CH 03 HW

03/04/2023, 03:36 Ch 03 HW
Ch 03 HW
Due: 8:59pm on Thursday, March 16, 2023
You will receive no credit for items you complete after the assignment is due. Grading Policy
Position, Velocity, and Acceleration
Learning Goal:
To identify situations when position, velocity, and /or acceleration change, realizing that change can be in direction or magnitude.
If an object's position is described by a function of time, r ⃗ (t) (measured from a nonaccelerating reference frame), then the object's velocity is described
⃗
dr (t)
⃗
by the time derivative of the position, v(t) = , and the object's acceleration is described by the time derivative of the velocity,
dt
2
⃗
dv (t) d ⃗
r (t)
⃗
a(t) = = .
2
dt dt
It is often convenient to discuss the average of the latter two quantities between times t1 and t2 :
⃗ t )−r (
r( ⃗ t )
2 1
⃗
vavg (t 1 , t 2 ) =
t 2 −t 1
and
⃗ t )−v (
v( ⃗ t )
2 1
⃗
aavg (t 1 , t 2 ) = .
t 2 −t 1
Part A
You throw a ball. Air resistance on the ball is negligible. Which of the following functions change with time as the ball flies through the air?
Hint 1. The Pull of Gravity
The reason the ball comes back to your hand is that it is being pulled on by the Earth's gravity. This is the same reason that the ball feel's
heavy when it's resting in your hand. Does the weight of the ball change at different heights, or is the pull of gravity constant throughout the
ball's flight? What does this tell you about the acceleration of the ball?
ANSWER:
only the position of the ball
only the velocity of the ball
only the acceleration of the ball
the position and velocity of the ball
the position and the velocity and acceleration of the ball
Correct
Part B
You are driving a car at 65 mph. You are traveling north along a straight highway. What could you do to give the car a nonzero acceleration?
Hint 1. What constitutes a nonzero acceleration?

The velocity of the car is described by a vector function, meaning it has both magnitude (65 mph) and direction (north). The car experiences a
nonzero acceleration if you change either the magnitude of the velocity or the direction of the velocity.
ANSWER:
https://session.masteringphysics.com/myct/assignmentPrintView?assignmentID=10440634 1/36
03/04/2023, 03:36 Ch 03 HW
Press the brake pedal.
Turn the steering wheel.
Either press the gas or the brake pedal.
Either press the gas or the brake pedal or turn the steering wheel.
Correct
Part C
A ball is lodged in a hole in the floor near the outside edge of a merry-go-round that is turning at constant speed. Which kinematic variable or
variables change with time, assuming that the position is measured from an origin at the center of the merry-go-round?
Hint 1. Change of a vector

A vector quantity has both magnitude and direction. The vector changes with time if either of these quantities changes with time.
ANSWER:
the position of the ball only
the velocity of the ball only
the acceleration of the ball only
both the position and velocity of the ball
the position and velocity and acceleration of the ball
Correct
Part D
For the merry-go-round problem, do the magnitudes of the position, velocity, and acceleration vectors change with time?
Hint 1. Change of magnitude of a vector

A vector quantity has both magnitude and direction. The magnitude of a vector changes with time only if the length changes with time.
ANSWER:
yes
no
Correct
Video Tutor: Ball Fired from Cart on Incline
First, launch the video below. You will be asked to use your knowledge of physics to predict the outcome of an experiment. Then, close the video window
and answer the questions at right. You can watch the video again at any point.
03/04/2023, 03:36 Ch 03 HW
Part A
Consider the video demonstration that you just watched. A more complete explanation of what you saw will be possible after covering Newton's laws.
For now, consider the following question: How would the result of this experiment change if we replaced the ball with another one that had half the
mass? Ignore air resistance.
Hint 1. How to approach this problem

The kinematics of the situation in the video are actually quite complex; proving that the ball must land in the cart would not be easy.
However, given that the ball did land in the cart in the video, you can answer the current question - whether the ball's mass affects the
outcome - quite easily.
The ball is a projectile; the cart is an object moving in a straight line with constant acceleration. You know the kinematic equations that relate
position, time, and velocity for this type of motion. If the ball's mass is a factor in a relevant equation, then it will affect the outcome; if not, then
it won't.
If you perform the experiment with a heavier ball, the ball's initial velocity will be lower, and the ball will therefore follow a shorter trajectory and
strike the track closer to the trigger. But the kinematic equations tell you that the cart will still be at the same location as the ball when the ball
reaches the track.
ANSWER:
The ball would land ahead of the cart.
The ball would still land in the cart.
The ball would land behind the cart.
Correct
The ball lands in the cart regardless of its mass.
Enhanced EOC: Exercise 3.7
2 2
The coordinates of a bird flying in the xy plane are given by x(t) = αt and y(t) = 3.0m − βt , where α = 2.4 m/s and β = 1.2 m/s .
You may want to review (Page) .
For help with math skills, you may want to review:
Differentiation of Polynomial Functions
Vector Magnitudes
Determining the Angle of a Vector
For general problem-solving tips and strategies for this topic, you may want to view a Video Tutor Solution of Calculating average and instantaneous
accelerations.
Part A
Calculate the velocity vector of the bird as a function of time.
Give your answer as a pair of components separated by a comma. For example, if you think the x component is 3t and the y component is
4t, then you should enter 3t,4t. Express your answer using two significant figures for all coefficients.
03/04/2023, 03:36 Ch 03 HW
Hint 1. How to approach the problem
You are given the position functions of the bird in time, in both the x and y directions. How can you use those to find the velocities—as
functions of time—for the bird in each direction, v x (t) and v y (t) ?
When you enter the x and y components of the velocity function, Mastering expects you’ll enter them separated by a comma. Be sure you
include the entire velocity function, including the time variable t , if that component does vary in time.
ANSWER:
⃗
v (t) = 2.4, −2.4t m/s
Correct
Part B
Calculate the acceleration vector of the bird as a function of time.
Give your answer as a pair of components separated by a comma. For example, if you think the x component is 3t and the y component is
4t, then you should enter 3t,4t. Express your answer using two significant figures for all coefficients.

