Institute of Technology of Department of Electrical and

Cambodia Energy Engineering

AC-DC Halt-Wave Rectifier

GROUP: I4-GEE-EE (B1)

LECTURED BY:
Mr. Am Sochea

NAME AND ID OF THE TEAM MEMBERS:

1. SEAB PANHA e20200468
2. SENG DALIN e20200282

Academic Year
Semester1
2023-2024
ITC Power Electronic

Exercise
1. The halt-wave rectifier circuit of Figure.3-1a has 𝑉𝑉𝑠𝑠 (𝑡𝑡) = 170 sin(377𝑡𝑡) 𝑉𝑉 and a load
resistance 𝑅𝑅 = 15 \𝛺𝛺. Determine (a) the average load circuit, (b) the rms load circuit,
(c) the power absorbed by the load circuit, (d) the apparent power supplied by the
source, and (e) the power factor of the circuit.

Solution
We have:
𝑉𝑉𝑚𝑚 = 170𝑣𝑣
𝜔𝜔 = 377𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟/𝑠𝑠
𝑅𝑅 = 15Ω
(a). Determine the average load circuit.
Follow formula:
𝑉𝑉𝑚𝑚
𝐼𝐼𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 =
𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋
170
𝐼𝐼𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 = = 3.60𝐴𝐴
𝜋𝜋 × 15

Thus: 𝐼𝐼𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 = 3.60𝐴𝐴

(b). Determine the rms load circuit.

Follow formula:
𝑉𝑉𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟
𝐼𝐼𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 =
𝑅𝑅
Since:
𝑉𝑉𝑚𝑚
𝑉𝑉𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 =
2

𝑉𝑉𝑚𝑚 170
⟹ 𝐼𝐼𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 = = = 5.66𝐴𝐴
2𝑅𝑅 2 × 15

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Thus: 𝐼𝐼𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 = 5.66𝐴𝐴

(c). Determine the power absorbed by the load circuit.

Follow formula:
2
2
𝑉𝑉𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟
𝑃𝑃𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 = 𝐼𝐼𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 × 𝑅𝑅 =
𝑅𝑅

⟹ 𝑃𝑃𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 = (5.66)2 × 15 = 470.4𝑊𝑊

Thus: 𝑃𝑃𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 = 470.4𝑊𝑊

(d). Determine the apparent power supplied by the source.

Follow formula:
𝑃𝑃𝑜𝑜 = 𝑉𝑉0 × 𝐼𝐼0
170
𝑃𝑃𝑜𝑜 = × 3.60 = 194.9𝑊𝑊
𝜋𝜋
Thus: 𝑃𝑃𝑜𝑜 = 194.9𝑊𝑊

(e). Determine the power factor of the circuit.

Follow formula:
𝑃𝑃 𝑃𝑃0 + 𝑃𝑃𝑟𝑟
𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 = =
𝑆𝑆 𝑉𝑉𝑠𝑠,𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 × 𝐼𝐼𝑠𝑠,𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟

𝑉𝑉𝑚𝑚
𝑉𝑉𝑠𝑠,𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 =
√2

√2 × 𝑃𝑃 (470.4 + 194.9)
𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 = = √2 × = 0.9883
𝑉𝑉𝑚𝑚 × 𝐼𝐼𝑠𝑠,𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 170 × 5.6

Thus: 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 = 0.9883

Simulation in LTSpice

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Figure 1: The circuit simulation of exercise1

Figure 2: The graph of exercise1

Figure 3: The result simulation of exercise1

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2. The half-wave rectifier circuit of Fig.3-1a has a transformer inserted between the
source and the remainder of the circuit. The source is 240𝑉𝑉𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 at 60𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻 and the load
resistor is 20𝛺𝛺. (a) Determine the required turns ratio of transformer such that the
average load current is 12𝐴𝐴. (b) Determine the average current in the primary winding
of the transformer.

Solution

We have:

𝑉𝑉𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 = 240𝑉𝑉

𝑓𝑓 = 60𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻

𝑅𝑅 = 20Ω

𝐼𝐼0 = 12𝐴𝐴

(a). Determine the required turns ratio of transformer such that the average load
current is 12A.

Following formula:

𝑉𝑉𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑉𝑉0
𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 = =
𝑉𝑉𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 𝑉𝑉𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟

𝑉𝑉𝑚𝑚
𝑉𝑉0 = 𝐼𝐼0 𝑅𝑅 = 12 × 20 = 240𝑉𝑉, 𝑉𝑉𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 =
√2
𝑉𝑉𝑚𝑚 = 𝑉𝑉0 𝜋𝜋 = 240 × 𝜋𝜋 = 754𝑉𝑉

𝑉𝑉𝑚𝑚 754
𝑉𝑉𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 = = = 533𝑉𝑉
√2 √2
240
𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 = = 0.45
533

Thus: 𝑇𝑇𝑢𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 = 0.45

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(b). Determine the average current in the primary winding of the transformer.
Following formula:

𝐼𝐼𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎
𝐼𝐼𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 =
𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟

𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 = 0.45, 𝐼𝐼𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 = 12𝐴𝐴

12
𝐼𝐼𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 = = 26.66𝐴𝐴
0.45

Thus: 𝐼𝐼𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 = 26.66𝐴𝐴

Simulation in LTSpice

Figure 4: The circuit simulation of exercise 2

Figure 5: The graph simulation of exercise 2

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Figure 6: The result simulation of exercise 2

3. A half-wave rectifier has a source of 120𝑉𝑉𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 at 60𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻 and an RL load with 𝑅𝑅 = 12𝛺𝛺
and L=12mH. Determine (a) an expression for load current, (b) the average current,
(c)the power absorbed by the resistor, and (d) the power factor.

