C hapter 2

IS MATTER AROUND US PURE?

How do we judge whether milk, ghee, butter, a pure substance and cannot be separated by
salt, spices, mineral water or juice that we buy physical process into its chemical constituents.
from the market are pure? Similarly, sugar is a substance which contains
only one kind of pure matter and its
composition is the same throughout.
Soft drink and soil are not single pure
substances. Whatever the source of a
pure substance may be, it will always have
the same characteristic properties.
Therefore, we can say that a mixture
contains more than one pure substance.

2.1.1 TYPES OF MIXTURES

Fig. 2.1: Some consumable items
Depending upon the nature of the components
Have you ever noticed the word ‘pure’ that form a mixture, we can have different
written on the packs of these consumables? types of mixtures.
For a common person pure means having no
adulteration. But, for a scientist all these things
Activity ______________ 2.1
are actually mixtures of different substances • Let us divide the class into groups A,
and hence not pure. For example, milk is B, C and D.
actually a mixture of water, fat, proteins, etc. • Group A takes a beaker containing
When a scientist says that something is pure, 50 mL of water and one spatula full
of copper sulphate powder. Group B
it means that all the constituent particles of takes 50 mL of water and two spatula
that substance are the same in their chemical full of copper sulphate powder in a
nature. A pure substance consists of a single beaker.
type of particle. In other words, a substance is • Groups C and D can take different
a pure single form of matter. amounts of copper sulphate and
As we look around, we can see that most potassium permanganate or common
salt (sodium chloride) and mix the
of the matter around us exists as mixtures of given components to form a mixture.
two or more pure components, for example, • Report the observations on the
sea water, minerals, soil, etc., are all mixtures. uniformity in colour and texture.
• Groups A and B have obtained a
2.1 What is a Mixture? mixture which has a uniform
Mixtures are constituted by more than one composition throughout. Such
mixtures are called homogeneous
kind of pure form of matter. We know that
mixtures or solutions. Some other
dissolved sodium chloride can be separated examples of such mixtures are: (i) salt
from water by the physical process of dissolved in water and (ii) sugar
evaporation. However, sodium chloride is itself dissolved in water. Compare the

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 colour of the solutions of the two
groups. Though both the groups have
obtained copper sulphate solution but
the intensity of colour of the solutions
is different. This shows that a
homogeneous mixture can have a
variable composition.
• Groups C and D have obtained
mixtures, which contain physically
distinct parts and have non-uniform
compositions. Such mixtures are called
heterogeneous mixtures. Mixtures of Fig. 2.2: Filtration
sodium chloride and iron filings, salt Now, we shall learn about solutions,
and sulphur, and oil and water are suspensions and colloidal solutions in the
examples of heterogeneous mixtures.
following sections.

Activity ______________ 2.2

Q
uestions
• Let us again divide the class into four 1. What is meant by a substance?
groups— A, B, C and D. 2. List the points of differences
• Distribute the following samples to between homogeneous and
each group: heterogeneous mixtures.
− Few crystals of copper sulphate
to group A.
− One spatula full of copper
sulphate to group B. 2.2 What is a Solution?
− Chalk powder or wheat flour to
group C. A solution is a homogeneous mixture of two
− Few drops of milk or ink to or more substances. You come across various
group D. types of solutions in your daily life. Lemonade,
• Each group should add the given soda water, etc., are all examples of solutions.
sample in water and stir properly Usually we think of a solution as a liquid that
using a glass rod. Are the particles contains either a solid, liquid or a gas dissolved
in the mixture visible? in it. But, we can also have solid solutions
• Direct a beam of light from a torch (alloys) and gaseous solutions (air). In a
through the beaker containing the solution there is homogeneity at the particle
mixture and observe from the front. Was level. For example, lemonade tastes the same
the path of the beam of light visible? throughout. This shows that particles of sugar
• Leave the mixtures undisturbed for or salt are evenly distributed in
a few minutes (and set up the the solution.
filtration apparatus in the meantime).
Is the mixture stable or do the
particles begin to settle after some Alloys: Alloys are mixtures of two or
more metals or a metal and a non-metal
More to know

time?
• Filter the mixture. Is there any and cannot be separated into their
residue on the filter paper? components by physical methods. But
still, an alloy is considered as a mixture
• Discuss the results and form an because it shows the properties of its
opinion. constituents and can have variable
Groups A and B have got a solution. composition. For example, brass is a
Group C has got a suspension. mixture of approximately 30% zinc and
Group D has got a colloidal solution. 70% copper.

