Chapter - 3 - Motion in 2 or 3 Dimension

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Motion in 2 or 3 dimension

Chapter - 3

Topic Section Test Your In-class


Assignment
Understanding Problems
(Exercise )
(Example)
Position and Velocity Vectors, 3.1, 3.2 TYU-3.1
3.1
Acceleration Vector (Parallel & TYU-3.2
Perpendicular component of acceleration)
Projectile Motion 3.3 TYU-3.3 3.7
3.4, 3.9,
3.31, 3.36
Motion in a Circle, Relative Velocity 3.4 TYU-3.4 3.12

Relative Velocity 3.5 TYU-3.5 3.14

Dr. Rajanikanta Parida


Associate Professor
Department of Physics
ITER,
Siksha ‘O’ Anusandhan Deemed to be University
rajanikantaparida@soa.ac.in
Lecture Note by: Dr. Rajanikanta Parida Motion in 2 or 3 dimension Chapter 3

Position Vector
An overall position relative to the origin can have components in x, y, and z dimensions.
 
Position vector is: r  x ˆi  y ˆj  z kˆ and r  x2  y2  z2
Velocity Vector
The change in position (the displacement) during the interval Δt is the average velocity. It is given by
  
 r r r
vav = 2 1 =
t 2  t1 t

Where, r   x 2  x1  iˆ   y2  y1  ˆj   z2  z1  kˆ
Instantaneous velocity is the limit of the average velocity as the time interval approaches zero, and it equals
the instantaneous rate of change of position with time.
 
 r dr
v = Lim = 
t 0 t dt
 dx ˆ dy ˆ dz ˆ
 v i + j+ k
dt dt dt

 v = vx i + vy j + vz kˆ
ˆ ˆ

 v= v2x + v2y + v2z
vy
and tan α 
vx

The Acceleration Vector


The acceleration vector can result in a change in either the magnitude OR the direction of the velocity. In the
figure the instantaneous velocity of the car changes in both magnitude and direction for which the car
accelerates by slowing while rounding a curve. The average acceleration can be obtained by finding the
 
change in velocity v . The average acceleration has the same direction of v .

Car moving along a curved How to obtain the change in velocity Direction of average
road acceleration

Average accelerating vector is given by:


  
 v2  v1 v
aav = =
t 2  t1 t
Instantaneous accelerating vector is given by:
 
 v dv
a = Lim = 
t  0 t dt
 dv x ˆ
dv y ˆ dv
 a i+ j + z kˆ
dt dt dt
  ay
 a = a x ˆi + a y ˆj + az kˆ  a = a2x + a2y + az2 and tan α 
ax

ITER, SOA University Page 2


Lecture Note by: Dr. Rajanikanta Parida Motion in 2 or 3 dimension Chapter 3

Projectile motion
A body is projected with a velocity V0 by making an angle α0 with the horizontal.
Horizontal component of the velocity is: V0x = V0 cosα0
Vertical component of the velocity is: V0y = V0 sinα0
Horizontal acceleration ax = 0
Vertical acceleration ay = - g during ascend
Vertical acceleration ay = + g during descend
Solving for x-motion we get:
Vx = V0x and x - x0 = Vox t
Solving for y-motion we get:
Vy = V0y – gt and y - y0 = Voy t – ½ g t2
If we set x0 = y0 = 0, the equations describing projectile motion are:
x = Vox t and y = Voy t – ½ g t2
Thus the projectile equations are:
1 2
x =  vo cos α0  t and y =  vo sin α0  t -
g t -------- (1)
2
vx = vo cos α0 and vy = vo sin α0  g t -------- (2)
n
Putting the value of ‘t’ from eq (1) and solving we get
 g  2
y =  tan α0  x -  2 x
 2v cos2 α 
 0 0 
This is the equation of a parabola. Thus, the trajectory of a projectile is always a parabola
Maximum height of a projectile
At the maximum height position, Vy = 0
Using the equation V2y – V20y = 2(-g) h we get
0– V20 sin2 α 0 = 2(-g) h
V20 sin 2 α0 = 2 g h
2 2
v0 sin α
0
h=
2g
This is the maximum height attain by a projectile.
Time of flight (T)
t = time to reach the maximum height.
Then T = 2t
At the maximum height position, Vy = 0
Using the equation Vy = V0y – gt we get
0 = V0y – gt => gt = V0y
V0 y V0 sin α0
t= =
g g
Total time of flight is T = 2t

ITER, SOA University Page 3


Lecture Note by: Dr. Rajanikanta Parida Motion in 2 or 3 dimension Chapter 3

2V0 sin α0
T = 2t 
g
This represents the total time of flight
Horizontal Range
Let R = horizontal range
R = (V0x) T
 2V sin α0  V02 sin 2α0
R =  V0 cos α0   0   R =
 g  g
Motion of a particle in a Circular path
Uniform circular motion
A particle moves a distance s at constant
speed along a circular path. v1 and v2 are the
velocities at P1 and P2 respectively.
The corresponding vector triangle is drawn.
v represents the change in velocity.
The direction is along the radius and towards
the center.

