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    Digital Electronics: Dr. Brij Bhushan Sharma Assistant Professor Ysaicds

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    Tanish Kapoor
    Digital signals can have only discrete values, usually represented as 1s and 0s. They transition between values instantaneously, unlike analog signals which vary continuously. Common digital signals include computer data and audio stored as sequences of 1s and 0s. Analog signals are continuous waves that can have any value within a range, such as sound waves. Digital systems are easier to design and more accurate than analog, and are widely used in computers, phones and other devices. Data is generally converted from analog to digital form before processing.

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    Digital Electronics: Dr. Brij Bhushan Sharma Assistant Professor Ysaicds

    Uploaded by

    Tanish Kapoor
    21 views7 pages
    Digital signals can have only discrete values, usually represented as 1s and 0s. They transition between values instantaneously, unlike analog signals which vary continuously. Common digital signals include computer data and audio stored as sequences of 1s and 0s. Analog signals are continuous waves that can have any value within a range, such as sound waves. Digital systems are easier to design and more accurate than analog, and are widely used in computers, phones and other devices. Data is generally converted from analog to digital form before processing.

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    Digital signals can have only discrete values, usually represented as 1s and 0s. They transition between values instantaneously, unlike analog signals which vary continuously. Common digital signals include computer data and audio stored as sequences of 1s and 0s. Analog signals are continuous waves that can have any value within a range, such as sound waves. Digital systems are easier to design and more accurate than analog, and are widely used in computers, phones and other devices. Data is generally converted from analog to digital form before processing.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Download as pdf or txt
    21 views7 pages

    Digital Electronics: Dr. Brij Bhushan Sharma Assistant Professor Ysaicds

    Uploaded by

    Tanish Kapoor
    Digital signals can have only discrete values, usually represented as 1s and 0s. They transition between values instantaneously, unlike analog signals which vary continuously. Common digital signals include computer data and audio stored as sequences of 1s and 0s. Analog signals are continuous waves that can have any value within a range, such as sound waves. Digital systems are easier to design and more accurate than analog, and are widely used in computers, phones and other devices. Data is generally converted from analog to digital form before processing.

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    Digital

    Electronics

    Dr. Brij Bhushan Sharma


    Assistant Professor
    YSAICDS
    Signal: An electromagnetic or electrical current used to transfer data from one
    device or network to another is known as a signal. It describes any time-varying
    voltage that is an information-carrying electromagnetic wave in electronics and
    telecoms. Another way to think of a signal is as an apparent shift in quality, like
    quantity. Signals can be divided into two categories: analog and digital.
    ***Analog and Digital

    Analog: Analog refers to something, i.e., continuous. A set of points of data and
    all possible points in between.

    Digital: Refers to something, i.e., a discrete set of specific points of data with no
    other points in between.

    An example of analog data is a human voice. When somebody speaks, a


    continuous wave is created in the air. Microphones can capture this and convert
    it to an analog signal. An example of digital data is the data stored in the
    memory of a computer in the form of 0’s and 1’s. It is usually converted to a
    digital signal when it is transferred from one position to another inside or
    outside the computer.

    An analog signal is a continuous waveform that changes smoothly over time. As


    the wave moves from value A to value B. It passes through an infinite number of
    values along its path. A digital signal, on the other hand, is discrete. It can have
    only a limited number of defined values, often as simple as 1 and 0. The
    transition of a digital signal from value to value is instantaneous, like a light
    being switched off and on.

    Analog Signals: Analog Signals are Continuous signals and can have value
    in a limited range. Analog S/g is defined as “Voltage or current whose size is
    proportional to the quantity it represents.”
    In the real world, Some Examples are Sound, velocity, temperature, pressure,
    etc.
    An analog signal is represented as

    Fig 1. Analog Signal


    1
    Analog signals can be classified as simple or composite. A simple analog signal
    or sine wave cannot be decomposed into simpler signals. A composite signal is
    composed of multiple sine waves.
    The sine wave is the most fundamental form of a periodic analog signal
    visualized as a simple oscillating curve, it's change over the course of a cycle is
    a smooth and consistent, continuous rolling flow. A sine wave can be fully
    described by three characteristics amplitude, period or frequency, and Phase.

    Frequency Maximum Amplitude


    will be no.
    of Cycles or
    periods in
    one second.

    Period or one Cycle Maximum Amplitude

    Figure 2. Amplitude, Frequency and Period

    Amplitude: On a graph, the amplitude of a signal. It is the value of the signal.


    At any point. On the wave. It is equal to the vertical distance from a given point.
    On the way from the horizontal axis. The amplitude of a sine wave is equal to
    the highest value it reaches on the vertical axis.
    Amplitude is measured in either Volts, amperes, or watts. Depending on the type
    of signal.
    Period and Frequency: Period refers to the amount of time in seconds the
    signal needs to complete one cycle. Frequency refers to the number of periods in
    one second. The frequency of the signal is its number of cycles per second.

    Digital Signals
    The digital signal is one that changes between two discrete levels
    of voltage or values. Two different representation of digital signals
    is shown in Figure 3.