Solution

We have:

𝑉𝑉𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 = 120𝑉𝑉
𝑓𝑓 = 50𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻
𝑅𝑅 = 12Ω
𝐿𝐿 = 12𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = 12 × 10−3 𝐻𝐻
𝜔𝜔 = 2𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋 = 100𝜋𝜋
(a). Determine an expression for load current.

Following formula RL load:

𝑖𝑖(𝑡𝑡) = 𝑖𝑖𝑓𝑓 (𝑡𝑡) + 𝑖𝑖𝑛𝑛 (𝑡𝑡)

𝑉𝑉𝑚𝑚
𝑖𝑖𝑓𝑓 (𝑡𝑡) = sin(𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔 − 𝜃𝜃)
𝑍𝑍
That:

𝑍𝑍 = �𝑅𝑅2 + (𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔)2 = �122 + (100𝜋𝜋 × 12 × 10−3 )2 = 12.57Ω

𝑉𝑉𝑚𝑚 = √2𝑉𝑉𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 = 169.2𝑉𝑉

𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔 10−3
𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔 = = 100𝜋𝜋 × 12 × = 0.314 𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟
𝑅𝑅 12

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𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔
𝜃𝜃 = tan−1 � � = tan−1 (0.314 ) = 17.430 = 0.32 𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟
𝑅𝑅
𝑡𝑡
𝑖𝑖𝑛𝑛 (𝑡𝑡) = 𝐴𝐴𝑒𝑒 −𝜏𝜏
𝑉𝑉𝑚𝑚
𝐴𝐴 = 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝜃𝜃 = 13.21 sin(0.32) = 4.86
𝑍𝑍
Where:
𝑉𝑉𝑚𝑚 𝑡𝑡
𝑖𝑖(𝑡𝑡) = 𝑖𝑖𝑓𝑓 (𝑡𝑡) + 𝑖𝑖𝑛𝑛 (𝑡𝑡) = sin(𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔 − 𝜃𝜃) + 𝐴𝐴𝑒𝑒 −𝜏𝜏
𝑍𝑍
𝑉𝑉𝑚𝑚 𝑡𝑡 𝑡𝑡
𝑖𝑖(𝑡𝑡) = 𝑖𝑖𝑓𝑓 (𝑡𝑡) + 𝑖𝑖𝑛𝑛 (𝑡𝑡) = sin(𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔 − 𝜃𝜃) + 𝐴𝐴𝑒𝑒 −𝜏𝜏 = 13.21 sin(100𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋 − 0.32 ) + 4.86𝑒𝑒 −𝜏𝜏
𝑍𝑍
𝑉𝑉𝑚𝑚 𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔
⟹ 𝑖𝑖0 (𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔) = �sin(𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔 − θ) + sin(𝜃𝜃) 𝑒𝑒 −𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔 �
|𝑍𝑍|
−𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔
𝑖𝑖0 (𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔) = 13.21 sin(100𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋 − 0.32 ) + 13.21 sin(0.32) 𝑒𝑒 𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔 = 0
ωL 12 × 10−3
𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔 = = 2 × 3.14 × 60 × = 0.37𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟
R 12
Then:

⇒ 𝛽𝛽 = 𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔
−𝛽𝛽
sin(𝛽𝛽 − 0.32) + sin(0.32) 𝑒𝑒 0.37 = 0

The root is 𝛽𝛽 = 3.460938 𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟

(b). Determine the average current.

Following formula:

1 3.460938 −𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔
𝐼𝐼0 = � 13.21 �sin(𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔 − 0.32 ) + sin(0.32) 𝑒𝑒 0.37 � 𝑑𝑑(𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔)
2𝜋𝜋 0
27.2770
𝐼𝐼0 = = 4.343𝐴𝐴
2𝜋𝜋
Thus: 𝐼𝐼0 = 4.343𝐴𝐴

(c). Determine the power absorbed by the resistor.

Following formula:

2
𝑃𝑃 = 𝐼𝐼𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 𝑅𝑅

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Where:

𝛽𝛽 𝛽𝛽
1 1
𝐼𝐼𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 = � � 𝑖𝑖 2 (𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔)𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = � � 𝑖𝑖(𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔)𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
2𝜋𝜋 2𝜋𝜋
0 0

2
1 3.460938 −𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔
=� � �13.21 �sin(𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔 − 0.32 ) + sin(0.32) 𝑒𝑒 0.37 �� 𝑑𝑑(𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔)
2𝜋𝜋 0

𝐼𝐼𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 = 6.7𝐴𝐴

𝑃𝑃 = 44.89 × 12 = 538.68𝑊𝑊

Thus: 𝑃𝑃 = 538.68𝑊𝑊

(d) Determine the power factor.

