Module 3: Matter & Energy

OUTLINE
OUTLINE

A. Presentation of the Lesson

1. Matter
2. Mixtures
3. Pure Substances
4. Transformation of energy
5. Conservation of matter and energy
6. Measurements of energy
7.

OUTCOMES
OUTLINE

At the end of this module, you should be able to answer the

following questions:
1. To define matter and explain the state of matter
2. To be able to explain and differentiate atom, element,
compound and mixtures
3. To identify the properties of matter and be able to
differentiate the physical and chemical changes of matter
4. To be able to tell what a symbol and formula represent and
their functions in human life
5. To distinguish among and to compare elements, compounds
and mixtures
6. To distinguish among various forms of energy

LESSON PROPER: Getting started (Pre-assessment, activating

prior knowledge, and/or review), Discussion, activities/tasks,
assessment
OUTLINE

Matter – anything that has mass and occupies space (has volume)
 Mass is a measure of the amount of matter
 Volume is a measure of the amount of 3-dimensional space an object
occupies
Basic Building Blocks of Matter

 Atom – the smallest unit of an element that maintains the properties of that
element.
 Element – a pure substance made only of one kind of atom or a molecule
that is made up of only one kind of atom. (e.g. He, Ne, H 2, N2, F2)
 Compound – a substance that is made from the atoms of two or more
elements that are chemically bonded in a definite and constant proportion.
(e.g. H2O, CO2)
 Molecule – the smallest unit of an element or compound that retains all of
the properties of that element or compound.

States of Matter

Gas Liquid Solid

 Low density  High density  High density

 Easy to  Hard to  Hard to
expand/compress expand/compress expand/compress
 Fills container  Takes shape of  Rigid shape
 No definite shape container  Definite shape
 No definite volume  No definite shape  Definite volume
 Definite volume

Properties of Matter

 Extensive Properties – dependent upon the amount of matter present

examples: volume; mass; energy (heat content); length

 Intensive Properties – independent of the amount of matter present

examples: melting point, boiling point, density, color

 Physical Properties – a characteristic that can be observed or measured

without changing the identity of the substance
examples: melting point, boiling point, density, hardness, color , odor
 Chemical Properties – relates to a substance’s ability to undergo changes that
transform it into different substances
examples: ability to combust, oxidize, neutralize etc.

Changes in Matter:

1. Physical Change is a change in appearance (examples: smaller pieces or a

different phase), but the substance is not changed. No new substance is
produced.

a. Tear paper into pieces. Each piece of paper is still paper.

b. Chop carrots. Each little piece of carrot is still carrot.

c. Heat ice and ice becomes water and water vapor.

 The three phases: ice, water and vapor, have the same water
molecules, but they are arranged differently. In ice (solid), the
water molecules are close together and rigid, in water they move
a little, and in vapor they move far apart.

d. Dissolve sugar in water. The dissolved sugar is still the same sweet sugar
it was originally.

Terms for Changes in Physical State:

Freezing: liquid to solid
Melting: solid to liquid
Condensation: gas to liquid
Evaporation: liquid to gas
Sublimation: solid to gas (e.g. dry ice sublimes)
Deposition: gas to solid (e.g. water vapor deposits on ice box)

Examples:

H2O(s)
⃗ fre zing ¿¿ ⃗
melting ¿ Δ →¿⃗ evaporation ¿ Δ →¿⃗
H2O(l)
condensation ¿¿ H2O(g)

CO2 ⃗ CO
( s) sublimation
2 ( g)

2. Chemical Change produces a new substance with different properties.

Common indicators of chemical changes include:

Gas formation (bubbling)
Color change
 Energy change (endothermic or exothermic)
Precipitate formation ( a solid that separated from a solution during
a reaction)

a. The combination of Sodium (metal) and chlorine (poisonous gas) produce

a new and very different substance, the salt that we eat (NaCl).