From Part A, you have the velocity functions of the bird in time, in both the x and y directions. How can you use those to find the accelerations
—as functions of time—for the bird in each direction, ax (t) and ay (t)?
When you enter the x and y components of the acceleration function, Mastering expects you’ll enter them separated by a comma. Be sure you
include both components, even if the acceleration is zero in one direction.
ANSWER:
2
⃗
a(t) = 0,-2.4 m/s
Correct
Part C
Calculate the magnitude of the bird's velocity at t = 2.0 s.
Express your answer using two significant figures.

From Part A, you know the velocity of the bird in x and y at any time t . How can you use those functions at the time specified in the problem to
find both v x (t) and v y (t) and then find the magnitude of the resulting velocity vector?
ANSWER:
v = 5.4 m/s
Correct
Part D
Let the direction be the angle that the vector makes with the +x axis measured counterclockwise. Calculate the direction of the bird's velocity at
t = 2.0 s.
Express your answer in degrees using two significant figures.

From Part A, you know the velocity components of the bird in x and y at any time t . How can you find the direction of the resulting velocity
vector from these two components?
03/04/2023, 03:36 Ch 03 HW
You might start by making a sketch of the velocity vectors in x and y (with the x axis horizontal), add them as vectors, and examine the angle
of the resultant relative to the x axis.
ANSWER:
θ = -63 ∘
Correct
Part E
Calculate the magnitude of the bird's acceleration at t = 2.0 s .

From Part B, you know the acceleration of the bird in x and y at any time t . How can you use those functions at the time specified in the
problem to find both ax (t) and ay (t) and then find the magnitude of the resulting acceleration vector?
ANSWER:
2
2.4 m/s
Correct
Part F
Calculate the direction of the bird's acceleration at t = 2.0 s .

From Part B, you know the acceleration components of the bird in x and y at any time t . How can you find the direction of the resulting
acceleration vector from these two components?
You might start by making a sketch of the acceleration vectors in x and y (with the x axis horizontal), add them as vectors, and examine the
angle of the resultant relative to the x axis.
ANSWER:
∘
θ = -90
Correct
Part G
At t = 2.0 s , is the bird speeding up, slowing down or moving at constant speed?

Think about the direction of the velocity vector and the acceleration vector relative to each other. If they are the in the same direction, is the
bird speeding up or slowing down?
ANSWER:
speeding up
slowing down
moving at constant speed
03/04/2023, 03:36 Ch 03 HW
Correct
Video Tutor: Ball Fired Upward from Accelerating Cart
Part A
Consider the video you just watched. Suppose we replace the original launcher with one that fires the ball upward at twice the speed. We make no
other changes. How far behind the cart will the ball land, compared to the distance in the original experiment?
Hint 1. Determine how long the ball is in the air
How will doubling the initial upward speed of the ball change the time the ball spends in the air? A kinematic equation may be helpful here. The
time in the air will
ANSWER:
quadruple.
stay the same.
be cut in half.
double.
Hint 2. Determine the appropriate kinematic expression

Which of the following kinematic equations correctly describes the horizontal distance d between the ball and the cart at the moment the ball
lands? The cart’s initial horizontal velocity is v 0x , its horizontal acceleration is ax , and t is the time elapsed between launch and impact.
ANSWER:
d = v 0x t
1 2
d = ax v0x t
2
1 2
d = v0x t + a x t
2
1 2
d = a x t
2
ANSWER:
03/04/2023, 03:36 Ch 03 HW
half as far
twice as far
four times as far
the same distance
by a factor not listed above
Correct
The ball will spend twice as much time in the air (t = 2v 0y /g, where v 0y is the ball's initial upward velocity). When subtracting the
horizontal distance the cart travels in time,t , from the horizontal distance the ball travels in time,t , the term involving initial velocity of the
1 2
cart (which is also the horizontal velocity of the ball) cancels out, leaving only d = a x t (where ax is the cart's horizontal
2
acceleration). The ball will land four times further behind.
Video Tutor: Balls Take High and Low Tracks
Part A
Consider the video demonstration that you just watched. Which of the following changes could potentially allow the ball on the straight inclined
(yellow) track to win? Ignore air resistance.
Select all that apply.

Answers A and B involve changing the steepness of part or all of the track. Answers C and D involve changing the mass of the balls. So, first
you should decide which of those factors, if either, can change how fast the ball gets to the end of the track.
ANSWER:
A. Increase the tilt of the yellow track.
B. Make the downhill and uphill inclines on the red track less steep, while keeping the total distance traveled by the ball the same.
C. Increase the mass of the ball on the yellow track.
D. Decrease the mass of the ball on the red track.
Correct
If the yellow track were tilted steeply enough, its ball could win. How might you go about calculating the necessary change in tilt?
Video Tutor: Range of a Gun at Two Firing Angles
03/04/2023, 03:36 Ch 03 HW
Part A
Which projectile spends more time in the air, the one fired from 30∘ or the one fired from 60∘ ?
Hint 1. How to approach this problem
Which component of the initial velocity vector affects the time the projectile spends in the air?
ANSWER:
The one fired from 60∘
They both spend the same amount of time in the air.
The one fired from 30∘
Correct
The projectile fired from 60∘ has a greater vertical velocity than the one fired from 30∘ , so it spends more time in the air.
A car comes to a bridge during a storm and finds the bridge washed out. The driver must get to the other side, so he decides to try leaping it with his car.
The side the car is on is 22.8 m above the river, whereas the opposite side is a mere 1.5 m above the river. The river itself is a raging torrent 52.0 m
wide.
Vector Magnitudes
For general problem-solving tips and strategies for this topic, you may want to view a Video Tutor Solution of Different initial and final heights.
Part A
How fast should the car be traveling just as it leaves the cliff in order to just clear the river and land safely on the opposite side?

