OHM’S LAW: ENERGY AND

POWER IN ELECTRIC CIRCUIT

for GENERAL PHYSICS 2/ Grade 12/
Quarter 3/ Week 5

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 FOREWORD

This Self-Learning Kit will serve as a guide in identifying the concepts of

energy and power in an electric circuit.

This Kit focuses on the devices for measuring current and voltage in circuit
diagrams. You will learn various ways of describing electric circuits through the
use of words, drawings, or with the use of conventional circuit diagrams and
symbols. Problems involving current, resistivity, resistance and Ohm’s law are also
emphasized in context such as, but not limited to, batteries and bulbs,
household wiring and selection of fuses. Thus, you can show appreciation on the
importance of electric fuses in maintaining electrical safety.

Explore and be ready to be equipped with it.

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 OBJECTIVES
At the end of this Self-Learning Kit, you will be able to:
K: explain the difference between ohmic and non-ohmic materials;
potential difference from electromotive force and the total power
dissipated in an electric circuit;
S: illustrate circuit diagrams with power sources and calculate current,
voltage and resistance;
: solve problems involving Ohm’s Law; and
A: give importance of making circuit diagrams and knowing the
different devices in operating and measuring current and voltages
for electrical safety.

LEARNING COMPETENCIES
Differentiate ohmic and non-ohmic materials in terms of their I-V curves
(STEM_GP12EMIIIe-38).
Differentiate emf of a source and potential difference (PD) across a circuit
(STEM_GP12EMIIIe-40).
Given an emf source connected to a resistor, determine the power
supplied or dissipated by each element in a circuit (STEM_GP12EMIIIe-42).
Solve problems involving current, resistivity, resistance, and Ohm’s law in
contexts such as, but not limited to, batteries and bulbs, household wiring,
and selection of fuses (STEM_GP12EMIIIe-44).
Operate devices for measuring currents and voltages (STEM_GP12EMIIIe-
45).

Draw circuit diagrams with power sources (cell or battery), switches,

lamps, resistors (fixed and variable) fuses, ammeters, and voltmeters
(STEM_GP12EMIIIf-47).

I. WHAT HAPPENED

Ancient people did not know about the power of electric current. They
only knew about creating small sparks through friction. However as time passes
by and civilization comes in, electric current then enters the world, where a big
bang of change occurs. Can you imagine water flowing from the mountains to
a lowland area? It is the same as electrons flowing through a circuit. To
understand things in a better perspective, let’s try to go with the flow!

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PRE-TEST:
A. Identify to Simplify!
Directions: Identify whether the following materials is ohmnic or non-
ohmic. Write O if it’s Ohmic and NO if it’s not.
_____1. Copper wire _____6. Dirty water
_____2. Silver _____7. Breast implant (Silicon gel)
_____3. Steel _____8. Tin cans
_____4. Iron _____9. CD and DVD
_____5.Concrete _____10. Gold ring

B. Drawtify! (Draw to identify)

Directions: Draw the electrical components/symbols on the space
provided after each number. Choose your answer from the symbols found inside
the box. Do this in your notebook/Answer Sheet.

Source: Electrical Circuit Symbols And Meanings

- Circuit Diagram Images | Electrical circuit
symbols, Electrical symbols, Electricity

1. Resistor -__________________
2. Galvanometer -__________________
3. Ammeter -__________________
4. Cell/Battery -__________________
5. Fuse -__________________
6. Wire -__________________
7. Variable DC supply -__________________
8. Switch -__________________
9. Wire connection -__________________
10. Diode -__________________
11. Capacitor -__________________
12. Inductor -__________________
13. AC voltage supply -__________________

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 II. WHAT I NEED TO KNOW
DISCUSSION

DIFFERENCES BETWEEN OHMIC AND NON-OHMIC MATERIALS IN TERMS OF I-V

CURVES

 An electric conductor could be ohmic or non-ohmic. The main difference

between an ohmic and non-ohmic conductor is that ohmic follows Ohm’s
law whereas non-ohmic does not. For Ohmic conductor they follow a
linear relationship between current and voltage and for the non-ohmic it is
not linear.

