Q.

Solve quadratic equation x2 – 2x – 15 = 0

Solution:
2
−𝑏 + 𝑏 −4𝑎𝑐
X1= 2𝑎
=5
2
−𝑏 − 𝑏 −4𝑎𝑐
X2= 2𝑎
= -3

Q. In the following question two equations are given. You have to solve both the equations and
find the relation between x and y.
I. x2 = 625
II. y = √625
Solution:
We will solve both the equations separately. x2
= 625
⇒ x = +25 or -25 (we will consider two values of x because of x2) y =
√625
⇒ y = 25 (The square root is used to refer to only the positive square root i.e.
{√x2=|x|}.)
∴x≤y

Q. In the given question, two equations numbered l and II are given. You have to solve
both the equations and find the relation between m and n.
I) m = √324
II) n2 – 16n – 36 = 0

Solution:

Value of m Value of n Result

18 18 m=n

18 -2 m>n

m = √324
⇒ m = 18
n2 – 16n – 36 = 0
⇒ n2 – 18n + 2n – 36 = 0
⇒ n (n - 18) + 2(n – 18) = 0
⇒ (n – 18) (n + 2) = 0
⇒ n = (18, - 2)
Hence, m ≥ n.

Cubic Equation
Polynomial equations with degree 3 i.e., ax3 + bx2 + cx + d = 0 are called as cubic equations. Some
examples of cubic equations are as follows –
x3 + 2x2 + 3x + 4 = 0
2x3 + 12x2 + 30x + 48 = 0
3
X= 625

Q. In the given question, two equations numbered l and II are given. You have to solve both the
equations and mark the appropriate answer.
3
X= 15625
y2 = 625

Solution:
3
X= 15625 = 25
Y= 625
Y= (+25, -25)
Y≤X
 AVERAGE
What is the first thing that comes to your mind after hearing average?
In simple words we can say that average is that common value which may be assigned to all and
after doing this the end result will be the same.
The average of the number of quantities of observations of the same kind is their sum divided by
their number. The average is also called average value or mean value or arithmetic mean.
𝑆𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑇𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑠
Average= 𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑇𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑠

● The result obtained by adding several quantities together and then dividing this total by the
number of quantities is called Average.
● The main term of average is equal distribution of a value among all which may distribute
persons or things. We obtain the average of a number using formulae that is the sum of
observations divided by Number of observations.
● Here are Average based on some facts and formulas and some shortcut tricks with examples.
Below are some more examples for practicing.
Formula:
● Average = (Sum of observations / Number of observations).
Find the Average Speed
● If a person travels a distance at a speed of x km/hr and the same distance at a speed of y km/hr
2𝑥𝑦
then the average speed during the whole journey is given by- 𝑥+𝑦
● If a person covers A km at x km/hr and B km at y km/hr and C km at z km/hr, then the average
𝐴+𝐵+𝐶
speed in covering the whole distance is 𝐴 𝐵 𝐶
𝑋
+𝑌+2

Note-
● If the average age is increased, Age of new person = Age of separated person + (Increase in
average × total number of persons)
● If the average age is decreased, Age of new person = Age of separated person - (Decrease in
average × total number of persons)
When a person joins the group- In case of increase in average
● Age of new member = Previous average + (Increase in average × Number of members including
new member)
In case of decrease in average
● Age of new member = Previous average - (Decrease in average × Number of members including
new member)
 In the Arithmetic Progression, there are two cases when the number of terms is odd and the
second one is when the number of terms is even. So, when the number of terms is odd the
average will be the middle term
● When the number of terms is even then the average will be the average of two middle terms.
Average
An average or an arithmetic mean of given data is the sum of the given observations
divided by number of observations

Important Formulae Related to Average of numbers

1. Average of first n natural number=(n+1)/2
2. Average of first n even number = (n+1)
3. Average of first n odd number = n
4. Average of consecutive number = (First number + Last number)/2
5. Average of 1 to n odd numbers = (Last odd number+1)/2
6. Average of 1 to n even numbers = (Last even number+2)/2
7. Average of squares of first n natural numbers = [(n+1) (2n+1)]/6
8. Average of the cubes of first n natural number =[n(n+1)2]/4
9. Average of n multiples of any number =[Number×(n+1)]/2

Concept 1 If the average of n1 observations is a1; the average of n2 observations is a2 and so on,
then Average of all the observations = (n1× a_1+n2 ×a2+......)/(n1+n2+........)

Concept 2 If the average of m observations is a and the average of n observations taken out of is b,
then Average of rest of the observations=(ma-n(2)/(m-n)
Example1:
A man bought 20 cows in RS. 200000. If the average cost of 12 cows is Rs. 12500, then what will
be the average cost of remaining cows?
Solution:
Here m = 20, n = 12, a = 10000, b = 12500
average cost of remaining cows (20-8) cows = (2010000 -12×12500)/ (20-8) =Rs 6250
Case 2
If a person covers three equal distances at the speed of A km/h, B km/h and C km/h respectively,
then the average speed during the whole Journey will be 3ABC/ (AB+BC+C (1)
Case 3
If distance P is covered with speed x, distance Q is covered with speed y and distance R is covered
with speed z, then for the whole journey, Average speed= (P+Q+R+....)/ (P/x+Q/y+R/z+...)
Example 4:
A person covers 20 km distance with a speed of 5 km/h, then he covers the next 15 km with a
speed of 3 km/h and the last 10 km is covered by him with a speed of 2 km/h. Find out his
average speed for the whole journey.
Solution:
Average speed = (20 +15 +10)/ (20/5+15/3+10/2) = 3(3/14)
Case 4
If a person covers P part of his total distance with speed of x, Q part of total distance with speed of y
and R part of total distance with speed of z,then Average speed=1/(P/x+Q/y+R/z+......)
Example 5: The average of 6 consecutive even numbers is 21. Find the largest number?
Solution:
Largest no. = A + (n−1)
A = average
n = no. of terms Largest no.
= 21 + (6 -1) = 26

Example 6: The average of 6 consecutive odd numbers is 22. Find the smallest number?
Solution:
Smallest no. = A - (n - 1)
A = average
n = no. of terms
Smallest no. = 22 - (6 - 1) = 17

Example 7: The average of 5 consecutive even numbers is 46. Find the smallest number?
Solution:
Smallest no. = A - (n - 1)
A = average
n = no. of terms
Smallest no. = 46 -( 5 -1) = 42

Example8: Find the average of the first 100 natural numbers?

Solution:
(𝑛+1) (100+2)
Average = 2
= 2
= 50.5

Example 9: The average of 5 numbers is 29. If one number is excluded, the average becomes 27.
Find the excluded number?
Solution:
Excluded no. = (5×29 - 4×27)
= (145-108) = 37

Example 10: The average age of 36 students is 15 years. When the teacher's age is included in it,
the average increases by 1. What is the teacher’s age?
Solution:
Teacher’s age = (37×16 - 36×15)
= (592-540) = 52

Example 11: The average weight of 8 persons increases by 2.5 kg when a new person comes in
place of one of them weighing 40 kg. What is the weight of a new person?
Solution:
Total weight increased = 8 x 2.5 = 20 kg weight of the new person = 40 + 20 = 60 kg

Example 12: The average weight of 10 persons decreases by 2.5 kg when a new person comes in
place of one of them weighing 70 kg. What is the weight of a new person?
Solution:
Total weight decreased = 10 x 2.5 = 25 kg Weight of the new person = 70 - 25 = 45 kg
Example 13: A batsman makes a score of 87 runs in the 17th inning and thus increases his average
by 3 runs. Find his average after the 17th inning.
Solution:
Let the average after 17th inning = X and average after 16th inning = (X - 3)
16(X - 3) + 87 = 17X
16X - 48 +87 = 17X
X = 39

Example 14: The average of 11 results is 60. If the average of first 6 results is 58 and that of last 6
results is 63. Find the 6th result?
Solution:
A11 = 60
Average of first 6 (A6) = 58
Average of last 6 (A6) = 63
6th result = (58 × 6 + 63 × 6 - 60 × 11)
= (348+378) - 660
= 726 -660
= 66

Example 15: The average of a, 11,23 and 17 is 15 and the average of a, b,12 and 25 is 16. Find the
value of a: b?
Solution: a + 11 + 23 +17 = 15 x 4
a=9
a + b + 12 + 25 = 16 x 4
a + b = 27
9 + b = 27
b = 18
a: b = 9: 18
= 1: 2
Ans-(1) 24km/hr

