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That historic experiment was carried out on May 29, 1919, exactly 98 years ago
today. [Einstein's Theory of Relativity Explained (Infographic)]
One of the key tenets of general relativity is that space is not static. The motions of
objects can change the structure of space. By contrast, in Newton's view of the
universe, space is "inert."
All masses cause a curvature of space-time, but the effect is subtle, and testing
Einstein's theory would require very massive objects, like stars. Today, astronomers
looking deep into the cosmos observe massive objects like galaxies as they warp
space-time and alter the path of passing photons, in an effect called gravitational
lensing. The light from objects that lie beyond the massive object literally appears in
a different location in the sky.
But in the early 20th century those observations weren't yet possible. Europe was in
the middle of World War I, which kept Einstein’s work isolated mainly to the
German-speaking science community. Without being able to experimentally test his
new theory, Einstein's idea might have languished indefinitely in a journal on a dusty
library bookshelf.
However, British astronomer Sir Arthur Eddington was paying attention to Einstein's
outlandish yet powerful new ideas after getting word from Dutch physicist Willem De
Sitter (Holland was a neutral nation during WWI) and realized he could lead an
experiment to test the theory.
During a total solar eclipse, the moon orbits directly in front of the sun, completely
blocking the light from the sun's disk. These beautiful events allowed Earth dwellers
to get their first glimpse of the sun's magnetized atmosphere ― the corona ― before
the invention of the telescope. The moon acts as a natural occulter that blocks the
sun's glare, revealing structures in the relatively weak glow of coronal gases.
In 1917, Sir Frank Watson Dyson, Astronomer Royal of Britain, had conceived an
experiment that would plot the positions of background stars close to the sun's limb
during an eclipse — an experiment that Eddington would lead two years later. If the
positions of the stars could be precisely measured during the 1919 eclipse and then
compared with their normal positions in the sky, the effects of warped space-time
could be observed — beyond what Newton’s classical mechanics would predict. If
the position of the stars were altered in exactly the way that Einstein's theory
predicted they should be, then this might be just the test general relativity needed.
Eddington most likely knew that if this test confirmed general relativity theory, it
would turn the view of the Newtonian universe on its head.
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