION ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- 15
Solution 1 : Crop Genetic in Our Food Supply ---------------------------------- 15
Solution 2 : Improving Fruit Bearing Trees --------------------------------------- 15
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Solution 3 : Genetic Resources Improvements:
Rice Blast Disease------------------------------------------------------ 16
Solution 4 : Levelling up Agricultural Practices -------------------------------- 17
PRODUCTION ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 17
Solution 5 : Using Mobile Phones to Issue
Early Warning systems ---------------------------------------------- 17
Solution 6 : Developing Lowlands to Boost Crop Production------------- 19
Solution 7: Helping Farmers Fight Armyworm-----------------------------------19
Solution 8: Crop Diversification -----------------------------------------------------19
Solution 9 : Reducing Climate Risk ------------------------------------------------ 20
Solution 10 : Pest Control ------------------------------------------------------------- 21
Solution 11 Helping Farmers Use Fertilizer More Precisely---------------- 21
Solution 12 : Reducing Toxicity : Aflatoxin-------------------------------------- 22
POST-PRODUCTION ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 22
Solution 13 : Improvements of Storage Facilities ----------------------------- 22
Solution 14 : Adopting of New Innovative Practices
in Preserving Agricultural Produced --------------------------------------------------------- 23
Solution 14 : Improvements in transportation---------------------------------- 23
CONSUMPTION --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 25
Solution 15: Turning Agricultural Waste in to Organic Fertilizer ---------- 25
Solution 16 : Synthetic Gas ----------------------------------------------------------- 27
References ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 28
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CHAPTER I : Introduction & Background
According to the innovations for sustainable food systems farmers facing myriad
challenges that include the growing and harvesting of crops. These challenges consist
of the most common ones in dealing with pests and diseases in crops; climate change;
food management; and unpredictable market conditions. It is estimated that 60% more
of today’s food will be needed by the year 2050. But the current situation here in our
country is falling rapidly which rise the hunger levels and adds to an estimated number
of 2 billion people globally suffering from malnutrition.
That’s why it matters to know the essence and the ways how the cycle of our
agriculture undergoes.
The "pre-production" stage of food system sustainability is how we establish a

reliable procedure for evaluating our seedlings and the soil where we plant those
seedlings. Innovations in agricultural inputs, like fertilizer or crop protection products,
are among the process inputs used in this. By prohibiting the land from being used for
industrial buildings, this can serve to increase yields and income.
Since 47% of the country's total land area, or roughly 30 million hectares, is used
for agriculture, the Philippines is regarded as having an agrarian economy. The nation
is still not self-sufficient, especially in terms of its needs for staple foods.
The agriculture sector gears towards global competitiveness. Proper post-

harvest handling and sound post-harvest technologies are thus needed. Different
stakeholders in the post-harvest industry, such as the farmers, farmers groups and
cooperatives, local government units, government and non-government agencies, and
the private sector should join together to give their full support in pursuing the priorities
of the industry.
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To furtherly discussed the said issues, concerns problems and the proper
approach or solution, We create chapters that willfocused on the problem, and for the
solution.
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CHAPTER II : The Problem ( Cause and Effects )
PROBLEMS AND EFFECTS FOR PRE-PRODUCTION
Problems & Effects in Pre-production
➢ Concerns: Genetic Resources

a. Problems of agriculture in terms of planting materials such as fertility of the soil
and the fertilizer used in a particular crop.
Loss of agricultural land- can take the form of the actual loss of land or the loss
of specific attributes and characteristics within a region that is conducive to agriculture.
The following are a few causes of the loss of agricultural land:
Erosion: The main contributors to erosion are wind and water. Small particles,
even massive boulders or areas can be worn down and removed from the soil as these
forces interact with the surface. The size of the land will be diminished over thousands
and hundreds of years. Another threat from erosion to agriculture priorities is the loss of
minerals. The loosest layer is topsoil, which is the layer that contains the soil with the
largest mineral content. The topsoil on agricultural land may potentially be destroyed
as eroding forces interact with it, which would harm any future crops that are grown
there.
Factories are industrial buildings created to make it easier to produce goods.

Pollution in its many forms is one of these inventions' most frequent byproducts. These
contaminants will damage the crops as they permeate from industrial facilities to
farmer-owned agricultural land. Their development will be slowed. Consumers who
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ingest the crops risk developing health issues. As a result, crops might not be suitable
for sale even if they grow.
Highways: Highways have consequences that are comparable to industries. By

constructing extensive roads through the uninhabited territory, they not only restrict the
amount of land that can be used for agriculture, but the air pollution from the cars that
use these roads can also contaminate the crops.
➢ Concerns : Agricultural Practices

a. lack of new practices and proper approach in the field of agriculture
Low technical efficiency: ‘PhilRice’ studies show that farmers have low technical
efficiency relative to the best farmer performance. Also, first-generation varieties are still
used by nearly half of the farmers. Moreover, these varieties produce relatively low
yields, poor grain quality, low milling recovery, and poor tolerance to biotic and abiotic
stresses. Seeding rates are still high at 120 to 200 kg/ha.
➢ Concerns : Agricultural Inputs