Q12. The average salary of the entire staff in an office is Rs 120 per month. The average salary of
officers is Rs 460 and that of non- officers is Rs 110. If the number of officers is 15, then find the
number of non –officers in the office.
(1) 500
(2) 510
(3) 520
(4) 550
(5) None of these
Ans-(2) 510

Q13. There were 35 students in a hostel. If the number of students increases by 7, the expenses of
the mess increase by Rs. 42 per day while the average expenditure per head diminishes by Rs1.
Find the original expenditure of the mess.
(1) Rs. 400
(2) Rs. 340
(3) Rs. 420
(4) Rs. 450
(5) Rs. 300
Ans-(3) Rs. 420

Q14. The average age of a jury of 5 is 40, if a member aged 35 resigns and a man aged 25 becomes
a member, then the average age of the new jury is
(1) 30
(2) 38
(3)40
(4) 42
(5) 36
Ans-(2)38
Q15. The average weight of 8 person is increased by 2.5 kg when one of them whose weight is 56
kg is replaced by a new man. The weight of the new man is:
(1) 58.5 kg
(2) 76 kg
(3)20 kg
(4) 64 kg
(5) None of these
Ans-(2)76kg
 DATA INTERPRETATION (DI)
Data interpretation refers to the process of reviewing provided data and to use these data for
calculating the required value. The data can be provided in various forms like in table format, pie chart,
line graph, bar graph, caselet or a combination of these.

Points to Remember
● Read the entire question carefully – Read the complete data given in the form of values, graph
etc.
● Analyze the data – Take a look and analyze the data carefully. Don’t get diverted or afraid due to
a lot of information and avoid skipping the information before giving a glance to it.
● Pay attention to the units – Many times, different units are used in one question. For example,
speed is given in km/h and time is to be calculated in seconds.
● Use of approximation – If the options are adequately far apart then you can approximate
values, fractions and percentages to nearby numbers which can ease our calculations.
● Use of last Digit – Check if all options have different last digits, then to find the correct option,
we can just calculate the last digit of our answer (but then approximation is not at all allowed).
● Mental calculations – Try to do mental calculations as frequently as possible while practicing. It
will help in minimizing the time to solve the question.

Types of Data Interpretation

● Tabular DI
● Pie chart
● Bar graph
● Line graph
● Caselet DI

Tabular DI
In this data is provided in horizontal rows and vertical columns called tabular form. We need to
understand the given information and thereafter answer the given questions.

Directions: Study the following information carefully and answer the given questions based on it.

Table shows the number of trees planted by the government in 6 different years.

Banyan Neem Teak

2013 30000 25000 15000
2014 35000 30000 5000
2015 35000 45000 10000
 2016 40000 40000 25000
2017 45000 55000 35000
2018 55000 50000 40000

Q1. Find the respective ratio between the number of neem trees planted in the year 2015 and the
number of banyan trees planted in the year 2014

Solution:
Number of neem trees planted in 2015 = 45000
Number of banyan trees planted in 2014 = 35000
Required ratio = 45000 ∶ 35000 = 9 ∶ 7

Q2. What was the approximate average number of neem trees planted in all the years together?

Solution:
Total number of neem trees planted in all the years = 25000 + 30000 + 45000 + 40000 + 55000 + 50000
= 245000
Required average = 245000/6 = 40833.33 ≈ 40830 (approx. depends on options given in question)

Q3. How much percent more teak trees planted by government in the year 2017 as compared to
2016?

Solution:
Total teak trees planted in year 2017 = 35000
Total teak tree planted in year 2016 = 25000
Percentage increase = (35000 - 25000)/25000 × 100 = 40%.

Pie Chart
It is a circular chart divided in various sectors. The sectors of the circle are constructed in such a way
that the area of each sector is proportional to the corresponding values of information provided. In pie
charts total quantity is distributed over a total angle of 360° or 100%.

Points to Remember

● Value of sector = (Angle of sector/360°) × Total Value of sector

● Value of sector = (Percentage of sector/100) × Total value
Directions: The following Pie chart shows the percentage of students who like five different subjects
of engineering from college x. Percentage of students who like 5 different subjects of engineering.

Q1. What is the difference between the number of students who like Analogue Electronics and VLSI
Design?
Solution:
Number of students liking Analogue Electronics = (1000/100) × 24 = 240.
Number of students liking VLSI Design = (1000/100) × 18 = 180.
Required difference = 240 – 180 = 60.

Q2. Find the total number of students who like Analogue Electronics, VLSI Design and Wireless
Communication.

Solution:
Number of students liking Analogue Electronics = (1000/100) × 24 = 240.
Number of students liking VLSI Design = (1000/100) × 18 = 180.
Number of students liking Wireless Communication = (1000/100) × 18 = 180.
Total number of students = 240 + 180 + 180 = 600.

Q3. The number of students who like VLSI Design are how much percent less than the number of
students who like Analogue Electronics?

Solution:
Number of students liking VLSI Design = (1000/100) × 18 = 180.
Number of students liking Analogue Electronics = (1000/100) × 24 = 240.
Difference of students = 240 – 180 = 60
Required percentage = (60/240) × 100 = 25%.
Bar Graph
Directions: Study the given graph and answer the question that follows.

Q1. What is the ratio of the total daily sales of newspaper P in cities A and C to the total daily sales of
newspaper Q in cities B and D?

Solution:
Total sales of newspaper P in cities A and C = 640 + 480 = 1120
Total sales of newspaper Q in cities B and D = 600 + 680 = 1280
Required ratio = 1120:1280 = 7:8.

Q2. The total daily sales of newspaper P in cities, B, D and E is what percentage less than that of
newspaper Q in cities A, C, D and E?

Solution:
Total sales of newspaper P in cities B, D and E = 560 + 750 + 550 = 1860
Total sales of newspaper Q in cities A, C, D and E = 450 + 650 + 680 + 620 = 2400
Required percentage = [(2400 – 1860)/2400] × 100 = 22.5%.

Line Graph

A line graph shows the quantitative information or a relationship between two changing quantities with
a line or curve. We are required to understand the given information and thereafter answer the given
questions.

Directions: Read the following line graph carefully and answer the given questions below:

Following line graph shows the number of red- and blue-coloured candies (in lakhs) produced in 6
different years.
Q1. Candies produced of red colour in 2018 are what percentage less/more than candies produced of
red colour in 2017?

Solution:
Candies produced of red colour in 2018 = 40 lakhs
Candies produced of red colour in 2017 = 50 lakhs
Required percentage = (50 – 40)/50 × 100 = 20%.

Q2. Total candies produced in years 2014 and 2015 are how much more/less than total candies
produced in years 2017 and 2018 together?

Solution:
Total candies produced in years 2014 and 2015 = 25 + 40 + 35 + 25 = 125 lakhs
Total candies produced in years 2017 and 2018 = 50 + 35 + 40 + 20 = 145 lakhs
Required difference = 145 – 125 = 20 lakhs.

Q3. For how many years candies produced of blue color are more or equal to average candies
produced of blue color for all the years?

Solution:
Average number of blue color candies = (30 + 40 + 25 + 30 + 35 + 20)/6 = 180/6 = 30 lakhs.
Hence, required years = 2013, 2014, 2016, 2017.
Number of years = 4.

Q4. Find the difference between total number of red color candies and total number of blue color
candies produced throughout the 6 years.

Solution:
Total number of red color candies = 20 + 25 + 35 + 20 + 50 + 40 = 190 lakhs
Total number of blue color candies = 30 + 40 + 25 + 30 + 35 + 20 = 180 lakhs
Required difference = 190 – 180 = 10 lakhs.

Q5. Find the ratio of the number of candies of red color produced in years 2013, 2014 and 2015
together to the number of candies of blue color produced in years 2016, 2017 and 2018 together.

Solution:
The number of candies of red color produced in years 2013, 2014 and 2015 together = 20 + 25 + 35 =
80 lakhs
The number of candies of blue color produced in years 2016, 2017 and 2018 together = 30 + 35 + 20 =
85 lakhs
Required ratio = 80/85 = 16: 17

Caselet DI
In Caselet DI, a long paragraph is provided and with that as the basis, some sets of questions are asked.
We need to understand the given information and then answer the given questions.

Comprehension:

Three friends A, B and C went to a shopping mall to buy laptop (individually), they all are having same
amount of money equal to the value of MRP of a Laptop (i.e., Rs. 60000) but each one of them got
different discounts from the exclusive showroom. If A paid Rs. 51000, B has paid Rs. 3000 more than
what A has paid while C has paid the amount equal to the average value of amount paid by A and B
together. Find the answer of the following questions based on the given information:

Q1. What is the ratio of the total amount paid by A, B and C together to the sum of MRP of all the
three laptops?