 Ohmic materials are usually good conductors of electricity example of

which are metals like copper, gold, silver, etc. and non-ohmic are
semiconductors. Examples of semiconductors are germanium and silicon.

 An ohmic material works at a constant temperature while a non-ohmic

material does not.

 Remember that Ohm’s law is represented by:

where: V =voltage
I = current
R = resistance

(Note that I-V curves represents Current, resistance to voltage)

(A) Ohmic (B) Non-ohmic

Source: (4) Ohmic vs. Non Ohmic Resistors - IB Physics - YouTube

Figure 1. Difference in I-V curves of Ohmic and Non-ohmic materials

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ELECTROMOTIVE FORCE AND ELECTRIC POTENTIAL DIFFERENCE
Electromotive force and electric potential difference are two closely
related concepts under electric circuits, but in this part of the lesson you will
clearly see their difference in terms of their role and uses.

 Electromotive force is the driving force of a device that keeps the

constant flow of charges across circuit.
o Example: The chemical energy inside a battery produces emf that
drives the electrons throughout the circuit.

10 V
Sourc

Image Source: Mammoth memory

10 volts is equivalent of 10 joules of energy needed to move 1 coulumb

across the circuit.

 It is represented using the formula:

where: = Electromotive force (V or volts)

W = work done (J or joules)
Q = charge (measured in coulumb)

If,

20 V
Sou

Image Source: Mammoth memory

Therefore,

W= 20 J is the amount of work done to drive across a circuit.

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  Electric potential difference is a work done to drive per unit charge across
two points.

A
B
C

Image Source: Mammoth memory

 Given the diagram on the previous page, both electromotive force and
potential difference follows the same formula, where E = W/Q.

Now how do we look for the potential difference between two points?
Given that the total energy across the circuit is 10 v, or the emf.

This means that the energy from point a to b is 5 volts.

To get the PD (Potential difference from point C to B) do the following:

= 5 volts

You now have the potential difference or p.d. from the different points. If
you add them together, you will get the electromotive force or emf.
Based on the discussion mentioned above, what is the main difference
between these two?

Below is a table summarizing the difference between the two.

EMF OF A CELL POTENTIAL DIFFERENCE

1 The emf of a cell is the maximum The potential difference between the
potential difference between the two points is the difference of
two electrodes of a cell when the potential between the two points in a
cell is in the open circuit. closed circuit.
2 EMF is independent of resistance of This depends upon the resistance
circuit and depends upon the between two points of the circuit and
nature of electrodes and current flowing through the circuit.
electrolyte.
3 The term emf is used for source of Potential differences can be
current. measured between any two points of
circuit.
4 This is a cause. It is an effect.

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THE POWER SUPPLIED OR DISSIPATED BY EACH ELEMENT IN A CIRCUIT

An ever-present challenge in electronic circuit design is selecting suitable

components that not only perform their intended task but also will survive under
foreseeable operating conditions. A big part of that process is making sure that
your components will stay within their safe operating limits in terms of current,
voltage, and power. Of those three, the “power” portion is often the most
difficult because the safe operating area can depend so strongly on the
particulars of the situation, that’s why identifying the dissipated power by each
element is vital in electric circuits.

Example 1:
Find the power dissipated on each resistor. (Series circuit)
Remember the following before going through the problem.
P = power (W, watts)
V = voltage (V)
R = Resistors/resistance (Ω ohms)
I = current (A, amps/ampere)

= 20 Ω

60 V

= 10 Ω

Given:
V = 60 V
= 20 Ω
= 10 Ω

First, calculate the total resistance ( ). To calculate the total resistance,

use the formula below:

Substitute the given value:

= 30 Ω

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 Second, calculate the current flowing in the circuit using Ohm’s law.