Following formula:

𝑃𝑃 𝑃𝑃
𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 = =
𝑆𝑆 𝑉𝑉𝑠𝑠,𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 × 𝐼𝐼𝑠𝑠,𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟

538.68
𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 = = 0.67
120 × 6.7

Thus: 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 = 0.67

Simulation in Software LTSpice

Figure 7: The circuit simulation of exercise 3

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Figure 8: The graph simulation of exercise 3

Figure 9: The result of exercise 3

4. A half-wave rectifier has a source of 120𝑉𝑉𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 at 60𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻 and an RL load with 𝑅𝑅 = 10𝛺𝛺
and L=15mH. Determine(a)an expression for load current, (b)the average current,
(c)the power absorbed by the resistor, and (d) the power factor.
Solution
We have:
𝑉𝑉𝑠𝑠,𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 = 120𝑉𝑉
𝑓𝑓 = 60𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻
𝑅𝑅 = 10Ω
𝐿𝐿 = 15𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
𝑉𝑉𝑚𝑚 = 120√2𝑉𝑉

𝑍𝑍 = �𝑅𝑅2 + (𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔)2 = �102 + (2 × 3.14 × 60 × 0.015)2 = 11.48Ω

𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔 5.65
𝜃𝜃 = tan−1 � � = tan−1 � � = 0.51 𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑑𝑑
𝑅𝑅 10

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0.015
𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔 = 2 × 3.14 × 60 × = 0.56 𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑑𝑑
10
(a). Determine an expression for load current.
Following formula:
𝑉𝑉𝑚𝑚 𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔
𝑖𝑖0 (𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔) = �sin(𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔 − θ) + sin(𝜃𝜃) 𝑒𝑒 −𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔 �
|𝑍𝑍|
𝛽𝛽
𝑖𝑖0 (𝛽𝛽) = 14.73 �sin(𝛽𝛽 − 0.51) + sin(0.51) 𝑒𝑒 −0.56 �

The root is 3.65𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟

(b). Determine the average current.
Following formula:
14.73 3.65 𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔
𝐼𝐼𝑜𝑜 = � �sin(𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔 − 0.51) + sin(0.51) 𝑒𝑒 −0.56 � 𝑑𝑑(𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔)
2𝜋𝜋 0
14.73
𝐼𝐼𝑜𝑜 = × 2.145 = 5𝐴𝐴
2𝜋𝜋
Thus: 𝐼𝐼0 = 5𝐴𝐴
(c). Determine the power absorbed by the resistor.
Following formula:

2
𝑃𝑃 = 𝐼𝐼𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 𝑅𝑅
Where:
𝛽𝛽
1
𝐼𝐼𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 = � � 𝑖𝑖 2 (𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔)𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
2𝜋𝜋
0

3.65
1
= � � 𝑖𝑖 2 (𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔)𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
2𝜋𝜋
0

𝑃𝑃 = (7.64)2 × 10 = 583.7𝑊𝑊
Thus: 𝑃𝑃 = 583.7𝑊𝑊
(d). Determine the power factor.
Following formula:
𝑃𝑃 𝑃𝑃
𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 = = = 0.636
𝑆𝑆 𝑉𝑉𝑠𝑠,𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 × 𝐼𝐼𝑠𝑠,𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟

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Thus: 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 = 0.636

Simulation in software LTSpice

Figure 10: The circuit simulation of exercise 4

Figure 11: The graph of exercise 4

Figure 12: The result of simulation

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5. A half-wave rectifier of Fig,3-5a has a 240𝑉𝑉𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 at 60Hz Ac source. The load is a series
inductance, resistance, and 𝐷𝐷𝑐𝑐 source with L=75mH and 𝑅𝑅 = 10𝛺𝛺 and 𝑉𝑉𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 100𝑉𝑉.
Determine (a)The power absorbed by the Dc source, (b)the power absorbed by the
resistance, and (c)power factor.
Solution
We have:
𝑉𝑉𝑠𝑠,𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 = 240𝑉𝑉

𝑓𝑓 = 60𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻

𝐿𝐿 = 75𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = 0.075𝐻𝐻

𝑅𝑅 = 10Ω

𝑉𝑉𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 100𝑉𝑉

𝜔𝜔 = 2𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋

0.075
𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔 = 2 × 3.14 × 69 × = 3.2499 𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟
10
(a) Determine the power absorbed by the Dc source.

Following formula:

𝑃𝑃𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝐼𝐼0 × 𝑉𝑉𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑

Since:
𝛽𝛽
1
𝐼𝐼0 = � 𝑖𝑖(𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔)𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
2𝜋𝜋
𝛼𝛼

Where:
𝑉𝑉𝑚𝑚 𝑉𝑉𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔
𝑖𝑖(𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔) = sin(𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔 − 𝜃𝜃) − + 𝐴𝐴𝑒𝑒 −𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔
𝑍𝑍 𝑅𝑅
𝑉𝑉𝑚𝑚 𝑉𝑉𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝛼𝛼
𝐴𝐴 = �− sin(𝛼𝛼 − 𝛽𝛽) + � 𝑒𝑒 𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔
𝑍𝑍 𝑅𝑅
Then:

𝑉𝑉𝑚𝑚 = 𝑉𝑉𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 √2 = 240 × √2 = 338.4𝑉𝑉

𝑍𝑍 = �𝑅𝑅2 + (𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔)2 = �102 + (2 × 3,14 × 60 × 0.075)2 = 29.98Ω