a. Absences in quality-seeds, and distribution of new technologies
The Philippines has a lot of agricultural land in the area which is around 30
million hectares in total. The country has natural resources in terms of water and other
nutrients and hardworking farmers, but despite the said assets, the Philippines is
considered a nonmodern country due to the high cost of technologies and the
advanced types of machinery prices are increasing as well as thein and maintenance.
Types of machinery that should be used by the farmers to improve agricultural

productivity with the help of the machines and reduce the workload of the local farmers
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are tractors, rice transplanters, fertilizer spreaders, tractor implements, etc. The
machines range from thousands to hundreds of thousands.
Economy – low-quality seeds may result in low-quality agricultural produce. This

may greatly affect the income of the country from the exportation of agricultural goods.
As an agricultural country, the economy was vastly dependent on the state of
agriculture. Thus, low-quality products may lead to a decrease in the economy’s profit.
Consumer – the consumers are great determining factor for the quality of the
products. Once a product is produced with a low-quality product the consumers will
reflect the status. Consumers will less likely to buy goods in low-quality condition.
Further affecting the state of agriculture in the country.
Country – As above mentioned, low-quality seeds may result in low-quality

goods, leading to a direct effect on the economy and consumers. Furthermore, these
two factors are a vital part of a country. Hence, this also has the great potential to affect
the country.
PROBLEMS AND EFFECTS FOR PRODUCTION
• GROWING
In growing we encountered different types of problems including the climate, the

way we planted the seedlings of our crops, and how we maintain the nutrients it
needed for a particular time. Growing also includes the controls for pests since we
encounter this problem when our crops are now starting to grow.
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• HARVESTING
The unfortunate news is that the harvest is suffering greatly due to bad weather.
It's just that lightning and rain have become almost commonplace in modern times
because it's one of the farmers' problems with harvesting. Crops were flooded in some
parts of the country. Rice fields are also flooded by accumulated rainwater in other
regions. Now there is great concern that there is a shortage of labor for the harvest.
Farmers who are busy harvesting in open fields face danger from lightning. It stands to
reason that most of those killed by lightning were farmers.(Manila Standards, 2022)
• FOOD LOSS MANAGEMENT
Improving the yields of the crops in different areas of the Country is Really hard.
Having an issue of food loss management, including the responsibility of ensuring that
the crops and the effort we put into our crops are getting or being paid off at the end or
when we are now done selling. Food loss management is also one of the main
problems in agriculture since it was being addressed the following: the poor or low
harvest, transportation issues, lack of proper transportation, and even nice, clean, and
eco friendly storage ( United States Environmental Protection Agency).
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• POST-PRODUCTION /CHAIN SUPPLY

Processing
a. effects if the productivity rate of the production is higher than the expected
and needed volume for a certain type of crops for the:
a.1.
ENVIRONMENT
Despite the warnings and statistics gathered from different government agencies
regarding the overproduction of agriculture produced, it continues to happen in the
present times. This causes damage to the improper use of water and even our land.
a.2. MARKET
Overproduction may lead to lower prices in the market for particular agricultural-
produced goods and will be possibly ended up with unsold status. This results in the
efforts in The labor being lost due to unprofitable results
a.3. CONSUMERS
In the presence of an increase in production from agriculture will result in a

decrease in net prices, this situation will favor consumers because the main
commodities are low such as onions, but such a price decrease will reduce the number
of millions of people who produced it or those who planted it to the people involved in
production or sales.
Transportations
a. Local farmers whose area is far beyond the main line of connection in terms
of fast transportation.
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Transportation is one of the many factors that contribute to how well farmers are.
The access of buyers and the price range a buyer will l also depend on transportation.
Transportation of produced crops from where it was planted to the markets depends
very much on the available means of roads, and also the distance and fuel it may
consume ( American Society of Mechanical Engineers)
Storage
a. Lacking of storage facility specially in the local areas
Storage is the stage of the post-harvest system where items are held in a way
that ensures food security outside of times when agriculture is being
produced.
Lack of proper storage, preservation, or packaging can cause foods to
degrade, resulting in anomalous flavor, color, odor, or consistency, though
these changes may not always be dangerous.
One of the quickest methods to boost food supply is through better storage.
The ability of homes and villages for food storage and protection should be
greatly improved, according to field experience at the national level.
To be able to have a good food storage,these factors must be considered:
Temperature:The shelf life of food is greatly impacted by the storage

temperature. According to the United States Department of Agriculture, or
USDA, the shelf life of food that has been stored decreases by half with every
10.8 degrees that the temperature rises. The ideal temperature range for
storing food is between 40 and 60 degrees. Avoid temperatures below zero.
Moisture: When keeping foods, it is advised to reduce moisture. Foods