Solution:
The MRP of each laptop = Rs. 60000;
The sum of MRP of 3 laptops = 60000 × 3 = Rs. 1,80,000
Now, amount paid by A = Rs. 51000
Amount paid by B = Rs. 51000 + 3000 = Rs. 54000
Amount paid by C = (51000 + 54000)/2 = Rs. 52500
The total amount paid by A, B and C together = 51000 + 54000 + 52500 = Rs. 1,57,500
The ratio of the total amount paid by A, B and C together to the sum of MRP of all the three laptops =
157500:180000 = 7:8
 FUNDAMENTAL CONCEPTS OF GEOMETRY
Point: It is an exact location. It is a fine dot which has neither length nor breadth nor thickness but has
position i.e., it has no magnitude.

Line segment: The straight path joining two points A and B is called a line segment points and a definite
length.

Ray: A line segment which can be extended in only one direction is called a ray.

Intersecting lines: Two lines having a common point are called intersecting lines. The common point is
known as the point of intersection.

Concurrent lines: If two or more lines intersect at the same point, then they are known as concurrent
lines.

Angles: When two straight lines meet at a point they form an angle.

In the figure above, the angle is represented as ∠AOB. OA and OB are the arms of ∠AOB. Point O is the
vertex of ∠AOB. The amount of turning from one arm (OA) to other (OB) is called the measure of the
angle (∆ AOB).
Right angle: An angle whose measure is 90 is called a right angle.

Acute angle: In angle whose measure is less than one right angle (i.e., less than 90), is called an acute
angle.

Obtuse angle: An angle whose measure is more than one right angle and less than two right angles
(i.e., less than 180 and more than 90) is called an obtuse angle.

Reflex angle: An angle whose measure is more than 180 and less than 360 is called a reflex angle.
Complementary angles: If the sum of the two angles is one right angle (i.e., 90), they are called
Complementary angles. Therefore, the complement of an angle θ is equal to 90° − θ.

Supplementary angles: Two angles are said to be supplementary, if the sum of their measures is 180.
Example: Angles measuring 130 and 50 are supplementary angles. Two supplementary angles are the
supplement of each other. Therefore, the supplement of an angle θ is equal to 180° − θ.

Vertically opposite angles: When two straight lines intersect each other at a point, the pairs of
opposite angles so formed are called vertically opposite angles.

In the above figure, ∠1 and ∠3 and angles ∠2 and ∠4 are vertically opposite angles.
Note: Vertically opposite angles are always equal.
Bisector of an angle: If a ray or a straight line passing through the vertex of that angle, divides the angle
into two angles of equal measurement, then that line is known as the Bisector of that angle.

A point on an angle is equidistant from both the arms.

In the figure above, Q and R are the feet of perpendiculars drawn from P to OB and OA. It follows that
PQ = PR.

Parallel lines: Two lines are parallel if they are coplanar and they do not intersect each other even if
they are extended on either side.

Transversal: A transversal is a line that intersects (or cuts) two or more coplanar lines at distinct points.

In the above figure, a transversal t is intersecting two parallel lines, l and m, at A and B, respectively.
Angles formed by a transversal of two parallel lines:

In the above figure, l and m are two parallel lines intersected by a transversal PS. The following
properties of the angles can be observed:

∠3 = ∠5 and ∠4 = ∠6 [Alternate angles]

∠1 = ∠5, ∠2 = ∠6, ∠4 = ∠8, ∠3 = ∠7 [Corresponding angles]
∠4 + ∠5 = ∠3 + ∠6 = 180° [Supplementary angles]

In the figure given below, which of the lines are parallel to each other?

Answer: As 67° + 113° = 180°, lines P and S, R and S, and S and U are parallel. Therefore, lines P, R, S
and U are parallel to each other. Similarly, lines Q and T are parallel to each other.

Example: In the figure given below, PQ and RS are two parallel lines and AB is a transversal. AC and
BC are angle bisectors of ∠BAQ and ∠ABS, respectively. If ∠BAC = 30°, find ∠ABC and ∠ACB.
Answer:
∠BAQ + ∠ABS = 180° [Supplementary angles]

∠BAQ + ∠ABS = 180 = 90° => ∠BAC = ∠ABC = 90°

2 2 2

Therefore, ∠ABC = 60° and ∠ACB = 90°.

Example: For what values of x in the figure given below are the lines P-A-Q and R–B-S parallel, given
that AD and BD intersect at D?

Answer: We draw a line DE, parallel to RS, as shown in the figure below:

In the above figure, ∠CDE = ∠RBD = 10x + 5 ⇒ ∠CDA = 10x + 5 −30 = 10x − 25.
Let the line PQ and RS be parallel. Therefore, PQ // DE ⇒
∠EDA = ∠CAD = 10x − 25 = 6x − 5 ⇒ x =5

Example: In the figure given below, lines AB and DE are parallel. What is the value of ∠CDE?
Answer: We draw a line CF // DE at C, as shown in the figure below.

∠BCF = ∠ABC = 55° ⇒ ∠DCF = 30°.

⇒ CDE = 180° − 30° = 150°.

TRIANGLE

Triangle is closed figures containing three angles and three sides.

General Properties of Triangles:

1. The sum of the two sides is greater than the third side: a + b > c, a + c > b, b + c > a

Example: The two sides of a triangle are 12 cm and 7 cm. If the third side is an integer, find the sum
of all the values of the third side.

Answer: Let the third side be of x cm. Then, x + 7 > 12 or x > 5. Therefore, minimum value of x is 6.
Also, x < 12 + 7 or x < 19. Therefore, the highest value of x is 18. The sum of all the integer values from 6
to 18 is equal to 156.

2. The sum of the three angles of a triangle is equal to 180°: In the triangle below ∠A + ∠B + ∠C =
180°
Also, the exterior angle α is equal to sum the two opposite interior angle A and B, i.e., α = ∠A + ∠B.
Example: Find the value of a + b in the figure given below:

Answer: In the above figure, ∠CED = 180° − 125° = 55°.

∠ACD is the exterior angle of ∆ABC. Therefore,
∠ACD = a + 45°. In ∆CED, a + 45° + 55° + b = 180°
⇒ a + b = 80°

3. Area of a Triangle:

Area of a triangle = ½ × base × height = ½ × a × h

Area of a triangle = ½ bc sin A = ½ ab sin C = ½ ac sin B
Area of a triangle = s(s – a)(s – b)(s – c)
Where s = a + b + c
2
Area of triangle = abc where R = circumradius
4R
Area of a triangle = r × s where r = in radius and s = a + b + c
2

4. More Rules:
Sine Rule:
sin A = sin B = sin C
a b c

Cosine Rule:
cosC = b2 + c2 + a2
2bc

5. Medians of a triangle:

The medians of a triangle are lines joining a vertex to the midpoint of the opposite side. In the figure,
AF, BD and CE are medians. The point where the three medians intersect is known as the centroid. O is
the centroid in the figure.

The medians divide the triangle into two equal areas. In the figure, area ∆ABF = area ∆AFC = area ∆BDC
= area ∆BDA = area ∆CBE = area ∆CEA = Area ∆ABC
2
The centroid divides a median internally in the ratio 2: 1. In the figure, AO = BO = CO

Apollonius Theorem:
AB2 + AC2 = 2(AF2 + BF2)
BC2 + BA2= 2(BD2 + DC2)
BC2 + AC2 = 2(EC2 + AE2)

Example: ABCD is a parallelogram with AB = 21 cm, BC = 13 cm and BD= 14 cm. Find the length of AC.
Answer: The figure is shown below. Let AC and BD intersect at O. O bisects AC and BD. Therefore, OD is
the median in triangle ADC

⇒ AD2 + CD2 = 2(AO2 + DO2) ⇒ AO = 16. Therefore, AC = 32.

6. Altitudes of a Triangle:

The altitudes are the perpendiculars dropped from a vertex tothe opposite side. In the figure, AN, BF,
and CE are the altitudes, and their point of intersection, H, is known as the orthocenter.

Triangle ACE is a right-angled triangle. Therefore, ∠ECA = 90° − ∠A. Similarly in triangle CAN, ∠CAN =
90° − ∠C. In triangle AHC, ∠CHA = 180° − (∠HAC + ∠HCA) = 180° − (90° − ∠A + 90° − ∠C) = ∠A + ∠C =
180° − ∠B.

Therefore, ∠AHC and ∠B are supplementary angles.