We know that a = V
t
So the direction of instantaneous acceleration in uniform circular motion always points toward the center of
the circle.
The vector triangle and P1P2O are similar. So
V s V V V s
=  V = s  =
V R R t R t
 V  V  s  V V2
  lim  =  lim   a = V  a =
 t  0 t  R  t  0 t  R R
For uniform circular motion, the speed is constant and the acceleration is perpendicular to the velocity with
magnitude v2/R.

Non-uniform circular motion


Car speeding up along a circular path.
 
 a|| is along the direction of v

 a|| is changes car’s speed.

 a is changes car’s direction.

Car slowing down along a circular path.


 
 a|| is along the opposite direction of v

 a|| is changes car’s speed.

 a is changes car’s direction.

ITER, SOA University Page 4


Lecture Note by: Dr. Rajanikanta Parida Motion in 2 or 3 dimension Chapter 3

Car moves with constant speed


 Acceleration is exactly perpendicular to velocity
and has constant magnitude.
 No parallel component. a|| = 0

Uniform circular motion vs. projectile motion


Same: the magnitude of acceleration is the same at all times for both the cases.
Uniform circular motion Projectile motion
Direction of acceleration changes Direction of the acceleration in projectile
continuously so that it always points toward always points down
the center of the circle.
Velocity is always perpendicular to Velocity and acceleration are perpendicular
acceleration only at the peak of the trajectory.

Difference:

Relative velocity
The velocity of a moving body seen by a particular observer is called the velocity relative to that observer, or
simply the relative velocity.
If point P is moving relative to reference frame A, we denote the velocity of P relative to frame A as vP/A.
If P is moving relative to frame B and frame B is moving relative to frame A, then the x-velocity of P relative
to frame A is vP/A-x = vP/B-x + vB/A-x.

Test Your Understanding of Section 3.1:


In which of these situations would the average velocity vector v⃗ over an interval be equal to the
instantaneous velocity v⃗ at the end of the interval?
(i) a body moving along a curved path at constant speed;
(ii) a body moving along a curved path and speeding up;
(iii) a body moving along a straight line at constant speed;
(iv) a body moving along a straight line and speeding up.
3.1 Answer: (iii)
If the instantaneous velocity ⃗ is constant over an interval, its value at any point (including the end of the
interval) is the same as the average velocity ⃗ over the interval.
In (i) and (ii) the direction of ⃗ at the end of the interval is tangent to the path at that point, while the
direction of ⃗ points from the beginning of the path to its end (in the direction of the net displacement).
In (iv) and are both ⃗ and ⃗ directed along the straight line, but ⃗ has a greater magnitude because the
speed has been increasing.

ITER, SOA University Page 5


Lecture Note by: Dr. Rajanikanta Parida Motion in 2 or 3 dimension Chapter 3

Test Your Understanding of Section 3.2:


A sled travels over the crest of a snow-covered hill. The sled slows down as it
climbs up one side of the hill and gains speed as it descends on the other side.
Which of the vectors (1 through 9) in the figure correctly shows the direction
of the sled’s acceleration at the crest? (Choice 9 is that the acceleration is zero.)
Answer: vector 7
At the high point of the sled’s path, the speed is minimum. At that point the
speed is neither increasing nor decreasing, and the parallel component of the
acceleration (that is, the horizontal component) is zero. The acceleration has
only a perpendicular component toward the inside of the sled’s curved path. In other words, the acceleration is
downward.

Test Your Understanding of Section 3.3:


Suppose the tranquilizer dart as a relatively low muzzle velocity so that the dart
reaches a maximum height at a point P before striking the monkey, as shown in the
figure. When the dart is at point P, will the monkey be (i) at point A (higher than P),
(ii) at point B (at the same height as P), or (iii) at point C (lower than P)? Ignore air
resistance.

Answer: (i)
If there were no gravity (g=0), the monkey would not fall and the dart would follow a straight-line path
(shown as a dashed line). The effect of gravity is to make the monkey and the dart both fall the same distance
gt below their positions. Point A is the same distance below the monkey’s initial position as point P is
below the dashed straight line, so point A is where we would find the monkey at the time in question.