Third, calculate the power of each resistors using the formula:

and

80 watts is the power dissipated by the first resistor.

40 watts is the power dissipated by the second resistor.

Power is the rate at which energy is delivered to a device. A power of 1

watt means that 1 joule of energy is delivered each second, so in 10 seconds 10
joules of energy is being delivered. Based on the example, the first resistor is
converting 80 joules of electrical energy into heat every second while the
second resistor is converting 40 joules of electrical energy into heat every
second.

How much joules of electrical energy do the circuit converts into

thermal energy every 10 seconds?

Let us now try to calculate the power delivered by the battery using the
formula:

Notice that the power delivered by the battery is equal to the sum of the
power delivered by each resistor. This is according to the law of conservation of
energy wherein the energy that the battery delivers to the circuit should be
equal to what the elements of the circuit is consuming.

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Example 2:
Find the power dissipated on each resistor and the power delivered by the
battery. (Parallel circuit)

20 V
10Ω
5Ω

Given:
Voltage = 20 V
Resistor 1 = 5 Ω
Resistor 2 = 10 Ω

First, calculate the power by each resistor because it’s not the same.
Whenever you have two resistors connected in parallel circuit the voltage across
them is the same. So, the voltage across the first and second resistor is the same
as the voltage of the battery which is 20 V.

REMEMBER:

IMAGE SOURCE: Voltage Current Resistance Triangle [VIR Triangle] • Ohm Law

To calculate the current flowing through each resistor, use Ohm’s law.

V = IR

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 4A 2A

V = IR

The current leaving the battery is the sum of the currents flowing on each
resistor. Therefore, the battery is delivering 6 A of current to the circuit.

Calculate the power dissipated by each resistor:

Calculate the power delivered by the battery:

DEVICES FOR MEASURING CURRENT AND VOLTAGE

Electricity is measured in two ways: either through current or voltage. The
current and voltage of the circuit are measured through ammeter and voltmeter
respectively. The working principle of the ammeter and voltmeter are same as
that of the galvanometer.

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 The galvanometer uses a coil which is placed between the magnet. When
the current flows through the coils, it becomes deflected. The deflection of the
coils depends on the charge passing through it. This deflection is used for
measuring the current or voltage. The galvanometer works as a voltmeter when
the resistor is placed in series with the galvanometer.

COMPARISON CHART
Basis For Comparison Ammeter Voltmeter
Definition The instruments used for It measures the voltage
measuring the current. between any two
points of the circuit.
Symbolic
Representation
Resistance Low High
Connection It is connected in series It is connected in
with the circuit. parallel with the circuit.
Accuracy More Less
Changing of Range Not possible Possible
Source: Difference Between Ammeter & Voltmeter (with Comparison Chart) - Circuit Globe

Definition of Ammeter

The ammeter is the measuring instrument

which is used to measure the current in the
circuit. It measures the small amount of current
in milliamperes or micro-amperes. The ammeter
is placed in series with the measuring circuit so
that the whole current of the circuit passes
through it.

The resistance of the ammeter is very

small as compared voltmeter. For ideal
ammeter, the value of resistance is equal to zero. The small resistance does not
obstruct the flow of current, and thus the ammeter measures the true value.

Definition of Voltmeter
The voltmeter is the voltage measuring devices. It is connected in parallel
with the electrical circuit whose potential is to be measured. The connection
polarity of the voltmeter is same as that of the ammeter i.e. the positive terminal
is connected to the positive polarity of the supply and the negative potential is
connected to the negative polarity.