7. Internal Angle Bisectors of a Triangle:

In the figure above, AD, BE and CF are the internal angle bisectors of triangle ABC. The point of
intersection of these angle bisectors, I, is known as the incentre of the triangle ABC, i.e., centre of the
circle touching all the sides of a triangle.

∠BIC = 180° − (∠IBC + ∠ICB)

= ( 𝐵
2
+
𝐶
2 ) = 180 − ( 𝐵+𝐶
2 ) = 180 − ( 180−𝐴
2 ) = 90 + 𝐴
2

AB = BD (internal bisector theorem)

AC CD

8. Perpendicular Side Bisectors of a Triangle:

In the figure above, the perpendicular bisectors of the sides AB, BC and CA of triangle ABC meet at O,
the circumcentre (centre of the circle passing through the three vertices) of triangle ABC. In Above
figure, O is the centre of the circle and BC is a chord. Therefore, the angle subtended at the centre by
BC will be twice the angle subtended anywhere else in the same segment.

Therefore, ∠BOC = 2∠BAC.

9. Line Joining the Midpoints:

In the figure above, D, E and F are midpoints of the sides of triangle ABC. It can be proved that:

FE // BC, DE // AB and DF // AC.

FE = BC , DE = AB , FD = AC
2 2 2
Area ∆DEF = Area ∆ AFE = Area ∆ BDF = Area ∆ DEC
= Area ∆ABC
4

Example: In the figure given below: AG = GE and GF || ED, EF || BD and ED || BC. Find the ratio of
the area of triangle EFG to trapezium BCDE.
Answer: We know that line parallel to the base and passing through one midpoint passes through
another midpoint also. Using this principle, we can see that G, F, E and D are midpoints of AE, AD, AB,
and AC respectively. Therefore, GF, EF, ED, and BD are medians in triangles AFE, AED, ADB and ABC.

We know that medians divide the triangle into two equal areas.
Let the area of triangle AGF = a.
Therefore, the areas of the rest of the figures are as shown above.
The required ratio = a/12a = 1/12.

Similarity of Triangles

Two triangles are similar if their corresponding angles are equal or corresponding sides are in
proportion.
In the figure given above, triangle ABC is similar to triangle PQR.
Then ∠A = ∠P, ∠B = ∠Q and ∠C = ∠R and
AB = BC = CA = AI (altitudes) = AJ (medians)
PQ QR RP PK PL

Therefore, if you need to prove two triangles similar, prove their corresponding angles to be equal or
their corresponding sides to be in proportion.

Ratio of Areas

If two triangles are similar, the ratio of their areas is the ratio of the squares of the length of their
corresponding sides. Therefore,
Area of triangle ABC = AB2 = BC2 = CA2
Area of triangle PQR PQ2 QR2 RP2

Example: In triangle AC, shown above, DE || BC and DE/BC = ¼. If area of triangle ADE is 10, find the
area of the trapezium BCED and the area of the triangle CED.

Answer: ∆ADE and ∆ABC are similar. Therefore,

Area of triangle ABC = BC2
Area of triangle ADE DE2

Area of triangle ABC = 160 => Area of trapezium BCDE = Area ∆ ABC – Area ∆ ADE = 160 – 10 = 150

To find the area of triangle CDE, we draw altitudes of triangle BDC and CDE, as shown above. Let the
length of the altitudes be h.

Area of triangle BCD = ½ x BC x h and area of triangle CDE = ½ x DE x h

⇨ Area of triangle BCD = BC = 4

Area of triangle CDE DE

Therefore, we divide the area of the trapezium BCED in the ratio 1: 4 to find the area of triangle CDE.

The required area = 1/5 x 150 = 30

Example: In the diagram given below, ∠ABD = ∠CDB = ∠PQD = 90°. If AB: CD = 3: 1, the ratio of CD:
PQ is-

(A) 1 : 0.6 (B) 1 : 0.75

(C) 1: 0.72 (D) 1: 0.77
Answer: Let BQ = a and DQ = b, as shown in the figure below.

Triangle ABD and triangle PQD are similar. Therefore,

PQ = b
AB a+b

Also, triangle CBD and triangle PBQ are similar, therefore

PQ = a
CD a+b

Dividing the second equality by the first, we get, AB = a = 3,

CD b
Therefore, CD = a + b = 4 = 1 : 0.75
PQ a 3

Example:

In the figure (not drawn to scale) given below, P is a point on AB such that AP: PB = 4: 3. PQ is parallel
to AC and QD is parallel to CP. In ∆ARC, ∠ARC = 90°, and in ∆PQS, ∠PSQ = 90°. The length of QS is 6
cm. What is ratio AP: PD?

(A) 10 : 3 (B) 2 : 1
(C) 7 : 3 (D) 8 : 3

Answer: PQ is parallel to AC
AP = CQ = 4
PB QB 3
Let AP = 4x and PB = 3x.
QD is parallel CP ⇒ PD = CQ = 4 ⇒ PD = 4PB = 12x
DB QB 3 7 7
⇒ AP: PD = 4x: 12x = 7 : 3
7

Example: In the figure (not drawn to scale given below, P is a point on AB such that AP : PB = 4 : 3. PQ
is parallel to AC and QD is parallel to CP. In ∆ ARC, ∠ARC = 90°, and in ∆ PQS, ∠PSQ = 90°. The length
of QS is 6 cm. What is ratio AP : PD?

(A) 10 : 3 (B) 2 : 1
(C) 7 : 3 (D) 8 : 3

Answer: PQ is parallel to AC ⇒ AP = CQ = 4
PB QB 3
Let AP = 4 × and PB = 3x.
QD is parallel CP ⇒ PD = CQ = 4
DB QB 3

PD = 4PB = 12x ⇒ 4x : 12x = 7 : 3

7 7 7

Regular Polygon

A regular polygon is a polygon with all its sides equal and all its interior angles equal. All vertices of a
regular lie on a circle whose centre is the center of the polygon.

Each side of a regular polygon subtends an angle Ɵ = 360 at the centre, as shown in the figure.
n
 360
180− 𝑛 {180 (𝑛−2)}
Also, X = Y = 2
= 2𝑛

Therefore, interior angle of a regular polygon = x + y = 180(𝑛 − 2)/2𝑛

{180 (𝑛−2)}
Sum of all angles of a regular polygon = 𝑛 𝑥 𝑛
= 180 (𝑛 − 2)

Example: What is the interior angle of a regular octagon?

Answer: The interior angle of a regular octagon = n x 180 (n-2)/n = 180 (n-2)

Note: The formula for sum of all the angle of a regular polygon, i.e., 180(n-2), is true for all n-sided
convex simple polygons.

Let's look at some polygons, especially quadrilaterals:

Quadrilateral: A quadrilateral is any closed shape that has four side. the sum of the measures of the
angle is 3600. Some of the known quadrilaterals are square, rectangle, trapezium, parallelogram and
rhombus.

Square: A square is regular quadrilateral that has four right angles and parallel sides. The sides of a
square meet at right angles. The diagonal also bisect each other perpendicularly.

If the side of the square is a, then its perimeter = 4a, area = a2 and the length of the diagonal = 2a

Rectangle: a rectangle is a parallelogram with all its angles equal to right angles.

Properties of a rectangle:
● Sides of rectangle are its heights simultaneously.
● Diagonals of a rectangle are equal: AC = BD.
● A square of a diagonal length is equal to a sum of squares of its side's lengths, i.e. AC2 = AD2 +
DC2.
● Area of a rectangle = length × breadth
Parallelogram: A parallelogram is a quadrangle in which opposite sides are equal and parallel.

● Any two opposite sides of a parallelogram are called bases, a distance between them is called a
height.
● Area of a parallelogram = base × height
● Perimeter = 2(sum of two consecutive sides)

Properties of a parallelogram:
● Opposite side of a parallelogram are equal (AB = CD, AD = BC).
● Opposite angles of a parallelogram are equal (∠ A = ∠ C, ∠ B = ∠ D).
● Diagonals of a parallelogram are divided in their intersection point into two (AO = OC, BO = OD).
● A sum of squares of diagonals is equal to a sum of squares of four sides:
ACs + BDs = ABs + BCs + CDs + ADs.

Rhombus: If all sides of parallelogram are equal, then this parallelogram is called a rhombus.

● Diagonals of a rhombus are mutually perpendicular (AC ⊥ BD) and divide its angle into two
(∠DCA = ∠ BCA, ∠ ABD = ∠ CBD etc.).
● Area of a rhombus = ½ × product of diagonals
= ½ × AC × BD

Trapezoid: Trapezoid is a quadrangle two opposite sides of which are parallel.