Start by drawing a diagram that shows the position of the car at takeoff and at landing on the other side of the river. Create an x-y coordinate
system that matches the diagram.
Consider that the car moves in projectile motion while it is in the air and that it initially moves (only) horizontally.
How long will it take for the car to fall vertically as it crosses the river? From this, how can you determine the velocity it must have had at
takeoff to just make it across the river?
ANSWER:
03/04/2023, 03:36 Ch 03 HW
v0 = 24.9 m/s
Answer Requested
Part B
What is the speed of the car just before it lands safely on the other side?
You did not open hints for this part.
ANSWER:
v = 19.44 m/s
Incorrect; Try Again; 5 attempts remaining
At its Ames Research Center, NASA uses its large “20-G” centrifuge to test the effects of very large accelerations (hypergravity) on test pilots and
astronauts. In this device, an arm 8.84 m long rotates about one end in a horizontal plane, and the astronaut is strapped in at the other end. Suppose that
he is aligned along the arm with his head at the outermost end. The maximum sustained acceleration to which humans are subjected in this machine is
typically 12.5 g .
For general problem-solving tips and strategies for this topic, you may want to view a Video Tutor Solution of Centripetal acceleration on a carnival ride.
Part A
How fast must the astronaut's head be moving to experience this maximum acceleration?

Consider that the astronaut is moving in uniform circular motion. How is the velocity related to the acceleration in this motion?
ANSWER:
v = 32.9 m/s
Correct
Part B
What is the difference between the acceleration of his head and feet if the astronaut is 2.00 m tall?

In Part A, you used the acceleration experienced by the astronaut's head at a distance 8.84 m from the center of rotation. For Part B, you will
need to also find the acceleration of the astronaut's feet.
What quantity describing the motion would be the same for the head, feet, and any other point along the centrifuge arm?
ANSWER:
2
Δa = 27.7 m/s
Correct
Part C
03/04/2023, 03:36 Ch 03 HW
How fast in rpm (revolutions per minute) is the arm turning to produce the maximum sustained acceleration?
From Part A, you know how fast the astronaut is moving linearly in m/s (tangent to the revolving centrifuge). But what is the distance that the
astronaut moves in each spin of the centrifuge?
Using these quantities, how can you determine the desired rate in revolutions per minute?
ANSWER:
1
= 35.5 rpm
T
Correct
The nose of an ultralight plane is pointed south, and its airspeed indicator shows 25 m/s . The plane is in a 13 m/s wind blowing toward the southwest
relative to the earth.
Vector Addition
Resolving Vector Components
For general problem-solving tips and strategies for this topic, you may want to view a Video Tutor Solution of Flying in a crosswind.
Part A
Letting x be east and y be north, find the components of v P/E

⃗ (the velocity of the plane relative to the earth).
Express your answers using two significant figures separated by commas.
Start by drawing a diagram with the cardinal points N, E, S, and W matching the problem statement for +x being east and +y being north.
Then, draw the vector for the plane’s direction, and the vector for the wind.
Calculate the x and y components of each vector along your coordinate system, being careful to ensure that the directions correctly match the
signs. How can you determine the overall velocity vector of the plane from the components?
When you enter the x and y components of the velocity vector, Mastering expects you’ll enter them separated by a comma.
ANSWER:
vx vy , = -9.2,-34 m/s
All attempts used; correct answer displayed
Part B
Find the magnitude of v P/E

⃗ .

From Part A, you have the components of the overall velocity vector of the plane relative to Earth. How is the magnitude of a vector related to
the components of a vector?
ANSWER:
03/04/2023, 03:36 Ch 03 HW
v P/E = 35 m/s
Correct
Part C
Find the direction of v P/E
⃗ .
From Part A, you have the components of the overall velocity vector of the plane relative to Earth. How is the direction of a vector related to
the components of a vector?
Take care to calculate the appropriate angle relative to the cardinal direction given. Do you have to include a sign for the angle here?
ANSWER:
∘
ϕ = 75 , south of west
Correct
Direction of Acceleration of Pendulum
Learning Goal:
To understand that the direction of acceleration is in the direction of the change of the velocity, which is unrelated to the direction of the velocity.
The pendulum shown makes a full swing from −π/4 to +π/4. Ignore friction and assume that
the string is massless. The eight labeled arrows represent directions to be referred to when
answering the following questions.
Part A
Which of the following is a true statement about the acceleration of the pendulum bob, a⃗ .
ANSWER:
is equal to the acceleration due to gravity.

a⃗
is equal to the instantaneous rate of change in velocity.

a⃗
is perpendicular to the bob's trajectory.

a⃗
is tangent to the bob's trajectory.

a⃗
Correct
03/04/2023, 03:36 Ch 03 HW
Part B
What is the direction of a⃗ when the pendulum is at position 1?
Enter the letter of the arrow parallel to a⃗ .
Hint 1. Velocity at position 1