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 A solution has a solvent and a solute as its proportion of the solute and solvent can be
components. The component of the solution varied. Depending upon the amount of solute
that dissolves the other component in it present in a solution, it can be called dilute,
(usually the component present in larger concentrated or saturated solution. Dilute
amount) is called the solvent. The component and concentrated are comparative terms. In
of the solution that is dissolved in the solvent activity 2.2, the solution obtained by group
(usually present in lesser quantity) is called A is dilute as compared to that obtained by
the solute. group B.

Examples: Activity ______________ 2.3

(i) A solution of sugar in water is a solid • Take approximately 50 mL of water
in liquid solution. In this solution, each in two separate beakers.
sugar is the solute and water is • Add salt in one beaker and sugar or
the solvent. barium chloride in the second beaker
with continuous stirring.
(ii) A solution of iodine in alcohol known
• When no more solute can be dissolved,
as ‘tincture of iodine’, has iodine (solid)
heat the contents of the beaker to raise
as the solute and alcohol (liquid) as the the temperature by about 5oC.°
solvent. • Start adding the solute again.
(iii) Aerated drinks like soda water, etc., are
gas in liquid solutions. These contain Is the amount of salt and sugar or barium
carbon dioxide (gas) as solute and water chloride, that can be dissolved in water at a
(liquid) as solvent. given temperature, the same?
(iv) Air is a mixture of gas in gas. Air is a At any particular temperature, a solution
homogeneous mixture of a number of that has dissolved as much solute as it is
gases. Its two main constituents are: capable of dissolving, is said to be a saturated
oxygen (21%) and nitrogen (78%). The solution. In other words, when no more solute
other gases are present in very can be dissolved in a solution at a given
small quantities. temperature, it is called a saturated solution.
The amount of the solute present in the
Properties of a Solution saturated solution at this temperature is called
its solubility.
• A solution is a homogeneous mixture. If the amount of solute contained in a
• The particles of a solution are smaller solution is less than the saturation level, it is
than 1 nm (10-9 metre) in diameter. So, called an unsaturated solution.
they cannot be seen by naked eyes. What would happen if you were to take a
• Because of very small particle size, they saturated solution at a certain temperature
do not scatter a beam of light passing and cool it slowly.
through the solution. So, the path of We can infer from the above activity that
light is not visible in a solution. different substances in a given solvent have
• The solute particles cannot be separated different solubilities at the same temperature.
from the mixture by the process of The concentration of a solution is the amount
filtration. The solute particles do not (mass or volume) of solute present in a given
settle down when left undisturbed, that amount (mass or volume) of solution.
is, a solution is stable.
There are various ways of expressing the
concentration of a solution, but here we will
2.2.1 CONCENTRATION OF A SOLUTION learn only three methods.
In activity 2.2, we observed that groups A and (i) Mass by mass percentage of a solution
B obtained different shades of solutions. So, Mass of solute
= ×100
we understand that in a solution the relative Mass of solution

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 (ii) Mass by volume percentage of a solution • The particles of a suspension scatter a
beam of light passing through it and
Mass of solute
= ×100 make its path visible.
Volume of solution • The solute particles settle down when a
(iii) Volume by volume percentage of a suspension is left undisturbed, that is,
solution a suspension is unstable. They can be
separated from the mixture by the
Volume of solute
= ×100 process of filtration. When the particles
Volume of solution
settle down, the suspension breaks and
it does not scatter light any more.
Example 2.1 A solution contains 40 g of
common salt in 320 g of water. Calculate
the concentration in terms of mass by
2.2.3 WHAT IS A COLLOIDAL SOLUTION?
mass percentage of the solution. The mixture obtained by group D in activity
Solution: 2.2 is called a colloid or a colloidal solution.
The particles of a colloid are uniformly spread
Mass of solute (salt) = 40 g
throughout the solution. Due to the relatively
Mass of solvent (water) = 320 g
We know, smaller size of particles, as compared to that of
Mass of solution = Mass of solute + a suspension, the mixture appears to be
Mass of solvent homogeneous. But actually, a colloidal solution
= 40 g + 320 g is a heterogeneous mixture, for example, milk.
= 360 g Because of the small size of colloidal
particles, we cannot see them with naked eyes.
Mass percentage of solution
But, these particles can easily scatter a beam
Mass of solute of visible light as observed in activity 2.2. This
= ×100 scattering of a beam of light is called the
Mass of solution
Tyndall effect after the name of the scientist
40 who discovered this effect.
= ×100 =11.1% Tyndall effect can also be observed when a
360
fine beam of light enters a room through a small
hole. This happens due to the scattering of light
2.2.2 WHAT IS A SUSPENSION?
by the particles of dust and smoke in the air.
Non-homogeneous systems, like those
obtained by group C in activity 2.2, in which
solids are dispersed in liquids, are called
suspensions. A suspension is a heterogeneous
mixture in which the solute particles do not
dissolve but remain suspended throughout
the bulk of the medium. Particles of a
suspension are visible to the naked eye.