Here AD || BC. Parallel sides are called bases of a trapezoid, the two others (AB and CD) are called
lateral sides. A distance between bases (BM) is a height. The segment EF, joining midpoints E and F of
the lateral sides, is called a midline of a trapezoid. A midline of a trapezoid is equal to a half-sum of
bases:

EF = AD + BC
2

and parallel to them: EF || AD and EF || BC.

A trapezoid with equal lateral sides (AB = CD) is called an isosceles trapezoid. In an isosceles trapezoid
angle by each base, are equal (∠ A = ∠ D, ∠ B = ∠ C).

Area of a trapezoid = Sum of parallel sides x height = AD + BC x BM

2 2

In a trapezium ABCD with bases AB and CD, the sum of the squares of the lengths of the diagonals is
equal to the sum of the squares of the lengths of the non-parallel sides and twice the product of the
lengths of the parallel sides: AC2 + BD2 = AD2 + BC2 + 2.AB.CD

Here is one more polygon, a regular hexagon:

Regular Hexagon: A regular hexagon is a closed figure with six equal sides.

If we join each vertex to the centre of the hexagon, we get 6 equilateral triangles. Therefore, if the side
of the hexagon is a, each equilateral triangle has a side a. Hence, area of the regular hexagon:

6 x 3 a2 =3 3 a2
4 2

Circle

A circle is a set of all points in a plane that lie at a constant distance from a fixed point. The fixed point
is called the center of the circle and the constant distance is known as the radius of the circle.
Arc: An arc is a curved line that is part of the circumference of a circle. A minor arc is an arc less than
the semicircle and a major arc is an arc greater than the semicircle.

Chord: A chord is a line segment within a circle that touches points on the circle.

Diameter: The longest distance from one end of a circle to the other is known as the diameter. It is
equal to twice the radius.

Circumference: The perimeter of the circle is called the circumference. The value of the circumference
= 2πr, where r is the radius of the circle.

Area of a circle sector = π × (radius)2 = π r2

Sector: A sector is like a slice of pie (a circular wedge).

Area of circle sector (with central angle Ɵ);
Area = Ɵ x π x r2
360
Length of a circular Arc: (with central angle Ɵ) = Ɵ x 2 π x r
360

Tangent of circle: A line perpendicular to the radius that touches ONLY one point on the circle.

Example: If 45° arc of circle A has the same length as 60° arc of circle B, find the ratio of the areas of
circle A and circle B.

Answer: Let the radius of circle A be r1 and that of circle B be r2.

⇨ 45 x 2 π x r1 = 60 x 2 π x r2
360 360

⇨ Ratio of areas = π r1 2 = 16
π r2 2 9
Rule:
The perpendicular from the center of a circle to a chord of the circle bisects the chord. In the figure
below, O is the centre of the circle and OM ⊥ AB, Then, AM = MB.

Conversely, the line joining the center of the circle and the midpoint of a chord is perpendicular to the
chord.

Example: In a circle, a chord of length 8 cm is twice as far from the center as a chord of length 10 cm.
Find the circumference of the circle.

Answer: Let AB and CD be two chords of the circle such that AB = 10 and CD = 8.
Let O be the center of the circle and M and N be the midpoints of AB and CD.
Therefore OM ⊥ AB, ON ⊥ CD, and if ON = 2x then OM = x.
BM2 + OM2 = OB2 and DN2 + ON2 = OD2.
OB = OD = r → (2x)2 + 42 r2 and x2 + 52 = r2.
Equating both the equations we get, 4x2 + 16 = x2 + 25
Or x 3 → 2 7
Therefore, circumference is = 2 πr = 4 π 7

Example: What is the distance in cm between two parallel chords of length 32 cm and 24 cm in a
circle of radius 20 cm?

(A) 1 or 7 (B) 2 or 14
(C) 3 or 21 (4) 4 or 28

Answer: The figures are shown below:

The parallel chords can be on the opposite side or the same side of the centre O. The perpendicular (s)
dropped on the chords from the centre bisect (s) the chord into segments of 16 cm and 12 cm, as
shown in the figure. From the Pythagoras theorem, the distances of the chords from the centre are –

= 12 = 16, respectively.
202 − 122
202 − 162

Therefore, the distances between the chords can be 16 + 12 = 28 cm or 16 – 12 = 4 cm.

Example: In the following figure, the diameter of the circle is 3 cm. AB and MN are two diameters
such that MN is perpendicular to AB. In addition, CG is perpendicular to AB such that AE:EB = 1:2,
and DF is perpendicular to MN such that NL:LM = 1:2. The length of DH in cm is

Answer: In the above figure, AB = MN = 3 cm and AE: EB = NL: LM = 1: 2

⇒ AE = NL = 1 cm. Now AO = NO = 1.5 cm
⇒ OE = HL = OL
⇒ 0.5 cm. Join O and D
⇒ OD2 = OL2 + DL2
⇒ = =
2
1.52 − 0.52
OD2 − OL2
1
⇒ DH = DL – HL = - 2
= 2 2-1
2
Some Important Rules

Rule #1
Equal chords are equidistant from the center. Conversely, if two chords are equidistant from the center
of a circle, they are equal.

Rule #2
In the following figure, two chords of a circle, AB and CD, intersect at point P. Then, AP × PB = CP × PD.

Example: In the following figure, length of chord AB = 12. O-P-C is a perpendicular drawn to AB from
center O and intersecting AB and the circle at P and C respectively. If PC = 2, find the length of OB.

Answer: Let us extend OC till it intersects the circle at some point D.

D is the diameter of the circle. Since OP is perpendicular to AB, P is the midpoint of AB.
Hence, AP = PB = 6.
Now DP × PC = AP × PB
DP = 18. Therefore, CD = 20, OC = 10
OB = OC = radius of the circle = 10.

Rule #3
In a circle, equal chords subtend equal angles at the center.
Rule #4
The angle subtended by an arc of a circle at the center is double the angle subtended by it at any point
on the remaining part of the circumference.

In the figure shown above, a = 2b.

Rule #5
Angles inscribed in the same arc are equal.

In the figure angle ACB = angle ADB.

Rule #6
An angle inscribed in a semi-circle is a right angle.

Let angle ACB be inscribed in the semi-circle ACB; that is, let AB be a diameter and let the vertex C lie
on the circumference; then angle ACB is a right angle.

Example: In the figure AB and CD are two diameters of the circle intersecting at an angle of 48°. E is
any point on arc CB. Find angle CEB.

Answer: Join E and D. Since arc BD subtends an angle of 48° at the center, it will subtend half as many
degrees on the remaining part of circumference as it subtends at the center. Hence, angle DEB = 24°.
Since angle CED is made in a semicircle, it is equal to 90°. Hence, angle CEB = angle CED + angle DEB =
90° + 24° = 114°.

Example:

In the above figure, AB is a diameter of the circle and C and D are such points that CD = BD. AB and
CD intersect at O. If angle AOD = 45°, find angle ADC.

Answer: Draw AC and CB.

CD = BD ⇒ ∠DCB = ∠DBC = θ (say).
∠ACB = 90° ⇒ ∠ACD = 90°− θ.
∠ABD = ∠ACD = 90°− θ ⇒ ∠ABC = θ − (90°− θ) = 2θ − 90.
In ∆OBC, 45° + 2θ − 90 + θ = 180° ⇒ 3θ = 225° ⇒ θ = 75°.
∠ADC = ∠ABC = 2θ − 90 = 60°.

Example: In the adjoining figure, chord ED is parallel to the diameter AC of the circle. If angle CBE =
65°, then what is the value of angle DEC?

(A) 35° (B) 55°

(C) 45° (D) 25°

Answer: ∠ABC = 90° ⇒ ∠ABE = 90 − ∠EBC = 25°.

∠ABE = ∠ACE = 25°
∠ACE = ∠CED = 25° (alternate angles)

Rule #7
The straight line drawn at right angles to a diameter of a circle from its extremity is tangent to the
circle. Conversely, if a straight line is tangent to a circle, then the radius drawn to the point of contact
will be perpendicular to the tangent.
Let AB be a diameter of a circle, and let the straight line CD be drawn at right angles to AB from its
extremity B; then the straight line CD is tangent to the circle.

Rule #8
If two tangents are drawn to a circle from an exterior point, the length of two tangent segments are
equal. Also, the line joining the exterior point to the centre of the circle bisects the angle between the
tangents.

