Chapter - 3 - Motion in 2 or 3 Dimension
Chapter - 3 - Motion in 2 or 3 Dimension
Chapter - 3 - Motion in 2 or 3 Dimension
Chapter - 3
Position Vector
An overall position relative to the origin can have components in x, y, and z dimensions.
Position vector is: r x ˆi y ˆj z kˆ and r x2 y2 z2
Velocity Vector
The change in position (the displacement) during the interval Δt is the average velocity. It is given by
r r r
vav = 2 1 =
t 2 t1 t
Where, r x 2 x1 iˆ y2 y1 ˆj z2 z1 kˆ
Instantaneous velocity is the limit of the average velocity as the time interval approaches zero, and it equals
the instantaneous rate of change of position with time.
r dr
v = Lim =
t 0 t dt
dx ˆ dy ˆ dz ˆ
v i + j+ k
dt dt dt
v = vx i + vy j + vz kˆ
ˆ ˆ
v= v2x + v2y + v2z
vy
and tan α
vx
Car moving along a curved How to obtain the change in velocity Direction of average
road acceleration
Projectile motion
A body is projected with a velocity V0 by making an angle α0 with the horizontal.
Horizontal component of the velocity is: V0x = V0 cosα0
Vertical component of the velocity is: V0y = V0 sinα0
Horizontal acceleration ax = 0
Vertical acceleration ay = - g during ascend
Vertical acceleration ay = + g during descend
Solving for x-motion we get:
Vx = V0x and x - x0 = Vox t
Solving for y-motion we get:
Vy = V0y – gt and y - y0 = Voy t – ½ g t2
If we set x0 = y0 = 0, the equations describing projectile motion are:
x = Vox t and y = Voy t – ½ g t2
Thus the projectile equations are:
1 2
x = vo cos α0 t and y = vo sin α0 t -
g t -------- (1)
2
vx = vo cos α0 and vy = vo sin α0 g t -------- (2)
n
Putting the value of ‘t’ from eq (1) and solving we get
g 2
y = tan α0 x - 2 x
2v cos2 α
0 0
This is the equation of a parabola. Thus, the trajectory of a projectile is always a parabola
Maximum height of a projectile
At the maximum height position, Vy = 0
Using the equation V2y – V20y = 2(-g) h we get
0– V20 sin2 α 0 = 2(-g) h
V20 sin 2 α0 = 2 g h
2 2
v0 sin α
0
h=
2g
This is the maximum height attain by a projectile.
Time of flight (T)
t = time to reach the maximum height.
Then T = 2t
At the maximum height position, Vy = 0
Using the equation Vy = V0y – gt we get
0 = V0y – gt => gt = V0y
V0 y V0 sin α0
t= =
g g
Total time of flight is T = 2t
2V0 sin α0
T = 2t
g
This represents the total time of flight
Horizontal Range
Let R = horizontal range
R = (V0x) T
2V sin α0 V02 sin 2α0
R = V0 cos α0 0 R =
g g
Motion of a particle in a Circular path
Uniform circular motion
A particle moves a distance s at constant
speed along a circular path. v1 and v2 are the
velocities at P1 and P2 respectively.
The corresponding vector triangle is drawn.
v represents the change in velocity.
The direction is along the radius and towards
the center.
We know that a = V
t
So the direction of instantaneous acceleration in uniform circular motion always points toward the center of
the circle.
The vector triangle and P1P2O are similar. So
V s V V V s
= V = s =
V R R t R t
V V s V V2
lim = lim a = V a =
t 0 t R t 0 t R R
For uniform circular motion, the speed is constant and the acceleration is perpendicular to the velocity with
magnitude v2/R.
Difference:
Relative velocity
The velocity of a moving body seen by a particular observer is called the velocity relative to that observer, or
simply the relative velocity.
If point P is moving relative to reference frame A, we denote the velocity of P relative to frame A as vP/A.
If P is moving relative to frame B and frame B is moving relative to frame A, then the x-velocity of P relative
to frame A is vP/A-x = vP/B-x + vB/A-x.