Test Your Understanding of Section 3.4:


Suppose that the particle in Figure experiences four times the acceleration at the
bottom of the loop as it does at the top of the loop. Compared to its speed at the top of
the loop, is its speed at the bottom of the loop (i) √2 times as great; (ii) 2 times as
great; (iii) 2√2 times as great; (iv) 4 times as great; or (v) 16 times as great?

3.4 Answer: (ii)


At both the top and bottom of the loop, the acceleration is purely radial and is given
by
V2
a rad =
R
The radius R is the same at both points, so the difference in acceleration is due purely to differences in speed.
Since arad is proportional to the square of the v, speed must be twice as great at the bottom of the loop as at the
top.

Test Your Understanding of Section 3.5:


Suppose the nose of an airplane is pointed due east and the airplane has an air speed of 150 km/h. Due to the
wind, the airplane is moving due north relative to the ground and its speed relative to the ground is 150 km/s.
What is the velocity of the air relative to the earth?
(i) 150 km/h from east to west;
(ii) 150 km/h from south to north;
(iii) 150 km/h from southeast to northwest;
(iv) 212 km/h from east to west;
(v) 212 km/h from south to north;
(vi) 212 km/s from southeast to northwest;
(vii) there is no possible wind velocity that could cause this.

ITER, SOA University Page 6


Lecture Note by: Dr. Rajanikanta Parida Motion in 2 or 3 dimension Chapter 3

3.5 Answer: (vi)


The effect of the wind is to cancel the airplane’s eastward motion and give it a northward motion. So the
velocity of the air relative to the ground (the wind velocity) must have one 150-kmh component to the west
and one 150-kmh component to the north. The combination of these is a vector of magnitude
(150km/h) + (150km/h) = 212 km/h that points to the northwest.

Example Problems
Example:3.1
A robotic vehicle, or rover, is exploring the surface of Mars. The stationary Mars lander is the origin of
coordinates, and the surrounding Martian surface lies in the xy-plane. The rover, which we represent as a
point, has x- and y-coordinates that vary with time:
x = 2.0 m − (0.25 m⁄s )t
y = (1.0 m/s)t + (0.025 m⁄s )t
(a) Find the rover’s coordinates and distance from the lander at t = 2 s
(b) Find the rover’s displacement and average velocity vectors for the interval t = 0 s to t = 2 s
(c) Find a general expression for the rover’s instantaneous velocity vector ⃗ . Express ⃗ at t = 2s in
component form and in terms of magnitude and direction.
Solution:

(a) At t =2.0s the rover’s coordinates are



x = 2.0 m - 0.25m / s2 t 2 
2

x = 2.0 m - 0.25m / s 2   2s   1.0 m

 
y = 1.0m / s  t + 0.025m / s3 t 3
3
y = 1.0m / s  t +  0.025m / s   2s 
3
 2.2m
The rover’s distance from the origin at time t =2.0s is
2 2
r  x 2  y2  1.0 m    2.2 m   2.4 m
(b) Position vector is:

r  x ˆi  y ˆj  2.0 m -  0.25m / s  t2  iˆ  1.0m / s  t +  0.025m / s  t3  ˆj
2 3


At t = 0.0s the position vector ( ro ) is

ro  2.0 m ˆi

At t = 2.0s the position vector ( r2 ) is

r2  1.0 m  ˆi   2.2m  ˆj
The displacement from t = 0.0s to t = 2.0s is:
  
r  r2  r0  1.0 m  ˆi   2.2m  ˆj   2.0 m  ˆi =  -1.0 m  ˆi   2.2m  ˆj
During the interval from t = 0.0s to t = 2.0s the rover moves 1.0 m in the negative x-direction and 2.2 m in
the positive y-direction.
Now the average velocity over this interval is

 r  -1.0 m  ˆi   2.2m  ˆj
vav =    -0.5 m / s  ˆi  1.1m / s  ˆj
t 2.0s - 0.0s
The x-component and y-component of the average velocity are
 
vav-x   -0.5 m / s  ˆi and vav-y = 1.1m / s  ˆj

ITER, SOA University Page 7


Lecture Note by: Dr. Rajanikanta Parida Motion in 2 or 3 dimension Chapter 3

(c) The components of instantaneous velocity are


dx d 
vx    
  2.0 m - 0.25m / s2 t 2   - 0.25m / s 2 2t  - 0.5m / s2 t and
dt dt
  