should have a moisture level of 10% or less for long-term storage.
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Oxygen: Foods that are oxygen-free last longer in storage. Oxygen removal
will stop food components from oxidizing.
WARNING - Storing damp product in oxygen-reducing packaging can cause

botulism. If stored in an airtight container with an oxygen absorber, the
product must be dry (no more than approximately 10% moisture content).
Infestation: Several common insects invade dry foods stored at home. For
cold treatment, place infected items in a 0 degree freezer for 3-4 days. This
kills live insects, larvae, and eggs.
Correct storage of products is especially important in agriculture. As already

mentioned, this makes seasonal products available all year round and
ultimately ensures farm liquidity. Storage also prevents or reduces food
spoilage and pest infestation. Safe storage prolongs life. (Food and
Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 2012)
Whole Saling/ Retailing

a. Increasing and decreasing price of Agricultural produced.
Alterations in supply and demand are the root cause of increasing and
decreasing prices of agricultural products, as well as changes in income levels.
Because both the demand for food and the supply of food has a low price elasticity in
the short term, which means that they are not highly sensitive to changes in price, there
is a tendency for swings in agricultural prices to be particularly pronounced. The fact
that food is a fundamental need indicates that its price is not very sensitive to changes,
since this property is known as price inelasticity. On the other hand, the supply of food
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cannot react fast to changes in price since it often takes a considerable amount of time
to produce agricultural goods. This prevents a speedy adjustment in the supply of
food. As a consequence of the limited price responsiveness of both demand and
supply, unanticipated shifts in the quantity of output frequently necessitate substantial
price adjustments to reestablish market equilibrium. As a consequence of this,
agricultural markets are notorious for their high degree of volatility.
Moreover, stock prices depend on supply and demand. The stock market is an
auction, therefore when there are more buyers than sellers, the price must adjust or no
deals will be performed. This circumstance tends to drive the price up, raising the
market quotation at which investors may sell their shares and attracting investors to sell
who previously weren't interested. However, when sellers outnumber buyers and
demand is low, the lowest bidder decides the price, resulting in a race to the bottom.
Supply and demand, as well as market prices, will rise and fall until they achieve
a balance, which is called market equilibrium. For example, if onion prices are too high,
most consumers will choose another product at a more affordable price. As a response
to declining sales, farmers will have to lower the prices until the demand for onions
increases again. When the demand for onions is balanced with the supply, the market
is at its equilibrium. Looking at the larger picture, supply, and demand govern the
overall market rivalry. As a result, every farmer motivated by profit should stay current
with market conditions and use the knowledge offered by supply and demand to profit.
Price fluctuations impact not just consumers, but also producers. Poor farmers, in
general, do not have the investment resources to maintain such volatility. This may lead
to inefficient investment choices and, in the long run, reduced output.
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CONSUMPTION
• FOOD/CROPS WASTE MANAGEMENT
Food systems are not only focused on preparing crops, growing crops, and
selling crops we also want to look at the waste ( agricultural waste ) we created after
producing and disposing of crops. And looking for opportunities behind it for better
and responsible conservation of resources by turning agricultural waste into fertilizer.
This fertilizer will be beneficial for farmers and even small individuals who want to build
a mini garden in their houses.
According to the “Agricultural waste and utilization” the most common

agricultural waste from crops in the country Philippines is came from corn, rice,
coconut, and sugarcane (OA Caparino · 2018). This kind of agricultural waste is not just
a waste but maybe we can create studies that can help farmers who produced this kind
of agricultural waste in something helpful in our cases. Like studies of Biochiar of Dr.
Ricardo Orge of Philrice, and many more.
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CHAPTER III : The Solution
SOLUTION FOR PRE-PRODUCTION
❖ Crop Genetic in Our Food Supply

Source : CGIAR: International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas
(ICARDA)
Our groups see the key to the success of agriculture in terms of production is
that by maintaining and supporting young scientists, research studies, and many more
putting their concern into developing climate-proof crops. This climate-proof crop will
enable farmers to decide whether to put this variation of plants in this particular month.
Since the climate is unpredictable, genetically strong seedlings by generating
genebanks for crops will help farmers not to worry about what would happen if there
were lots of rain that usual and long periods of the rainy season than usual. But it yields
differently than before producing great quality and healthy crops, ensuring the human
force will be paid off. The idea of connecting Technology to genetically engineered
crops will also help seeds to fight possible pest outbreaks and many more. Reducing
the cost of buying toxic and non-toxic pesticides that are also contributed to degrading
the quality and nutrients found in soil and water (M Acevedo · 2020).
❖ Improving fruit bearing trees