b. Burn magnesium. Magnesium (a silvery metal) unites with oxygen (a

colorless gas) to produce magnesium oxide (a white powder). Magnesium
oxide is a new and different substance.

c. Two water molecules are broken down into two hydrogen molecules and
one molecule of oxygen.

d. Zinc reacting with an acid: Zn + 2HCl → ZnCl2 + H2

e. Methane gas burning: CH4 + 2O2 → CO2 +2H2O

Classification of Matter

Matter

Can it be
separated by
Yes physical means? No

Mixtures Pure
Substances

Is the Can it be
composition decomposed by
uniform? ordinary
Yes No chemical means
Yes No

Homogeneou Heterogeneo Compounds Elements

s Mixtures us Mixtures
MIXTURES
(sugar in (wood, blood) (water, NaCl) (Gold, Oxygen,
water, Chlorine)
 A blend of
stainless steel) two or more kinds of matter, each of which retains its own identity
and properties.
  The components of mixtures can usually be separated through physical
means
1. Filtration – select components by particle size; used when the mixture
consists of a liquid and a light or fine solid.
2. Decantation – used when a mixture consists of a liquid and a heavy
insoluble solid and to be allowed to settle at the bottom of the container.
(e.g. soil and water)
3. Centrifuging – used in cases where the mixture consists of a liquid in
which there are very tiny solid particles so that the mixture appears to be
cloudy. (e.g. separating red blood cells from plasma)
4. Evaporation – used to obtain the solute in a solution (e.g. seawater to
obtain salt)
5. Distillation – used when two or more liquid dissolve in one another and
usually of different boiling points.
6. Chromatography is used to separate substances of different colors

Types of Mixtures:

1. Homogeneous Mixtures (solutions) – mixtures that are

uniform throughout; consist of a solute dissolved in a solvent;
components are not present in specific ratios
-A solution of sugar and water is homogeneous once
each component is mixed uniformly and throughout the
solution

+ Bran = = a Homogeneous Mixture

d–X H2O +
H2O Salt
salt ( NaCl(a

W
So hi
+ S + da + = = A Heterogeneous
p
y Mixture
pe
r
d
Ice
Cr
2. Heterogeneous Mixtures – mixtures that are not uniform
throughout; two or more phases are present
-An ice cream soda is heterogeneous because each
component (ice cream, syrup, soda, whipped cream) is not
uniformly dispersed.

PURE SUBSTANCES

 Fixed composition
  Every sample of a pure substance has the same characteristic
properties
 Every sample of a pure substance has exactly the same composition

Types of Pure Substances:

A. Elements – cannot be broken down into simpler substances

Types of Elements:

1. Metals
 Luster
 Good conductor of heat and electricity
 Malleability: can be hammered into thin sheets
 Ductility: can be drawn into wire
2. Nonmetals
 Many nonmetals are gases at room temperature
 Solid nonmetals tend to be brittle
 Poor conductors of heat and electricity
3. Metalloids
 Some properties of nonmetals
 Solids at room temperature
 Semiconductors of electricity

Writing element symbols:

 First letter is always capitalized.

 First 1 – 2 distinguishing letters in name used for symbol
 Use first letter of the element name: (H for hydrogen; C for carbon)
 the first two letters are used for some elements (Ca for calcium; Al for
aluminum).
 the symbol may use the first letter and one letter to suggest a sound that
is apparent in the name (Zn for zinc; Cl for chlorine).
 The symbols for some elements are based on their Latin or German
ancient names.
ELEMENT SYMBOLS DERIVED FROM ANCIENT
NAMES
Modern Name Symbol Ancient Name
antimony Sb stibium
copper Cu cuprum
gold Au aurum
iron Fe ferrum
lead Pb plumbum
mercury Hg hydrargyrum
potassium K kalium
silver Ag argentum
 sodium Na natrium
tin Sn stannum
tungsten W wolfram