Answer: (i)
If there were no gravity (g=0), the monkey would not fall and the dart would follow a straight-line path
(shown as a dashed line). The effect of gravity is to make the monkey and the dart both fall the same distance
gt below their positions. Point A is the same distance below the monkey’s initial position as point P is
below the dashed straight line, so point A is where we would find the monkey at the time in question.
Example Problems
Example:3.1
A robotic vehicle, or rover, is exploring the surface of Mars. The stationary Mars lander is the origin of
coordinates, and the surrounding Martian surface lies in the xy-plane. The rover, which we represent as a
point, has x- and y-coordinates that vary with time:
x = 2.0 m − (0.25 m⁄s )t
y = (1.0 m/s)t + (0.025 m⁄s )t
(a) Find the rover’s coordinates and distance from the lander at t = 2 s
(b) Find the rover’s displacement and average velocity vectors for the interval t = 0 s to t = 2 s
(c) Find a general expression for the rover’s instantaneous velocity vector ⃗ . Express ⃗ at t = 2s in
component form and in terms of magnitude and direction.
Solution:
y = 1.0m / s t + 0.025m / s3 t 3
3
y = 1.0m / s t + 0.025m / s 2s
3
2.2m
The rover’s distance from the origin at time t =2.0s is
2 2
r x 2 y2 1.0 m 2.2 m 2.4 m
(b) Position vector is:
r x ˆi y ˆj 2.0 m - 0.25m / s t2 iˆ 1.0m / s t + 0.025m / s t3 ˆj
2 3
At t = 0.0s the position vector ( ro ) is
ro 2.0 m ˆi
At t = 2.0s the position vector ( r2 ) is
r2 1.0 m ˆi 2.2m ˆj
The displacement from t = 0.0s to t = 2.0s is:
r r2 r0 1.0 m ˆi 2.2m ˆj 2.0 m ˆi = -1.0 m ˆi 2.2m ˆj
During the interval from t = 0.0s to t = 2.0s the rover moves 1.0 m in the negative x-direction and 2.2 m in
the positive y-direction.
Now the average velocity over this interval is
r -1.0 m ˆi 2.2m ˆj
vav = -0.5 m / s ˆi 1.1m / s ˆj
t 2.0s - 0.0s
The x-component and y-component of the average velocity are
vav-x -0.5 m / s ˆi and vav-y = 1.1m / s ˆj
Example:3.7
A batter hits a baseball so that it leaves the bat at speed v0 = 37 m/s, at an angle α0 = 53.10, at a location where
g = 9.8 m/s2.
a) Find the position of the ball and its velocity at t = 2.0 s
b) Find the time when the ball reaches the highest point of its flight, and its height h at this time.
c) Find the horizontal range of the ball.
Solution:
a) v0 = 37 m/s α0 = 53.1 0
Components of the initial velocity of the ball are
v0x = v0 cos α0 = (37.0 m/s) cos 53.1° = 22.2 m/s
v0y = v0 sin α0 = (37.0 m/s) sin 53.1° = 29.6 m/s
x-co-ordinate of displacement after t = 2s is
x = v0x t = (22.2 m/s)(2s) = 44.4 m/s
y-co-ordinate of displacement after t = 2s is
1 2 1 2
y v0y t
2 2
a y t 29.6 m/s 2s - 9.8m/s 2 2s 39.6 m
Displacement of the body after t = 2s is
2 2
r x 2 y2 44.4 m 39.6 m 59.49 m
x-component of velocity after t = 2s is
v x v 0x 44.4m/s
y-component of velocity after t = 2s is
v y v0y g t 29.6 m/s + - 9.8 m/s2 2s 10 m/s
The y-component of velocity is positive at t = 2 s, so the ball is still moving upward.
