1.

A 57%

2. D 57%

3. C 41%

4. B The variable is qualitative, and the graph shows relative frequency.

5. B The mean is larger than the median.

6. B The distribution is left skewed.

7. B Eleven students scored 70 or above

8.

Number of Number of Relative

Children over 5 Households Frequency
0 12 0.24
1 18 0.36
2 12 0.24
3 7 0.14
<4 1 0.02

|
0.5|
| ─
0.4| ─ ─
| ─ ─
0.3| ─ ─ ─
| ─ ─ ─
0.2| ─ ─ ─
| ─ ─ ─
0.1| ─ ─ ─
| ─ ─ ─
0.0|_─────_─────_─────_
0 1 2 3 <4
Number of Children over 5
9.

Highest Marginal Income Tax

Rate
41% 39.80%
40%
39%
38%
37%
36% 35.32%
35%
34%
33%

2016 2017 2016 2017

10 D. Systematic Sample

11. B. Stratified random sample

12 A. 4.17 - The mean number of projects started per month over the last six months can be calculated
by summing up the number of projects started in each month and dividing by the total number of
months (6).

(3 + 4 + 3 + 7 + 2 + 6) / 6 = 25 / 6 = 4.17

13 C. 3.5

14 B. 3 - Q3

15.D. 110, 110, 120, 120

16 C. Median

17. D 1 = mode, 2 = mean, 3 = median

18.

a. To calculate the z-score for the Great White shark, we can use the formula:

z = (X - μ) / σ

where X is the weight of the shark (2,400 lbs), μ is the mean weight of Great White sharks (1,900 lbs),
and σ is the standard deviation of Great White sharks (230 lbs).

Plugging in the values:

z = (2400 - 1900) / 230

z = 500 / 230

z ≈ 2.17

So, the z-score for the Great White shark is approximately 2.17.

b. To calculate the z-score for the Tiger shark, we can use the same formula:

z = (X - μ) / σ

where X is the weight of the shark (1,580 lbs), μ is the mean weight of Tiger sharks (1,200 lbs), and σ is
the standard deviation of Tiger sharks (178 lbs).

Plugging in the values:

z = (1580 - 1200) / 178

z = 380 / 178

z ≈ 2.13

So, the z-score for the Tiger shark is approximately 2.13.

c. Both sharks have positive z-scores, which indicate that their weights are above their respective mean
weights. However, since the z-score for the Great White shark (2.17) is slightly higher than the z-score
for the Tiger shark (2.13), it means that the Great White shark weighs relatively more compared to the
Tiger shark in terms of their respective species' mean weights and standard deviations.

19.

a. According to the 68-95-99.7 empirical rule, approximately 68% of the data falls within one standard
deviation of the mean in a normal distribution. So, to calculate the percentage of customers who spend
between 35 and 47 minutes texting daily, we can find the z-scores for these values and then subtract the
area under the curve between these z-scores from 68%.

z1 = (X1 - μ) / σ = (35 - 41) / 6 = -1

z2 = (X2 - μ) / σ = (47 - 41) / 6 = 1

Using a standard normal distribution table or a calculator, we can find the area under the curve between
-1 and 1, which is approximately 0.6826.

So, approximately 0.6826 or 68.26% of customers spend between 35 and 47 minutes texting daily.

b. Similarly, to calculate the percentage of customers who spend less than 35 minutes texting daily, we
can find the z-score for 35 and then find the area under the curve to the left of that z-score.
z = (X - μ) / σ = (35 - 41) / 6 = -1

Using a standard normal distribution table or a calculator, we can find the area under the curve to the
left of -1, which is approximately 0.1587.

So, approximately 0.1587 or 15.87% of customers spend less than 35 minutes texting daily.

c. To calculate the percentage of customers who spend more than 53 minutes texting daily, we can find
the z-score for 53 and then find the area under the curve to the right of that z-score.

z = (X - μ) / σ = (53 - 41) / 6 = 2

Using a standard normal distribution table or a calculator, we can find the area under the curve to the
right of 2, which is approximately 0.0228.

So, approximately 0.0228 or 2.28% of customers spend more than 53 minutes texting daily.

20.

+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+

| | | | | |

+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+

| |

+---------+-----+-----+-----+---------+

| | |

Minimum Q1 Median Q3 Maximum

b. To determine the lower and upper fences for outliers using the 1.5 x IQR (interquartile range)
criterion, we need to first calculate the IQR, which is the difference between the third quartile (Q3)
and the first quartile (Q1).