ELEMENTS OF HUMAN LIFE

Element Symbo Function
l

Major components of molecules found in human

Oxygen O Required for water and organic compounds
Carbon C Required for organic compounds
Hydrogen H Required for water and organic compounds
Nitrogen N Required for many organic compounds and for all
proteins
Sulfur S Required for some proteins and some organic
compounds

Nutritionally important elements required in amounts greater than

100mg/day
Calcium Ca Required for bones and teeth; necessary for
certain enzymes, nerve muscle function, hormonal
action, cellular motility, and clotting of the blood
Phosphorus P Required for bones and teeth; necessary for high
energy compounds, nucleo-proteins, nucleic acids,
phospholipids, and some proteins
Magnesium Mg Required for many enzymes; necessary for energy
reactions requiring adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
Sodium Na Principal positive extracellular ion
Potassium K Principal positive intracellular ion
Chlorine Cl Principal negative ion

Trace Elements
Iodine I Required for thyroid hormones
Fluorine F Required for bones and teeth; inhibitor of certain
enzymes
Iron Fe Required for hemoglobin and many enzymes
Copper Cu Required for many oxidative enzymes, for the
synthesis of hemoglobin and for normal bone
formation
Zinc Zn Required for many enzymes; related to action of
insulin; essential for normal growth and
reproduction and for nucleic acid metabolism
 ELEMENTS OF HUMAN LIFE
Element Symbo Function
l
Manganese Mn Required for some enzymes acting in the
mitochondria; essential for normal bone structure;
and for normal functioning of central nervous
system
Cobalt Co Required for vitamin B12
Molybdenum Mo Required for some enzymes, essential for purine
metabolism
Chromium Cr Related to action of insulin
Selenium Se Essential for the action of vitamin E

B. Compounds – two or more elements chemically combined in a definite and

constant proportion; can be broken down into two or more simpler
substances through chemical change.

Chemical Formulas
- symbolically express the number of atoms of each element in a
compound.
- number of atoms is indicated by a subscript following the elements
symbol (if there is no subscript, only one atom of that element is in the
compound.)
-
examples:
water = H2O => 2 H atoms, 1 O atom
sodium carbonate = Na2CO3 => 2 Na, 1 C, 3 O atoms
ammonium sulfate = (NH4)2SO4 => 2N, 8H, 1S and 4 O atoms

 LAW OF DEFINITE PROPORTIONS. Different samples of any pure

compound contain the same elements in the same proportion by mass.
 Water is 11.1% hydrogen and 88.9% oxygen by mass
 Carbon dioxide is 27.3% carbon and 72.7% oxygen by mass
 Calcium oxide is 71.5% calcium, and 28.5% oxygen by mass

Compound versus Mixture

Example: Example:
Water (H2O) Salt and sugar mixed together

 Definite and constant  Variable composition

composition
 Elements lose identity in a  Elements or compounds mixed
compound due to chemical together retain their identity
change

 Cannot be broken down into  Can be separated by simple

simpler substances by physical operations.
ordinary physical means

 LAW OF CONSERVATION OF MASS (MATTER) states that mass (matter) is

neither created nor destroyed.

A chemical equation shows elements or compounds reacting to form new

substances.
example:
2H2 +O2 ⃗2H 2 O
reactants⃗ products
no . of atoms in the reactants = no. of atoms in the product
4 atoms H ⃗ 4 atoms H
2 atoms O ⃗2 atoms O
LAW OF CONSERVATION OF ENERGY states that energy cannot be created or
destroyed but can be transformed.

ENERGY – ability to do work

 The muscles in our body get their energy from the chemical reactions that take
place in the muscle cells.
 The heat energy necessary to keep our bodies at a temperature of 98.6 oF or
37oC comes from the oxidation of the foods we eat.
 The electrical energy we use in our homes comes from burning a fuel or from
atomic energy.