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𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔
𝜃𝜃 = tan−1 � � = 1.23 𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟
𝑅𝑅
𝑉𝑉𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 100
𝛼𝛼 = sin−1 � � = sin−1 � � = 0.3 𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟
𝑉𝑉𝑚𝑚 240√2
0.075
𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔 = 2 × 3.14 × 60 × = 2.826 𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟
10
We find 𝛽𝛽:
𝑉𝑉𝑚𝑚 𝑉𝑉𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑉𝑉𝑚𝑚 𝑉𝑉𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝛽𝛽𝛼𝛼
𝑖𝑖(𝛽𝛽) = sin(𝛽𝛽 − 𝜃𝜃) − + �− sin(𝛼𝛼 − 𝛽𝛽) + � 𝑒𝑒 = 0
𝑍𝑍 𝑅𝑅 𝑍𝑍 𝑅𝑅
𝑉𝑉𝑚𝑚 𝑉𝑉𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝛽𝛽
𝑖𝑖(𝛽𝛽) = sin(𝛽𝛽 − 𝜃𝜃) − + 𝐴𝐴𝑒𝑒 −𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔 = 0
𝑍𝑍 𝑅𝑅
338.4 100 338.4 β 100 (0.3−𝛽𝛽)
𝑖𝑖(𝛽𝛽) = sin(𝛽𝛽 − 1.23) − + �− sin(0.3 − 𝛽𝛽)e−2.826 + � 𝑒𝑒 2.826
29.98 10 29.98 10
338.4 100 338.4 β 100 (0.3−𝛽𝛽)
sin(𝛽𝛽 − 1.23) − + �− sin(0.3 − 𝛽𝛽)e−2.826 + � 𝑒𝑒 2.826 = 0
29.98 10 29.98 10
⇒ 𝛽𝛽 = 3.94
3.94
1
𝐼𝐼0 = � 𝑖𝑖(𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔)𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 3.13A
2𝜋𝜋
0.3

𝑃𝑃𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 3.13 × 100 = 313W

Thus: 𝑃𝑃𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 313𝑊𝑊

(b) Determine the power absorbed by the resistance.

Following formula:

2
𝑃𝑃𝑅𝑅 = 𝑅𝑅 × 𝐼𝐼𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟

Where:

𝛽𝛽
1
𝐼𝐼𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 = � � 𝑖𝑖 2 (𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔)𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
2𝜋𝜋
𝛼𝛼

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3.94
1
𝐼𝐼𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 =� � 𝑖𝑖 2 (𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔)𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 4.8𝐴𝐴
2𝜋𝜋
0.3

𝑃𝑃𝑅𝑅 = 10 × (4.8)2 = 230.4𝑊𝑊

Thus: 𝑃𝑃𝑅𝑅 = 230.4𝑊𝑊

(c) Determine power factor.

Following formula:

𝑃𝑃 𝑃𝑃𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 + 𝑃𝑃𝑅𝑅
𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 = =
𝑆𝑆 𝑉𝑉𝑠𝑠,𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 × 𝐼𝐼𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟

313 + 230.4
𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 = = 0.471
240 × 4.8

Thus: 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 = 0.471

Simulation in software LTSpicee

Figure 13: The circuit simulation of exercise 5

Figure 14: The graph of exercise 5

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Figure 15: The result of simulation

6. A half-wave rectifier of Fig,3-5a has a 120𝑉𝑉𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 at 60Hz Ac source. The load is a series
inductance, resistance, and Dc source with L=120mH and R=12 ohm and 𝑉𝑉𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 48𝑉𝑉.
Determine (a)The power absorbed by the Dc source, (b)the power absorbed by the
resistance, and (c)power factor.
Solution
We have:

𝑉𝑉𝑚𝑚 = 𝑉𝑉𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 √2 = 120√2 = 169.7𝑉𝑉

𝑉𝑉𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 48𝑉𝑉

𝑍𝑍 = �𝑅𝑅2 + (𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔)2 = �122 + (2 × 3.12 × 60 × 0.12)2 = 46.48Ω

𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔
𝜃𝜃 = tan−1 � � = 1.31𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟
𝑅𝑅
𝑉𝑉𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 48
𝛼𝛼 = sin−1 � � = sin−1 � � = 0.28 𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟
𝑉𝑉𝑚𝑚 169.7
0.12
𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔 = 2 × 3.14 × 60 × = 3.8
12
(a). Determine the power absorbed by the Dc source.
Following formula:

𝑃𝑃𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝐼𝐼0 𝑉𝑉𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑

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Since:
𝛽𝛽
1
𝐼𝐼0 = � 𝑖𝑖(𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔)𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
2𝜋𝜋
𝛼𝛼

Where:
𝑉𝑉𝑚𝑚 𝑉𝑉𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔
𝑖𝑖(𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔) = sin(𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔 − 𝜃𝜃) − + 𝐴𝐴𝑒𝑒 −𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔
𝑍𝑍 𝑅𝑅
And:
𝑉𝑉𝑚𝑚 𝑉𝑉𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝛼𝛼
𝐴𝐴 = �− sin(𝛼𝛼 − 𝜃𝜃) + � 𝑒𝑒 𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔 = 7.67
𝑍𝑍 𝑅𝑅
We find β

𝑉𝑉𝑚𝑚 𝑉𝑉𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 −𝛽𝛽

𝑖𝑖(𝛽𝛽) = sin(𝛽𝛽 − 𝜃𝜃) − + 𝐴𝐴𝑒𝑒 𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔 = 0
𝑍𝑍 𝑅𝑅
⟹ 𝛽𝛽 = 4.07
4.07
1 𝑉𝑉𝑚𝑚 𝑉𝑉𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔
⟹ 𝐼𝐼0 = � � sin(𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔 − 𝜃𝜃) − + 𝐴𝐴𝑒𝑒 −𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔 � 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
2𝜋𝜋 𝑍𝑍 𝑅𝑅
0.28