dx d 
vx   1.0m / s  t +  0.025m / s3  t 3   1.0m / s +  0.025m / s3  3t 2  1.0m / s +  0.075m / s3  t 2
dt d t 
So the instantaneous velocity vector is

  
v = v x ˆi + v y ˆj = - 0.5m / s 2 t  ˆi + 1.0m / s + 0.075m / s3 t 2  ˆj 
At t=2.0s the instantaneous velocity vector is
 2
  
v2 = vx iˆ + vy ˆj = - 0.5m / s2  2.0s   ˆi + 1.0m / s + 0.075m / s3  2.0s   ˆj
  

 v 2 = - 1.0m / s  ˆi + 1.3m / s  ˆj
2 2
 v 2 =  - 1.0m / s   + 1.3m / s   1.6m / s

In the adjoining figure the direction of the velocity vector v 2 , which is at
an angle  between 900 and 1800 with respect to the positive x-axis is
vy 1.3m/s
tan 1 = tan 1 = 520
vx -1.0m/s
This is off by 1800 ;
So, the correct value of the angle is
 = 180 0- 520 = 1280 or 38 0 west of north.

Example:3.7
A batter hits a baseball so that it leaves the bat at speed v0 = 37 m/s, at an angle α0 = 53.10, at a location where
g = 9.8 m/s2.
a) Find the position of the ball and its velocity at t = 2.0 s
b) Find the time when the ball reaches the highest point of its flight, and its height h at this time.
c) Find the horizontal range of the ball.

Solution:
a) v0 = 37 m/s α0 = 53.1 0
Components of the initial velocity of the ball are
v0x = v0 cos α0 = (37.0 m/s) cos 53.1° = 22.2 m/s
v0y = v0 sin α0 = (37.0 m/s) sin 53.1° = 29.6 m/s
x-co-ordinate of displacement after t = 2s is
x = v0x t = (22.2 m/s)(2s) = 44.4 m/s
y-co-ordinate of displacement after t = 2s is
1 2 1 2
y  v0y t 
2 2

a y t   29.6 m/s  2s   - 9.8m/s 2   2s   39.6 m
Displacement of the body after t = 2s is
2 2
r  x 2  y2   44.4 m    39.6 m   59.49 m
x-component of velocity after t = 2s is
v x  v 0x  44.4m/s
y-component of velocity after t = 2s is

ITER, SOA University Page 8


Lecture Note by: Dr. Rajanikanta Parida Motion in 2 or 3 dimension Chapter 3

 
v y  v0y  g t  29.6 m/s + - 9.8 m/s2  2s   10 m/s
The y-component of velocity is positive at t = 2 s, so the ball is still moving upward.
The magnitude of the velocity is
2 2
v  v 2x  v 2y   22.2 m/s   10 m/s   24.4 m/s

The direction angle β of v with respect to the positive x-axis is
vy  vy   10 
tan β =  β = tan -1    tan -1    24.2
0

vx  vx   22.2 
(b) At the highest point, the vertical velocity vy =0.
t1 = time to reach the highest point
39.6 m/s
v y  v0y  g t 
 0  29.6 m/s  - 9.8 m/s2 t1   t1 
9.8 m/s2
 3.02s

h = height at the highest point


1 1 2
h  v 0y t1  g t12   29.6 m/s  3.02s    - 9.8m/s 2   3.02s   44.7 m
2 2
(c) T = total time of flight = 2 t1 = 2 x ( 3.02 s ) = 6.04 s
R = horizontal range
R = v0x T = (22.2 m/s)(6.04 s) = 134 m

Example:3.12
Passengers on a carnival ride move at constant speed in a horizontal circle of radius 5.0 m, making a complete
circle in 4.0 s. What is their acceleration?
Solution:
Radial acceleration of the pas is passenger is
2 2
v2  2πR   1  4π2 R 4π2  5.0 m 
a rad = =  = = 12m/s2 = 1.3g
R  T   R  T2 (4.0s)2
Example:3.14
An airplane’s compass indicates that it is headed due north, and its airspeed indicator shows that it is moving
through the air at 240 km/h. If there is a 100-km h wind from west to east, what is the velocity of the airplane
relative to the earth?
Solution:

v P/A = 240 km/h due north

v A/E = 100 km/h due east
    2 2
v P/E  v P/A  v A/E  v P/E  v P/A  v A/E
 2 2
 v P/E   240 km/h   100 km/h   260 km/h
v A/E  100 km/h 
tan α =  α = tan -1  0
  23 E of N
v P/A  240 km/h 

