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    Viruses

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    Danielle Marie Cuasito
    Viruses are basic life forms composed of a protein coat called a capsid that surrounds genetic material of either DNA or RNA. They are not living cells and require a host cell to replicate. Viruses take control of the host cell's machinery to replicate their genetic material. There are two main types of capsids - icosahedral symmetry and helical symmetry - and viruses can have an envelope of lipid bilayer membrane or be naked. Viruses go through four steps to replicate - adsorption, penetration, synthesis of viral products, and release. Infection can result in cell death, transformation, latent infection, or chronic slow infection. Diseases caused by viruses include influenza, which can lead to pneumonia, and mumps

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    Viruses

    Uploaded by

    Danielle Marie Cuasito
    16 views18 pages
    Viruses are basic life forms composed of a protein coat called a capsid that surrounds genetic material of either DNA or RNA. They are not living cells and require a host cell to replicate. Viruses take control of the host cell's machinery to replicate their genetic material. There are two main types of capsids - icosahedral symmetry and helical symmetry - and viruses can have an envelope of lipid bilayer membrane or be naked. Viruses go through four steps to replicate - adsorption, penetration, synthesis of viral products, and release. Infection can result in cell death, transformation, latent infection, or chronic slow infection. Diseases caused by viruses include influenza, which can lead to pneumonia, and mumps

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    Viruses are basic life forms composed of a protein coat called a capsid that surrounds genetic material of either DNA or RNA. They are not living cells and require a host cell to replicate. Viruses take control of the host cell's machinery to replicate their genetic material. There are two main types of capsids - icosahedral symmetry and helical symmetry - and viruses can have an envelope of lipid bilayer membrane or be naked. Viruses go through four steps to replicate - adsorption, penetration, synthesis of viral products, and release. Infection can result in cell death, transformation, latent infection, or chronic slow infection. Diseases caused by viruses include influenza, which can lead to pneumonia, and mumps

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Download as pdf or txt
    16 views18 pages

    Viruses

    Uploaded by

    Danielle Marie Cuasito
    Viruses are basic life forms composed of a protein coat called a capsid that surrounds genetic material of either DNA or RNA. They are not living cells and require a host cell to replicate. Viruses take control of the host cell's machinery to replicate their genetic material. There are two main types of capsids - icosahedral symmetry and helical symmetry - and viruses can have an envelope of lipid bilayer membrane or be naked. Viruses go through four steps to replicate - adsorption, penetration, synthesis of viral products, and release. Infection can result in cell death, transformation, latent infection, or chronic slow infection. Diseases caused by viruses include influenza, which can lead to pneumonia, and mumps

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    of 18

    VIRUSES

    VIRAL REPLICATION AND TAXONOMY


    UNIQUE CHARACTERISTICS:
    1. They are energy –less.
    2. They are basic life forms composed of protein coat, called a capsid, that
    surrounds genetic material.
    3. The genetic material is either DNA or RNA. Never both!
    4. Replication of the genetic material occurs when the virus takes control of the
    host cell’s synthetic machinery.
    VIRAL MORPHOLOGY

    A. Nucleic acid
    - Classified as either DNA or RNA viruses
    - The nucleic acid strands can be: single-stranded,
    double stranded, liner, or looped, in separate
    segments or one continuous strand
    B. RNA VIRUSES

    • 2 types of RNA Viruses:


    1. POSITIVE (+) STRANDED – RNA is just like messenger
    RNA (mRNA). When it enters a host cell, it immediately
    be translated by the host’s ribosomes into protein.
    2. NEGATIVE (-) STRANDED- when enter to cell, they are
    not able to begin translation immediately.
    C. DNA VIRUSES

    • Both DNA viruses have both negative and positive strand.


    CAPSIDS
    2 TYPES OF CAPSIDS:
    1. ICOSAHEDRAL SYMMETRY CAPSIDS 2. HELICAL SYMMETR CAPSIDS
    (EQUILATERAL TRIANGLE) (SPHERICAL SHAPE)
    ENVELOPE

    • Lipid bilayer membrane


    - Acquire by budding through the host
    cell nuclear or cytoplasmic membrane
    and tearing off a piece of the
    membrane as they leave.
    - Naked (do not have embedded
    membranes), enveloped (with
    membranes)
    VIRUS FAMILIES
    VIRAL REPLICATION
    • In order for viruses to reproduce, they must complete these 4
    steps:
    1 ) Adsorption and penetration.
    2 ) Uncoating of the virus.
    3) Synthesis and assembly of viral products (as well as inhibition of
    the host cell's own DNA, RNA and protein synthesis).
    4) Release of virions from the host cell (either by lysis or budding).
    HOST CELL OUTCOME
    • Death: With the viral infection, the host cell's own function shuts down as the
    cell is commandeered for virion replication. This can result in cell death.
    • Transformation: Infection can activate or introduce oncogenes. This results in
    uncontrolled and uninhibited cell growth.
    • Latent infection: The virus can survive in a sleeping state, surviving but not
    producing clinically overt infection. Various factors can result in viral
    reactivation.
    • Chronic slow infection: Some viruses will cause disease only after many years,
    often decades, of indolent infection.
    DISEASES
    COMPLICATION OF INFLUENZA
    • Lower the host defenses against many
    bacteria.
    • As the virus spreads to the lower respiratory
    tract, resulting in pneumonia
    • Children given aspirin when they have
    influenza or varicella (chicken pox) can
    develop a severe liver and brain disease
    called Reye’s Syndrome. Give
    ACETAMINOPHEN for fever, no aspirin
    DIAGNOSTIC TESTS FOR INFLUENZAS FALL INTO 4 BROAD
    CATEGORIES :

    1 . Virus isolation : Culture of the virus allows for genetic and antigenic
    analysis
    2. Detection of viral proteins: New one hour tests help guide the
    choice of antiviral agents
    3. Detection of viral nucleic acid (RNA) in clinical material is available
    by reverse transcription followed by PCR (very sensitive method)
    4. Serological diagnosis: 4-fold increase in specific antibody levels over
    2 weeks
    MUMPS VIRUS
    • Mumps virus replicates in the upper respiratory tract and in regional
    lymph nodes and spreads via the blood to distant organs. Infection can
    occur in many organs, but the most frequently involved is the parotid
    gland.
    • About 3 weeks after initial exposure to mumps virus the parotid gland
    swells and becomes painful (parotitis).
    • The testes are also frequently infected. About 25% of infected males
    who have reached puberty can develop orchitis. The testes enlarge
    and stretch the capsule, resulting in intense pain. Infertility is a rare
    complication.
    THANK U

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