What is the velocity of the bob when it is exactly at position 1?
ANSWER:
v1 = 0 m/s
Hint 2. Velocity of bob after it has descended
What is the velocity of the bob just after it has descended from position 1?
ANSWER:
very small and having a direction best approximated by arrow D
very small and having a direction best approximated by arrow A
very small and having a direction best approximated by arrow H
The velocity cannot be determined without more information.
ANSWER:
Correct
Part C
What is the direction of a⃗ at the moment the pendulum passes position 2?
Enter the letter of the arrow that best approximates the direction of a⃗ .
Hint 1. Instantaneous motion
At position 2, the instantaneous motion of the pendulum can be approximated as uniform circular motion. What is the direction of acceleration
for an object executing uniform circular motion?
ANSWER:
Correct
We know that for the object to be traveling in a circle, some component of its acceleration must be pointing radially inward.
Part D
What is the direction of a⃗ when the pendulum reaches position 3?
Give the letter of the arrow that best approximates the direction of a⃗ .
Hint 1. Velocity just before position 3
What is the velocity of the bob just before it reaches position 3?
03/04/2023, 03:36 Ch 03 HW
ANSWER:
very small and having a direction best approximated by arrow B
very small and having a direction best approximated by arrow C
very small and having a direction best approximated by arrow H
The velocity cannot be determined without more information.
Hint 2. Velocity of bob at position 3
What is the velocity of the bob when it reaches position 3?

ANSWER:
v3 = 0 m/s
ANSWER:
Correct
Part E
As the pendulum approaches or recedes from which position(s) is the acceleration vector a⃗ almost parallel (or antiparallel) to the velocity vector v ⃗ ?
ANSWER:
position 2 only
positions 1 and 2
positions 2 and 3
positions 1 and 3
Correct
± Arrow Hits Apple
An arrow is shot at an angle of θ = 45∘ above the horizontal. The arrow hits a tree a horizontal distance D = 220 m away, at the same height above the
ground as it was shot. Use g = 9.8 m/s2 for the magnitude of the acceleration due to gravity.
Part A
Find ta , the time that the arrow spends in the air.
Answer numerically in seconds, to two significant figures.
Hint 1. Find the initial upward component of velocity in terms of D.
Introduce the (unknown) variables v y0 and v x0 for the initial components of velocity. Then use kinematics to relate them and solve for ta .
What is the vertical component v y0 of the initial velocity?
Express your answer symbolically in terms of ta and D.
Hint 1. Find v x0
03/04/2023, 03:36 Ch 03 HW
Find the horizontal component v x0 of the initial velocity.
Express your answer symbolically in terms of ta and given symbolic quantities.
ANSWER:
D
v x0 =
ta
Hint 2. Find v y0
What is the vertical component v y0 of the initial velocity?
Express your answer symbolically in terms of v x0 .

ANSWER:
v y0 = v x0
ANSWER:
D
v y0 =
ta
Hint 2. Find the time of flight in terms of the initial vertical component of velocity.
From the change in the vertical component of velocity, you should be able to find ta in terms of v y0 and g .
Give your answer in terms of v y0 and g .
Hint 1. Find v y (ta )
When applied to the y-component of velocity, in this problem the formula for v (t) with constant acceleration −g is
v y (t) = v y0 − g t
What is v y (ta ), the vertical component of velocity when the arrow hits the tree?
Answer symbolically in terms of v y0 only.
ANSWER:
v y (t a ) = −v y0
ANSWER:
2vy0
ta =
g
Hint 3. Put the algebra together to find ta symbolically.
If you have an expression for the initial vertical velocity component in terms in terms of D and ta , and another in terms of g and ta , you should
be able to eliminate this initial component to find an expression for t2a
Express your answer symbolically in terms of given variables.
ANSWER:
2D
2
ta =
g
ANSWER:
ta = 6.7 s
Correct
03/04/2023, 03:36 Ch 03 HW
Suppose someone drops an apple from a vertical distance of 6.0 meters, directly above the point where the arrow hits the tree.
Part B
How long after the arrow was shot should the apple be dropped, in order for the arrow to pierce the apple as the arrow hits the tree?
Express your answer numerically in seconds, to two significant figures.
Hint 1. When should the apple be dropped
The apple should be dropped at the time equal to the total time it takes the arrow to reach the tree minus the time it takes the apple to fall 6.0
meters.
Hint 2. Find the time it takes for the apple to fall 6.0 meters
How long does it take an apple to fall 6.0 meters?
Express your answer numerically in seconds, to two significant figures.
ANSWER:
tf = 1.1 s
ANSWER:
td = 5.6 s
Correct
Enhanced EOC: Problem 3.59
According to the Guinness Book of World Records, the longest home run ever measured was hit by Roy “Dizzy” Carlyle in a minor league game. The ball
traveled 188 m (618 f t ) before landing on the ground outside the ballpark.
Solving Quadratic Equations
Vector Magnitudes
Resolving Vector Components
For general problem-solving tips and strategies for this topic, you may want to view a Video Tutor Solution of A batted baseball.
Part A
Assuming the ball's initial velocity was 42 ∘ above the horizontal and ignoring air resistance, what did the initial speed of the ball need to be to
produce such a home run if the ball was hit at a point 0.9 m (3.0 f t ) above ground level? Assume that the ground was perfectly flat.
Start by drawing and labeling a diagram showing the starting location of the ball, the initial magnitude and direction of its motion, and where it
lands. How far does it end up travelling horizontally? How far does it end up travelling vertically from its starting position? In what direction(s)
does it accelerate?
Create an appropriate coordinate system to use for the problem, and identify the ball’s velocity components in terms of that coordinate system.
Consider that the ball moves in projectile motion once it leaves the bat and is in the air. Now, consider the five key kinematic variables for both
the horizontal and vertical directions (displacement, initial velocity, final velocity, acceleration, and time). Which are given in the problem?
Which aren’t known? How can you solve for the unknown quantities needed in terms of what is known?
What is the relationship between the time it takes the ball to travel horizontally and the time it takes the ball to travel vertically from the point
where it is hit to the point where it lands on the ground?
ANSWER:
03/04/2023, 03:36 Ch 03 HW
v0 = 43 m/s
Correct
Part B
How far would the ball be above a fence 3.0 m (10 f t ) high if the fence was 116 m (380 f t ) from home plate?
How long does it take the ball to travel to the fence? Use this to find the ball’s height at this time.
ANSWER:
h = 38 m
All attempts used; correct answer displayed
Problem 3.50
It is common to see birds of prey rising upward on thermals. The paths they take may be spiral-like. You can model the spiral motion as uniform circular
motion combined with a constant upward velocity. Assume a bird completes a circle of radius 6.00 m every 5.00 s and rises vertically at a rate of 3.00
m/s.
Part A
Find the speed of the bird relative to the ground.
Express your answer using three significant figures.