⟹ 𝐼𝐼0 = 1.146𝐴𝐴

The power observed

𝑃𝑃𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 1.146 × 48 = 55.008𝑊𝑊

Thus: 𝑃𝑃𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 55.09𝑊𝑊

(b). Determine The power absorbed by the resistance

Formula:
2
𝑃𝑃𝑅𝑅 = 𝑅𝑅 × 𝐼𝐼𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟

Since:

𝛽𝛽
1
𝐼𝐼𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 = � � 𝑖𝑖 2 (𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔)𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
2𝜋𝜋
𝛼𝛼

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4.07
1
⟹ 𝐼𝐼𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 =� � 𝑖𝑖 2 (𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔)𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 1.7263𝐴𝐴
2𝜋𝜋
0.28

The power absorbed:

𝑃𝑃𝑅𝑅 = 12 × (1.7263)2 = 35.76𝑊𝑊

Thus: 𝑃𝑃𝑅𝑅 = 35.76𝑊𝑊

(c). Determine the power factors

Formula:

𝑃𝑃 𝑃𝑃𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 + 𝑃𝑃𝑅𝑅 55.008 + 35.76

𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 = = = = 0.4381
𝑆𝑆 𝑉𝑉𝑠𝑠,𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 × 𝐼𝐼𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 120 × 1.7263

Thus: 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 = 0.4381

Simulation in Software LTSpoce

Figure 16: The circuit simulation of exercise 6

Figure 17: The graph in simulation

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Figure 18: The result of simulation

7. A half-wave rectifier with a capacitor filter has factor. 𝑅𝑅 = 1𝛺𝛺, 𝐶𝐶 =

1000𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢, 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝜔𝜔 = 377. (a) Determine the ratio of the 𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 time Constance to the
period of input sine wave. What is the significance of this ratio? (b) Determine the
peak -to-peak ripple voltage using the exact equation. (c) Determine the ripple using
the approximate formula in Eq. (3-51).

Solution
We have:
𝑉𝑉𝑚𝑚 = 200𝑉𝑉
𝑅𝑅 = 1𝑘𝑘Ω = 1000Ω
𝐶𝐶 = 1000𝜇𝜇𝜇𝜇 = 0.001𝐹𝐹
𝜔𝜔 = 377 𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 ⁄𝑠𝑠
(a). Determine the ratio of the 𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 time Constance to the period of input sine wave.
What is the significance of this ratio?
Follow formula:
2𝜋𝜋 2 × 3.14
𝑇𝑇 = = = 0.017𝑠𝑠
𝜔𝜔 377

Thus: 𝑇𝑇 = 0.016𝑠𝑠

(b). Determine the peak -to-peak ripple voltage using the exact equation.

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Follow formula:
Δ𝑉𝑉0 = 𝑉𝑉𝑚𝑚 − 𝑉𝑉𝑚𝑚 sin(𝛼𝛼) = 𝑉𝑉𝑚𝑚 (1 − sin 𝛼𝛼)

Find 𝛼𝛼 follow by:

𝑉𝑉𝑚𝑚 sin(2𝜋𝜋 + 𝛼𝛼) = (𝑉𝑉𝑚𝑚 sin 𝜃𝜃)𝑒𝑒 −(2𝜋𝜋+𝛼𝛼−𝜃𝜃)⁄𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔

or

sin 𝛼𝛼 − (sin 𝜃𝜃)𝑒𝑒 −(2𝜋𝜋+𝛼𝛼−𝜃𝜃)⁄𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔 = 0 (1)

Where:

𝜃𝜃 = tan−1 (−𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔) = − tan−1 (𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔) + π

⟹ 𝜃𝜃 = − tan−1 (377 × 1000 × 0.001) + 𝜋𝜋

⟹ 𝜃𝜃 = − tan−1 (377) + 𝜋𝜋 = (−1.57 + 𝜋𝜋)

Then 𝛼𝛼 in equation (1):

⟹ 𝛼𝛼 = 1.39 𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟

⟹ Δ𝑉𝑉0 = 200(1 − sin(1.39)) = 195.15𝑉𝑉

Thus: ∆𝑉𝑉0 = 198.15𝑉𝑉

(c) Determine the ripple using the approximate formula in Eq. (3-51).
Follow formula:
2𝜋𝜋 𝑉𝑉𝑚𝑚
Δ𝑉𝑉0 = 𝑉𝑉𝑚𝑚 � �=
𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓

Where:
𝜔𝜔
𝜔𝜔 = 2𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋 ⟹ 𝑓𝑓 =
2𝜋𝜋
200 200 × 2 × 3.14
⟹ ΔV0 = 𝜔𝜔 = = 3.33𝑉𝑉
𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 377 × 1000 × 0.001
2𝜋𝜋

Thus: ΔV0 = 3.33𝑉𝑉

Simulation

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Figure 19: The circuit simulation of exercise 7

Figure 20: The graph of exercise 7

Figure 21: The result in simulation of exercise 7

8. A half-wave rectifier with a 1 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 load has a parallel capacitor. The source is
120 𝑉𝑉𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 , 60𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻. Determine the peak-to-peak ripple of the output voltage when the
capacitor is (a) 4000𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢 and (b) 20𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢. Is the approximation of Eq. (3-51) reasonable
in each case?