In the above figure, two tangents are drawn to a circle from point P and touching the circle at A and B.
Then, PA = PB. Also, ∠APO = ∠BPO. Also, the chord AB is perpendicular to OP.

Example: In the following figure, lines AP, AQ and BC are tangent to the circle. The length of AP = 11.
Find the perimeter of triangle ABC.

Answer: Let AB = x and BP = y. Then, BD = BP because they are tangents drawn from a same point B.
Similarly, CD = CQ and AP = AQ.
Now perimeter of triangle ABC = AB + BC + CA = AB + BD + DC + AC
= AB + BP + CQ + AC = AP + AQ = 2AP = 22.

Rule #9
From an external point P, a secant P-A-B, intersecting the circle at A and B, and a tangent PC are drawn.
Then, PA × PB = PC2.

Example: In the following figure, if PC = 6, CD = 9, PA = 5 and AB = x, find the value of x.

Answer: Let a tangent PQ be drawn from P on the circle.
Hence, PC × PD = PQ = PA2 × PB = 6 × 15 = 5× (5 + x)
⇨ x = 13

Example: In the following figure, PC = 9, PB = 12, PA = 18, and PF = 8. Then, find the length of DE.

Answer: In the smaller circle

PC × PB = PF × PE
PE = 12 x 9 = 27
8 2

In the larger circle, PB × PA = PE × PD

PD = 12 × 18 × 2 = 16
27
Therefore, DE = PD – PE = 16 – 13.5 = 2.5

Rule #10
The angle that a tangent to a circle makes with a chord drawn from the point of contact is equal to the
angle subtended by that chord in the alternate segment of the circle.

In the figure above, PA is the tangent at point A of the circle and AB is the chord at point A. Hence,
angle BAP = angle ACB.

Example: In the figure given below, A, B and C are three points on a circle with centre O. The chord
BA is extended to a point T such that CT becomes a tangent to the circle at point C. If ∠ATC = 30° and
∠ACT = 50°, then the angle ∠BOA is –
(A) 100° (B) 150°
(C) 80° (D) Not possible to determine

Answer: Tangent TC makes an angle of 50° with chord AC.

Therefore, ∠TBC = 50°.
In triangle TBC,
∠BCT = 180° − (30° + 50°) = 100°.
Therefore,
∠BCA = ∠BCT − ∠ACT = 100° − 50° = 50°.
∠BOA =2∠BCA = 100°.

Example: Two circles touch internally at P. The common chord AD of the larger circle intersects the
smaller circle in B and C, as shown in the figure. Show that, ∠APB = ∠CPD.

Answer: Draw the common tangent XPY at point P.

Now, for chord DP, ∠DPX = ∠DAP, and for chord PC, ∠CPX = ∠CBP.
⇒ ∠CPD = ∠CPX − ∠DPX = ∠CBP − ∠DAP.
In triangle APB, ∠CBP is the exterior angle
⇒ ∠CBP = ∠CAP + ∠APB
⇒ ∠CBP − ∠CAP = ∠APB
⇒ ∠CPD = ∠CPX − ∠DPX = ∠CBP − ∠DAP = ∠APB

Rule #11
When two circles intersect each other, the line joining the centers bisects the common chord and is
perpendicular to the common chord.
In the figure given above, the line joining the centers divides the common chord in two equal parts and
is also perpendicular to it.

Example: Two circles, with diameters 68 cm and 40 cm, intersect each other and the length of their
common chord is 32 cm. Find the distance between their centers.

Answer: In the figure given above, the radii of the circles are 34 cm and 20 cm, respectively. The line
joining the centers bisects the common chord. Hence, we get two right triangles: one with hypotenuse
equal to 34 cm and height equal to 16 cm, and the other with hypotenuse equal to 20 cm and height
equal to 16 cm. Using Pythagoras theorem, we get the bases of the two right triangles equal to 30 cm
and 12 cm. Hence, the distance between the centers = 30 + 12 = 42 cm.
 MENSURATION

Mensuration is mainly divided into three parts:

One is Area, second is Volume and third is Perimeter.

Triangle

Perimeter = a + b + c
Area of Triangle = [½ × base × height] or
= 𝑠(𝑠 − 𝑎)(𝑠 − 𝑏)(𝑠 − 𝑐)
Here, s is a semi perimeter

Q1. Sides of a triangle are 12m, 13m and 11m. Find the area of triangle and height with respect to
the side of 12 cm.

Solution:

12+13+11 36
S= 2
= 2
= 18𝑚
Area of triangle = 𝑠(𝑠 − 𝑎)(𝑠 − 𝑏)(𝑠 − 𝑐)
Area= 18×6×5×6
2
Area= 6 105 𝑚

Side=12m (Base), height=?

Area of triangle =1/2×base×Height
6√105 = ½ × 12 × height
Height = √105 m

Properties of Equilateral Triangle

● Properties of equilateral triangle
● All three sides are equal.
● All three angles are 60°
Formulae
● Perimeter = 3 × side = 3a
● Area of equilateral triangle = (√3/4)a2
● Height = Median = (√3/2)a
● Side of an equilateral triangle =
𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑎 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑎 𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑠 ×2
3

Q2. The area of an equilateral triangle is 49√3 m2, find the value of its height and side?

Solution:
2
The area of an equilateral triangle = 49√3 𝑚
(√3/4)a2 = 49√3
a2 = 49 × 4
a = 14 m
Height = (√3/2)a
Height = (√3/2) × 14 = 7√3 m

Properties of Isosceles Triangle

● Two sides are equal.
● AB = AC

Formula:
Area of Δ = ½ × base × height

Q3. In an isosceles triangle, if the ratio of equal side and unequal side is 5: 8 and its perimeter is
36 cm. Find the area of this triangle.
Solution:

Let the equal and unequal side be 5x and 8x

Perimeter of this triangle = 5x + 5x + 8x
36 = 18x
x=2
Sides of this triangle are 10 cm, 10 cm and 16 cm
Perpendicular on unequal side = √ [102 – (16/2)2] = √ [100 – 64]
Perpendicular on unequal side = 6 cm
Area of isosceles triangle = ½ × unequal side × perpendicular on unequal side
Area of isosceles triangle = ½ × 16 × 6 = 48 cm2
Properties of Right-Angle Triangle
● Hypotenuse2 = (base)2 + (height)2
● Area = ½ × base × height = ½ × b × p
𝐻𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 ×𝐵𝑎𝑠𝑒
● Length of Perpendicular at hypotenuse = 𝐻𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑠𝑒

Q4. The area of a right-angle triangle is 30 m and base is 7 m more than height, find the length of
perpendicular on hypotenuse.
Solution:

Let the height of the triangle be x

⇒ Base = x + 7
⇒ Area = ½ × base × height
⇒ 30= ½ × (x + 7) × x
⇒ 60 = x2 + 7x
⇒ x2 + 7x – 60 = 0
⇒ (x + 12) (x – 5) = 0
⇒x=5m
⇒ Base = x + 7 = 12 m
⇒ Hypotenuse2 = (base)2 + (height)2
⇒ Hypotenuse2 = 144 + 25 = 169
⇒ Hypotenuse = 13 m

The length of perpendicular on hypotenuse is (60/13) m.

Square

Properties of square
● Opposite sides of a square are both parallel and equal in length.
● The diagonal of a square is
equal. AC = BD
● The diagonals of a square bisect each other and meet at
90°. AO = OC, BO = OD and ∠BOC = 90°
● All four angles of a square are 90°.
Formula:
● Perimeter = 4 × side
● Area = (side)2 = ½ × (diameter)
● Diameter = √2 side

Q5. Area of a square is 1352 m2. Find the perimeter and the length of the diagonal.
Solution:
Area of a square = 1352
(Side)2 = 1352
Side = 26√2 m
Perimeter = 4 × side
Perimeter = 4 × 26√2 = 104√2 m
Length of diagonal = √2 × side
Length of diagonal = √2 × 26√2 = 52 m

Rectangle

Properties of rectangle
● Opposite sides of a rectangle are equal in length.
AB = DC, AD = BC
● Opposite sides of a rectangle are parallel.
AB ∥ CD, AD ∥ BC
● The diagonals of a rectangle bisect each other.
AO = OC, BO = OD
● All four angles of a square are 90°.

