The 5 Kingdoms

At the start of unit 4, we learnt about two types of organisation, can you remember what
you wrote in your NSD?
[Hint: Use Ctrl+F on your NSD to search for "categories"].

All living things on Earth are divided into groups for the second reason you wrote in the
introduction to unit 4. The Greek thinker Aristotle was one of the first people to sort
organisms into groups (Ucmp.berkeley.edu, 2015) based upon their characteristics (what
they look like). This is called classification. Today scientists have classified over 1.75
million different living things. The main groups are known as "Kingdoms" Can you find
their names in this word-search?

The classification system begins with very big groups that include a lot of organisms and
then moves down to smaller groups made up of fewer organisms. The biggest groups are
called the kingdoms. All living things are classified into fivedifferent kingdoms.

With over 1.5 million different types of living thing on Earth, scientists find it convenient
to divide things into groups. The largest of these groups are called kingdoms. All living
things belong to one of five different
kingdoms: plants, animals,bacteria, fungi and protoctists. The two largest kingdoms are
the plant kingdom and the animal kingdom.

Each kingdom is split into more groups called phyla (singular = phylum). The animal
kingdom is divided into seven phyla. Humans are in the vertebrate phylum. All the
animals in the vertebrate phylum have skeletons and a backbone, and are known
as vertebrates. The animals in the other six phyla do not have backbones and are
called invertebrates.

The vertebrate phylum is divided into five classes: amphibians, birds, fish, mammals and
reptiles. The classes are divided into even more groups!

The two smallest groups are the genus and the species. Lions belong to the
genus Panthera which is a group containing only big cats. The species that lions belong to
is called leo. Only lions are in the species leo. Scientists give lions a name in
Latin,Panthera leo. This name is the same all over the world, whereas the word ‘lion’ is
different in different languages. The Latin name avoids confusion.

This way of naming things, with two Latin words, was originally developed in 1735
by Carl Linnaeus (1707–1778). He used Latin because all the scientists of his day wrote in
Latin!

Task 4a:

a) Under a suitable heading your NSD, write an introduction to the 5 Kingdoms and list
their names using bullet points.

b) Create a 5 x 3 table with the names of the 5 kingdoms, a picture of each, and details about
their characteristics using information from following video:

C) Answer the following questions:

1 What are the names of the five different kingdoms?

2 A kingdom is divided into more groups. What are these called?
3 What are animals that do not have a backbone called?
4 Write down a which kingdom, b which phylum and c which class humans belong to.
5 Why is classification so useful?
6 Humans are called Homo sapiens by scientists. Which one of these words is the genus
name for humans?
7 Who developed this way of naming things?
8 What do you notice about the way that the genus and species names are written in the text
above? Hint: there is more than one thing that you should notice!
9 Using a dictionary or science book, try to find out what the words ‘Homo’ and
‘sapiens’ mean.

Extension: Check your reference looks like the one at the bottom of the page for Gaffney, 2011.

Task 4b: 5 Kindoms Summary Mindmap.

This task can be done by hand on paper, or in a Google Doc. If you want to experiment with your NSD
read on, OR draw a mind-map to summarise the 5 Kingdoms by hand.

 In your NSD, click "Add-ons", then "Get Add-ons". Search for "Mindmeister" and Click "Free", then
"Accept".

 This App can be used to create mind-maps from bullet-point lists.

 Click "More" on the toolbar and select the bullet-point option. Next to this is "Increase indent".

 Experiment how the App works with different indentations in your list by highlighting your list,
clicking "Add-ons", "Mindmeister" and "Insert as Mindmap".
 You can also watch this video.

(BIOLOGY4ISC, 2015)
 Is a virus alive?
A virus is a small particle that invades cells of living organisms. Once inside the cell, a virus
uses the cell´s organelles to make more copies of itself. It cannot do this alone: a virus is unable
to grow or reproduce outside a host cell.