CGIAR: CGIAR Research Program on Forests, Trees and Agroforestry (FTA) & World
Agroforestry (ICRAF)
According to the World Agroforestry promoting to farmers about the

importance of fruit bearing trees would be beneficial in the future for sustainable growth
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of food throughout the country itself and to world. Since this is not an easy task that as
we all know it takes time in years for some fruit bearing trees to be harvested like for
example the coconut, mango, rambutan and manymore; But it is beneficial for the life
long food support it may bring to us.
Fruit bearing trees will not only contribute for the sustainable food source but
also help us in maintaining the eco friendly practices in making food. This trees will
also serves as excess water absorbers, landslides/erosion protector, and even a
cleaner and provider of a fresh air (Rustic Vuew Homes and Gardens, 2021)
❖ Genetic Resources Improvement: Rice blast disease

Crop life international
Because our country started importing rice in 1869, this only proves that our
production in terms of rice is not that much or big and it is decreasing even more
because of the various issues that our country is facing. Some of these issues are that
agricultural lands are being replaced or built by private buildings and many others. And
some factors in our country's increasing shortage of rice are due to the growth of our
population followed by the issue of climate change.
This is what motivates many farmers to stop because of losses caused by strong
typhoons, causing others to plant other crops other than rice. So we want to revive and
intensify the genetic improvements regarding the raising of rice and I adopt the modern
methods of different countries to help even more small farmers.
Distribute the said genetically engineered seedlings that will be suitable for the area
where it will be grown or planted so that the growth of the said plant will keep pace with
the climate of a particular area in order to maintain and improve the quality of rice and
its high production in despite the changing new era.
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❖ Leveling up Agricultural practices
Conduct more research studies and also don’t stop just by conducting but also
by implementing not only to store only for the purpose of collections
There are several ways to improve agricultural practices. One is through

community education, especially for our farmers who lack knowledge on how to market
their goods to increase their incomes. Another is to invest in research prior to food
storage.Proper food storage preserves the nutritional quality and quality of the goods
you buy. Additionally, safe food storage can help preventing harmful bacteria that
causes foodborne illnesses. The Philippines faced food shortages during the
pandemic. Some 62.1% of Filipino households experienced moderate to severe food
insecurity in 2020 amid the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, according to a Rapid
Nutrition Assessment Survey (RNAS) conducted by the Food and Nutrition Research
Institute. Philippines usually encounter problems like oversupply which leads to
spoilage of agricultural products. An example of this problem is the oversupply of garlic
last September 2022. We should invest on building food storages to help our local
farmers.
SOLUTION FOR PRODUCTION
❖ Using Mobile Phones to Issue Early Warning Systems ( in provinces )

CGIAR: The International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT)
This proposed solution will focus on the capability of farmers to

communicate in a short period of time for access. Philippines shall promote the
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use of mobile phone surveillance or even a satellite surveillance that will handle
all the data of agricultural crops. Data being gathered in this surveillance will be
the climate, forecast, weather, pest and manymore. Local government shall
announce if there is an outbreak of diseases or pest in a particular area and
notified small/ big farmers 2 weeks in advanced.
As the farmers know the capability of the said outbreak of pest, they can
now be ready for plan in executing pre-emotive measures to prevent crops
diseases and to ensures a big yield of productivity rate. This idea can be
effective more when they were improving protective approach in this kind of
scenarios.
This warning devices can also be used in terms of data collection of crops
status specially in This proposed solution will focus on the capability of farmers
to communicate in a short period of time for access. The Philippines shall
promote the use of mobile phone surveillance or even satellite surveillance that
will handle all the data of agricultural crops. Data gathered in this surveillance
will be the climate, forecast, weather, pest, and many more. A local government
shall announce if there is an outbreak of diseases or pests in a particular area
and notified small/ big farmers 2 weeks in advance.
As the farmers know the capability of the said outbreak of pest, they can
now be ready to plan in executing pre-emotive measures to prevent crop
diseases and to ensure a big yield of productivity rate. This idea can be effective
more when they were improving the protective approach in this kind of scenario.
These warning devices can also be used in terms of data collection of
crop status, especially in the province that has the capability of supplying a great
amount of agriculturally produced whether they were able to produce the
needed volume or not for us to know even faster to take actions in terms of
importations. the province who has the capability of supplying great amount of
agricultural produced whether they were able to produced the needed volume
or not for us to know even faster to take actions in terms of imporatations.
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❖ Developing Lowlands to Boost crops production.

CGIAR: Africa Rice
low land in the Philippines is really ideal for planting plants or agricultural crops
that can help our country and the whole world's goal of a sustainable country. This is
due to factors such as easy access to water supply, transportation issues, and many
others.
But there is a big problem facing the availability of low-lying land for the farm,
the biggest enemy is the flood that destroys not only the crops but also the farmland
that is almost a river or has been covered by this river.
So our group thought of a solution even though it is natural or common in many

places in the country and it is to intensify the construction of a "dike" and a proper
water system that will prevent the destruction of the crop whenever it pours very strong
nap ag ulan " "Nice and spacious farm, Big and good harvest".
❖ Helping Farmers Fight Fall Armyworm ( common in tropical countries )

