Scribd Logo
Upload

Welcome to Scribd!

  • 32 views

    Atomic Theory

    Uploaded by

    Rochelle Nuguid
    John Dalton discovered atoms in the early 1800s and proposed key ideas about their nature. Democritus and John Dalton proposed theories of atoms but Dalton's ideas were more fully developed and accepted. In the late 1800s and early 1900s, J.J. Thomson, Ernest Rutherford, Niels Bohr, and others performed experiments that revealed more about atomic structure. This led to discoveries of the electron, nucleus, and other components. Their work established atoms as tiny particles consisting of a small, dense nucleus surrounded by electrons.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Atomic Theory

    Uploaded by

    Rochelle Nuguid
    32 views37 pages
    John Dalton discovered atoms in the early 1800s and proposed key ideas about their nature. Democritus and John Dalton proposed theories of atoms but Dalton's ideas were more fully developed and accepted. In the late 1800s and early 1900s, J.J. Thomson, Ernest Rutherford, Niels Bohr, and others performed experiments that revealed more about atomic structure. This led to discoveries of the electron, nucleus, and other components. Their work established atoms as tiny particles consisting of a small, dense nucleus surrounded by electrons.

    Original Title

    2. ATOMIC THEORY

    Copyright

    © © All Rights Reserved

    Available Formats

    PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Did you find this document useful?

    Is this content inappropriate?

    John Dalton discovered atoms in the early 1800s and proposed key ideas about their nature. Democritus and John Dalton proposed theories of atoms but Dalton's ideas were more fully developed and accepted. In the late 1800s and early 1900s, J.J. Thomson, Ernest Rutherford, Niels Bohr, and others performed experiments that revealed more about atomic structure. This led to discoveries of the electron, nucleus, and other components. Their work established atoms as tiny particles consisting of a small, dense nucleus surrounded by electrons.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    32 views37 pages

    Atomic Theory

    Uploaded by

    Rochelle Nuguid
    John Dalton discovered atoms in the early 1800s and proposed key ideas about their nature. Democritus and John Dalton proposed theories of atoms but Dalton's ideas were more fully developed and accepted. In the late 1800s and early 1900s, J.J. Thomson, Ernest Rutherford, Niels Bohr, and others performed experiments that revealed more about atomic structure. This led to discoveries of the electron, nucleus, and other components. Their work established atoms as tiny particles consisting of a small, dense nucleus surrounded by electrons.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 37

    Question 1

    • Who discovered Atoms?


    • A. Democritus C. John Dalton
    • B. Leucippus D. Aristotle

    “Atomos” or “not to be cut”


    Question 2
    • He suggest that matter is made up of tiny
    indivisible particles called atoms that gave
    way to his Atomic Theory?
    • A. Democritus C. John Dalton
    • B. Leucippus D. Aristotle
    Question 3
    • He discovered the negative charge particles –
    electrons through Cathode Ray Experiment
    • A. Neils Bohr C. John Dalton
    • B. Joseph J. Thomson D. Aristotle
    Question 4
    • What experiment used by Ernest Rutherford
    to discover nucleus of an atom?
    • A. Cathode Ray Experiment
    • B. Gold foil experiment
    • C. Heisenberg Uncertainty
    • D. Canal Rays Experiment
    Question 5
    • He suggested that atoms are mostly empty
    space with positively charged nucleus
    surrounded by electrons that travel in circular
    orbits (like planets in the solar system).
    • A. Neils Bohr
    • B. Albert Einstein
    • C. Weiner Heisenberg
    • D. Louie de Broglie
    Bohr’s atom

    M Formula: 2(n)2
    L “n” = number of energy level
    K
    K shell = 2(n)2
    2e = 2(1)2
    = 2 electrons
    1 What is the maximum number of
    8e electrons in Q-shell?
    2 Q shell is known as 7th energy level.
    18 e 2(n)2; n = 7
    3
    2(7)2 ; n = 98 electrons
    Question 6
    • How do electrons get excited?
    • A. when they absorb photons or particles of
    light
    • B. when they emit photons or particles of light
    • C. when they move to lower energy level
    • D. when they absorb then release energy.
    Bohr’s Theory
    • When electrons absorbs light
    (heat), they become excited
    and jump to the higher energy
    level.
    • When excited electrons fall
    back to lower energy levels, a
    definite quantum of energy
    (visible light) is given off.
    • Electrons are places of
    relatively low energy (ground
    state).
    Question 7
    • The modern day atomic model is known as?
    • A. Quantum mechanical model
    • B. Nuclear Model
    • C. Plum-pudding model
    • D. Planetary model
    Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle
    • It states that the position and velocity cannot
    both be measured, exactly, at the same time.
    Quantum Model
    • Quantum model of an atom

    • The movement of electrons


    around the nucleus in this
    model is defined by regions
    where there is a greater
    probability of finding the
    electron at any given
    moment

    • It represents an electron
    cloud.
    Atomic orbitals
    • Atomic orbital ( l ) is a region in space in
    which there is a high probability of finding the
    electron.
    • The cloud represents the probable location of
    an electron.
    Dalton’s Atomic Theory
    Dalton postulated that:

    1. All matter consists of atoms; tiny indivisible particles of


    an element that cannot be created or destroyed.
    2. Atoms of one element cannot be converted into atoms
    of another element.
    3. Atoms of an element are identical in mass and other
    properties and are different from the atoms of any
    other element.
    4. Compounds result from the chemical combination of a
    specific ratio of atoms of different elements.
    Dalton’s Atomic Theory
    explains the mass laws
    Mass conservation
    Atoms cannot be created or destroyed postulate 1

    or converted into other types of atoms. postulate 2

    Since every atom has a fixed mass, postulate 3


    during a chemical reaction the same atoms are
    present but in different combinations; therefore
    there is no mass change overall.
    Dalton’s Atomic Theory
    explains the mass laws
    Definite composition
    Atoms are combined in compounds in postulate 4
    specific ratios
    and each atom has a specific mass. postulate 3

    Each element constitutes a fixed fraction of the total


    mass in a compound.
    Dalton’s Atomic Theory
    explains the mass laws
    Multiple proportions
    Atoms of an element have the same mass postulate 3
    and atoms are indivisible. postulate 1

    When different numbers of atoms of elements


    combine, they must do so in ratios of small, whole
    numbers.
    Sample Problem 2.3 Visualizing the Mass Laws

    PROBLEM: The following scene represents an atomic-scale view of a


    chemical reaction. Which of the mass laws (mass
    conservation, definite composition, or multiple proportions)
    is (are) illustrated?

    PLAN: Note the numbers, types and combination of atoms before


    and after the reaction.
    Sample Problem 2.3

    SOLUTION:

    There are 7 purple and 9 green atoms both before and after
    the reaction. Mass is therefore conserved.
    After the reaction some purple atoms remain unreacted, but
    some have combined with green atoms to form a compound.
    Each particle of this compound contains 1 purple and 2 green
    atoms – the composition is constant, illustrating the law of
    definite composition.
    Only one compound forms, so the law of multiple proportions
    does not pertain.
    Figure 2.3
    Observations that established the properties of cathode rays.

    Observation Conclusion
    Ray bends in magnetic field. Ray consists of charged particles.
    Ray bends toward positive plate Ray consists of negative particles.
    in electric field.
    Ray is identical for any cathode. These particles are found in ALL matter.
    Figure 2.4 Millikan’s oil-drop experiment for measuring an
    electron’s charge.
    Millikan’s findings were used to calculate the mass on an
    electron.

    determined by J.J. Thomson


    and others
    mass
    mass of electron = x charge
    charge

    = (-5.686x10−12 kg/C) x (-1.602x10−19 C)

    = 9.109x10−31 kg = 9.109x10−28 g
    Figure 2.5 Rutherford’s α-scattering experiment and discovery
    of the atomic nucleus.
    Figure 2.6 General features of the atom.

    The atom is an electrically neutral, spherical entity composed of a


    positively charged central nucleus surrounded by one or more
    negatively charged electrons.

    The atomic nucleus consists of protons and neutrons.


    Table 2.2 Properties of the Three Key Subatomic Properties

    Charge Mass
    Name Relative Absolute (C)* Relative Absolute (g) Location in
    (Symbol) (amu)† Atom

    Proton 1+ +1.60218x10−19 1.00727 1.67262x10−24 Nucleus


    (p+)

    Neutron 0 0 1.00866 1.67493x10−24 Nucleus


    (n0)

    Electron 1- -1.60218x10−19 0.00054858 9.10939x10−24 Outside


    (e-) nucleus

    * The coulomb (C) is the SI unit of charge.


    † The atomic mass unit (amu) equals 1.66054x10-24 g.
    Atomic Number, Mass Number, and
    Atomic Symbol
    Figure 2.7

    X = Atomic symbol of the element


    A = mass number; A = Z + N
    Z = atomic number
    (the number of protons in the nucleus)

    N = number of neutrons in the nucleus


    Isotopes

    Isotopes are atoms of an element with the same number


    of protons, but a different number of neutrons.

    Isotopes have the same atomic number, but a different


    mass number.

    Figure 2.7
    Sample Problem 2.4 Determining the Number of Subatomic
    Particles in the Isotopes of an Element

    PROBLEM: Silicon (Si) has three naturally occurring isotopes:


    28Si, 29Si, and 30Si. Determine the number of protons,

    neutrons, and electrons in each silicon isotope.


    PLAN: The mass number (A) is given for each isotope and is equal to
    the number of protons + neutrons. The atomic number Z,
    found on the periodic table, equals the number of protons.
    The number of neutrons = A – Z, and the number of electrons
    equals the number of protons for a neutral atom.

    SOLUTION: The atomic number of silicon is 14; therefore


    28Si has 14p+, 14e− and 14n0 (28-14)
    29Si has 14p+, 14e− and 15n0 (29-14)
    30Si has 14p+, 14e− and 16n0 (30-14)
    Sample Problem 2.5 Calculating the Atomic Mass of an Element

    PROBLEM: Silver (Ag, Z = 47) has two naturally occurring isotopes,


    107Ag and 109Ag. From the mass spectrometric data

    provided, calculate the atomic mass of Ag.


    Isotope Mass (amu) Abundance (%)
    107Ag 106.90509 51.84
    109Ag 108.90476 48.16

    PLAN: Find the weighted average of mass (g) of each isotope


    the isotopic masses. multiply by fractional abundance of
    each isotope

    portion of atomic mass


    from each isotope
    add isotopic portions

    atomic mass
    Sample Problem 2.5

    SOLUTION:
    mass portion from 107Ag =
    106.90509 amu x 0.5184 = 55.42 amu

    mass portion from 109Ag =


    108.90476amu x 0.4816 = 52.45amu

    atomic mass of Ag = 55.42amu + 52.45amu

    = 107.87amu

    You might also like