IQR = Q3 - Q1 = 92 - 82 = 10

Then, we can calculate the lower fence using the formula:

Lower Fence = Q1 - 1.5 x IQR

Lower Fence = 82 - 1.5 x 10 = 82 - 15 = 67

And the upper fence using the formula:

Upper Fence = Q3 + 1.5 x IQR

Upper Fence = 92 + 1.5 x 10 = 92 + 15 = 107

So, the lower fence for outliers is 67 and the upper fence for outliers is 107.

c. To determine if there are any low outliers, we can compare the minimum value to the lower fence.
In this case, the minimum value is 42, which is lower than the lower fence of 67. Therefore, there are
low outliers in the data.

To determine if there are any high outliers, we can compare the maximum value to the upper fence.
In this case, the maximum value is 110, which is higher than the upper fence of 107. Therefore, there
are high outliers in the data.

21.

a. The first scatterplot (A) has the correlation coefficient closest to r = -1.

b. The third scatterplot (C) has the correlation coefficient closest to r = 0.

22.

a. In this context, the explanatory variable is the Serving Size (in grams) and the response variable is the
Calories (number of calories) for each fast food item.

b. To predict the calories for an item that weighs 250 grams using the equation of the best fit line, we
can substitute 250 for Serving Size (g) in the equation and solve for Calories:

Calories = 82.56 + 2.01 * Serving Size (g)

Calories = 82.56 + 2.01 * 250

Calories = 82.56 + 502.5

Calories = 585.06

So, the predicted number of calories for an item that weighs 250 grams is 585.06 calories.

c. The coefficient of determination, R^2, represents the proportion of the total variation in the response
variable (Calories) that is explained by the explanatory variable (Serving Size). It is a measure of the
goodness of fit of the regression model.

Since the correlation coefficient (r) is given as 0.864, the coefficient of determination (R^2) can be
calculated as the square of the correlation coefficient:

R^2 = r^2

R^2 = 0.864^2

R^2 = 0.746496

So, the coefficient of determination (R^2) is approximately 0.7465.

d. The coefficient of determination (R^2) represents the proportion of the total variation in the response
variable (Calories) that is explained by the explanatory variable (Serving Size). In this case, R^2 = 0.7465
means that approximately 74.65% of the total variation in calories can be explained by the size of the
fast food item (Serving Size).

e. The y-intercept for the line of best fit is given by 82.56, which represents the predicted value of
Calories when the Serving Size is 0 grams. However, in this context, it does not make sense to interpret
the y-intercept because it is not possible to have a fast food item with a serving size of 0 grams, and the
regression model may not be valid for extrapolation beyond the range of the data. Therefore,
interpreting the y-intercept may not provide meaningful information in this problem.
23.

a. P(E or F) is the probability of either event E or event F occurring, or both.

Using the formula for the probability of the union of two events: P(E or F) = P(E) + P(F) - P(E and F)

Plugging in the given probabilities:

P(E or F) = P(E) + P(F) - P(E and F)

P(E or F) = 0.6 + 0.3 - 0.2

P(E or F) = 0.9 - 0.2

P(E or F) = 0.7

So, P(E or F) = 0.7.

b. P(FC) is the probability of the complement of event F, i.e., the event "not F" or "F does not occur".

Since P(F) = 0.3, then P(FC) = 1 - P(F) (by definition of complement)

P(FC) = 1 - 0.3

P(FC) = 0.7

So, P(FC) = 0.7.

c. P(EC and F) is the probability of event E' (complement of event E) and event F occurring together.
Using the formula for the probability of the intersection of two events: P(EC and F) = P(EC) * P(F|EC)

Plugging in the given probabilities:

P(EC and F) = P(EC) * P(F|EC)

P(EC and F) = (1 - P(E)) * P(F) (since E and EC are complements, P(EC) = 1 - P(E))

P(EC and F) = (1 - 0.6) * 0.3

P(EC and F) = 0.4 * 0.3

P(EC and F) = 0.12

So, P(EC and F) = 0.12.

24.

a. What percent of all students are in the CORPS?

35%. This information is given in the Venn diagram as "Students in CORPS: 35%".

b. What percent of all students are in the CORPS and participate in Athletics?

25%. This information is given in the Venn diagram as "Students in both CORPS and Athletics: 25%".

c. What percent of all students are not in the CORPS and not in athletics?

40%. This can be calculated by subtracting the percentage of students in the CORPS (35%) and the
percentage of students in both CORPS and Athletics (25%) from 100%. So, 100% - 35% - 25% = 40%.

d. What percent of all students are not in athletics?

63%. This can be calculated by subtracting the percentage of students in Athletics (12%) and the
percentage of students in both CORPS and Athletics (25%) from 100%. So, 100% - 12% - 25% = 63%.

