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    Design 20180811 PDF

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    Irish Tambis
    The document discusses various design specifications, philosophies, and methods including Allowable Strength Design (ASD), Plastic Design, and Load and Resistance Factor Design (LRFD). It provides an overview of load combinations and equations used in ASD and LRFD, as well as relationships between factors of safety and resistance factors. Design of structural members involves selecting a cross-section that safely and economically resists applied loads based on these different design approaches.

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    Design 20180811 PDF

    Uploaded by

    Irish Tambis
    144 views30 pages
    The document discusses various design specifications, philosophies, and methods including Allowable Strength Design (ASD), Plastic Design, and Load and Resistance Factor Design (LRFD). It provides an overview of load combinations and equations used in ASD and LRFD, as well as relationships between factors of safety and resistance factors. Design of structural members involves selecting a cross-section that safely and economically resists applied loads based on these different design approaches.

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    The document discusses various design specifications, philosophies, and methods including Allowable Strength Design (ASD), Plastic Design, and Load and Resistance Factor Design (LRFD). It provides an overview of load combinations and equations used in ASD and LRFD, as well as relationships between factors of safety and resistance factors. Design of structural members involves selecting a cross-section that safely and economically resists applied loads based on these different design approaches.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    144 views30 pages

    Design 20180811 PDF

    Uploaded by

    Irish Tambis
    The document discusses various design specifications, philosophies, and methods including Allowable Strength Design (ASD), Plastic Design, and Load and Resistance Factor Design (LRFD). It provides an overview of load combinations and equations used in ASD and LRFD, as well as relationships between factors of safety and resistance factors. Design of structural members involves selecting a cross-section that safely and economically resists applied loads based on these different design approaches.

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    Specifications & Building Codes

    AISC - American Institute of Steel Construction


    AASHTO - American Association of State Highway and
    Transportation Officials
    AREMA - American Railway Engineering and
    Maintenance-of-Way Association
    AISI - American Iron and Steel Institute
    UBC - Uniform Building Code
    BOCA - Building Officials and Code Administrators
    IBC - International Building Code
    ASCE/SEI 7-10 - Minimum Design Loads for Buildings
    and Other Structures
    NSCP - National Structural Code of the Phils.
    Design Philosophies

    Three Design Methods:


    ASD - Allowable Stress Design (1923)
    Plastic Design (1963)
    LRFD - Load and Resistance Factor Design (1986)
    Note that LRFD started in Canada since 1974, known as limit
    states design. In United States, LRFD in the design of
    reinforced concrete is known as strength design.
    Design Philosophy

    design of structural member: selection of a cross section that


    will safely and economically resist the applied loads
    economy: minimum weight i.e. minimum amount of steel
    (smallest x-area with smallest weight/m) and ease of
    construction
    how to do it safely? use different design approaches (ASD
    and LRFD)
    Design Philosophy

    Fundamental requirement of structural design

    Required strength ≤ Available strength


    Allowable Strength Design (ASD)

    “a member is selected with cross-sectional properties (A and I)


    that are large enough to prevent maximum applied axial force,
    shear or bending moment from exceeding the allowable, or
    permissible value (using factor of safety)” - Segui (2013)

    Required strength ≤ Allowable strength

    where
    nominal strength
    Allowable strength =
    safety factor
    Allowable Strength Design (ASD)

    Strength can be either of the following:


    axial force (tension or compression members)
    flexural (moment strength)
    shear strength
    If stresses are used instead of forces or moments, the equation
    above becomes
    Allowable Stress Design (ASD)

    Maximum applied stress ≤ Allowable stress

    allowable stress in elastic range of the material


    also elastic design or working stress design
    working stresses: resulting from the working loads, which
    are the applied loads
    working loads are also known as service loads
    Plastic Design

    Definition
    based on a consideration of failure conditions rather than
    working load conditions

    member is selected by using the criterion: structure will


    fail at a load substantially higher than the working load
    failure means either collapse or extremely large
    deformations
    term plastic is used because, at failure, parts of the
    member will be subjected to very large strains large
    enough to put the member into the plastic range (see
    σ −  curve)
    Plastic Design

    when the entire cross section becomes plastic at enough


    locations, plastic hinges will form at those locations,
    creating a collapse mechanism
    actual loads will be less than the failure loads by a factor
    of safety known as the load factor, members designed this
    way are not unsafe, despite being designed based on what
    happens at failure
    Plastic Theory: Design Procedure