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Solution
We have:
𝑅𝑅 = 1𝑘𝑘Ω

𝑉𝑉𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 = 120𝑉𝑉

𝑓𝑓 = 60𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻

⟹ 𝑉𝑉𝑚𝑚 = 𝑉𝑉𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 √2 = 120√2 𝑉𝑉

⟹ 𝜔𝜔 = 2𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋 = 2 × 3.14 × 60 = 376.8𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟/𝑠𝑠

• Determine the peak-to-peak ripple of the output voltage when the capacitor:

(a). 4000𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢

Follow formula:

Δ𝑉𝑉𝑚𝑚 = 𝑉𝑉𝑚𝑚 (1 − sin 𝛼𝛼)

Find the 𝛼𝛼 by:

𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝛼𝛼 − (𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝜃𝜃)𝑒𝑒 −(2𝜋𝜋+𝛼𝛼−𝜃𝜃)⁄𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔 1 = 0

Where:

𝜃𝜃 = tan−1 (−𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔𝐶𝐶1 ) = − tan−1 (𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔𝐶𝐶1 ) + π

⟹ 𝜃𝜃 = − tan−1 (2 × 3.14 × 60 × 1000 × 0.004) + 𝜋𝜋 = −0.45𝜋𝜋 + 𝜋𝜋 = 0.55𝜋𝜋

= 1.727 𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟

That:

sin 𝛼𝛼 − (sin(1.727))𝑒𝑒 −(6.28+𝛼𝛼−1.727)⁄376.8×4 = 0

𝛼𝛼 = 1.48𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 = 84.80

⟹ Δ𝑉𝑉𝑚𝑚 = 169.7(1 − 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠1.48) = 165.32𝑉𝑉

Thus: Δ𝑉𝑉𝑚𝑚 = 165.32𝑉𝑉

(b). 20𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢

Follow formula:

Δ𝑉𝑉𝑚𝑚 = 𝑉𝑉𝑚𝑚 (1 − sin 𝛼𝛼)

Find the 𝛼𝛼 by:

𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝛼𝛼 − (𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝜃𝜃)𝑒𝑒 −(2𝜋𝜋+𝛼𝛼−𝜃𝜃)⁄𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔 2 = 0

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Where:

𝜃𝜃 = tan−1 (−𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔𝐶𝐶2 ) = − tan−1 (𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔𝐶𝐶2 ) + π

⟹ 𝜃𝜃 = − tan−1 (2 × 3.14 × 60 × 1000 × 0.00002) + 𝜋𝜋 = 1.7𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟

sin 𝛼𝛼 − (sin(1.727))𝑒𝑒 −(6.28+𝛼𝛼−1.727)⁄376.8×0.02 = 0

𝛼𝛼 = 1.18𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 = 67.650

⟹ Δ𝑉𝑉𝑚𝑚 = 169.7(1 − 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠1.18) = 166.2𝑉𝑉

Thus: Δ𝑉𝑉𝑚𝑚 = 168.2𝑉𝑉

Simulation in LTSpice

Figure 22: The circuit simulation of C=4000uF and C=20uF

Figure 23: The graph of C=4000uF

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Figure 24: The graph of C=20uF

Figure 25: The result simulation of exercise 8

9. For the controlled halt-wave rectifier with resistive load, the source is 120 𝑉𝑉𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 at
60 𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻. The resistance is 100𝛺𝛺, and the delay angle 𝛼𝛼 is 450 . (a) Determine the
average voltage across the resistor. (b) Determine the power absorbed by the resistor.
(c) Determine the power factor as seen by the source.

Solution

We have:

𝑉𝑉𝑠𝑠,𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 = 120𝑉𝑉

𝑓𝑓 = 60𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻

𝑅𝑅 = 100Ω

𝛼𝛼 = 45°

⟹ 𝑉𝑉𝑚𝑚 = 120√2𝑉𝑉

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(a). Determine the average voltage across the resistor.

Following formula:

1 𝜋𝜋 𝑉𝑉𝑚𝑚
𝑉𝑉0 = 𝑉𝑉𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 = � 𝑉𝑉𝑚𝑚 sin(𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤) 𝑑𝑑(𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤) = (1 + 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐)
2𝜋𝜋 𝛼𝛼 2𝜋𝜋

120√2
⇒ 𝑉𝑉𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 = (1 + 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐450 ) = 41.07𝑉𝑉
2𝜋𝜋

Thus: 𝑉𝑉𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 = 41.07𝑉𝑉

(b). Determine the power absorbed by the resistor.

Follow formula:

2
𝑉𝑉𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟
𝑃𝑃𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 =
𝑅𝑅

Where:

1 2𝜋𝜋 1 𝜋𝜋
𝑉𝑉𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 = � � 𝑉𝑉02 (𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤)𝑑𝑑(𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤) = � � [𝑉𝑉𝑚𝑚 sin(𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤)]2 𝑑𝑑(𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤)
2𝜋𝜋 0 2𝜋𝜋 𝛼𝛼

𝜋𝜋
Vm 𝛼𝛼 sin(2𝛼𝛼) 120√2 � sin(2 × 45)
= �1 − + = 1− 4 +
2 𝜋𝜋 2𝜋𝜋 2 𝜋𝜋 2𝜋𝜋

𝑉𝑉𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 = 79.76𝑉𝑉𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟

Then:

(79.76)2
𝑃𝑃𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 = = 63.61𝑊𝑊
100

Thus: 𝑃𝑃𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 = 63.61𝑊𝑊

(c). Determine the power factor as seen by the source.