25. D the mean of the outcomes must be known

26. C 10

27.C P(x=2) = 0.28

28.

a. To find the probability that exactly 7 flights are on time, we can use the binomial probability formula:

P(X = x) = nCx * p^x * (1-p)^(n-x)

where:

n = number of trials (in this case, number of flights selected) = 10

x = number of successes (in this case, number of flights on time) = 7

p = probability of success (in this case, probability of a flight being on time) = 0.70

Plugging in these values, we get:

P(X = 7) = 10C7 * 0.70^7 * (1-0.70)^(10-7)

Using the provided values for the binomial coefficients (nCx) and simplifying the expression, we can
calculate the probability:

P(X = 7) = 0.2668
So, the probability that exactly 7 flights are on time is 0.2668 or 26.68%.

b. To find the probability that fewer than 5 flights are on time, we need to calculate the sum of the
probabilities for X = 0, 1, 2, 3, and 4.

P(X < 5) = P(X = 0) + P(X = 1) + P(X = 2) + P(X = 3) + P(X = 4)

Using the provided values for the binomial probabilities, we can calculate:

P(X < 5) = 0.0000 + 0.0001 + 0.0014 + 0.0090 + 0.0368

P(X < 5) = 0.0473

So, the probability that fewer than 5 flights are on time is 0.0473 or 4.73%.

c. To find the probability that at least 8 flights are on time, we need to calculate the sum of the
probabilities for X = 8, 9, and 10.

P(X >= 8) = P(X = 8) + P(X = 9) + P(X = 10)

Using the provided values for the binomial probabilities, we can calculate:

P(X >= 8) = 0.2335 + 0.1211 + 0.0282

P(X >= 8) = 0.3828

So, the probability that at least 8 flights are on time is 0.3828 or 38.28%.

29.

| |

| |

| |

| |

| |

| |

| |

----------|-----------------------------------------|----------

μ - 3σ μ - 2σ μ-σ μ μ+σ μ + 2σ μ + 3σ

b. To calculate the z-score for a bag that weighs 1000g, we can use the formula:

z = (X - μ) / σ

where:

X = 1000g (weight of the bag)

μ = 1012g (mean weight of the bags)

σ = 15g (standard deviation of the bags)

Plugging in the given values:

z = (1000 - 1012) / 15 = -12 / 15 ≈ -0.8

So, the z-score for a bag that weighs 1000g is approximately -0.8.

To find the percent of bags produced that weigh less than advertised, we need to find the cumulative
probability (area under the curve) to the left of the z-score -0.8 in the standard normal distribution table
or using a statistical calculator.

Using a standard normal distribution table or a statistical calculator, we can find that the cumulative
probability (area under the curve) to the left of -0.8 is approximately 0.211, or 21.1% (rounded to one
decimal place).

Therefore, approximately 21.1% of the bags produced will weigh less than the advertised weight of
1000g.

c. To calculate the z-score for a bag that weighs 1020g, we can use the same formula:

z = (X - μ) / σ

where:

X = 1020g (weight of the bag)

μ = 1012g (mean weight of the bags)

σ = 15g (standard deviation of the bags)

Plugging in the given values:

z = (1020 - 1012) / 15 = 8 / 15 ≈ 0.533

So, the z-score for a bag that weighs 1020g is approximately 0.533.

To find the percent of bags produced that weigh more than 1020g, we need to find the cumulative
probability (area under the curve) to the right of the z-score 0.533 in the standard normal distribution
table or using a statistical calculator.

Using a standard normal distribution table or a statistical calculator, we can find that the cumulative
probability (area under the curve) to the right of 0.533 is approximately 0.296, or 29.6% (rounded to one
decimal place).

Therefore, approximately 29.6% of the bags produced will weigh more than 1020g.

30.

a. The critical value needed for this problem can be found using the standard normal distribution table
or a statistical calculator. Since the sample size is large (n = 75) and the sampling distribution can be
approximated by a normal distribution due to the Central Limit Theorem, we can use the standard
normal distribution.

For a 90% confidence interval, with a significance level of 0.10 (1 - confidence level), the critical value (z-
score) can be found from the standard normal distribution table at a cumulative probability of 0.95 (1 -
significance level).