Different Forms of Energy

Energy Form Example

Mechanical Fan

Sound Bell

Chemical Candle

Nuclear Nuclear reactor

Heat Toaster

Electrical Generator

Light Lamp (bulb)

Kinetic Energy - energy of motion; energy that is doing something now

 Heat energy obtained from burning wood
 Light energy from an incandescent light bulb
 Mechanical energy from a motor
 Atomic energy from a nuclear reactor

Potential Energy – stored energy; energy not associated with motion

 Dry cell (can supply energy when connected to something)
 Food (supplies energy to our bodies when metabolized)
 Water at the top of a waterfall (becomes kinetic energy that can
supply mechanical energy as it falls to the bottom)

Chemical Energy – a form of potential energy.

 Most chemical reactions involve changes in heat energy.
 Exothermic reaction – heat is given off during a chemical
reaction
 Endothermic – heat is absorbed during a chemical reaction
TRANSFORMATION OF ENERGY

Energy can be transformed from one form to another.

 Burning a piece of coal changes its potential energy into heat (kinetic)
energy. The heat energy thus produced might be used to boil water,
which produces large amounts of steam. The steam might be used to
drive a generator to produce electrical energy. In turn, this electrical
energy might be used to dive a motor (mechanical energy), produce light
in a fluorescent lamp (light energy), operate a radio (sound energy), or
operate a toaster (heat energy).

 The sun produces energy by nuclear reactions and radiates this energy to
the Earth. Plants on the Earth pick up the light energy from the sun
during the process of photosynthesis and produce compounds that
contain chemical energy. When humans eat these compounds in the
plants, their bodies convert the chemical energy into heat energy and
mechanical energy.

CONSERVATION OF MATTER AND ENERGY

Law of Conservation of Energy

 Energy is neither created nor destroyed during a chemical reaction.
Energy can be changed from one form to another, but the total amount of
energy remains the same regardless of what form the energy is changed
into.

Law of Conservation of Mass

 During a chemical reaction, mass is neither created nor destroyed. (The
total mass of substances before they react should be the same as the
masses of the products after the reaction.

 If a candle is placed in a sealed container, a certain weight will

be obtained for both the candle and the container. If the candle
is lit and allowed to burn (inside the sealed container) and if it is
weighed as it continues to burn, the weight will be found to
remain the same even though a part of the candle is
disappearing and several gaseous products are being produced.

 In the early 20th century, Albert Einstein stated that mass and energy were
interchangeable. That is, under certain conditions, mass could be changed to
energy or energy into mass. These changes do not occur under the conditions
of an ordinary chemical reaction, and so the laws of conservation of energy and
 conservation of mass are still used. MASS AND ENERGY CANNOT BE
CREATED OR DESTROYED BUT THEY CAN BE CONVERTED FROM ONE
FORM TO THE OTHER.

MEASUREMENT OF ENERGY

Heat – most common form of energy; all other forms of energy can be converted
into heat energy.

Units:
 Calorie (cal) – amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1
gram of water 1K or 1oC.
 Kilocalorie (kcal) – equal to 1000 cal.; used when measuring the heat
energy of the body and for nutritional values of foods.
 Joule (J) - : 1cal = 4.18 J; units used in chemical work.

Examples:

1. It takes 2.26 kJ to convert 1.00 g of liquid water into steam. Express this value in
kcal.

2. 8.4x102J are required to convert 1.00 g of liquid ethyl alcohol into vapor.
Express this value in calories.

SPECIFIC HEAT
 when heat is added to a substance, its temperature rises; when heat is
removed, its temperature falls.
 Specific Heat (C)– amount of heat required to raise the temperature
of 1 g of a substance to 1K or 1oC.

Specific Heat Values ( )

Gases Liquids Solids
Ammonia 0.50 Alcohol 0.58 Aluminum 0.21
2 7 5
Chlorine 0.11 Chloroform 0.23 Calcium 0.15
4 1 6
Oxygen 0.21 Ether 0.55 Copper 0.09
9 5 2
Nitrogen 0.24 Water 1.00 Iron 0.10
9 6
 Water has an abnormally high specific heat value when compared with other
substances.
 The high specific heat value of water indicates that it takes more heat
to raise the temperature of water than it does for an equal amount of
other substances.
 A given amount of heat will increase the heat of almost any substance
more than it will raise the temperature of an equal amount of water.