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 The resistance across the voltmeter is
very large as compared to the ammeter. This
resistance does not allow the current to flow
through the voltmeter and thus the exact
value of the voltage across the measuring
point is measured. The value of resistance in
ideal voltmeter is approximately equal to
infinity.
Source: Difference Between Ammeter &
Voltmeter (with Comparison Chart) - Circuit Globe

Key Differences between Ammeter and Voltmeter

The following are the key difference between Ammeter and Voltmeter:

AMMETER VOLTMETER
Measures the small value current Measures the potential difference
flows in the circuit between any two points of the
electrical circuit.
The resistance of the ammeter is low. The internal resistance of the
So that, the whole current of the voltmeter is very low so that the
circuit will pass through it. current from the circuit does not
disturb the measuring of the
voltmeter.
Connected in series with the circuit Connected in parallel with the circuit.
for measuring the complete current The potential difference of the
parallel circuit remains same at all
points.
Accuracy is High Accuracy is Low

Measuring range of cannot be The measuring range can be

changed. increased or decreased by changing
the value of resistance
Source: Difference Between Ammeter & Voltmeter (with Comparison Chart) - Circuit Globe

Let’s practice!

In the diagram, possible

locations of an ammeter and
voltmeter are indicated by circles 1,
2, 3 and 4. Where should an
ammeter be located to correctly
measure the total current and
where should a voltmeter be

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located to correctly measure the total voltage? Explain your answers and write it
in your notebook.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM AND CIRCUIT SYMBOLS

Electric circuits, whether simple or complex, can be described in a variety

of ways. An electric circuit is commonly described with mere words. Saying
something like "A light bulb is connected to a D-cell" is enough words to describe
a simple circuit. On many occasions, a person grows accustomed to quickly
picturing the circuit in their mind, but another means of describing a circuit is to
simply draw it. Such drawings provide a quicker mental picture of the actual
circuit.

Source: Physics Tutorial: Circuit Symbols and Circuit Diagrams (physicsclassroom.com)

A final means of describing an electric circuit is by use of conventional

circuit symbols to provide a schematic diagram of the circuit and its
components. Some circuit symbols used in schematic diagrams are shown
below.

Here are some circuit diagrams and symbols.

Source: Electrical Circuit Symbols And Meanings

- Circuit Diagram Images | Electrical circuit
symbols, Electrical symbols, Electricity

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Example 1:
Description with Words: Three D-cells are placed in a battery pack to
power a circuit containing three light bulbs.

Using the verbal description, one can acquire a mental picture of the
circuit being described. This verbal description can then be represented by a
drawing of three cells and three light bulbs connected by wires. Finally, the
circuit symbols presented above can be used to represent the same circuit.
Note that three sets of long and short parallel lines have been used to represent
the battery pack with its three D-cells. And note that each light bulb is
represented by its own individual resistor symbol. Straight lines have been used to
connect the two terminals of the battery to the resistors and the resistors to each
other.
Example 2:
Description with Words: Three D-cells are placed in a battery pack to
power a circuit containing three light bulbs.

Using the verbal description, one can acquire a mental picture of the
circuit being described. But this time, the connections of light bulbs is done in a
manner such that there is a point on the circuit where the wires branch off from
each other. The branching location is referred to as a node. Each light bulb is
placed in its own separate branch. These branch wires eventually connect to
each other to form a second node. A single wire is used to connect this second
node to the negative terminal of the battery.

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 To give meaning to the diagram of a series circuit in Example 1, we will
place value for the resistors connected in series.

R3 = 6Ω The total resistance in the circuit is:

RT = R1 + R2 + R3
=2 4 6
4.5 V R2 = 4Ω
= 12

The current flowing in the circuit is:

𝑉 . 𝑉
R1 = 2Ω 𝐼 𝟎. 𝟑𝟕𝟓 𝑨
𝑅𝑇

In example 2, the resistors are connected in parallel with each other.

The total resistance in the circuit is:

R1 R2 R3
4.5 V
2Ω 4Ω 6Ω 𝑅𝑇 𝑅 𝑅 𝑅

𝑅𝑇

𝑅𝑇 . 9

The current flowing in the parallel circuit is:

𝑉 . 𝑉
𝐼 𝟒. 𝟏𝟐 𝑨
𝑅𝑇 . 9

According to Ohm’s Law, current is directly proportional to the voltage

and inversely proportional to the resistance in the circuit. This can be seen in the
two examples of circuits where values of resistance are added. Connecting
resistors in series will create high resistance to the circuit. High resistance will
create low current flow. Connecting resistors in parallel offers low resistance to
the circuit and allows much current flow.