Because of this it does not fit the definition of a living thing as all living things can grow and
reproduce.

(News.bbcimg.co.uk, 2015)
(Easyscienceforkids.com, 2015)
 Each kingdom is divided into divisions (for plants) or phyla(for animals); which can be divided
into orders. Each orderis is made up of families; families are divided into genusand the genus
into species.

Example: Humans

Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Vertebrate
Class: Mammal
Order: Primate
Family: Hominid
Genus: Homo
Species: Homo sapiens

Click here to do an activity to classify organisms

 The importance of biodiversity.
The conservation (preservation) of habitats and species in order to maintain biodiversity
(variety of life) is of vital importance to the interdependence and survival of all living
organisms –since, living organisms affect each other directlyor indirectly.

Actions taken at local, national, and global levels to conserve species (animals, plants, and
microorganisms) and maintain biodiversity are important for Economic, Ecological,
Ethical, Aesthetic and Agricultural reasons.

Task 4d:

Below are some examples of the different criteria. Create a table with 5 columns and copy
and paste the examples under the correct headings.

 Disruption of food chains–e.g. herring salmon bear–loss of salmon would endanger

the bear population and cause an increase in the herring population
 Attractive environment –for leisure, tourism (economic advantage)
 Production of crops and livestock for food
 Source of edible food and some drinks (e.g. milk) for humans and livestock
 Religious & spiritual–coexistence & harmony with the natural world
 Clothing & footwear–e.g. cotton (plants) & leather (animals
 Loss of habitats–e.g. hedgerows (wildlife corridors –enable organisms to move
between different habitats safely; removal can cause isolation of species and loss of
food and nesting sites for many species
 Deforestation–leads to climate change (global warming;) disrupts habitats
 Moral issues -not to interfere with nature; right to exist; moral responsibility to
conserve for future generations
 Wider range of food sources in cases of disaster (e.g. potato famine of 1845 )

Adaptations
Organisms need to have special features which help them to survive in their habitat. These
special features are calledadaptations. For example, you have plenty of adaptations to
survive in your habitat. Your fingers are an excellent adaptation. Without their ability to
grip you would not be able to do all of that schoolwork! Some adaptations are obvious
while others are not so obvious. Can you think of any other adaptations that you have?
How is a camel adapted to its environment?

(pinimg.com, 2015)

Task 4e:

Scientists have discovered this strange new species on a small island off the coast of
Argentina.

The scientists want you to help them describe where this animal lives (land, water or air),
what it eats, how it eats, how it breathes, how it moves and last, but not least, what they
should call it.

As the organism is adapted to its environment you should be able to use the way it looks to
answer all of these questions in your NSD. Don’t forget to give your organism a name!
 How to identify living things
If scientists divide organisms into groups based on the differences and adaptations, we can
use those visible characteristics to help identify living things. All we need to do is ask
questions that help us work through an identification key.

References

BIOLOGY4ISC,. (2015). 1. Taxonomy and Phylogeny. Retrieved 2 July 2015, from

http://biology4isc.weebly.com/1-taxonomy-and-phylogeny.html

Easyscienceforkids.com,. (2015). Retrieved 2 July 2015, from

http://easyscienceforkids.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/virus-under-microscope.jpg

News.bbcimg.co.uk,. (2015). Retrieved 2 July 2015, from

http://news.bbcimg.co.uk/media/images/65434000/jpg/_65434255_270c6881-bbd8-4217-
8846-1e4446ee5537.jpg

pinimg.com,. (2015). Retrieved 2 July 2015, from https://s-media-cache-

ak0.pinimg.com/736x/74/72/bc/7472bc6d4d31b618438610e7704d56bc.jpg

Sweetlove, L. (2011). Number of species on Earth tagged at 8.7 million. Nature.

doi:10.1038/news.2011.498

Ucmp.berkeley.edu,. (2015). Aristotle. Retrieved 2 July 2015,

from http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/history/aristotle.html