Follow formula:

𝑃𝑃
𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 =
𝑆𝑆

Where:

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𝑆𝑆 = 𝑉𝑉𝑠𝑠,𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 × 𝐼𝐼𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟

Then:

𝑉𝑉𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 79.76
𝐼𝐼𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 = = = 0.799𝐴𝐴
𝑅𝑅 100

63.61
⇒ 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 = = 0.67
120 × (0.79)

Thus: 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 = 0.67

Simulation in Software MATLAB

Figure 26: The Simulink of circuit for exercise 9

Figure 27: The graph of simulation

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Figure 28: Coding in simulation

Figure 29: The result of simulation

10. A controlled half-wave rectifier has an ac source of 240 𝑉𝑉𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 at 60𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻. The load is a
30𝛺𝛺 resistor. (a) Determine the delay angle such that average load current is 2.5 𝐴𝐴. (b)
Determine the power absorbed by the load. (c) Determine the power factor.

Solution

We have:

𝑉𝑉𝑠𝑠,𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 = 240𝑉𝑉

𝑓𝑓 = 60𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻

𝑅𝑅 = 30Ω

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𝐼𝐼0 = 2.5𝐴𝐴

⟹ 𝑉𝑉0 = 𝑅𝑅𝐼𝐼0 = 30 × 2.5 = 57𝑉𝑉

⟹ 𝑉𝑉𝑚𝑚 = 240√2𝑉𝑉

(a). Determine the delay angle such that average load current is 2.5 𝐴𝐴

Following formula:

2𝜋𝜋
𝛼𝛼 = cos −1 �𝑉𝑉0 � � − 1�
𝑉𝑉𝑚𝑚
2 × 3.14
⟹ 𝛼𝛼 = cos −1 �57 � � − 1� = 1.57𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟
240√2

Thus: 𝛼𝛼 = 1.57𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟

(b). Determine the power absorbed by the load.

Following formula:

2
𝑉𝑉𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟
𝑃𝑃 =
𝑅𝑅
Where:

2𝜋𝜋 𝜋𝜋
1 1
𝑉𝑉𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 = � � 𝑣𝑣02 (𝜔𝜔)𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = � �[𝑉𝑉𝑚𝑚 sin(𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔)]2 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
2𝜋𝜋 2𝜋𝜋
𝛼𝛼 𝛼𝛼

𝑉𝑉𝑚𝑚 𝛼𝛼 sin(2𝛼𝛼)
⟹ 𝑉𝑉𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 = �1 − +
2 𝜋𝜋 2𝜋𝜋

339.4 1.51 sin(2 × 1.51)

= �1 − + = 124.5𝑉𝑉
2 𝜋𝜋 2𝜋𝜋

124.52
⟹ 𝑃𝑃 = = 516.85𝑊𝑊
30

Thus: 𝑃𝑃 = 516.85𝑊𝑊

(c). Determine the power factor.

Following formula:

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𝑃𝑃 𝑃𝑃
𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 = =
𝑆𝑆 𝑉𝑉𝑠𝑠,𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 × 𝐼𝐼𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟

Where:
𝑉𝑉𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟
𝐼𝐼𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 = = 4.15𝐴𝐴
𝑅𝑅
𝑃𝑃
𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 = = 0.5189
𝑉𝑉𝑠𝑠,𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 × 𝐼𝐼𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟

Thus: 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 = 0.518

Simulation in Software LTSpice

Figure 30: The circuit simulation of exercise 10

Figure 31: The graph of simulation

Figure 32: The result simulation of Exercise 10

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11. A controlled half-wave rectifier has a 120 𝑉𝑉𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 , 60𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻 source. The series RL load has
𝑅𝑅 = 25𝛺𝛺 and 𝐿𝐿 = 50𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚. The delay angle is 300 . Determine (a) an expression for
load current, (b) the average load current, and (c) the power absorbed by the load.

Solution

We have:

𝑉𝑉𝑠𝑠,𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 = 120𝑉𝑉

𝑓𝑓 = 60𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻

𝑅𝑅 = 25Ω

𝐿𝐿 = 50𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = 0.05𝐻𝐻

𝛼𝛼 = 30° = 0.5𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟

𝑉𝑉𝑚𝑚 = 120√2𝑉𝑉 = 169.7𝑉𝑉

⟹ 𝜔𝜔 = 2𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋 = 2 × 3.14 × 60 = 376.8𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟/𝑠𝑠

𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔
⟹ 𝜃𝜃 = tan−1 � � = 370 = 0.645𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟
𝑅𝑅

⟹ 𝑍𝑍 = �𝑅𝑅2 + (𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔)2 = �252 + (376.8 × 0.05)2 = 31.30Ω

⟹ 𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔 = 0.753

(a). Determine an expression for load current.

