IV.

PROCEDURES

Presented here are the procedures the proponents followed in doing the experiment.

A. RC Circuit
1. Connect the circuit as shown in Figure 1.1

Figure 1.1 Schematic diagram of a simple RC Circuit

Figure 1.2 Model Circuit of the given RC Circuit

 2. Measure the total current and the current across the lamp and across the 5
uF capacitor using current probe or ammeter.

Figure 1.3 Total current measurement of the RC Circuit.

Figure 1.4 Current measurement of the lamp in the RC Circuit

Figure 1.5 Current measurement of the capacitor of the RC Circuit

3. Measure the voltage of the source (eT), lamp (eR) and the capacitor (eC)
using a multimeter.

Figure 1.6 Voltage source of the RC Circuit

 Figure 1.7 Lamp Voltage of the RC Circuit

Figure 1.8 Capacitor Voltage of the RC Circuit

 4. Using Ohm’s Law, compute the voltage and current for each component.
Record it at Table 1.1 and 1.2. Use the formula.

1 𝑉𝑇
𝑋𝑐 = Ω 2 2
2π𝑓𝐶 𝑍 = 𝐼𝑇
= 𝑅 + 𝑋𝐶

1
𝑋𝑐 = 2π(60𝐻𝑧)(5𝑢𝐹)
Ω 219.997 𝑉
𝑍 = 308.506 𝑚𝐴

𝑋𝑐 = 530. 5165 Ω
𝑍 = 713. 1044 Ω
Eqn. 1.1. Solution for Capacitor
Eqn. 1.4. Solution for Impedance
Reactance
2 2
𝑉𝑐 713. 1044 Ω = 𝑅 + 530. 5165
𝐼𝑐 = 𝑋𝑐

𝑅 = 476. 5188 Ω
161.559 𝑉
𝐼𝑐 = 530.5165 Ω
Eqn. 1.5. Solution for Lamp Resistance
𝐼𝑐 = 304. 5315 𝑚𝐴
𝑉𝑅 = 𝑅𝐼𝑅
Eqn. 1.2. Solution for Capacitor Current
𝑉𝑅 = (476. 5188Ω)(308. 528𝑚𝐴)
𝑉𝑐 = 𝑋𝑐𝐼𝑐
𝑉𝑅 = 147. 0194 𝑉
𝑉𝑐 = (530. 5165 Ω)(308. 527 𝑚𝐴)

𝑉𝑐 = 163. 6787 𝑉 Eqn. 1.6. Solution for Lamp Voltage

Eqn. 1.3. Solution for Capacitor Voltage

 𝑉𝑅
2 2
𝐼𝑅 = 𝑅 𝑉𝑇 = 𝑉𝑅 + 𝑉𝐶

149.318 𝑉
𝐼𝑅 = 2 2
476.5188Ω 𝑉𝑇 = 147. 0194 + 163. 6787

𝐼𝑅 = 313. 3518 𝑚𝐴
𝑉𝑇 = 220. 0123 𝑉

Eqn. 1.7. Solution for Lamp Current

Eqn. 1.8. Solution for Total Voltage

𝑉𝑇
𝐼𝑇 = 𝑍

220.0123 𝑉
𝐼𝑇 = 713.1044 Ω

𝐼𝑇 = 308. 5275 𝑚𝐴

Eqn. 1.9. Solution for Total Current

5. Compute the magnitude and phase angle of the impedance using the
equation Z = R – jXc, where Xc = 1/2πfC. Use the 5 uF for the value of C.

−1 −𝑋𝐶
Θ = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 ( 𝑅
)

−1 −530.5165
Θ = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 ( 476.5188
)