International Fertilizer Development Center (IFDC)
Neem oil as one the best ingriedients in fighting armyworms, a worms that is
commonly in tropical countries that destroy lots of crops in time of growing and
harvesting that may result to poor harvest. Government funded research must
established a proper approach in order to fight such worm and also to help farmers by
selling it at low cost when it was a product.
❖ Growing: Crop diversification

Rwanda
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The cultivation of multiple crops in one location is referred to as crop

diversification. A new crop species or variety can be introduced, or the cropping
system currently in use can be changed, to achieve diversification. A typical
example is including more crops in an already-existing rotation.
Additionally, diversification can be utilized to replace low-value

commodities with high-value ones like fruits and vegetables. The practice of
integrating crops and cattle is known as mixed farming. Crop diversity
comprises genetic and varietal variety within crop species as well as crop
species diversity overall.
It is well known as one of the most practical, economical, and sensible

strategies for creating a resilient agricultural cropping system.
❖ Growing: Reducing climate risks

The issue of climate change is primarily one of development. It poses a
risk of escalating poverty and hindering economic growth. In addition, how
nations develop and the investments they make to fulfill the energy, food, and
water needs of a growing population can either exacerbate climate change and
increase global dangers or help find answers. Subsidies for fossil fuels send a
different message, one that may promote waste and deter low-carbon growth.
Countries can reallocate their investment to areas where it is most needed and
effective by gradually eliminating harmful fossil fuel subsidies, including
providing targeted assistance for the poor. Increased usage of renewable
energy and energy efficiency- we must discuss access when we talk about
electricity. Around 1.2 billion people worldwide lack access to electricity, and 2.8
billion rely on solid fuels like wood, charcoal, and coal for cooking, which harms
indoor air quality. Use climate-smart farming techniques and maintain forest
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landscapes- the fifth area of focus includes both adaptation and mitigation.
Climate-smart farming methods aid farmers in boosting their farms' output and
resilience to climate change effects like droughts while also generating carbon
sinks that aid in lowering net emissions. Additionally, forests are important
carbon sinks that capture carbon and store it in the soil, trees, and vegetation.
❖ Pest control
Having options is helpful when creating a pest management strategy.
Cultural control, host resistance, physical control, mechanical control, biological
control, and chemical control are the most widely used pest management
strategies.
To eradicate the pest population, living organisms are controlled biologically.
The limiting densities of potential pests are significantly influenced by insects'
natural enemies.
❖ Helping Farmers Use Fertilizers More Precisely

International Fertilizer Association (IFA)
Now, there some ways how to apply use fertilizer more responsible.
Adapt modern technology that uses in the feild of agriculture and in crop
production especially in applying fertilizer. Be knowledgeable enough to
properly use and apply fertilizer to increase crop production.
In adaptation of modern technology we can produce, discover, invent and
provide the needs of crops, through that we'll be able to increase production of
crops. Moreover, applying the amount of fertilizer and pesticide intended by
measuring the treatment area and calibrating your spreader.
• use organic fertilizer as much as possible

• Improve soil fertility especially compost which increases soil organic matter.
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• Always read the label directions carefully and store properly.
❖ REDUCING TOXICITY: AFLATOXIN

(International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, IITA)
Aflatoxin is a byproduct of molds which is what we called amag in

Filipino, which is originate came from fungi (Halamang singaw). Fungi are
producing toxins which is called mycotoxins. Aflatoxin B1 is the most common
toxin produced by certain species of fungi, the Aspergillus Flavus and
Aspergillus parasiticus. This is the most common found in food and the most
toxic among other mycotoxins. Its unique name simply indicated that it is a toxin
that affects the crops in terms of nutrition.
In children aflatoxin can affects growth and if many doses are taken can
lead to complications in immune systems. Since Aflatoxin B1 has the capability
of mutations inside human body at severe cases it can lead or developed cell
cancers (Food and Drug Administration, 2014). The international Institute of
Tropical Agriculture, IITA created a product called the “aflasafe” that has a main
goal of reducing the aflatoxin of crops, this will enable farmers in producing safe
consumable product (farmingfirst.org)
POSSIBLE SOLUTION FOR Post PRODUCTION
❖ Improvement of storage facilities

Food grain self-sufficiency necessitates proper storage facilities. For a significant
growth in production, the available storage facilities are insufficient on a variety of
levels. Large-scale grain storage issues are either caused by outdated seed storage
techniques or by a lack of commercial grain storage facilities and the management of
those facilities.
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Lack of modern storage facilities not only contributes to shortages but also
hinders agricultural exports. Aside from raising consumer prices, improper post-harvest
management of agricultural produce causes quality and quantity losses. The post-
harvest losses in fruits and vegetables are estimated to be between 25 to 40%, which
results in low returns for producers, processors, and merchants and, ultimately, a loss
of foreign exchange revenues.
The primary factors contributing to this loss, both in terms of quality and
quantity, include stress brought on by extremes of heat or cold, an improper mixture of
gases in the environment, such as oxygen, carbon dioxide, and humidity, a lack of
nutrients, and inadequate storage and transportation facilities.
As a result, we advocate that the government pay attention to or focus on the