ANSWER:
v = 8.11 m/s
Correct
Part B
Find the magnitude of the bird's acceleration.
ANSWER:
2
a = 9.48 m/s
Correct
Part C
Find the direction of the bird's acceleration.
Express your answer using one significant figure.
ANSWER:
∘
θa = 0 above the horizontal
03/04/2023, 03:36 Ch 03 HW
Correct
Part D
Find the angle between the bird's velocity vector and the horizontal.
ANSWER:
θv = 21.7 ∘
Correct
An Object Accelerating on a Ramp
Learning Goal:
Understand that the acceleration vector is in the direction of the change of the velocity vector.
In one dimensional (straight line) motion, acceleration is accompanied by a change in speed, and the acceleration is always parallel (or antiparallel) to the
velocity.
When motion can occur in two dimensions (e.g. is confined to a tabletop but can lie anywhere in the x-y plane), the definition of acceleration is
⃗
v (t+Δt)− ⃗
v (t)
⃗
a(t) = in the limit Δt→0.
Δt
In picturing this vector derivative you can think of the derivative of a vector as an instantaneous quantity by thinking of the velocity of the tip of the arrow
as the vector changes in time. Alternatively, you can (for small Δt) approximate the acceleration as
⃗
v (t+Δt)− ⃗
v (t)
⃗
a(t) ≈ .
Δt
Obviously the difference between v⃗(t + Δt) and v⃗(t) is another vector that can lie in any direction. If it is longer but in the same direction, a⃗(t)
will be
parallel to v (t)
⃗ . On the other hand, if v (t
⃗ + Δt) has the same magnitude as v (t)⃗ but is in a slightly different direction, then a(t)
⃗ will be perpendicular to
v ⃗ . In general, v (t
⃗ + Δt) can differ from v (t)
⃗ in both magnitude and direction, hence a(t)⃗ can have any direction relative to v (t) ⃗ .
This problem contains several examples of this.Consider an object sliding on a frictionless ramp as depicted here. The object is already moving along the
ramp toward position 2 when it is at position 1. The following questions concern the direction of
the object's acceleration vector, a⃗ . In this problem, you should find the direction of the
acceleration vector by drawing the velocity vector at two points near to the position you are
asked about. Note that since the object moves along the track, its velocity vector at a point will
be tangent to the track at that point. The acceleration vector will point in the same direction as
the vector difference of the two velocities. (This is a result of the equation
⃗
a(t) ⃗ + Δt) − v (t))/Δt
≈ (v (t ⃗ given above.)
Part A
Which direction best approximates the direction of a⃗ when the object is at position 1?
Hint 1. Consider the change in velocity
At this point, the object's velocity vector is not changing direction; rather, it is increasing in magnitude. Therefore, the object's acceleration is
nearly parallel to its velocity.
ANSWER:
03/04/2023, 03:36 Ch 03 HW
straight up
downward to the left
downward to the right
straight down
Correct
Part B
At this point, the speed has a local maximum; thus the magnitude of v ⃗ is not changing. Therefore, no component of the acceleration vector is
parallel to the velocity vector. However, since the direction of v ⃗ is changing there is an acceleration.
ANSWER:
straight up
upward to the right
straight down
downward to the left
Correct
Even though the acceleration is directed straight up, this does not mean that the object is moving straight up.
Part C
At this point, the speed has a local minimum; thus the magnitude of v ⃗ is not changing. Therefore, no component of the acceleration vector is
parallel to the velocity vector. However, since the direction of v ⃗ is changing there is an acceleration.
ANSWER:
upward to the right
to the right
straight down
downward to the right
Correct
Exercise 3.2
A rhinoceros is at the origin of coordinates at time t1 = 0 . For the time interval from t1 to t2 = 11.5 s , the rhino's average velocity has x-component -3.2
m/s and y-component 5.7 m/s .
03/04/2023, 03:36 Ch 03 HW
Part A
At time t2 = 11.5 s what is the x-coordinate of the rhino?
ANSWER:
x = -36.8 m
Correct
Part B
At time t2 = 11.5 s what is the y-coordinate of the rhino?
ANSWER:
y = 65.6 m
Correct
Part C
How far is the rhino from the origin?
ANSWER:
r = 75.2 m
Answer Requested
Direction of Velocity at Various Times in Flight for Projectile Motion Conceptual Question
For each of the motions described below, determine the algebraic sign (positive, negative, or zero) of the x component and y component of velocity of the
object at the time specified. For all of the motions, the positive x axis points to the right and the positive y axis points upward.
Alex, a mountaineer, must make it across a wide crevasse. Alex runs horizontally off the edge and successfully makes it to the other side of the crevasse,
which is below the point from which he takes off, as shown in .
Part A
Determine the algebraic sign of Alex's x velocity and y velocity at the instant he leaves the ground at the edge of the crevasse.
Type the algebraic signs of the x velocity and the y velocity separated by a comma (examples: +,- and 0,+).
Hint 1. Algebraic sign of velocity
The algebraic sign of the velocity is determined solely by comparing the direction in which the object is moving with the direction that is
defined to be positive. In this example, to the right is defined to be the positive x direction and upward the positive y direction. Therefore, any
object moving to the right, whether speeding up, slowing down, or even simultaneously moving upward or downward, has a positive x velocity.
Similarly, if the object is moving downward, regardless of any other aspect of its motion, its y velocity is negative.
03/04/2023, 03:36 Ch 03 HW
Hint 2. Sketch Alex's initial velocity
On the diagram below, sketch the vector representing Alex's velocity the instant he leaves the ground at the edge of the crevasse.
ANSWER:
No elements selected
v i⃗
ANSWER:
+,0
Correct
Part B
Determine the algebraic signs of Alex's x velocity and y velocity the instant before he safely lands on the other side of the crevasse.
Hint 1. Sketch Alex's final velocity