Formulae:
Area = l × b
Perimeter = 2(l + b)
Diameter = √ (l2 + b2)
Here, Length = l
Breadth = b
Q6. In a rectangle diagonal is 9 times of its length. Find the ratio of length and breath.
Solution:

Let the length of rectangle be x

Diagonal = 9x

Diameter = √ (l2 + b2)

9x = √ (x2 + b2)

x2 + b2 = 81 x2

80 x2 = b2
b = (4√5)x
Length: breath = x: (4√5)x
Length: breath = 1: 4√5

Parallelogram
In a parallelogram, the opposite sides are parallel and equal. But all 4 sides are not equal. Also, the
angle of the corners is not at 90 degrees. Whereas in square and rectangle, the angle of corners is
90 degrees.

● Area of parallelogram = l × h
● Perimeter of parallelogram = 2(l+b)
Here, l = length or base of parallelogram. h = height of parallelogram.

Rhombus
Rhombus is also a parallelogram. The main factor is that all 4 sides are equal in the rhombus. The
mensuration formula chart for the rhombus is,

● Area of rhombus = d1 × d2 / 2
● The perimeter of rhombus = 4l
Here, d1 and d2 are the lengths of the diagonals. l is the side of the rhombus.

Trapezium
In trapezium, one set of opposite sides are parallel and unequal. The other set of opposite sides are
not parallel.

● Area = 1 / 2 h(a+b)
● Perimeter = Sum of all sides
Here a and b are the top and bottom sides of the trapezium. h is the height of the trapezium.

Circle
● Circumference of a circle = 𝜋 x diameter
● Diameter of circle = 2r
● Area of a circle = 𝜋 x r x r

Here r is the radius of the circle.

Cube
Cube is a 3d shape of a square. In the cube all the length, breadth, and height are equal. The
mensuration formula for bank exams also includes all 3d shapes. So, refer to the mensuration
formulas for the cube here.

● Volume of a cube = (side)3

● Total surface area of a cube = 6 × (side)2
● Diagonal of cube = √3 x (side)

Cuboid
It is a 3d shape of a rectangle. The mensuration formulas for the cuboid are,

● Volume of a cuboid = (length × breadth × height) = lbh

● Total surface area of cuboid = 2(lb + bh + hl)

Cylinder
● Area of curved surface = (perimeter of base) x height = 2𝜋rh
● Total surface area = 2𝜋r (r + h)
● Volume = 𝜋 x r x r x h
Cone
● Curved surface area = 𝜋rl
● Total surface area = 𝜋r(r + l)
● Volume of cone = (1/3) x 𝜋 x r x r x h

Here l is the slant height of the cone.

Sphere
● r = radius
4
● Volume: V = 3
πr3
● Curved Surface Area = Total Surface Area = 4π2
Hemisphere
2
● Volume = 3
πr3
● Curved surface area = 2 π r2
● Total surface area = 3πr2

Prism
● Volume = Base area x height
● Lateral Surface area = perimeter of the base x height
● Total Surface area = LSA + 2(Area of base)

Pyramid
● Volume of a right pyramid = 1
3
X area of the base height X height

● Area of the lateral faces of a right pyramid =

1
2
x perimeter of the base x slant height

● Area of whole surface of a right pyramid = Area of the lateral faces + Area of the base.
Practice Questions:

Q1. Three cubes of metal whose edges are in ratio of 3:4:5, are melted and one new cube is formed.
If the diagonal of the cube is 18√3 cm, then find the edge of the largest among three cubes.
(A) 18 cm
(B) 24 cm
(C) 15 cm
(D) 12 cm

Q2. What is the area of the largest triangle that can be fitted into a rectangle of length 'a' units and
width 'b' units?
(A) unit2
(B) unit2
(C) unit2
(D) unit2

Q3. Find the perimeter and area of an isosceles triangle whose equal sides are 5 cm and the height
is 4 cm.
(A) 24 cm2 , 13 cm
(B) 18 cm2 , 16 cm
(C) 12 cm2 , 13 cm
(D) 12 cm2 , 16 cm

Q4. A parallelogram has area A sq. mts. A second parallelogram is formed by joining the mid-points
of its sides. A third parallelogram is formed by joining the mid-poinds of the sides of the second
parallelogram. This process is continued upto infinite. What is the sum of area (in sq. mts) of all the
parallelograms so formed?
(A) A
3𝐴
(B) 2
(C) 2A
𝐴
(D) 2

Q5. The radius of a cylindrical milk container is half its height and surface area of the inner part is
616 sq.cm. The amount of milk that the container can hold, approximately, is
[ Use: √5= 2.23 and p = 22/7]
(A) 1.42 litres
(B) 1.53 litres
(C) 1.71 litres
(D) 1.82 litres

Q6. From the four corners of a rectangular sheet of dimensions 25 cm x 20 cm, square of side 2 cm
is cut off from four corners and a box is made. The volume of the box is-
(A) 828 cm3
(B) 672 cm3
(C) 500 cm3
 (D) 1000cm3
Q7. A rectangular paper sheet of dimensions 22 cm × 12 cm is folder in the form of a cylinder along
its length. What will be the volume of this cylinder?
(A) 460 cm3
(B) 462 cm3
(C) 624 cm3
(D) 400 cm3

Q8. A copper rod of 1 cm diameter and 8 cm length is drawn into a wire of uniform diameter and 18
m length. The radius (in cm) of the wire is:
2
(A) 15

1
(B) 15

1
(C) 30

(D) 15

Q9. A hollow iron pipe is 21 cm long and its exterior diameter is 8 cm. If the thickness of the pipe is
1 cm and iron weights 8 gm/cm3, then the weight of the pipe is:
(A) 3.696 kg
(B) 3.6 kg
(C) 36 kg
(D) 36.9 kg

Q10. Water flows at the rate of 10 meters per minute from cylindrical pipe 5 mm in diameter how
long it will take to fill up a conical versel whose diameter at the base is 30 cm and depth 24 cm?
(A) 28 minutes 48 seconds
(B) 51 minutes 12 seconds
(C) 51 minutes 24 seconds
(D) 28 minutes 36 seconds

Solution:

Q1. (C)
Total volume = (3x)3+(4x)3+(5x)3 = 216x3
Then side of new cube/= 6x
Then diagonal of new cube = 6x√3 → 18√3 x = 3
Then side of larger cube = 5×3 = 15

Q2. (B)
Area of triangle = (1/2) base × height
= (1/2) ab unit2

Q3. (D)
12 cm2, 16cm

Q4. (C)

Sum of areas:

Q5. (B)
Let radius of the container is x cm.
Then height of the container is 2x cm.
According to question 2πr(2r) + πr2 = 616
5πr2 = 616
= 1546.90 ml.
= 1.54 lit.

Q6. (B)
Volume of the box = 16×21×2 = 672 cm3

Q7. (B)

Q8. (C)

Q9. (A)

Q10. (A)

Volume of water flowing from the pipe in 1 minute

28 minutes 48 seconds
 MIXTURE & ALLIGATION
Alligation: It enables us to find the ratio in which two or more ingredients at the given price must be
mixed to produce a mixture of a desired price.
Mean price: The cost price of a unit quantity of the mixture is called the mean price.
Basic Formula: If two ingredients A and B are mixed of price x and y respectively, then the price of
resultant mixture is M mean price. The ratio in which ingredients are mixed is given by rule of
allegation
𝑀−𝑌
R= 𝑋−𝑀

The above formula can be represented as

Thus, the required ratio is R

𝑀−𝑌 𝑌−𝑀
R= 𝑋−𝑀 = 𝑀−𝑋

Example 1. In what ratio must rice costing Rs.8.50 per kg be mixed with rice costing Rs.13 per kg
so that the mixture be worth Rs.10 per kg?
Example 2. In what ratio must a grocer mix two varieties of sugar costing Rs.60 per kg and Rs.65
per kg, so that on selling the mixture at Rs.68.20 per kg he may gain 10%?
Solution: Cost price of 1 kg of mixture

Example 3. 729 Litres of mixtures containing milk and water in the ratio 7 : 2. How much more
water should be added so that the new mixture contains milk and water in the ratio 7 : 3 ?.
Solution:
2
729 litre quantity of water = 9

Pure water = 1
3
Quantity of water in mixture = 10

APPLYING ALLIGATION:

Required Ratio = 9: 1
9 = 729 litre
729
1= 9
×1 = 81 𝐿𝑖𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠
Mixture of more than two elements:
These questions may seem to be a little tricky at first, but a similar concept is applied repeatedly in
order to calculate the final ratio of ingredients when a mixture contains more than two ingredients.
1. Take two ingredients in such a way that the first ingredient is lower than the mean value and the
other one is higher than mean value.
2. Calculate the ratio of ingredients.
3. Repeat for all possible pairs.
4. Final ratio is the ratio obtained from step 2 (if an ingredient is common in the ratios, add value for
this particular ingredient)