dearth of local farmers' access to storage facilities. The presence of such situations is
used by middlemen who urge farmers to buy at low prices, as happened with the price
of onions. Having storage facilities in the local areas will benefit every farmer so that
their agricultural crops are not damaged. Since some places lack storage facilities.
Because there were no storage facilities in some parts of the country, locals were
forced to accept the dealer's price offer rather than let their harvested onions go bad.
Although they were only sold for 12 to 20 pesos, the price of a kilo of onions when they
arrived at the market was almost 700 pesos.
Adopting of New Innovative Practices in Preserving Agricultural Produced
One can keep the item in sacks, on the ground, in farm bins and granaries,
underground, in granaries, or by burying it in the ground (Hall, 1970). Tropical crops
can be preserved in a variety of ways, but the oldest and most popular ones are drying,
smoking, pickling, salting, and fermentation.
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Improvements in transportation
Delivering agricultural products from farms to markets and to cities throughout

the world is the primary function of transportation. The secret of managing assets or
items from the point of origin to the consumer is proper logistics. Moreover,
transportation is essential to the well of the nation. What if product delivery is
interrupted and problems with the supply chain arise?
According to the American Society of Mechanical Engineers , Transport is

required to move any agricultural commodities, whether they are conventional or
mechanized. Farmers and other producers often reside distant from the locations
where their goods are sold. This means that a lot of the materials need to be carried to
the collecting sites, storage facilities, or just sales places for marketing. Road
transportation makes it possible to connect the wide countryside, where farming takes
place, to industrial areas, where processing takes place, and lastly to consumers and
businesspeople in cities.
Technology and innovation should be the main priorities for logistics and
transportation in the future. Being unprepared for the changes is the problem that
needs the most attention. Consumers will be forced to look for alternatives if the
transportation sector is not open to originality.
What benefits does transportation bring to agriculture?
Farmers can invest more, produce more, and access markets throughout the
world by using transportation. Without transportation, there is no way to grow a
business because everything must be conveyed, carried, or transported in order to
reach the client. Large volumes could also be wasted because quality degrades in the
absence of effective transportation. In actuality, transportation plays a significant role in
the farmer's business and reputation.
For the buyer's happiness, both the quality of the products and the quality of the
delivery are essential. The distinction between agricultural and industrial products is
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crucial. The majority of agricultural products are bulky, perishable, consumable goods.
The products must be protected from damage during transit through proper packaging
and transportation. Gathering a harvest involves several phases, including harvesting,
threshing, winnowing, bagging, processing, and storing. They differ in certain ways,
thus the effectiveness of the transit is just as important as its accessibility.
POSSIBLE SOLUTION FOR CONSUMPTION
❖ Turning Food Waste into Fertilizer

CGIAR: CGIAR Research Program on Water, Land and Ecosystems (WLE) &
International Water Management Institute (IWMI)
Composting your kitchen waste has a number of advantages, including getting

rid of undesirable trash and creating fertilizer for your yard. Check to see if your
leftovers and other food scraps would make fantastic compost before you toss
them away.
Because these materials can be used to manufacture fertilizer, almost all food
waste is disposed of in the trash or through the garbage disposal, which is a
wasteful practice. Organic material found in food waste can be composted to
produce fertilizer. It is an efficient way to get rid of food waste in your kitchen
that is also good for the environment. A very organic, nutrient-rich product can
be created from the foul-smelling items in the kitchen waste.
used to cultivate flowers or plants utilizing food scraps and leftovers.
The process for turning food scraps and agricultural waste into organic fertilizer
is as follows:
1. The most crucial food scraps to set aside are those from fruits and
vegetables.
25 | P a g e
aside. Save overripe produce, nuts, and eggshells. Avoid throwing away
overripe produce. However, keep in mind that adding things like grease, oils,
fatty meats, and milk products to your composting materials might make the pile
smelly and wet. Put these items in a flat, well-drained area, and add some wood
ash on top to hasten the composting process.
2. To speed up the composting process, sawdust can be used in addition to

wood ash. processing of compost. You can compost any extra waste if you have
any livestock.manure. You can purchase sawdust and manure from a business
that offers gardening supplies if you don't already have any on hand.
3. To your compost, you must also add some organic waste if you want to
produce a fertiliser that is nutrient-rich. You can accomplish this by gathering
grass and leaf clippings from your lawn. As you mow your grass, all of the
organic debris from it will combine inside the lawnmower bag. Place all of the
lawnmower's contents in your compost bin after removing them
from the machine.
4. Combine the prepared kitchen waste with the currently present yard waste in the
compost bin. The compost bin has to have a handle you can crank as you rotate it in
order to properly mix the compost and supply oxygen to the mixture. Check the bin's
side openings as well so that any extra moisture can evaporate when you rotate the
compost. Lawn care is essential for best outcomes.
The compost container should be spun two to three times every day, according to
experts.
5. Wait until your compost turns into a dark, soil-like substance. The compost is
prepared to be distributed after it takes on this appearance. Apply the proper amount
26 | P a g e
of compost, then wait for the fertilizer to ingest before observing any changes to the
regions you previously administered it to ( Fertilizer-machines.com)
SYNTHETIC GAS IMPLEMENTATION
LPG gas can be replaced with synthetic natural gas utilizing rice halls as an
alternative. Additionally, rice halls can be utilized to enhance growth, preserve
moisture, and protect seedlings.
In the gasification process, organic and agricultural wastes (carbonaceous