ITER, SOA University Page 9


Lecture Note by: Dr. Rajanikanta Parida Motion in 2 or 3 dimension Chapter 3

Solution to the Assignment Problems


Exercise-3.4 A ladder of 6 m length, which is in contact with a vertical wall and
horizontal ground slides down the vertical plane. When the lower
end is at a distance of 3 m from the wall, its velocity is 4 m/s.
What is the velocity of the upper end at that instant?
Solution:
x 2  y 2 = 62
y = 62  x 2  36  9  3 3m
Again
x 2 + y 2 = 62
dx dy
2x  2y 0
dt dt
x Vx  y Vy  0
x 3m
Vy = - Vx = -  4m/s  = - 2.039m/s
y 3 3m

Exercise-3.9 Two particles are thrown up simultaneously with a velocity of 30 m/s, one thrown vertically
and another at 45 0 with respect to the horizon. Find out the distance between them at t = 1.5s.
(34.44m)
Solution: Particle thrown vertical upward
Height reached after t = 1.5s is
1 2 1 2
h  v0y t 
2 2
 
a y t   30 m/s 1.5s   - 9.8m/s2 1.5s   33.975m

Particle thrown at 450 with respect to the horizon


v0 = 30 m/s α0 = 450
Components of the initial velocity of the ball are
v0x = v0 cos α0 = (30m/s) cos 45° = 21.21m/s
v0y = v0 sin α 0 = (30m/s) sin 45° = 21.21m/s
x-co-ordinate of displacement after t = 1.5s is
x = v0x t = (21.21 m/s)(1.5s) = 31.819 m/s
y-co-ordinate of displacement after t = 1.5s is
1 2 1 2
y  v0y t 
2 2
 
a y t   21.21 m/s 1.5s   - 9.8m/s2 1.5s   20.795m

Now, distance AB is
2 2
AB   31.819 m   13.18 m   34.44m
Exercise-3.31 The radius of the earth’s orbit around the sun (assumed to be circular) is 1.50 x 108 km, and the
earth travels around this orbit in 365 days.
(a) What is the magnitude of the orbital velocity of the earth, in m/s?
(b) What is the radial acceleration of the earth toward the sun, in m/s2?
(c) Repeat parts (a) and (b) for the motion of the planet Mercury (orbit radius = 5.79 x 107
km, orbital period = 88.0 days).

ITER, SOA University Page 10


Lecture Note by: Dr. Rajanikanta Parida Motion in 2 or 3 dimension Chapter 3

Solution:
Planets are assumed to be moving in circular orbits and therefore have acceleration
Radius (R) of the earth’s orbit = 1.50 x 108 km = 1.50 x 1011 m
Orbital period (T) of the earth = 365 days = 3.16 x 107s
2πR 2π(1.50 x 1011m)
(a) Orbital velocity of the earth is v = = = 2.98 x 104 m/s
T 3.16 x 107s
(b) Radial acceleration of the earth toward the sun is
2

a rad =
v2
=

2.98 x 104 m/s 
= 5.91 x 10-3m/s2
R (1.50 x 1011m)
(c) Radius (R) of the Mercury’s orbit = 5.79 x 107 km = 5.79 x 10 10 m
Orbital period (T) of the Mercury = 88 days = 7.6 x 106s
2πR 2π(5.79 x 1010m)
Orbital velocity of the Mercury is v = = 6
= 4.79 x 104 m/s
T 7.6 x 10 s
2

Radial acceleration of the Mercury is a rad =


v2
=
 4.79 x 10
4
m/s  = 3.96 x 10-2m/s2
R (5.79 x 1010m)

So, Mercury has a larger orbital velocity and a larger radial acceleration than earth.

Exercise-3.36 A canoe has a velocity of 0.4 m/s southeast relative to the earth. The canoe is on a river that is
flowing 0.5 m/s east relative to the earth. Find the velocity (magnitude and direction) of the
canoe relative to the river. (0.36m/s, 52.5 0 west of south)
Solution:

v C/E = velocity of canoe relative to the earth = 0.4 m/s
due southeast

v R/E = velocity of river relative to the earth =
0.5 m/s due east

v C/R = velocity of canoe relative to the river
  
v C/E  v C/R  v R/E
  
 v C/R  v C/E - v R/E

The velocity components of v C/R are

- 0.50 m/s +
 0.40 m/s   - 0.50 m/s + 0.283 m/s  - 0.217 m/s due east
2
 0.40 m/s 
 0.283 m/s due south
2

vC/R  (0.283m/s)2  (- 0.217m/s) 2

 vC/R  0.36m/s
0.283
tan α =  1.3  α = tan -1 1.3  52.430 W of S
0.217

ITER, SOA University Page 11

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