    Figure 3. Digital Signals


    2
    In the two levels shown above. The voltage level is not fixed, for example, any
    voltage between 0 to 1 V is considered as logic low. Whereas voltage levels
    between 3.5 to 5V is considered as logic high. These two discrete low and high
    levels can also be represented by 0 and 1. These 0 and 1 are not actual 0 and 1
    but are logic 0 and logic 1. Logic 0 represents the voltage level of low. That is
    zero to one Volt. Whereas logic 1 represents voltage of high that is 3.5 to 5 V.
    The two levels can also be designated as on and off or true and false. A binary
    digit, (0 or 1) is referred to as a bit. Since a digital signal can have only one of
    the two possible levels. One or zero? The binary number system can be used for
    the analysis and design of digital systems.

    Advantages and Applications of Digital Systems.


    The main advantages of using digital systems are as follows:

    1. Digital systems are easier to design.


    2. Digital systems have got fast response time. That is, the circuits are
    fast.
    3. On digital systems, information can be stored and retrieved easily.
    4. Digital systems are much more accurate and have greater precision.
    5. Digital systems are less affected by noise.
    6. A set of stored instructions can operate a digital system.
    7. Digital systems are easier to use because the direct display of data is
    convenient to read.
    8. Digital circuits can be fabricated on IC chips.

    Some of the reasons for the widespread use of digital systems are as
    follows:
    1. Digital devices operate in only Two states, i.e., 1 and o or On and Off.
    No third state is available, and this results in a simple operation.
    2. Only a few basic operations in digital circuits are available, and these
    are easy to understand.
    3. Techniques use Boolean algebra, which is easy to understand.
    4. A Large number of ICs are available for performing various
    operations. These are fast, reliable, accurate, and small inside.
    5. Various ICs are available in the logic family with similar electrical
    characteristics, which makes the design and development of digital
    circuits very simple and also reduces interfacing problems.
    6. The effect of fluctuations in the characteristics of components. aging of
    components temperature and noise etc., is very small in digital circuits.
    7. Digital circuits have large memory capacity, making them suitable for
    use in calculators, computers, telephones, etc.

    3
    8. The display of the data and other information is very convenient,
    accurate, and elegant using digital techniques.

    In addition to being represented by an analog signal, data can also be


    represented by a digital signal. For example, a 1 can be encoded as
    positive voltage and 0 as zero voltage. As illustrated in Figure 4.

    Figure 4

    Bit Interval & Bit Rate: Most digital signals are periodic, and thus period
    or frequency is inappropriate. Two new terms, bit interval (instead of period)
    and bit rate (instead of frequency), describe the digital signal. The bit interval is
    the time required to send one bit. The bit rate is the number of bit intervals per
    second. This means that the bit rate is the number of bits sent in one second,
    usually expressed as bits per second or bps.

    4
    Number System
    A Computer understands information composed of zeros and ones.
    Therefore, instructions and data processed by the computer should be in the
    form of zeros and ones. But we are familiar with the number system in which an
    ordered set of 10 symbols: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9 known as digits are used
    to specify any number. These ten numbers are the basic numbers and are used to
    formulate other numbers this number system is known as decimal number
    system as there are 10 basic numbers that are used to formulate other numbers
    the radix or base of these number system is 10. The decimal number system is
    convenient for the programmer. The computer uses binary digits for its
    operation. In the binary system there are only 2 digits 0 and 1. As it has got 2
    values the radix or base is 2 and these values are used to formulate other
    numbers. The binary number system is very important in digital electronics, but
    decimal number system is universally excepted. Therefore, decimal number
    system has to be converted into binary value before they are entered into the
    digital system. After processing the output obtained in the binary value must be
    converted into decimal value so that people can understand it. Therefore,
    conversion mechanism is required for converting a value from binary to
    decimal and vice versa. Besides binary and decimal number system other
    number systems are Octal having a base 8 and Hexadecimal having a base 16.

    Decimal Number System


    The decimal number system has 10 separate symbols 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6,
    7, 8, 9. These are called Arabic numerals. The base or radix of a number system
    is defined as “the number of different digits which can occur in each position
    in the number system.” As the decimal number system has 10 different digits
    (0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9) and anyone of them may be used in each position in a
    number, therefore decimal number system has a base or radix of 10.

    Important characteristics of number system


    1. The base of radix is equal to the number of digits.
    2. The largest digit is one less than the base.
    3. Each digit is multiplied by the base of radix raised to an appropriate
    power depending upon the digits position to get its place value.

    Position of each of the digit in the decimal number system indicates the
    magnitude of the quantity represented and can be assigned a weight. The value
    of attachment number is the sum of the digits times of their respective column
    weights. e.g.,

    5
    The digit 4 has a weight of 10 has indicated by exposition and digit 7 has a
    weight of one as indicated by its position.

    Another example

    4732?

    So, here the digit 4 has a weight 1000, 7 has weight 100, 3 has weight 10 and 2
    has a weight 1.

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