    1 multiply working loads (service loads) by load factor to


    obtain failure loads
    2 determine the cross-sectional properties needed to resist
    failure under these loads (member is said to have
    sufficient strength and at the verge of failure when
    subjected to the factored loads)
    3 select the lightest cross-sectional shape that has these
    properties

    Note
    “Members designed by plastic theory would reach the point of
    failure under the factored loads but are safe under actual
    working loads.” - Segui (2013)
    Load and Resistance Factor Design
    (LRFD)

    similar to plastic design in that strength or the failure


    condition is considered
    load factors are applied to the service loads
    member is selected that will have enough strength to
    resist the factored loads
    theoretical strength of the member is reduced by
    resistance factor
    LRFD

    Factored Load ≤ Factored Strength

    factored load is the sum of all service loads to be resisted


    by the member, each multiplied by its own load factor
    factored strength is the theoretical strength multiplied by
    a resistance factor

    loads × load factors ≤ resistance × resistance factor


    LRFD

    factored load = failure load > total actual service load;


    load factors > 1.0
    factored strength is a reduced, usable strength, and
    resistance factor < 1.0
    factored loads: loads that bring the structure or member
    to its limit
    in terms of safety, this limit state can be fracture,
    yielding, or buckling, and the factored resistance is the
    useful strength of the member, reduced from the
    theoretical value by the resistance factor.
    the limit state can also be one of serviceability, such as a
    maximum acceptable deflection
    LRFD

    loads × load factors ≤ resistance × resistance factor

    can be written more precisely as

    γi Qi ≤ φRn

    Qi = load effect (force or a moment)


    γi = load factor
    Rn = nominal resistance, or strength, of the component
    under consideration
    φ = resistance factor, 0.9 for yielding or compression
    buckling, 0.75 for rupture (fracture)

    factored resistance φRn is called design strength


    LRFD - NSCP 502.3.3

    NSCP Eqn 502.3-1

    Ru ≤ φRn

    where
    Ru = required strength = sum of factored load effects
    (forces or moments)

    NSCP 502.2/Section B2 of AISC Specification


    the load factors and load combinations to be used as
    prescribed by the governing building code, if not then ASCE 7
    should be used
    Minimum Design Loads
    ASCE/SEI 7-10

    D - Dead Load
    L - Live Load due to occupancy
    Lr - Roof Live Load
    W - Wind Load
    E - Earthquake Load (Seismic)
    S - Snow Load
    R - Rain or Ice Load
    Load Combinations: LRFD
    NSCP 203.3
    Using ASCE 7 basic load combinations as given in Part 2 of
    the AISC Steel Construction Manual (AISC 2011a)
    1 1.4D

    2 1.2D + 1.6L + 0.5(L or S or R)


    r
    3 1.2D + 1.6(L or S or R) + (0.5L or 0.5W )
    r
    4 1.2D + 1.0W + 0.5L + 0.5(L or S or R)
    r
    5 1.2D ± 1.0E + 0.5L + 0.2S

    6 0.9D ± 1.0W

    7 0.9D ± 1.0E

    Note
    (In LRFD) The load factor on L in combinations 3, 4, and 5 is
    given as 0.5 (increased to 1 if L > 4.8 MPa (100 psf), except
    for garages or places of public assembly). In combinations with
    E or W use a direction that produces worst effects.
    Load Combinations: LRFD
    where S = 0

    1 1.4D
    2 1.2D + 1.6L + 0.5(Lr or R)
    3 1.2D + 1.6(Lr or R) + (0.5L or 0.5W )
    4 1.2D + 1.0W + 0.5L + 0.5(Lr or R)
    5 1.2D ± 1.0E + 0.5L
    6 0.9D ± 1.0W
    7 0.9D ± 1.0E

    Note
    (In LRFD) The load factor on L in combinations 3, 4, and 5 is
    given as 0.5 (increased to 1 if L > 4.8 MPa (100 psf), for
    garages or places of public assembly)
    ASD - NSCP 502.3.4

    For allowable strength design, the relationship between loads


    and strength is
    NSCP Eqn. 502.3-2

    Rn
    Ra ≤
    Ω
    where
    Ra = required strength, sum of service loads or load
    effects
    Rn = nominal strength (same as for LRFD)
    Ω = safety factor
    Rn /Ω = allowable strength
    Load Combinations: ASD
    NSCP 203.4