The amount of heat required to change the temperature of a substance is given by

the following formula:

Heat gain (or loss) = mass x specific heat x temperature change

Q = mC T

Examples:

1. How many calories are required to change the temperature of 1.0 x 10 2 grams of
water from 18.0oC to 19.5oC?

2. A pan containing 1.0 x 10 3 grams of water is heated from 20.0 oC to 100oC.

Calculate the number of calories needed to heat the water.

3. Five hundred calories are added to 100 grams copper at 25.0 oC, what will the
final temperature be?

4. Two grams of glucose, a carbohydrate, are burned in a calorimeter containing

500 g of water at 20.0oC. The final temperature is 36.0 oC. How much heat in
kilocalories is produced per gram of carbohydrate burned (oxidized)?

 Many people are becoming more calorie conscious and limiting their fat intake.
Package labeling with a chart listing the carbohydrate, fat and protein values
 and calorie content of the food product is an example of how the food industry
has responded to this trend of consumer awareness.

The following table shows energy used in various activities:

Activity Kcal/
hr
Running at 8.5 870
mph
Swimming at 2 540
mph
Walking at 4 mph 230
Bicycling slowly 170
Gymnastics 168
Driving a car 61

5. A slice of loaf bread provides 89 kcal. How long would it take (in minutes) to
walk off the calories from two slices of bread?

6. A chocolate provides 420 kcal. How long must you swim to use up this amount
of kilocalories?
 Exercise No. 4
MATTER & ENERGY score

Name: _________________________________________ Date: _____________

Instructor: ______________________________________ Section: ___________

What is the physical state of each of the following items at room temperature?
________1. gold
________2. gasoline
________3. helium
________4. paraffin wax
________5. rubbing alcohol
________6. mercury
________7. diamond
________8. oxygen
________9. cooking oil
________10. clay

Classify each of these samples of matter as an element, a compound or a mixture.

For the mixtures, identify each as homogeneous or heterogeneous.
________1. Spaghetti sauce
________2. Table sugar
________3. Blood
________4. Nitrogen
________5. soda
________6. Chocolate-chip ice cream
________7. Brass ( a blend of copper and zinc)
________8. Black coffee
 ________9. air
________10. Alphabet soup

Name the elements found in each of the following compounds

1. ammonium chloride (NH4Cl)
2. potassium permanganate (KMnO4)
3. isopropyl alcohol (C3H7OH)
4. calcium iodide (CaI)
5. pain reliever acetaminophen (C8H9O2N)
For each of the following processes, fill in whether a physical (P) or
chemical (C) change is taking place.

___ 1. The red mineral powder cinnabar is heated and a silvery liquid is formed.

___ 2. Food left out of the refrigerator spoils, turning a different color and
smelling bad.
___ 3. Iron is heated to melting in a steel mill.

___ 4. Wooden boards are being sawed to smaller lengths.

___ 5. A crystal goblet is dropped and shatters.

___ 6. A meal is eaten and digested.

___ 7. Removing a stain with bleach.

___ 8. A firecracker explodes.

___ 9. Salt is dissolved in water.

___ 10. A coin dropped in an acid begins to turn color and produces a gas.

Which of the following illustrate the concept of potential energy and which
illustrate kinetic energy?

11. Food - _______________________________

12. Gunpowder - _______________________________

13. Rolling marble - _______________________________

14. Swinging pendulum - _______________________________

15. Coal - _______________________________

READINGS AND REFERENCES
OUTLINE

Inorganic Worktext by Fronda et. al

Chemistry (Addison-Wesley) fifth edition by Anthony C.

Wilbraham, Dennis D. Staley, Michael S. Matta, Edward L.
Waterman

PNU Physical Science Reviewer