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Week
I. Nature of Mathematics:
This week, let - Mathematical Language and syntax and rules
- Characteristics of Mathematical Language
us talk about - Expressions vs Sentences
the following: - Conventions in the mathematical language
- Four Basic Concepts: sets, relations, functions, binary operations
Mr. Armando U. Miranda Jr., MATM 111 Instructor

Mathematical Language and Symbols Syntax and Rules
Language is a system of conventional spoken, manual (signed), or written
symbols by means of which human beings, as members of a social group and
participants in its culture, express themselves. Below are some of the symbols
which are commonly used in Mathematics:
The ten digits: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9

Operations: +, – , X, ÷ Variables: a, b , c, x, y
Sets: ∪, ∩, ∈, ⊂ Set Notations: N, W, Z, Q, R
Special symbols: =, ≠, <, >, ≤, ≥, 𝝅, ∀, ∃, ∞
Symbols in Logic/Connectives: ~, ∧, ∨, ⟶, ⟷
Characteristics of
Mathematical Language and
and Rules
Mathematical
Symbols Syntax Language
Expression Sentence
It can be compared to an English noun. It’s arrangement It can be compared to an English sentence. It is a correct
of mathematical object on interest is correct. It does not arrangement of mathematical symbols that states a
make a complete thought. complete thought.
It cannot be determined as true or false. It can be true or always true, false or always false, or
sometimes true or sometimes false.
The most common expression types are numbers, sets, The most common mathematical sentences are equations
and functions. and inequalities where the verb is =, < or >
Examples: 100, A (name of set), 3(x + 12) Examples: 3 + 12 = 15 True
x = 12 Sometimes true/false
3 + 12 = 312 False
Let’s do the following:
Identify whether the given is an expression or a sentence. If it is a
sentence, determine whether it is true or false.
1.) 3x + 12y 2.) A hexagon is a six-sided polygon.
3.) (4)(5) = 9 4.) m + a – t ÷ m
Answers:
1.) It is an expression since it does not contain =, > or <.
2.) It is a sentence. The prefix “hexa” means six and “gon” means side.
Therefore, it is a true sentence.
3.) It is a sentence since it uses =. It is a false sentence since (4)(5) is 20 and not 9.
4.) It does not contain any mathematical verb (=, > or <). Therefore, it is an
expression.
Conventions in the Mathematical Language
Addition Subtraction Multiplication Division
plus minus times divided by
added to subtracted from multiplied by quotient of
sum of difference of product of ratio of
increased by decreased by twice, thrice reciprocal of
exceeds by less, less than doubled, tripled
Conventions in the Mathematical Language
Translate the following English phrases/sentences into mathematical
expressions/equations.
English Phrases/Sentences Mathematical Expressions/Equations
12 more than thrice a number 3x + 12

9 less than the sum of x and y (x + y) – 9
The product of twice x and the cube of y 2x ∙ 𝑦 3
z added to eight is twenty. 8 + z = 20
9 is less than the sum of x and y. 9<x+y
Concepts on Sets
Set – is a collection of common objects, numbers,
letters in the alphabet, people, and any other sets.
Examples: A = {1, 2, 3, 4} B = {1, 2, 3, 4, . . .}
Element – is a member of a set. It is denoted by ∈.

Examples: 1∈A 12 ∈ B
Subset – is a set in which all of its elements are found in another

set.
Example: A ⊆ B since all elements of A are found in B.
B ⊄ A since there are elements in B which are not
found in A.
Cardinality – refers to the number of elements in a set. It is denoted by
n( ) where the name of the set is written inside the parenthesis symbol.
Example: n(A) = 4 or 𝐴 = 4
n(B) = ∞ or 𝐵 = ∞
Concepts on Sets
Universal Set – a set that contains all elements found in the other given
set/s. It is denoted by U.
Example: C = {a, e, i, o, u} D = {j, k, l}
U = {a, e, i, j, k, l, o, u}
Empty Set – a set with no element. It is denoted by { }. This is also
known as null set, denoted by ∅.
Note: An empty set is a subset of any set. Any set is subset of universal
set.
Equal Sets – are sets with exactly the same elements.
Example: E = {1, 3, 5, 7, 9}
F = {9, 7, 5, 3, 1}
Therefore, E = F.
Equivalent Sets – are sets with the same cardinality.
Example: G = {w, x, y, z}
H = {0, 10, 100, 1000}
Therefore, G ~ H.
Union of Sets
Union of Sets
The UNION of two sets is a set containing all elements that are in both
sets. For example if A= 1, 2, 3 and B= 2, 4, 6 , then 𝐴 ∪ 𝐵 =
1, 2, 3, 4, 6 .
Note that every A ∪ B is equal to B ∪ A.
Exercises: Given that J = 2, 3, 5, 7 ,

Answers:
A = 4, 6, 8, 9,10 , and Y = 1 ,
1. J ∪ A = 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10
find the ff: 2. Y ∪ A = 1, 4, 6, 8, 9, 10
1.) J ∪ A 2.) Y ∪ A
Intersection of Sets
Intersection of Sets
The INTERSECTION of two given sets is the set that contains all the
elements that are common to both sets. For example if A= 1, 2, 3 and
B= 2, 4, 6 , then 𝐴 ∩ 𝐵 = 2 . Like union of sets, every A ∩ B is equal
to B ∩ A.
Exercises: Given that D = 𝑓, 𝑟, 𝑒, , E = 𝑠, ℎ, 𝑚 , F =

𝑒, 𝑛 and find the ff: 1. E ∩ F 2. D ∩ F
Answers:
1. E ∩ F = 2. D ∩ F = 𝑒
Relations and Functions
Relation – is a set of ordered pairs (x, y).
Examples:
A = {(0, 1), (1,2), (2, 3), (3, 4)}
B = {(STEM, Engineering), (ABM, Business Economics), (HUMSS, AB
Philosophy), (GAS, BS Education)}
Function – is a relation in which repetition of any element of its domain
is not allowed. “Bawal umulit si x (1st coordinate)”
Examples:
C = {(0, 0), (-1,1), (1, 1), (-2, 4), (2, 4)} is a function.
D = {(0, 0), (1, -1)), (1, 1), (4, -2), (4, 2)} is not a fcn.
Types of Relation:
One-to-one Ex: President to country (Function)
Many-to-one Ex: Students to teacher (Function)
One-to-many Ex: Priest to mass parishioners (Not a function)
End of Discussion
Do you have any questions? If none, you may start doing your
offline activity:
Your Performance Task #2 is already published in CANVAS.
Apply your learned concepts on Language of Mathematics
and the concepts on sets, relations and functions.

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Week

Mr. Armando U. Miranda Jr., MATM 111 Instructor

The ten digits: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9

12 more than thrice a number 3x + 12

Element – is a member of a set. It is denoted by ∈.

Subset – is a set in which all of its elements are found in another

Exercises: Given that J = 2, 3, 5, 7 ,

Exercises: Given that D = 𝑓, 𝑟, 𝑒, , E = 𝑠, ℎ, 𝑚 , F =

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