Properties of a Suspension (a) (b)

• Suspension is a heterogeneous
mixture. Fig. 2.3: (a) Solution of copper sulphate does not
• The particles of a suspension can be seen show Tyndall effect, (b) mixture of water
by the naked eye. and milk shows Tyndall effect.

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 Tyndall effect can be observed when • Colloids are big enough to scatter a
sunlight passes through the canopy of a dense beam of light passing through it and
forest. In the forest, mist contains tiny droplets make its path visible.
of water, which act as particles of colloid • They do not settle down when left
dispersed in air. undisturbed, that is, a colloid is quite
stable.
• They cannot be separated from the
mixture by the process of filtration. But,
a special technique of separation known
as centrifugation (perform activity 2.5),
can be used to separate the colloidal
particles.
The components of a colloidal solution are
the dispersed phase and the dispersion
medium. The solute-like component or the
dispersed particles in a colloid form the
dispersed phase, and the component in which
Fig. 2.4: The Tyndall effect
the dispersed phase is suspended is known
as the dispersing medium. Colloids are
Properties of a Colloid classified according to the state (solid, liquid
• A colloid is a heterogeneous mixture. or gas) of the dispersing medium and the
• The size of particles of a colloid is too dispersed phase. A few common examples are
small to be individually seen with given in Table 2.1. From this table you can
naked eyes. see that they are very common everyday life.

Q
uestions
1. Differentiate between homogen- eous and heterogeneous mixtures with examples.
2. How are sol, solution and suspension different from each other?
3. To make a saturated solution, 36 g of sodium chloride is dissolved in 100 g of water
at 293 K. Find its concentration at this temperature.

Table 2.1: Common examples of colloids

Dispersed Dispersing Type Example
phase Medium

Liquid Gas Aerosol Fog, clouds, mist

Solid Gas Aerosol Smoke, automobile exhaust
Gas Liquid Foam Shaving cream
Liquid Liquid Emulsion Milk, face cream
Solid Liquid Sol Milk of magnesia, mud
Gas Solid Foam Foam, rubber, sponge, pumice
Liquid Solid Gel Jelly, cheese, butter
Solid Solid Solid Sol Coloured gemstone, milky glass

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2.3 Physical and Chemical • burning of paper and wood.
2. T ry segregating the things
Changes around you as pure substances
or mixtures.
In the previous chapter, we have learnt about
a few physical properties of matter. The
properties that can be observed and specified 2.4 What are the Types of Pure
like colour, hardness, rigidity, fluidity, Substances?
density, melting point, boiling point etc. are
the physical properites. On the basis of their chemical composition,
The interconversion of states is a physical substances can be classified either as elements
change because these changes occur without or compounds.
a change in composition and no change in the
chemical nature of the substance. Although 2.4.1 ELEMENTS
ice, water and water vapour all look different
and display different physical properties, they Robert Boyle was the first scientist to use the
are chemically the same. term element in 1661. Antoine Laurent
Both water and cooking oil are liquid but Lavoisier (1743–94), a French chemist, was the
their chemical characteristics are different. first to establish an experimentally useful
They differ in odour and inflammability. We definition of an element. He defined an element
know that oil burns in air whereas water as a basic form of matter that cannot be broken
extinguishes fire. It is this chemical property down into simpler substances by chemical
of oil that makes it different from water. reactions.
Burning is a chemical change. During this Elements can be normally divided into
process one substance reacts with another to metals, non-metals and metalloids.
undergo a change in chemical composition. Metals usually show some or all of the
Chemical change brings change in the following properties:
chemical properties of matter and we get new • They have a lustre (shine).
substances. A chemical change is also called • They have silvery-grey or golden-yellow
a chemical reaction. colour.
During burning of a candle, both physical • They conduct heat and electricity.
and chemical changes take place. Can you • They are ductile (can be drawn into
distinguish these? wires).
• They are malleable (can be hammered