Θ = − 48. 0693 𝐷𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑒𝑠

Eqn. 1.10. Solution for Phase Angle

 6. Compute the percent difference between the measure and the computed
value of the impedance.

𝑉𝑂𝑅 − 𝑉𝐶𝑅 𝑉𝑂𝐶 − 𝑉𝐶𝐶

%𝑉𝑅 = 𝑉𝑂𝑅
%𝑉𝐶 = 𝑉𝑂𝐶

149.318 𝑉 − 147.0194 𝑉 161.559 𝑉 − 163.6787 𝑉

%𝑉𝑅 = 149.318 𝑉
%𝑉𝐶 = 161.559 𝑉

%𝑉𝑅 = 1. 5394% %𝑉𝐶 = 1. 312%

𝑉𝑂𝑇 − 𝑉𝐶𝑇
%𝑉𝑇 = 𝑉𝑂𝑇

219.997 𝑉 − 220.0123 𝑉
%𝑉𝑇 = 219.997 𝑉

%𝑉𝑇 = 0. 007%

Eqn. 1.11. Solution for Voltage Percent Differences

𝐼𝑂𝑅 − 𝐼𝐶𝑅 𝐼𝑂𝐶 − 𝐼𝐶𝐶

%𝐼𝑅 = 𝐼𝑂𝑅
%𝐼𝐶 = 𝐼𝑂𝐶

308.528 𝑚𝐴 − 313.3518 𝑚𝐴 308.527 𝑚𝐴−304.5315 𝑚𝐴

%𝐼𝑅 = 308.528 𝑚𝐴
%𝐼𝐶 = 308.527 𝑚𝐴

%𝐼𝑅 = 1. 5635% %𝐼𝐶 = 1. 295%

𝐼𝑂𝑇 − 𝐼𝐶𝑇
%𝐼𝑇 = 𝐼𝑂𝑇

308.506 𝑚𝐴 −308.5275 𝑚𝐴
%𝐼𝑇 = 308.506 𝑚𝐴

%𝐼𝑇 = 0. 007%

Eqn. 1.11. Solution for Current Percent Differences

B. RL Circuit
a. Connect the circuit shown in Figure 4.

Figure 4.1 Schematic diagram of a simple RC Circuit

Figure 4.2 Model Circuit of the given RL Circuit

 b. Measure the total current and the current across the lamp and across the
1.389 H inductor. These values can be measured using current probe or
ammeter.

Figure 4.3 Total current measurement of the RL Circuit.

Figure 4.4 Current measurement of the lamp within the RL Circuit

Figure 4.5 Current measurement of the lamp within the RL Circuit

c. Measure the voltage of the source (eT), lamp (eR) and the inductor (eL).
These are measured using a Multimeter in order to follow the procedural
figures given.

Figure 4.6 Voltage measurement of the source of the RL Circuit

Figure 4.7 Voltage measurement of the lamp within the RL Circuit
Figure 4.8 Voltage measurement of the Inductor within the RL Circuit

d. Using Ohm’s Law, compute the voltage and current for each component.
Record it at Table 1 and 2. Use the formula

𝑋𝑙 = 2π𝑓𝐿Ω

𝑋𝑙 = 2π(60 𝐻𝑧)(1. 389 𝐻)Ω

𝑋𝑙 = 523. 6407 Ω

Eqn. 2.1 Solution for Inductor Reactance

𝐸𝑙
𝑋𝑙 = 𝐼𝑙

𝐸𝑙
𝐼𝑙 = 𝑋𝑙

161.797 𝑉
𝐼𝑙 = 523.6407 Ω

𝐼𝑙 = 0. 3089848 𝐴 = 308. 9848 𝑚𝐴

Eqn. 2.2 Solution for Inductor Current

𝑉𝑙 = 𝐼𝑡𝑋𝑙

𝑉𝑙 = (307. 989𝑚𝐴)(523. 6407 Ω)

𝑉𝑙 = 161. 2756 𝑉

Eqn. 2.3 Solution for Inductor Voltage

𝑉𝑡
𝐼𝑡 = 𝑍𝑡
 𝑉𝑡
𝑍𝑡 = 𝐼𝑡

219.999 𝑉
𝑍𝑡 = 307.989 𝑚𝐴

𝑍𝑡 = 714. 3080 Ω

Eqn. 2.4 Solution for Impedance

2 2
𝑍𝑡 = 𝑅 + 𝑋𝑙

2 2
714. 3080 Ω = 𝑅 + 523. 6407 Ω

𝑅 = 485. 8357 Ω

Eqn. 2.5 Solution for Lamp Resistance

𝑉𝑟 = 𝐼𝑡𝑅

𝑉𝑟 = (307. 989 𝑚𝐴)( 485. 8357 Ω )