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HOUSEHOLD WIRING
Your household provides you with the best visualization of how electric
circuits work in delivering electrical energy. You know which appliances are
included in the circuit and how the use of electricity can be optimized.

Adapted from https://www.google.com/amp/s/www.pinterest.com/amp/pin/528821181216596550/

Figure 2. An example of a household electric circuitry

SELECTION OF FUSES
The flow of current in a conductor generates heat along its path. Too
much heat, however, can be dangerous to the overall circuit and may cause
fire. Electrical fuses provide a solution to this concern. Fuses are designed to
have very thin pieces of wire. They only allow a certain amount of current to
pass through them; otherwise, a fuse burns out if there is an excessive amount of
current. If the fuse burns out, it will shut down the entire circuitry, thus preventing
damage. It is always safer to use a small fuse than a large one. By selecting the
proper fuse to be used in your circuitry, you can be protected from electrical
accidents due to faulty wiring.

Adapted from https://www.amazon.com/Bussmann-AGC-1-8-GLASS-FUSE/dp/B009IXMLB6

Figure 3. An electric fuse installed at home minimizes the risk of accidents

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PERFORMANCE TASK:

Electromotive Force and Potential Difference

Objective: Distinguish between electromotive forces

and potential differences.
Material: A Circuit Diagram
Procedure:
1. Draw a circuit diagram with two batteries, 1
light bulb and switch. You can apply your creativity provided
that the appropriate symbols are used.
2. Label the electromotive force and the potential difference.

Question: How does an electromotive force differ from potential

difference? Write your answers on your notebook/Answer Sheet.

Rubric:
Organization of components – 20 points
Complete circuit – 10 points
Creativity – 10 points
TOTAL – 40 points

III. WHAT I HAVE LEARNED

EVALUATION/POST-TEST
I. MULTIPLE CHOICE
Directions: Choose the letter/number of the correct answer. Write it on
your notebook/Answer Sheet.

1. Which of the following follows a linear relationship between current and

voltage?
a. emf b. P.d. c. ohmic d. non-ohmic
2. Which of the following is an ohmic material?
a. dirty water b. breast implant c. tin cans d. CD and DVD
3. The following are non-ohmic materials, EXCEPT:
a. Silicon b. tin c. diode d. copper
4. It is the driving force across two different points.
a. Potential difference c. ohmic materials
b. Electromotive force d. non-ohmic materials
5. Is voltage across two resistors in a parallel circuit the same?
a. Yes b. No c. Maybe d. Neither yes or no

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6. Which circuit diagram correctly shows the connection of Ammeter A and
voltmeter V to measure the current through and potential difference
across resistor R?

7. A student uses a voltmeter to measure the potential difference across a

resistor. To obtain a correct reading, the student must connect the
voltmeter _______.
a. After connecting the other circuit components.
b. Before connection the other circuit components.
c. in series with the resistor.
d. in parallel with the resistor.
8. Which statement about ammeters and voltmeters is correct?
a. The internal resistance of both meters should be low.
b. Both meters should have a negligible effect on the circuit being
measured.
c. The potential drop across both meters should be made as large as
possible.
d. The scale range on both meters must be the same.
9. The galvanometer uses a coil which is placed between the magnet. When
the current flows through the coils, what will happen to the current?
a. It will be reflected.
b. It will be deflected.
c. It will be refracted.
d. All of the above
10. The resistance across the voltmeter is very large as compared to the
ammeter. This statement is _______.
a. True
b. False
c. Neither True nor False
d. Undecided

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II. PROBLEM SOLVING
Directions: Solve the given problems below. Show your solution on your
notebook/Answer Sheet.
1. Find the voltage drop in an extension cord having a 0.0600Ω resistance and
through which 5.00 A is flowing.
2. A cheaper cord utilizes thinner wire and has a resistance of 0.300Ω. What is
the voltage drop in it when 5.00 A flows?
3. A coil receives an electric power of 4500 W from a supplied voltage of 240 V.
What is the resistance of the coil?