materials) are transformed into synthetic gas. Field crop residues in particular, which
are produced in vast quantities throughout the nation, can be gasified and transformed
into synthetic gas (SYNGAS) by the gasification process. This study examines the gas
produced by gasifying three various types of agricultural and forestry wastes, including
cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) crop waste and neem (Azadirachta indica) tree bark
and leaves.
The study's findings showed that the SYNGAS produced from cotton crop waste
was nearly identical to that produced from neem tree barks. However, the SYNGAS
made from the bark and leaves of neem trees had more fixed carbon. The chemical
makeup of the gases produced from various wastes differed slightly. In comparison to
gas derived from neem tree barks, which had 28.72% CO and 31.88% H2, gas
obtained from cotton crop waste had 27.52% CO and 32.17% H2. Similarly, 26.07% CO
and 28.12% H2 were found in the gases extracted from neem tree leaves. These
findings suggest that SYNGAS produced from the gasfication of locally available
agricultural and forestry wastes can be utilized as a substitute for natural gas (LPG,
DME, etc.) to power buildings and mechanical vehicles (Aziza Aftab et.al., 2016)
27 | P a g e
REFERENCES :
Section 1 - Pre-Production. (2020, February 20). Farming First.
https://farmingfirst.org/sustainable-food-system/section-1-pre-production/
Dufalla, J. (2016, July 12). Agricultural Overproduction and the Deteriorating Environment. E-
International Relations. https://www.e-ir.info/2016/07/07/agricultural-overproduction-
and-the-deteriorating-environment/
Brand, S. (n.d.). Is Overproduction Driving Your Labor Costs Out of Control?
https://www.cmtc.com/blog/overproduction-effects-on-labor-cost
J. (2022, January 10). How to Improve Agriculture in the Philippines, Ways, Ideas, and Tips.
Agri Farming. https://www.agrifarming.in/how-to-improve-agriculture-in-the-
philippines-ways-ideas-and-
tips?fbclid=IwAR01asPL4J6xEHyRdmeviPzJAuvOxuKXHCn2Zevq37vn-
DKHMdShkYVdrqA
World Bank Group. (2015, April 3). 5 Ways to Reduce the Drivers of Climate Change. World
Bank. https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/feature/2015/03/18/5-ways-reduce-drivers-
climate-change?fbclid=IwAR2JKlclvYScLDBP3jIoqtG-
mqnerfxDZ7Z5v8WzqbGw8H8Idnk6w6kn-CU
Proper Use of Fertilizers and Pesticides. (2014, July 25).
https://web.uri.edu/safewater/protecting-water-quality-at-home/sustainable-
landscaping/use-fertilizers-and-pesticides-responsibly/?fbclid=IwAR3HP-XPtqtDK-
4tcl8QfCAw5jM3ifb4GbEgENk7_HdIE0b91v5sRaUCi-c
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Crop Diversification. (n.d.). Extension | University of Nevada, Reno.
https://extension.unr.edu/publication.aspx?PubID=3816
403 Forbidden. (2012, June 30). https://cpbrd.congress.gov.ph/2012-06-30-13-06-51/2012-06-
30-13-36-50/1325-ff2021-35-food-insecurity-among-families-amid-the-covid-19-
pandemic?fbclid=IwAR3uJsJTFIzPeQRwwteRtu0pbMGvnHtxJPa7TI2aEwcJeZ10H5s0
mgv8Uaw
Standard, M. (2022, January 26). 6 Challenges Faced by Rice Farmers in the Philippines. Manila
Standard. https://manilastandard.net/spotlight/314202588/6-challenges-faced-by-rice-
farmers-in-the-philippines.html
Italy, R. (2022, December). Improvement of storage facilities, post- harvest andling, and storage
practice in Bay Region, Southern Somalia. https://www.fao.org/3/bd315e/bd315e.pdf
7 Top Trends in Advanced Transportation Technology - ASME. (n.d.).

https://www.asme.org/topics-resources/content/7-top-trends-in-transportation-technology
Matuszak, J. (2023, February 2). The Role of Transport in Agriculture. KnowHow.