Q
into thin sheets).
uestions • They are sonorous (make a ringing
sound when hit).
1. Classify the following as chemical
or physical changes: Examples of metals are gold, silver,
• cutting of trees, copper, iron, sodium, potassium etc. Mercury
• melting of butter in a pan, is the only metal that is liquid at room
• rusting of almirah, temperature.
• boiling of water to form steam, Non-metals usually show some or all of the
• passing of electric current, following properties:
through water and the water • They display a variety of colours.
breaking down into hydrogen • They are poor conductors of heat and
and oxygen gases, electricity.
• dissolving common salt in • They are not lustrous, sonorous
water, or malleable.
• making a fruit salad with raw Examples of non-metals are hydrogen,
fruits, and oxygen, iodine, carbon (coal, coke), bromine,

IS MATTER AROUND US PURE? 19

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chlorine etc. Some elements have intermediate • Compare the texture and colour of the
properties between those of metals and non- material obtained by the groups.
metals, they are called metalloids; examples • Add carbon disulphide to one part of
are boron, silicon, germanium, etc. the material obtained. Stir well
and filter.
• Add dilute sulphuric acid or dilute
• The number of elements
hydrochloric acid to the other part of
known at present are more
the material obtained.(Note: teacher
than 100. Ninety-two elements
supervision is necessary for
are naturally occurring and the
rest are man-made. this activity).
More to know

• Perform all the above steps with both

• Majority of the elements are
the elements (iron and sulphur)
solid.
separately.
• Eleven elements are in gaseous
state at room temperature.
• Two elements are liquid at Now answer
room temperature—mercury
and bromine. • Did the material obtained by the two
• Elements, gallium and cesium groups look the same?
become liquid at a temperature • Which group has obtained a material
slightly above room with magnetic properties?
temperature (303 K).
• Can we separate the components of the
material obtained?
2.4.2 COMPOUNDS • On adding dilute sulphuric acid or
A compound is a substance composed of two dilute hydrochloric acid, did both the
or more elements, chemically combined with groups obtain a gas? Did the gas in
one another in a fixed proportion. both the cases smell the same
What do we get when two or more elements or different?
are combined?
The gas obtained by Group I is hydrogen,
Activity ______________ 2.4 it is colourless, odourless and combustible– it
is not advised to do the combustion test for
• Divide the class into two groups. Give hydrogen in the class. The gas obtained by
5 g of iron filings and 3 g of sulphur
Group II is hydrogen sulphide. It is a colourless
powder in a china dish to both
the groups. gas with the smell of rotten eggs.
You must have observed that the products
Group I
• Mix and crush iron filings and
obtained by both the groups show different
sulphur powder. properties, though the starting materials were
the same. Group I has carried out the activity
Group II
• Mix and crush iron filings and involving a physical change whereas in case
sulphur powder. Heat this mixture of Group II, a chemical change (a chemical
strongly till red hot. Remove from reaction) has taken place.
flame and let the mixture cool. • The material obtained by group I is a
Groups I and II mixture of the two substances. The
• Check for magnetism in the material substances given are the elements—iron
obtained. Bring a magnet near the and sulphur.
material and check if the material is • The properties of the mixture are the
attracted towards the magnet.
same as that of its constituents.

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 Table 2.2: Mixtures and Compounds
Mixtures Compounds

1. Elements or compounds just mix 1. Elements react to form new compounds.

together to form a mixture and no
new compound is formed.
2. A mixture has a variable composition. 2. The composition of each new substance
is always fixed.
3, A mixture shows the properties of the 3. The new substance has totally different
constituent substances. properties.
4. The constituents can be seperated 4. The constituents can be separated only
fairly easily by physical methods. by chemical or electrochemical
reactions.