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 REFERENCES

Basics: Power dissipation and electronic components, Windell

Oskay. Retrieved from

circuitglobe.com/difference-between-ammeter-and-voltmeter.html

David, Oliver M. General Physics 2. Makati City, Philippines: DIWA

Learning Systems Inc., 2017.

https://webstockreview.net/

Evilmadscientist.com/2012/basics-power-dissipation-and-
electronic-components/

Ohmlaw.com/voltage-current-resistance-triangle-vir-triangle/

Terminal Potential Difference – eSaral. Retrieved from

www.esaral.com/emf-internal-resistance-of-a-cell-terminal-
potential-difference-types-of-cells/

www.youtube.com/watch?app=desktop&v=Ciasa_SH0cl

www.pinterest.ph/pin/542965298808561001/

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 DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION
SCHOOLS DIVISION OF NEGROS ORIENTAL

SENEN PRISCILLO P. PAULIN, CESO V

Schools Division Superintendent

JOELYZA M. ARCILLA EdD

OIC - Assistant Schools Division Superintendent

MARCELO K. PALISPIS EdD JD

OIC - Assistant Schools Division Superintendent

NILITA L. RAGAY EdD

OIC - Assistant Schools Division Superintendent/CID Chief

ROSELA R. ABIERA
Education Program Supervisor – (LRMDS)

ARNOLD R. JUNGCO
PSDS-Division Science Coordinator

MARICEL S. RASID
Librarian II (LRMDS)

ELMAR L. CABRERA
PDO II (LRMDS)

LANIE MAE C. DE LA TORRE

Writer

STEPHEN C. BALDADO
Lay-out Artist
_________________________________________

ALPHA QA TEAM
JOSE MARI B. ACABAL
MA. MICHELROSE G. BALDADO
ROWENA R. DINOKOT
GENEVA FAYE L. MENDOZA

BETA QA TEAM
ZENAIDA A. ACADEMIA
ALLAN Z. ALBERTO
EUFRATES G. ANSOK JR.
ROWENA R. DINOKOT
LESTER C. PABALINAS
DISCLAIMER

The information, activities and assessments used in this material are designed to provide
accessible learning modality to the teachers and learners of the Division of Negros Oriental. The
contents of this module are carefully researched, chosen, and evaluated to comply with the set
learning competencies. The writers and evaluator were clearly instructed to give credits to
information and illustrations used to substantiate this material. All content is subject to copyright
and may not be reproduced in any form without expressed written consent from the division.
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 SYNOPSIS AND ABOUT THE AUTHOR

ANSWER KEY
An electric conductor could be
ohmic or non-ohmic. The main difference
between the two is that ohmic follows
Ohm’s law whereas non-ohmic does not.
Ohmic materials are usually good
conductors of electricity, example of which
are metals like copper, gold, silver, etc. and
non-ohmic are semiconductors. Examples of
semiconductors are germanium and silicon.
Electricity is measured in two ways:
either through current or voltage. The
current and voltage of the circuit are
measured through ammeter and voltmeter
respectively. The working principle of the
ammeter and voltmeter are same as that of
the galvanometer. The ammeter is the
measuring instrument which is used to
measure the current in the circuit. The
voltmeter is the voltage measuring devices.
It is connected in parallel with the electrical
circuit whose potential is to be measured.

LANIE MAE C. DE LA TORRE is currently

teaching at Jimalalud National High School –
Main Campus, Jimalalud Negros Oriental.

She is a Graduate of Bachelor of Secondary

Education major in Biological Sciences at Negros
Oriental State University, Bais Campus II and is
currently pursuing her Masters in Educational
Management in the same university.

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24