Blood Blood Cell Formation Bone Marrow

Human Histology Midterms
Inorganic components
BLOOD, BLOOD CELL FORMATION,
BONE MARROW ➢ Na, K, Mg, P, Fe
Organic components
▪ Blood Consists of
➢ Cells suspended in a fluid that flow in a regular ➢ Urea, creatinine, uric acid, glucose,
unidirectional movement within the closed cholesterol, and enzymes (lipase, amylase,
circulatory system. protease)
▪ Normal blood volume Formed Elements or Blood Cells

➢ In adults: 5.5 liters o Erythrocytes
o Platelets
Blood Components o Leukocytes
o Plasma Red Blood Cells (Erythrocytes)

o Formed or Cellular Components ▪ Most abundant cells
▪ 8 u; flattened biconcave shape.
➢ Shape provides a surface area that is
Plasma optimal for gas diffusion into and out of the
cell.
▪ Yellowish translucent, slightly viscous fluid.
➢ Its reversible deformability enable the
▪ Plasma proteins and elements.
erythrocytes to alter its shape to squeeze
▪ If plasma is allowed to clot, a clear yellow liquid called
through the microcirculation.
serum separates from the coagulum.
Protein Components ▪ Life span of 120 days

▪ Primarily responsible for tissue oxygenation
▪ Albumin ▪ Hemoglobin is a pigment that makes up about 33 % of
➢ 58 % of serum proteins the red cell mass.
➢ Formed in the liver. ▪ RBC count:
➢ Functions: o Men: 4.7 – 6.1 cell/cu mm
o Maintenance of blood volume by o Women: 4.2 – 5.2 cell/cu mm
providing colloid osmotic pressure
o pH and electrolyte balance
o Transport of metal ions, fatty acids,
White Blood Cell (Leukocytes)
steroids, hormones, and drugs.
▪ Globulins ▪ Granulocytes, monocytes, lymphocytes
➢ 37% of serum proteins ▪ 5,000 – 10,000 cells/cu mm
➢ Formed by the liver and lymphoid tissues ▪ Cells responsible for defense against microorganisms
➢ Responsible for antibody production and and injury.
prothrombin formation
▪ Fibrinogen Platelets (Thrombocytes)

➢ 4% of serum proteins
➢ Essential for blood clotting ▪ Disk-shaped cytoplasmic fragments
➢ Supernatant serum remains after the removal ▪ 140,000 – 340,000 cell/cu mm
of fibrinogen and clotting factors from the ▪ Essential for blood coagulation and control of bleeding.
plasma.
Human Histology Midterms
Hemopoiesis 3 Successive Stage Blood Cell Formation
▪ Mesoblastic phase ▪ Depends on the presence in the marrow of

➢ 2nd week of gestation, blood formation detectable in pluripotential hemopoietic stem cells.
the mesenchyme of the body stalk and the nearby ▪ Stem cells constitute less than 0.2 % of the total
yolk sac. population of nucleated cells in the marrow.
▪ Differentiation give rise to progenitor cells.
▪ Hepatic phase ▪ Progenitor cells are cells that are irreversibly
➢ Blood formation shift to the liver, later the spleen also committed to differentiate into a single blood cell type.
becomes a site of hemopoiesis. ▪ Stem cells and progenitor cells are morphologically
and cytochemically indistinguishable.
▪ Myeloid phase ▪ Further differentiation of progenitor cells into their
➢ Bone marrow specific cell lineages (precursor cells or blasts), the
different stages now become morphologically
Bone Marrow
distinguishable on the basis of:
▪ Occupies the cylindrical cavities of the long bones and o Size, nuclear configuration, staining properties
the spongy portion of the vertebrae, ribs, sternum, the and the presence or absence of specific
flat bones of the cranium and pelvis. cytoplasmic granules.
▪ Soft, highly cellular tissue which occupies the area of
the cancellous (spongy) bone.
▪ At birth, all bones contain deep red haematopoietically Bone Marrow Estimate of Marrow Activity
active marrow.
▪ Obtained by examining the ratio of fat cells to
▪ At 4-5 years old, the number of bloods forming cells
hematopoietic elements in a bone marrow biopsy
begin to decline and the number of adipose cells
increases. sample.
▪ Progressive increase in abundance of adipose cells is ▪ Normal adult ratio is 1:1.
responsible for the yellow color of the marrow.
Bone Marrow Hematopoietic Precursors
▪ Normal proportion
Active marrow in adults
o 65% granulocytes and their precursors
o Pelvic bones (34 %) o 25% erythroid precursors
o Vertebrae (28%) o 10% lymphocytes and monocytes and their
o Cranium and mandible (13 %) precursors
o Sternum and ribs (10 %)
o Extreme proximal portions of femur and humerus ▪ Normal Myeloid to Erythroid (M:E) ratio:
(4-8 %) o 2 to 3:1
Histology Of Bone Marrow
▪ Hematopoietic tissue appears as an unorganized

mixture of closely packed cells of different lineages in
various stages of differentiation.
▪ Stroma consists of reticular cells, reticular fibers,
macrophages and adipose cells.
▪ Vascular sinuses are 50-75 u in diameter lined by very
thin endothelium.

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Human Histology Midterms

▪ Normal blood volume Formed Elements or Blood Cells

o Plasma Red Blood Cells (Erythrocytes)

Protein Components ▪ Life span of 120 days

▪ Fibrinogen Platelets (Thrombocytes)

▪ Mesoblastic phase ▪ Depends on the presence in the marrow of

Histology Of Bone Marrow

▪ Hematopoietic tissue appears as an unorganized

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