The magnitude of the velocity is
2 2
v v 2x v 2y 22.2 m/s 10 m/s 24.4 m/s
The direction angle β of v with respect to the positive x-axis is
vy vy 10
tan β = β = tan -1 tan -1 24.2
0
vx vx 22.2
(b) At the highest point, the vertical velocity vy =0.
t1 = time to reach the highest point
39.6 m/s
v y v0y g t
0 29.6 m/s - 9.8 m/s2 t1 t1
9.8 m/s2
3.02s
Example:3.12
Passengers on a carnival ride move at constant speed in a horizontal circle of radius 5.0 m, making a complete
circle in 4.0 s. What is their acceleration?
Solution:
Radial acceleration of the pas is passenger is
2 2
v2 2πR 1 4π2 R 4π2 5.0 m
a rad = = = = 12m/s2 = 1.3g
R T R T2 (4.0s)2
Example:3.14
An airplane’s compass indicates that it is headed due north, and its airspeed indicator shows that it is moving
through the air at 240 km/h. If there is a 100-km h wind from west to east, what is the velocity of the airplane
relative to the earth?
Solution:
v P/A = 240 km/h due north
v A/E = 100 km/h due east
2 2
v P/E v P/A v A/E v P/E v P/A v A/E
2 2
v P/E 240 km/h 100 km/h 260 km/h
v A/E 100 km/h
tan α = α = tan -1 0
23 E of N
v P/A 240 km/h
Exercise-3.9 Two particles are thrown up simultaneously with a velocity of 30 m/s, one thrown vertically
and another at 45 0 with respect to the horizon. Find out the distance between them at t = 1.5s.
(34.44m)
Solution: Particle thrown vertical upward
Height reached after t = 1.5s is
1 2 1 2
h v0y t
2 2
a y t 30 m/s 1.5s - 9.8m/s2 1.5s 33.975m
Now, distance AB is
2 2
AB 31.819 m 13.18 m 34.44m
Exercise-3.31 The radius of the earth’s orbit around the sun (assumed to be circular) is 1.50 x 108 km, and the
earth travels around this orbit in 365 days.
(a) What is the magnitude of the orbital velocity of the earth, in m/s?
(b) What is the radial acceleration of the earth toward the sun, in m/s2?
(c) Repeat parts (a) and (b) for the motion of the planet Mercury (orbit radius = 5.79 x 107
km, orbital period = 88.0 days).
Solution:
Planets are assumed to be moving in circular orbits and therefore have acceleration
Radius (R) of the earth’s orbit = 1.50 x 108 km = 1.50 x 1011 m
Orbital period (T) of the earth = 365 days = 3.16 x 107s
2πR 2π(1.50 x 1011m)
(a) Orbital velocity of the earth is v = = = 2.98 x 104 m/s
T 3.16 x 107s
(b) Radial acceleration of the earth toward the sun is
2
a rad =
v2
=
2.98 x 104 m/s
= 5.91 x 10-3m/s2
R (1.50 x 1011m)
(c) Radius (R) of the Mercury’s orbit = 5.79 x 107 km = 5.79 x 10 10 m
Orbital period (T) of the Mercury = 88 days = 7.6 x 106s
2πR 2π(5.79 x 1010m)
Orbital velocity of the Mercury is v = = 6
= 4.79 x 104 m/s
T 7.6 x 10 s
2
So, Mercury has a larger orbital velocity and a larger radial acceleration than earth.
Exercise-3.36 A canoe has a velocity of 0.4 m/s southeast relative to the earth. The canoe is on a river that is
flowing 0.5 m/s east relative to the earth. Find the velocity (magnitude and direction) of the
canoe relative to the river. (0.36m/s, 52.5 0 west of south)
Solution:
v C/E = velocity of canoe relative to the earth = 0.4 m/s
due southeast
v R/E = velocity of river relative to the earth =
0.5 m/s due east
v C/R = velocity of canoe relative to the river
v C/E v C/R v R/E
v C/R v C/E - v R/E
The velocity components of v C/R are
- 0.50 m/s +
0.40 m/s - 0.50 m/s + 0.283 m/s - 0.217 m/s due east
2
0.40 m/s
0.283 m/s due south
2
vC/R (0.283m/s)2 (- 0.217m/s) 2
vC/R 0.36m/s
0.283
tan α = 1.3 α = tan -1 1.3 52.430 W of S
0.217