https://knowhow.distrelec.com/transportation/the-role-of-transport-in-agriculture/
Langlois, C. (2020, November 3). 15 Ways to Preserve Your Harvest. Hobby Farms.
https://www.hobbyfarms.com/15-ways-to-preserve-your-harvest/
(n.d.-b). https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/0964830593900487
(n.d.). Climate-Diplomacy. https://climate-diplomacy.org/case-studies/land-conflictphilippines
Acevedo, M. (2020, October 12). A scoping review of adoption of climate-resilient crops by
small-scale producers in low- and middle-income countries. Nature.
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41477-020-00783
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Gardens, R. V. H. &. (2022, May 24). Benefits of Planting Fruit Trees. Rustic View Home
&Garden Center. https://rusticviewhomeandgardens.com/why-you-should-plant-fruit-trees/
Agrifarming. (2022, January 10). How to improve agriculture in the philippines, ways, ideas, and
tips. https://www.agrifarming.in/how-to-improve-agriculture-in-the-philippines
ways-ideas-and-tips
(n.d.). FAOCorp. https://www.fao.org/home/404
TUNDE, A.M and ADENIYI, E.E. : Received 9th March 2012; accepted 24th April 2012
IMPACT OF ROAD TRANSPORT ON AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT: A
NIGERIAN EXAMPLE DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ejesm.v5i3.3
Abigail S. Rustia1*, Christine Bernadette D.G. Mariano1,
Karina Angela D. Bautista1, Deon Mahoney2, Erniel B. Barrios3,
Casiana Blanca J. Villarino1, Mark R. Limon4, and Mario V. Capanzana
151 (5): 1557-1577, October 2022 ISSN 0031 – 7683, Risk Profiling of Aflatoxin
in Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) to the Filipino Consuming Population
30 | P a g e

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Central Luzon State University

Science City of Munoz 3120

Introducing Challenges in Farming and Approaches for Balanced Production

Abad, Francis Chelsey C.

CRP 1100: Principles of Crop Science ( lecture )

TITLE PAGE : ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 1

TABLE OF CONTENTS ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2

CHAPTER I : Introduction ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 4

CHAPTER II : The problem ---------------------------------------------------------------------- 6

Concern 1 : Genetic resources improvements ------------------------------------------ 6

Concern 2 : Agricultural Practices------------------------------------------------------------ 7

Concern 3 : Agricultural Inputs --------------------------------------------------------------- 7

Concern 4 : Growing ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- 9

Concern 6 : Food loss management-------------------------------------------------------- 9

Concern 7 : Processing ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 10

Concern 9 : Storage ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 11

Concern 10 : Whole saling/ Retailing ------------------------------------------------------ 12

Concern 11 :Food waste Management--------------------------------------------------- 14

CHAPTER III : The Solution ------------------------------------------------------------------ 15

Solution 1 : Crop Genetic in Our Food Supply ---------------------------------- 15

Solution 2 : Improving Fruit Bearing Trees --------------------------------------- 15

Solution 3 : Genetic Resources Improvements:

Rice Blast Disease------------------------------------------------------ 16

Solution 4 : Levelling up Agricultural Practices -------------------------------- 17

Solution 5 : Using Mobile Phones to Issue

Early Warning systems ---------------------------------------------- 17

Solution 6 : Developing Lowlands to Boost Crop Production------------- 19

Solution 7: Helping Farmers Fight Armyworm-----------------------------------19

Solution 8: Crop Diversification -----------------------------------------------------19

Solution 9 : Reducing Climate Risk ------------------------------------------------ 20

Solution 10 : Pest Control ------------------------------------------------------------- 21

Solution 11 Helping Farmers Use Fertilizer More Precisely---------------- 21

Solution 12 : Reducing Toxicity : Aflatoxin-------------------------------------- 22

Solution 13 : Improvements of Storage Facilities ----------------------------- 22

Solution 14 : Adopting of New Innovative Practices

in Preserving Agricultural Produced --------------------------------------------------------- 23

Solution 14 : Improvements in transportation---------------------------------- 23

Solution 15: Turning Agricultural Waste in to Organic Fertilizer ---------- 25

Solution 16 : Synthetic Gas ----------------------------------------------------------- 27

CHAPTER I : Introduction & Background

The "pre-production" stage of food system sustainability is how we establish a

The agriculture sector gears towards global competitiveness. Proper post-

CHAPTER II : The Problem ( Cause and Effects )

PROBLEMS AND EFFECTS FOR PRE-PRODUCTION

Problems & Effects in Pre-production

➢ Concerns: Genetic Resources

The following are a few causes of the loss of agricultural land:

Factories are industrial buildings created to make it easier to produce goods.

Highways: Highways have consequences that are comparable to industries. By

➢ Concerns : Agricultural Practices

➢ Concerns : Agricultural Inputs

Types of machinery that should be used by the farmers to improve agricultural

Economy – low-quality seeds may result in low-quality agricultural produce. This

Country – As above mentioned, low-quality seeds may result in low-quality

PROBLEMS AND EFFECTS FOR PRODUCTION

In growing we encountered different types of problems including the climate, the

• FOOD LOSS MANAGEMENT

• POST-PRODUCTION /CHAIN SUPPLY