Types of Storage

TYPES OF STORAGE
1. PRIMARY STORAGE
-Main memory inside a computer
-Directly accessed by CPU, faster access than secondary storage
-both volatile and non-volatile
e.g.
1- Random Access Memory (RAM)
-is a hardware device
-allows information to be stored and retrieved on a computer
-RAM is a volatile memory and requires power to keep the data accessible
-RAM normally has a larger capacity than ROM
2- Read Only Memory (ROM)

-is a hardware device
-Stores basic start up instructions for a computer e.g. basic input/output system (BIOS)
-Stores bootstrap loader
-ROM contains nonvolatile data, meaning it keeps it data even if the device loses power
-Data can be read from and written to RAM, ROM can only be read from
2. SECONDARY STORAGE
-non-volatile, persistent memory that is accessed by a device that is part of computer

-not directly accessed by the CPU
e.g.
1- Hard Disk Drive (HDD)
-HDD is an electromechanical data storage device that uses magnetic storage
-to store and retrieve digital information using one or more rotating magnetic disks
2- Solid State Drive (SDD)

Device that stores data by controlling the movement of electrons
within a microchip; there are no moving parts hence more durable
-Has faster random access
-Has a quick start up/shut down time (reduced latency)
-Is very small
-Is very light
-Consumes very little power
Why is Solid State Drive (SSD) replacing Hard Disk Drive (HDD)
-lower/less power consumption/more energy efficient
-runs quieter
-data access is faster
-occupies less physical space/more compact
-lighter, so more suitable for a portable computer/laptop
-no moving parts so more reliable/durable in a portable computer/laptop
Why many web servers still use Hard Disk Drive (HDD) technology
-HDD is cheaper for larger amounts of storage space
-HDD has greater longevity for read/write functions
-HDD are trusted technology
-No requirement for the increased speed of SSD
3. OFFLINE STORAGE
-non-volatile memory that can be removed from a computer system
-must be physically connected to computer to obtain stored data
-used to store files as a backup
e.g.
1-Compact Disk (CD)
-Small plastic disc on which music or other digital information is stored
-in the form of a pattern of metal-coated pits from which it can be read
-using laser light reflected off the disc
2-Digital Versatile Disk (DVD)

-Optical storage media that uses a single spiral track
-uses dual layer technology, allowing high data storage capacity
3-Digital Versatile Disk RAM (DVD-RAM)

-Optical storage media that uses concentric tracks
-allowing writing and reading to take place at the same time.
4-External SSD
-similar to internal SSD except it can be easily removed after data has been copied
-connected to computer via USB port while internal SSD is connected via SATA
controller
5-Blu-Ray
-Optical storage media
-has high storage capacity by using blue laser technology
6-Flash Memory
-Nonvolatile memory chip used for storage and for transferring data
-between a personal computer (PC) and digital devices
-It has the ability to be electronically reprogrammed and erased.
-It is often found in USB flash drives, MP3 players, and digital cameras
How is data written and read in an Optical Media
-Red laser is used (blue in case of Blu-Ray), shines onto surface of the disk
-It is rotated at a constant speed to be read
-Surface is covered in a track that spirals from the center
-Data is represented on the surface using pits and lands
-Pits and lands represent binary values
-Pits reflect light back differently to the area in between/land
-Optical device can determine the binary value from the light reflection
How is data written and read in a Magnetic Media

-surface of magnetic disk/tapes are coated with millions of iron particles
-allowing data to be stored on them
-the surface is divided into concentric tracks, which save data on them
-each track is sub-divided into sectors
-the particles act as magnets when they are exposed to a magnetic field
-magnetic disk/tapes contain read-write heads
-they contain electromagnets that generate magnetic fields
-in the iron particles, as the head passes over them
-a magnetic field’s pull means a binary 1 and a 0 otherwise
-while reading, read-write heads have no magnetic field
-storage medium charges the magnet in head
-causes a current to flow through head based on the polarity
-this way data is sent from read-write heads into the memory
How is data written and read in a Solid State Media

-store data by controlling the movement of electrons
-within NAND chips
-use of NAND only allows to read or erase a block of data at a time
-The data is stored as 0s and 1s in millions of tiny transistors within the chip
-This effectively produces a non-volatile rewritable memory
-also use Electronically Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory (EPROM)
-main difference is that it uses NOR chips than NAND making operations faster
-EPROM allows data to be read or erased in single byte at a time
SUMMARY OF STORAGES
-We store images in an 8-bit color graphics in computer’s memory
-such that each pixel is represented by one 8-bit byte
-The maximum number of colors that can be displayed at any one time is 256
To calculate the size of a file whose resolution is n x m (pixels) with w color-depth

-multiply n and m
-multiply product with w color-depth and divide by 8
-convert the answer to kB/MB/GB/TB
MUSICAL INSTRUMENT DIGITAL INTERFACE (MIDI)
-it's a way to connect devices that make and control sound
-such as synthesizers, samplers, and computers
-so that they can communicate with each other, using midi messages
- .midi file format is a non-audio recording
-produced by synthesizer
-used when composing music so individual notes can be changed
JPG/JPEG
-JPG is a file extension for a lossy graphics file
-JPEG file extension is used interchangeably with JPG
-JPEG stands for Joint Photographic Experts Group
-most common image format used by digital cameras
-transmitting and storing photographic images on the World Wide Web
-PNG is a lossless image format
MP3
-a file extension and compression method that utilizes the mpeg standard (lossy)
-to reduce the size, often by a factor of 12, while still maintaining audio quality
-MP3 files are commonly used to store the whole cd and require less drive space
-MP3 files are, on average, 90% smaller than the music files stored on a cd
-flac is a lossless audio format
MP4
-it's a compressed video format (lossy) that also can store audio and images
-MP4 file extension is a mpeg-4 video file format
-MP4s are one of the more common video file formats used for downloading and
streaming
COMPRESSION ALGORITHMS
Lossy compression
-lossy would reduce the file size more (than lossless)

-the redundant data can be removed from the files
-images can still be a similar quality
-there is no requirement for the files to be exactly the same as original file
-photos can be sent quicker / faster to upload / faster to download
-used to send large HD videos over the internet without lowering much quality
Lossless compression
-a compression algorithm is used

-none of the data contents are removed
-text files and documents are compressed using this algorithm
-so that the original and the decompressed text will be exactly the same
How can a text file size be reduced
-the file can be compressed using a compression algorithm
-the compression that is used is lossless, not lossy
-use of a compression algorithm
-repeated words can be indexed
-repeated word sections (e.g. “ou”) can be replaced by a numerical value
-it can be zipped using a software like winrar (.zip is loseless)
-save file as a pdf/convert to pdf
Advantages of compressing a file

-smaller file size to transmit
-file is transmitted faster
-requires lesser bandwidth

Types of Storage

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TYPES OF STORAGE

2- Read Only Memory (ROM)

-non-volatile, persistent memory that is accessed by a device that is part of computer

2- Solid State Drive (SDD)

2-Digital Versatile Disk (DVD)

3-Digital Versatile Disk RAM (DVD-RAM)

How is data written and read in a Magnetic Media

How is data written and read in a Solid State Media

To calculate the size of a file whose resolution is n x m (pixels) with w color-depth

-lossy would reduce the file size more (than lossless)

-a compression algorithm is used

Advantages of compressing a file

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