    1 D
    2 D +L
    3 D + (Lr or S or R)
    4 D + 0.75L + 0.75(Lr or S or R)
    5 D ± (0.6W or 0.7E )
    6 D + 0.75L + 0.75(0.6W ) + 0.75(Lr or S or R)
    7 D + 0.75L + 0.75(0.7E )+).75S
    8 0.6D ± (0.6W or 0.7E )
    Load Combinations: ASD
    where S = 0

    1 D
    2 D +L
    3 D + (Lr or R)
    4 D + 0.75L + 0.75(Lr or R)
    5 D ± (0.6W or 0.7E )
    6 D + 0.75L + 0.75(0.6W ) + 0.75(Lr or R)
    7 D + 0.75L + 0.75(0.7E )
    8 0.6D ± (0.6W or 0.7E )
    LRFD vs ASD

    The resistance factors in LRFD that corresponds to the


    following values of the safety factor Ω in ASD: For limit states
    involving
    yielding or compression buckling, Ω = 1.67.
    rupture, Ω = 2.00.
    The relationship between resistance factors and safety factors
    is given by

    1.5
    Ω=
    φ

    This equation will produce similar designs for LRFD and ASD,
    under certain loading conditions.
    Allowable Stress Design

    If both sides of the equation, Ra ≤ Rn /Ω, are divided by area


    (axial load) or section modulus (bending moment), then it is
    expressed as

    f ≤F

    where
    f = applied stress
    F = allowable stress
    Example
    see Segui (2013) Example 2.1

    A column (compression member) in the upper story of a


    building is subject to the following loads: Dead load = 109
    kips (C), Floor live load = 46 kips (C), Roof live load = 19
    kips (C)
    a. Determine the controlling load combination for LRFD and
    the corresponding factored load.
    b. If the resistance factor φ is 0.90, what is the required
    nominal strength?
    c. Determine the controlling load combination for ASD and
    the corresponding required service load strength.
    d. If the safety factor Ω is 1.67, what is the required nominal
    strength based on the required service load strength?
    Solution
    Given Loads: D = 109 kips, L = 46 kips, Lr = 19 kips
    A. Controlling load combination = produces the largest
    factored load, thus, evaluate each eqn. (load
    combinations)

    Combination 1:

    1.4D = 1.4(109) = 152.6 kips

    Combination 2:

    1.2D + 1.6L + 0.5Lr =


    1.2(109) + 1.6(46) + 0.5(19) = 213.9 kips

    Combination 3...
    Answer: Combination 2 controls! U = 213.9 kips
    Solution

    B. The nominal strength Rn , if φ = 0.90,

    Ru ≤ φRn
    213.9 ≤ 0.90Rn
    Rn = 237.67 kips

    C. ASD Load combinations


    Combination 1: D = 109 kips
    Combination 2: D + L = 109 + 46 = 155 kips
    Combination 3: D + Lr = 109 + 19 = 128 kips
    Combination 4:

    D + 0.75L + 0.75Lr =
    109 + 0.75(46) + 0.75(19) = 157.75 kips
    Solution

    Combination 4 controls and the required service load


    strength is 157.75 kips.
    D. From the ASD relationship
    Rn
    Ra ≤
    Ω
    Rn
    157.75 ≤
    1.67
    Rn = 263.44 kips
    Example: The same results for LRFD
    and ASD

    Let L = 3D, to find a relationship between Ω and φ


    Ru
    = Ra Ω
    φ
    1.2D + 1.6L
    = (D + L)Ω
    φ
    1.2D + 1.6(3D)
    = (D + 3D)Ω
    φ
    1.5
    Ω=
    φ
    Design for Strength
    NSCP 502.3.3 (LRFD) and 502.3.4 (ASD)

    In summary,
    Remember that

    Required Strength ≤ Design Strength

    By the definition of LRFD and ASD,

    LRFD ASD

    Rn
    Ru ≤ φRn Ra ≤
    Ω
    Design for Strength
    NSCP 502.3.3 (LRFD) and 502.3.4 (ASD)

    where
    LRFD ASD

    Rn
    Ru ≤ φRn Ra ≤
    Ω
    where
    Ru and Ra = required strength
    Rn = nominal strength
    φ = resistance factor
    Ω = safety factor
    φRn = design strength
    Rn
    Ω
    = allowable strength

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