On the diagram below, sketch the vector representing Alex's velocity the instant before he safely lands on the other side of the crevasse.
ANSWER:
03/04/2023, 03:36 Ch 03 HW
v f⃗
ANSWER:
+,-
Correct
At the buzzer, a basketball player shoots a desperation shot. The ball goes in!
Part C
Determine the algebraic signs of the ball's x velocity and y velocity the instant after it leaves the player's hands.
Hint 1. Sketch the basketball's initial velocity
On the diagram below, sketch the vector representing the velocity of the basketball the instant after it leaves the player's hands.
03/04/2023, 03:36 Ch 03 HW
ANSWER:
v i⃗
ANSWER:
+,+
Correct
Part D
Determine the algebraic signs of the ball's x velocity and y velocity at the ball's maximum height.
Hint 1. Sketch the basketball's velocity at maximum height
On the diagram below, sketch the vector representing the velocity of the basketball the instant it reaches its maximum height.
ANSWER:
03/04/2023, 03:36 Ch 03 HW
⃗
vm
ANSWER:
+,0
Correct
Introduction to Projectile Motion
Learning Goal:
To understand the basic concepts of projectile motion.
Projectile motion may seem rather complex at first. However, by breaking it down into components, you will find that it is really no different than the one-
dimensional motions that you have already studied.
One of the most often-used techniques in physics is to divide two- and three-dimensional quantities into components. For instance, in projectile motion, a
particle has some initial velocity v ⃗ . In general, this velocity can point in any direction on the xy plane and can have any magnitude. To make a problem
more manageable, it is common to break up such a quantity into its x component (v x ) and its y component (v y ).
Consider a particle with initial velocity v ⃗ that has magnitude 12.0 m/s and is directed 60.0 degrees above the negative x axis.
Part A
What is the x component v x of v ⃗ ?

Express your answer in meters per second.
ANSWER:
03/04/2023, 03:36 Ch 03 HW
vx = -6.00 m/s
Correct
Part B
What is the y component v y of v ⃗ ?
Express your answer in meters per second.
ANSWER:
vy = 10.4 m/s
Correct
Breaking up the velocities into components is particularly useful when the components do not affect each other. Eventually, you will learn about situations
in which the components of velocity do affect one another, but for now you will only be looking at problems where they do not. So, if there is acceleration
in the x direction but not in the y direction, then the x component of the velocity will change, but the y component of the velocity will not.
Part C
Click on the image below to launch the video: Projectile Motion. Once you have watched the entire video, answer the graded follow-up questions. You
can watch the video again at any point.
The motion diagram for a projectile is displayed, as are the motion diagrams for each component. The x-component motion diagram is what you
would get if you shone a spotlight down on the particle as it moved and recorded the motion of its shadow. Similarly, if you shone a spotlight to the left
and recorded the particle's shadow, you would get the motion diagram for its y component. How would you describe the two motion diagrams for the
components?
ANSWER:
Both the vertical and horizontal components exhibit motion with constant nonzero acceleration.
The vertical component exhibits motion with constant nonzero acceleration, whereas the horizontal component exhibits constant-velocity
motion.
The vertical component exhibits constant-velocity motion, whereas the horizontal component exhibits motion with constant nonzero
acceleration.
Both the vertical and horizontal components exhibit motion with constant velocity.
Correct
As you can see, the two components of the motion obey their own independent kinematic laws. For the vertical component, there is an
acceleration downward with magnitude g = 10 m/s2 . Thus, you can calculate the vertical position of the particle at any time using the
standard kinematic equation y = y0 + v 0 t + (1/2)at2 . Similarly, there is no acceleration in the horizontal direction, so the horizontal
position of the particle is given by the standard kinematic equation x = x0 + v 0 t.
Now, consider a variation on this problem in which two balls are simultaneously dropped from a height of 5.0 m. Click on the image below to launch the
second video: Projectile Motion. Once you have watched the entire video, answer the graded follow-up questions. You can watch the video again at any
point.
03/04/2023, 03:36 Ch 03 HW
Part D
How long tg does it take for the balls to reach the ground? Use 10 m/s2 for the magnitude of the acceleration due to gravity.
Express your answer in seconds to two significant figures.
The balls are released from rest at a height of 5.0 m at time t = 0 s . Using these numbers and basic kinematics, you can determine the
amount of time it takes for the balls to reach the ground.
ANSWER:
tg = 1.0 s
Correct
This situation, which you have dealt with before (motion under the constant acceleration of gravity), is actually a special case of projectile
motion. Think of this as projectile motion where the horizontal component of the initial velocity is zero.
Part E
Imagine the ball on the left is given a nonzero initial speed in the horizontal direction, while the ball on the right continues to fall with zero initial
velocity. What horizontal speed v x must the ball on the left start with so that it hits the ground at the same position as the ball on the right?
Remember that when the two balls are released, they are starting at a horizontal distance of 3.0 m apart.
Express your answer in meters per second to two significant figures.