Following formula:

𝑉𝑉𝑚𝑚
𝑖𝑖(𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔) = �sin(𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔 − 𝜃𝜃) − sin(𝛼𝛼 − 𝜃𝜃) 𝑒𝑒 (𝛼𝛼−𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔)/𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔 �
𝑍𝑍
Where:

𝛽𝛽 = 𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔
(0.5−𝛽𝛽)
⇒ 𝑖𝑖(𝛽𝛽) = 5.42 �sin(𝛽𝛽 − 0.645) − sin(0.5 − 0.645) 𝑒𝑒 0.753 �

Thus the root is 𝑖𝑖(𝛽𝛽) = 3.79 𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟

(b). Determine the average load current.

Following formula:

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3.79
1
𝐼𝐼0 = � 𝑖𝑖(𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔)𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
2𝜋𝜋
0.5

3.79
1 (0.5−𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔)
= � 5.42 �sin(𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔 − 0.645) − sin(0.5 − 0.645) 𝑒𝑒 0.753 � 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
2𝜋𝜋
0.5

Thus: 𝐼𝐼0 = 1.84𝐴𝐴

(c). Determine the power absorbed by the load.

Following formula:

2
𝑃𝑃 = 𝐼𝐼𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 × 𝑅𝑅

Where:

𝛽𝛽
1
𝐼𝐼𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 = � � 𝑖𝑖 2 (𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔)𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
2𝜋𝜋
𝛼𝛼

3.79
1 (0.5−𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔)
𝐼𝐼𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 =� � 5.42 �sin(𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔 − 0.645) − sin(0.5 − 0.645) 𝑒𝑒 0.753 � 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
2𝜋𝜋
0.5

𝐼𝐼𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 = 2.84𝐴𝐴
⇒ 𝑃𝑃 = (2.84)2 × 25 = 201.64𝑊𝑊

Thus: 𝑃𝑃 = 201.64𝑊𝑊

Simulation in Software LTSpice

Figure 33: The circuit simulation of exercise 11

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Figure 34: The graph of simulation

Figure 35: The result of simulation

12. A controlled half-wave rectifier has a 120 𝑉𝑉𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 , 60𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻 source. The series RL load has
𝑅𝑅 = 40𝛺𝛺 and 𝐿𝐿 = 75𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚. The delay angle is 600 . Determine (a) an expression for
load current, (b) the average load current, and (c) the power absorbed by the load.

Solution
We have:
𝑉𝑉𝑠𝑠,𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 = 120𝑉𝑉

𝑓𝑓 = 60𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻

𝑅𝑅 = 40Ω

𝐿𝐿 = 75𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = 0.075𝐻𝐻
𝜋𝜋
𝛼𝛼 = 60° = 𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟
3

⟹ 𝑉𝑉𝑚𝑚 = 120√2𝑉𝑉 = 169.2𝑉𝑉

⟹ 𝜔𝜔 = 2𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋 = 376.8 𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟/𝑠𝑠

𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔
⟹ 𝜃𝜃 = tan−1 � � = 0.61 𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟
𝑅𝑅
0.075
⟹ 𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔 = 2 × 3.14 × 60 × = 0.7065 𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟
40

𝑍𝑍 = �𝑅𝑅2 + (𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔)2 = �16002 + (28.26)2 = 48.97Ω

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(a). Determine an expression for load current.

Following formula:

𝑉𝑉𝑚𝑚
𝑖𝑖(𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔) = �sin(𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔 − 𝜃𝜃) − sin(𝛼𝛼 − 𝜃𝜃) 𝑒𝑒 (𝛼𝛼−𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔)/𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔 �
𝑍𝑍
169.70
𝑖𝑖(𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔) = �sin(𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔 − 0.61) − sin(0.86 − 0.61) 𝑒𝑒 (0.86−𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔)/0.706 �
48.97
Where:

𝛽𝛽 = 𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔

𝑖𝑖(𝛽𝛽) = 3.46�sin(𝛽𝛽 − 0.61) − sin(0.86 − 0.61) 𝑒𝑒 (0.86−𝛽𝛽)/0.706 � = 3.75

Thus the root is 3.75 𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟

(b). Determine the average load current.

Following formula:

𝛽𝛽
1
𝐼𝐼0 = � 𝑖𝑖(𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔)𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
2𝜋𝜋
𝛼𝛼

3.75
1
𝐼𝐼0 = � 3.46�sin(𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔 − 0.61) − sin(0.86 − 0.61) 𝑒𝑒 (0.86−𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔)/0.706 �𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 0.75𝐴𝐴
2𝜋𝜋
𝜋𝜋
3

Thus: 𝐼𝐼0 = 0.75𝐴𝐴

(c). Determine the power absorbed by the load.

Formula:
2
𝑃𝑃 = 𝑅𝑅 × 𝐼𝐼𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟

Where:

𝛽𝛽
1
𝐼𝐼𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 = � � 𝑖𝑖 2 (𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔)𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
2𝜋𝜋
𝛼𝛼

3.75
1
𝐼𝐼𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 =� � 3.46[sin(𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔 − 0.61) − sin(0.86 − 0.61) 𝑒𝑒 (0.86−𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔)/0.706 ]𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
2𝜋𝜋
𝜋𝜋
3

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𝐼𝐼𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 = 1.31𝐴𝐴

⟹ 𝑃𝑃 = 𝑅𝑅 × (1.31)2 = 68.64𝑊𝑊

Thus: 𝑃𝑃 = 68.64𝑊𝑊

Simulation in Software LTSpice

Figure 36: The circuit simulation of exercise 12

Figure 37: The graph of simulation

Figure 38: The result of simulation for exercise 12

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