𝑉𝑟 = 149. 6321 𝑉

Eqn. 2.6 Solution for Lamp Voltage

𝑉𝑅
𝐼𝑅 = 𝑅

149.6321 𝑉
𝐼𝑅 = 485.8357 Ω

149.6321 𝑉
𝐼𝑅 = 485.8357 Ω

𝐼𝑅 = 307. 9891 𝑚𝐴

Eqn. 2.7 Solution for Lamp Current

 2 2
𝑉𝑇 = 𝑉𝑟 + 𝑉𝑙

2 2
𝑉𝑇 = 149. 6321 𝑉 + 161. 2756 𝑉

𝑉𝑇 = 219.9991 V

Eqn. 2.8 Solution for Total Voltage

𝑉𝑇
𝐼𝑇 = 𝑍

219.9991
𝐼𝑇 = 714.3080 Ω

𝐼𝑇 = 0. 3080 𝐴 𝑜𝑟 307. 9891 𝑚𝐴

Eqn. 2.9 Solution for Total Current

e. Compute the magnitude and phase angle of the impedance using the
equation Z = R + jXl, where Xl = 2πfL. Use the 1.389 H inductor for the
value of L.

𝑉𝑟
Ө = cos-1 𝑉𝑡

149.6321 𝑉
Ө = cos-1 219.9991 𝑉

Ө = 47.1447°

Eqn. 2.10 Solution for Phase angle

 f. Compute the percent difference between the measure and the compute the
value of the impedance.

𝑉𝑂𝑅 − 𝑉𝐶𝑅 𝑉𝑂𝐿 − 𝑉𝐶𝐿

%𝑉𝑅 𝑉𝑂𝑅
* 100 %𝑉𝐿 = 𝑉𝑂𝐿
* 100

149.055 𝑉 − 149.6321 𝑉 161.797 𝑉 − 161.2756 𝑉

%𝑉𝑅 = 149.055 𝑉
%𝑉𝐿 = 161.797 𝑉
* 100

%𝑉𝑅 = 3. 8717𝑥10-3 * 100 %𝑉𝐿 = 3. 2225𝑥10-3 * 100

%𝑉𝑅 =. 3872% %𝑉𝐿 =. 3223%

𝑉𝑂𝑇 − 𝑉𝐶𝑇
%𝑉𝑇 = 𝑉𝑂𝑇

219.999 𝑉 − 219.9991 𝑉
%𝑉𝑇 = 219.999 𝑉

−7
%𝑉𝑇 = 4. 54𝑥10 * 100

%𝑉𝑇 = 0. 00005%

Eqn. 2.10 Solution for Voltage Percent Differences

𝐼𝑂𝑅 − 𝐼𝐶𝑅
%𝐼𝑅 = 𝐼𝑂𝑅
* 100

307.989 𝑚𝐴− 307.9891

%𝐼𝑅 = 307.989𝑚𝐴
* 100

−7
%𝐼𝑅 =3.24𝑥10 * 100

%𝐼𝑅 = 0. 00003%
 𝐼𝑂𝐿 − 𝐼𝐶𝐿 𝐼𝑂𝑇 − 𝐼𝐶𝑇
%𝐼𝐿 = 𝐼𝑂𝐿
* 100 %𝐼𝑇 = 𝐼𝑂𝑇
* 100

307.988 𝑚𝐴− 307.9848 307.989 𝑚𝐴− 307.9891 𝑚𝐴

%𝐼𝐿 = 307.988 𝑚𝐴
* 100 %𝐼𝑇 = 307.989 𝑚𝐴
* 100

%𝐼𝐿 =1.36 x 10-5 * 100 %𝐼𝑇 =3.24x10-7 * 100

%𝐼𝐿 = 0. 0010% %𝐼𝑇 = 0. 00003%

Eqn. 2.11 Solution for Current Percent Differences

V. DATA AND RESULTS

RC Circuit

Voltage (V) R C Total

Workbench 149.318 V 161.559 V 219.997 V

Computation 147.0194 V 163.6787 V 220.0123 V

% Difference 1.5394% 1.312% 0.007%

Table 1.1 Simulation and Computation of the Voltage in the RC Circuit

Current (A) R C Total

Workbench 308.528 mA 308.527 mA 308.506 mA

Computation 313.3518 mA 304.5315 mA 308.5275 mA

% Difference 1.5635% 1.295% 0.007%

Table 1.2 Simulation and Computation of the Current in the RC Circuit

Phase Magnitude = Impedance (ZR) = 713.1044 Ω

Phase Angle(Θ) = -48.0693°