Recall from Part B that the horizontal component of velocity does not change during projectile motion. Therefore, you need to find the
horizontal component of velocity v x such that, in a time tg = 1.0 s , the ball will move horizontally 3.0 m. You can assume that its initial x
coordinate is x0 = 0.0 m .
ANSWER:
vx = 3.0 m/s
Correct
Exercise 3.16
On level ground a shell is fired with an initial velocity of 38.0 m/s at 50.0 ∘ above the horizontal and feels no appreciable air resistance.
Part A
Find the horizontal and vertical components of the shell's initial velocity.
Enter your answers numerically separated by a comma.
ANSWER:
03/04/2023, 03:36 Ch 03 HW
v 0h , v 0v = 24.4,29.1 m/s
Correct
Part B
How long does it take the shell to reach its highest point?
ANSWER:
t = 2.97 s
Correct
Part C
Find its maximum height above the ground.
ANSWER:
hmax = 43.2 m
Answer Requested
Part D
How far from its firing point does the shell land?

ANSWER:
l = 145 m
Answer Requested
Part E
At its highest point, find the horizontal and vertical components of its acceleration.

ANSWER:
2
ah , av = 0,-9.80 m/s
Correct
Part F
At its highest point, find the horizontal and vertical components of its velocity.
ANSWER:
vh , v v = 24.4,0 m/s
Correct
03/04/2023, 03:36 Ch 03 HW
Exercise 3.24
Dizziness. Our balance is maintained, at least in part, by the endolymph fluid in the inner ear. Spinning displaces this fluid, causing dizziness. Suppose a
dancer (or skater) is spinning at a very fast 2.7 revolutions per second about a vertical axis through the center of his head. Although the distance varies
from person to person, the inner ear is approximately 7.0 cm from the axis of spin.
Part A
What is the radial acceleration (in m/s2 ) of the endolymph fluid?
Express your answer to two significant figures.
ANSWER:
m
a = 20 2
s
Correct
Part B
What is the radial acceleration (in g 's) of the endolymph fluid?
Express your answer to two significant figures.
ANSWER:
a = 2.1 g
Correct
Exercise 3.37
Canada geese migrate essentially along a north-south direction for well over a thousand kilometers in some cases, traveling at speeds up to about 100
km/h. The one goose is flying at 100 km/h relative to the air but a 30 km/h wind is blowing from west to east.
Part A
At what angle relative to the north-south direction should this bird head to travel directly southward relative to the ground?
ANSWER:
∘
θ = 17.5 west of south
Correct
Part B
How long will it take the goose to cover a ground distance of 450 km from north to south? (Note: Even on cloudy nights, many birds can navigate
using the earth's magnetic field to fix the north-south direction.)
ANSWER:
t = 4.72 h
Correct
03/04/2023, 03:36 Ch 03 HW
Problem 3.64
A 2.7-kg ball is thrown upward with an initial speed of 20.0 m/s from the edge of a 45.0 m high cliff. At the instant the ball is thrown, a woman starts
running away from the base of the cliff with a constant speed of 6.00 m/s. The woman runs in a straight line on level ground, and air resistance acting on
the ball can be ignored.
Part A
At what angle above the horizontal should the ball be thrown so that the runner will catch it just before it hits the ground?
ANSWER:
θ = 72.5 ∘
Correct
Part B
How far does the woman run before she catches the ball?
ANSWER:
x = 33.3 m
Correct
Problem 3.82
Some plants disperse their seeds when the fruit splits and contracts, propelling the seeds through the air. The trajectory of these seeds can be determined
with a high-speed camera. In an experiment on one type of plant, seeds are projected at 20 cm above ground level with initial speeds between 2.3 m/s
and 4.6 m/s. The launch angle is measured from the horizontal, with +90∘ corresponding to an initial velocity straight up and -90∘ straight down. The
experiment is designed so that the seeds move no more than 0.20 mm between photographic frames.
Part A
What minimum frame rate for the high-speed camera is needed to achieve this?
ANSWER:
250
2500
25,000
250,000
Correct
Video Tutor: Ball Fired Upward from Moving Cart
03/04/2023, 03:36 Ch 03 HW
Part A
The crew of a cargo plane wishes to drop a crate of supplies on a target below. To hit the target, when should the crew drop the crate? Ignore air
resistance.