Using the standard normal distribution table or a statistical calculator, the critical value for a 90%
confidence interval at a significance level of 0.10 is approximately 1.645.

b. The formula for calculating the confidence interval for a proportion is:

Confidence Interval = sample proportion ± (critical value * standard error)

where:

sample proportion is the proportion of the sample that exhibits the characteristic of interest (in this
case, the proportion of students who spend time studying each day, given as 20/75 = 0.2667)

critical value is the value obtained from the standard normal distribution table or a statistical calculator
(calculated as 1.645 in this case)

standard error is the square root of [(sample proportion * (1 - sample proportion)) / sample size]
(calculated as sqrt((0.2667 * (1 - 0.2667)) / 75) in this case)

Plugging in the given values:

Sample proportion (p̂ ) = 0.2667

Critical value (z) = 1.645

Sample size (n) = 75

Confidence Interval = 0.2667 ± (1.645 * sqrt((0.2667 * (1 - 0.2667)) / 75))

Thus, the 90% confidence interval for the proportion of all Norwich students who spend time studying
each day is approximately (0.2074, 0.3261).
31.

a. The critical value needed for this problem can be found using the t-distribution table or a statistical
calculator. Since the sample size is small (n = 22), we need to use the t-distribution instead of the
standard normal distribution.

For a 95% confidence interval, with a sample size of 22 and a two-tailed test, the critical value (t-score)
can be found from the t-distribution table with 21 degrees of freedom (df = n-1) and a significance level
of 0.025 (for a two-tailed test, 0.05/2 = 0.025).

Using the t-distribution table or a statistical calculator, the critical value for a 95% confidence interval
with 21 degrees of freedom and a significance level of 0.025 is approximately 2.0801.

b. The formula for calculating the confidence interval is:

Confidence Interval = sample mean ± (critical value * standard error)

where:

sample mean is the average of the sample (given as 45 months)

critical value is the value obtained from the t-distribution table or a statistical calculator (calculated as
2.0801 in this case)

standard error is the standard deviation of the sample divided by the square root of the sample size
(calculated as 12/sqrt(22) in this case)

Plugging in the given values:

Sample mean (x̄) = 45

Critical value (t) = 2.0801

Standard deviation (s) = 12

Sample size (n) = 22

Confidence Interval = 45 ± (2.0801 * (12/sqrt(22)))

Thus, the 95% confidence interval for the population mean lifetime of iPhones is approximately (40.36,
49.64) months.

32.

a. State the null hypothesis: H0: The percentage of high school graduates that go to college is 70%.

Alternative hypothesis: H1: The percentage of high school graduates that go to college has increased
from 70%.

b. The formula to calculate the test statistic for this problem is the z-test for a single sample proportion:

z = (p̂ - p) / √(p * (1-p) / n)

where p̂ is the sample proportion, p is the population proportion (in this case, 70%), and n is the sample
size.
Plugging in the given values:

p̂ = 150/200 = 0.75 (sample proportion)

p = 0.70 (population proportion)

n = 200 (sample size)

z = (0.75 - 0.70) / √(0.70 * (1-0.70) / 200)

z = 0.05 / √(0.70 * 0.30 / 200)

z ≈ 1.929

c. To find the corresponding p-value for the test statistic, we can use a standard normal distribution
table or a statistical calculator. From the standard normal distribution table, we can find that the p-value
for a z-value of 1.929 is approximately 0.054.

d. Based on the p-value of 0.054, which is greater than the significance level of 0.01, we fail to reject the
null hypothesis. This means that there is not sufficient evidence at the 0.01 level of significance to
suggest that the percentage of high school graduates that go to college has increased from 70%. In other
words, we do not have enough evidence to conclude that there has been a significant change in the
percentage of high school graduates going to college based on the given sample.

33.

a. State the null hypothesis: H0: The average fuel usage of the rocket engines is 5500 lbs.

Alternative hypothesis: H1: The average fuel usage of the rocket engines is not equal to 5500 lbs.

b. The formula to calculate the test statistic for this problem is the z-test for a single sample mean:

z = (x̄ - μ) / (σ / √n)
where x̄ is the sample mean, μ is the population mean (in this case, the government standard of 5500
lbs), σ is the population standard deviation, and n is the sample size.

Plugging in the given values:

x̄ = 5690 lbs (sample mean)

μ = 5500 lbs (population mean)

σ = 250 lbs (population standard deviation)

n = 18 (sample size)

z = (5690 - 5500) / (250 / √18)

z = 190 / (250 / 4.2426)

z = 190 / 59.1695

z ≈ 3.2117

c. To find the corresponding p-value for the test statistic, we can use a standard normal distribution
table or a statistical calculator. From the standard normal distribution table, we can find that the p-value
for a z-value of 3.2117 is very close to 0.001.

d. Based on the p-value of 0.001, which is less than the significance level of 0.05, we can reject the null
hypothesis. This means that there is sufficient evidence at the 0.05 level of significance to suggest that
the company has not met the government standard of using 5500 lbs of fuel for the rocket engines in
the first 15 seconds. In other words, the average fuel usage of the rocket engines is significantly different
from 5500 lbs.