• The material obtained by group II is a • The composition of a compound is the

compound. same throughout. We can also observe
• On heating the two elements strongly we that the texture and the colour of the
get a compound, which has totally compound are the same throughout.
different properties compared to the Thus, we can summarise the physical
combining elements. and chemical nature of matter in the
following graphical organiser:

What
you have
learnt
• A mixture contains more than one substance (element and/
or compound) mixed in any proportion.

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 • Mixtures can be separated into pure substances using
appropriate separation techniques.
• A solution is a homogeneous mixture of two or more
substances. The major component of a solution is called the
solvent, and the minor, the solute.
• The concentration of a solution is the amount of solute present
per unit volume or per unit mass of the solution.
• Materials that are insoluble in a solvent and have particles
that are visible to naked eyes, form a suspension.
A suspension is a heterogeneous mixture.
• Colloids are heterogeneous mixtures in which the particle
size is too small to be seen with the naked eye, but is big
enough to scatter light. Colloids are useful in industry and
daily life. The particles are called the dispersed phase and
the medium in which they are distributed is called the
dispersion medium.
• Pure substances can be elements or compounds. An element
is a form of matter that cannot be broken down by chemical
reactions into simpler substances. A compound is a substance
composed of two or more different types of elements,
chemically combined in a fixed proportion.
• Properties of a compound are different from its constituent
elements, whereas a mixture shows the properties of its
constituting elements or compounds.

Exercises
1. Which separation techniques will you apply for the separation
of the following?
(a) Sodium chloride from its solution in water
(b) Ammonium chloride from a mixture containing sodium
chloride and ammonium chloride
(c) Small pieces of metal in the engine oil of a car
(d) Different pigments from an extract of flower petals
(e) Butter from curd
(f) Oil from water
(g) Tea leaves from tea
(h) Iron pins from sand
(i) Wheat grains from husk
(j) Fine mud particles suspended in water

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 2. Write the steps you would use for making tea. Use the words
solution, solvent, solute, dissolve, soluble, insoluble, filtrate
and residue.
3. Pragya tested the solubility of three different substances at
different temperatures and collected the data as given below
(results are given in the following table, as grams of substance
dissolved in 100 grams of water to form a saturated solution).

Substance Dissolved Temperature in K

283 293 313 333 353
Solubility

Potassium nitrate 21 32 62 106 167

Sodium chloride 36 36 36 37 37
Potassium chloride 35 35 40 46 54
Ammonium chloride 24 37 41 55 66

(a) What mass of potassium nitrate would be needed to

produce a saturated solution of potassium nitrate in
50 grams of water at 313 K?
(b) Pragya makes a saturated solution of potassium chloride
in water at 353 K and leaves the solution to cool at
room temperature. What would she observe as the
solution cools? Explain.
(c) Find the solubility of each salt at 293 K. Which salt has
the highest solubility at this temperature?
(d) What is the effect of change of temperature on the
solubility of a salt?
4. Explain the following giving examples.
(a) Saturated solution
(b) Pure substance
(c) Colloid
(d) Suspension
5. Classify each of the following as a homogeneous or
heterogeneous mixture.
soda water, wood, air, soil, vinegar, filtered tea.
6. How would you confirm that a colourless liquid given to you
is pure water?

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 7. Which of the following materials fall in the category of a
“pure substance”?
(a) Ice
(b) Milk
(c) Iron
(d) Hydrochloric acid
(e) Calcium oxide
(f) Mercury
(g) Brick
(h) Wood
(i) Air
8. Identify the solutions among the following mixtures.
(a) Soil
(b) Sea water
(c) Air
(d) Coal
(e) Soda water
9. Which of the following will show “Tyndall effect”?
(a) Salt solution
(b) Milk
(c) Copper sulphate solution
(d) Starch solution
10. Classify the following into elements, compounds and mixtures.
(a) Sodium
(b) Soil
(c) Sugar solution
(d) Silver
(e) Calcium carbonate
(f) Tin
(g) Silicon
(h) Coal
(i) Air
(j) Soap
(k) Methane
(l) Carbon dioxide
(m) Blood
11. Which of the following are chemical changes?
(a) Growth of a plant
(b) Rusting of iron

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 (c) Mixing of iron filings and sand
(d) Cooking of food
(e) Digestion of food
(f) Freezing of water
(g) Burning of a candle

Group Activity
Take an earthen pot (mutka), some pebbles and sand. Design a
small-scale filtration plant that you could use to clean
muddy water.

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