While the crate is on the plane, it shares the plane's velocity. What is the crate's velocity immediately after it is released?
Hint 2. What affects the motion of the crate?
Gravity will accelerate the crate downward. What, if anything, affects the crate's horizontal motion? (Keep in mind that we are told to ignore air
resistance, even though that's not very realistic in this situation.)
ANSWER:
When the plane is directly over the target
Before the plane is directly over the target
After the plane has flown over the target
Correct
At the moment it is released, the crate shares the plane's horizontal velocity. In the absence of air resistance, the crate would remain
directly below the plane as it fell.
Exercise 3.10
A daring 510-N swimmer dives off a cliff with a running horizontal leap, as shown in the figure .
Part A
What must her minimum speed be just as she leaves the top of the cliff so that she will miss the ledge at the bottom, which is 1.75 m wide and 9.00
m below the top of the cliff?
ANSWER:
03/04/2023, 03:36 Ch 03 HW
v0 = 1.29 m/s
Correct
Problem 3.57
A grasshopper leaps into the air from the edge of a vertical cliff, as shown in the figure below.
Part A
Use information from the figure to find the initial speed of the grasshopper.
ANSWER:
v = 1.50 m/s
Correct
Part B
Use information from the figure to find the height of the cliff.
ANSWER:
h = 4.66 m
Correct
Problem 3.59
A snowball rolls off a barn roof that slopes downward at an angle of 40 ∘ . The edge of the roof
is 14.0 m above the ground, and the snowball has a speed of 7.00 m/s as it rolls off the roof.
Ignore air resistance.
Assume the coordinate origin is at the point on the roof where the snowball rolls off and that the
positive x direction is to the right and the positive y direction is upwards.
03/04/2023, 03:36 Ch 03 HW
Part A
How far from the edge of the barn does the snowball strike the ground if it doesn't strike anything else while falling?
ANSWER:
x = 6.93 m
Correct
Part B
Draw x − t graphs for the motion in part A.
ANSWER:
10.0
8.0
6.0
4.0
2.0
0.5 1.0 1.5
Select the elements from the list and add them to the canvas setting the appropriate attributes. Press TAB to get to the
main menu.
Correct
Part C
Draw y − t graphs for the motion in part A.
Plot points at t = 0 s, t = 0.4 s, t = 0.8 s, t = 1.0 s, t = 1.3 s .

ANSWER:
03/04/2023, 03:36 Ch 03 HW
0.5 1.0 1.5
-5.0
-10.0
-15.0
main menu.
Correct
Part D
Draw v x −t graphs for the motion in part A.
ANSWER:
03/04/2023, 03:36 Ch 03 HW
No elements selected 10.0
8.0
6.0
4.0
2.0
0.5 1.0 1.5
main menu.
Correct
Part E
Draw v y −t graphs for the motion in part A.
ANSWER:
03/04/2023, 03:36 Ch 03 HW
0.0
0.5 1.0 1.5
-5.0
-10.0
-15.0
-20.0
main menu.
Correct
Part F
A man 1.9 m tall is standing 4.0 m from the edge of the barn. Will he be hit by the snowball?
ANSWER:
Yes
No
Correct
Exercise 3.27
A Ferris wheel with radius 14.0 m is turning about a horizontal axis through its center in . The linear speed of a passenger on the rim is constant and
equal to 8.00 m/s .
03/04/2023, 03:36 Ch 03 HW
Part A
What is the magnitude of the passenger's acceleration as she passes through the lowest point in her circular motion?
Express your answer with the appropriate units.
ANSWER:
m
a = 4.57 2
s
Correct
Part B
What is the direction of the passenger's acceleration as she passes through the lowest point in her circular motion?
ANSWER:
towards the center
outwards the center
Correct
Part C
What is the magnitude of the passenger's acceleration as she passes through the highest point in her circular motion?

ANSWER:
m
a = 4.57 2
s
Correct
Part D
What is the direction of the passenger's acceleration as she passes through the highest point in her circular motion?
ANSWER:
towards the center
outwards the center
Correct
03/04/2023, 03:36 Ch 03 HW
Part E
How much time does it take the Ferris wheel to make one revolution?
ANSWER:
t = 11.0 s
Correct
Score Summary:
Your score on this assignment is 81.8%.
You received 49.1 out of a possible total of 60 points.

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03/04/2023, 03:36 Ch 03 HW

Position, Velocity, and Acceleration

Hint 1. The Pull of Gravity

only the position of the ball

only the velocity of the ball

only the acceleration of the ball

the position and velocity of the ball

the position and the velocity and acceleration of the ball

Hint 1. What constitutes a nonzero acceleration?

Press the brake pedal.

Turn the steering wheel.

Either press the gas or the brake pedal.

Hint 1. Change of a vector

the position of the ball only

the velocity of the ball only

the acceleration of the ball only

both the position and velocity of the ball

the position and velocity and acceleration of the ball

Hint 1. Change of magnitude of a vector

Video Tutor: Ball Fired from Cart on Incline

Hint 1. How to approach this problem

The ball would land ahead of the cart.

The ball would still land in the cart.

The ball would land behind the cart.

Enhanced EOC: Exercise 3.7

You may want to review (Page) .

For help with math skills, you may want to review:

Differentiation of Polynomial Functions

Determining the Angle of a Vector

Hint 1. How to approach the problem

Hint 1. How to approach the problem

Hint 1. How to approach the problem

Express your answer in degrees using two significant figures.

Hint 1. How to approach the problem

Hint 1. How to approach the problem

Hint 1. How to approach the problem

Hint 1. How to approach the problem

moving at constant speed

Video Tutor: Ball Fired Upward from Accelerating Cart

Hint 1. Determine how long the ball is in the air

stay the same.

Hint 2. Determine the appropriate kinematic expression

four times as far

the same distance

by a factor not listed above

Video Tutor: Balls Take High and Low Tracks

Hint 1. How to approach the problem

A. Increase the tilt of the yellow track.

C. Increase the mass of the ball on the yellow track.

D. Decrease the mass of the ball on the red track.

Video Tutor: Range of a Gun at Two Firing Angles

Hint 1. How to approach this problem

The one fired from 60∘

They both spend the same amount of time in the air.

The one fired from 30∘

Enhanced EOC: Exercise 3.13

You may want to review (Page) .

For help with math skills, you may want to review:

Hint 1. How to approach the problem