Example 4. Three types of Rice of Rs. 1.27, Rs. 1.29 and Rs. 1.32 per kg are mixed together to be
sold at Rs. 1.30 per kg. in what ratio should this rice be mixed.
Solution:

Hence final ratio is 2: 1: 3 + 2 = 2: 1: 5

Mixture containing 4 ingredients:

Example 5. How much does a shop owner mix 4 types of rice worth Rs. 95, Rs. 60, Rs. 90 & Rs. 50
per kg so that he can make the mixture of these rice worth Rs. 80 per kg.
Solution:
I: II: III: IV = 4: 4: 5: 1

Concept of replacement:
Suppose a container contains a - units of liquid from which b -units are taken out and replaced by
water- after k-operations, the quantity of pure liquid

Example 6. 8 litres are drawn from a cask full of wine and is then filled with water. This operation
is performed three more times. The ratio of the quantity of wine now left in cask to that of the
water is 16 :65. How much wine did the cask hold originally?
Solution. Let initial quantity of wine in a cask = x lit So, After 4 process,
Practice Questions:
Q1. In 330 litres of mixtures of milk and water, water is only 24%. The milkman sold 80 litres of
this mixture and then he added 60 litres of pure milk and 26 litres of pure water in the remaining
mixture. What is the percentage of water in the final mixture?
A.39.70%
B.25. 59%
C.34. 68%
D.37. 34%
E.16. 89%
Ans: (B)

Q2. A paint maker has three different qualities of paint. 806 barrels of 1st quality, 930 barrels of
2nd quality and 992 barrels of 3rd quality. Find the least possible number of buckets of equal size
in which different paint of different qualities can be filled without mixing?
(A) 34
(B) 46
(C) 26
(D) 44
(E) None of these
Ans.(D)

Q3. Two vessels A and B contain milk and water mixed in the ratio 4: 3 and 2: 3. The ratio in which
these mixtures be mixed to form a new mixture containing half milk and half water is
(A) 7: 5
(B) 6: 5
(C) 5: 6
(D) 4: 3
Ans.(A)
Q4.A milkman makes 20% profit by selling milk mixed with water at Rs. 9 per litre. If the cost
price of 1 litre pure milk is Rs. 10, then the ratio of milk and water in the said mixture is
(A) 3: 1
(B) 4: 1
(C) 3: 2
(D) 4: 3
Ans.(A)

Q5. In two types of stainless steel, the ratio of chromium and steel are 2: 11 and 5: 21
respectively. In what proportion should the two types be mixed so that the ratio of chromium to
steel in the mixed type becomes 7: 32?
(A) 2: 3
(B) 3: 4
(C) 1: 2
(D) 1: 3
Ans.(C)

Q6. A vessel has 60 litres of solution of acid and water having 80% acid. How much water can be
added to make it a solution in which acid forms 60%?
(A) 48 litres
(B) 20 litres
(C) 36 litres
(D) None of these
Ans.(B)

Q7. A mixture contains alcohol and water in the ratio 4: 3. If 5 litres of water is added to the
mixture, the ratio becomes 4: 5. The quantity of alcohol in the given mixture is
(A) 3 litres
(B) 4 litres
(C) 15 litres
(D) 10 litres
Ans.(D)
Q8. A Can contains a mixture of two liquids A and B in the ratio 7:5. When 9 litres of mixture are
drained off and the Can is filled with B, the ratio of A and B becomes 7: 9. How many litres of
liquid A was contained by the Can initially?
(A) 10
(B) 20
(C) 21
(D) 25
Ans.(C)
 NUMBER SYSTEM
● Number: A number is a mathematical object used to count, measure and label.
● Number System: Number system or system of numeration is a writing system of numbers or
symbols in a consistent manner. In simple words we can say number system deals with
writing numbers.
● Depending on base or numbers used in the system, number system can be classified as:
o Binary Number System
o Octal Number System
o Decimal Number System
o Hexadecimal Number System
● These number systems are usually used in computer these days. But in “Mathematics” we
use Decimal Number System.
● Decimal Number System: “Deci” means 10 thus “Decimal number system” use 0 digits (0, 1,
2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9). We can form any number using these digits. The base of this system is
also 10.
● Notation of a Number: Notation of a number can be done as:
231= 2×102 + 3×101 + 1×100
While doing notation of a number we take number from right to left for which we use two
system to represent in India:
o Indian System/ (Hindu-Arabic System)
o International System

● While representing numbers we use two terms for them:

o Face Value
o Place Value
● Face Value: Face value is the actual value of the digit in the number.
Ex-1: Face Value of 7 in 38786 is 7 only
● Place Value: Place value is the value of the digit with the position at which they occur in the
number.
Ex-2: Place Value of 7 in 38786 is 700 i.e. 7×100
Types of Numbers
 ● Imaginary Number: Imaginary Numbers are those number that are expressed as a square
root of a negative number. These numbers are usually represented as “ai” where ‘a’ is a
number and ‘i’ is symbol for imaginary part, where value of ‘i’ is (-1)2. Imaginary number are
usually plot on the vertical number line plane.
Ex: 2i, 7i
● Real Number: Real Numbers are numbers that can be represented on number line. In simple
words all numbers other than imaginary numbers are Real number.
Ex: 1, -4, 2.3, , ,

● Irrational Number: Irrational numbers are those real numbers that cannot be expressed as
because either “p” or “q” is a non-terminating term.
Ex: ,

Note: Perfect square root are not irrational numbers for example, is not consider as
irrational number since it has terminating answer, i.e., 2

● Rational Number: Rational numbers are those real numbers that can be expressed as
where q is a non-zero number. Ex: 1, -4, 2.3

Integers
Integers are those numbers in which denominator is ‘1’ or you can say numbers which are
not in form of fraction or in decimal. Integers can be further classified as:
● Positive Integers: Integers that lie on positive side of number line.
Ex: 1,2,3 …
● Negative Integers: Integers that lie on negative side of number line.
Ex: - … -3, -2, -1
● Zero: Center of a number line which represents no value.
Ex: 0

Fraction
Fraction means a part of the whole. Fraction usually written as where ‘p’ is called
numerator and ‘q’ is called denominator. Here “p & q” both are non-zero term.
Fraction can be further classified as:
● Proper Fraction: Proper Fraction are those fractions where p < q.
Ex: ,
 ● Improper Fraction: Improper Fraction are those fractions where p > q.
Ex: ,

● Mixed Fraction: Mixed Fraction are those fractions which can be expressed improper
fraction as proper fraction and integers.
Ex: can be expressed as 1 where 1 is an integer and is proper fraction.

Note: We can form infinite number of fractions between any integers.

Decimal
Decimal is a fraction whose denominator is a power of 10. Ex: 1.5, 2.75, 3.873

Recurring Decimal:
● Recurring Decimal is decimal where a digit or a group of digit recur indefinitely after
decimal. Ex: 0.66… …, 0.373737……
● Recurring decimal are usually known as bar.
● A bar or a line is put over a digit to show that the digit will be repeating itself indefinitely.
0.66…. = 0.

Convert a recurring decimal into a fraction:

When we remove a decimal and bar from any digit then from the denominator we subtract 1,
where denominator is written in of power of 10 and where power of 10 depends upon the digit or
number of digit that are recurring
0. =

0. =

So to simply this we can say we put as many 9 in denominator as many digit are under bar.
If the decimal has a mixed recurring decimal i.e. 0.5 , then we use zero for non-bar numbers and 9
for bar number in denominator and subtract the non-bar number from whole number in
numerator. Ex: 0.5
0.5 =

Natural Numbers: Natural numbers can be said the number we used for counting or a set of all
positive integers. Ex: 1, 2 , 3 ,…..

Whole Numbers: When zero is also included in natural numbers than the set of numbers are called
whole numbers. Ex:0, 1, 2 , 3 ,…..

Even Numbers: Set of natural numbers which are exactly divisible by 2 is known as even number. Ex:
2, 4, 6, 8….

Odd Numbers: Set of natural number except even numbers are called odd numbers. Ex: 1, 3, 5….

Prime Numbers: Prime numbers are set of those natural numbers which have exactly two factors,
those are ‘1’ and itself. Ex: 2, 3, 5, 7, 11……

Composite Numbers: Composite numbers are set of those natural numbers which have more than
two factors. Ex: 4,6,8,9,10,12…….

Unit: As we know 1 has only one factor thus it is neither prime nor composite thus classified as unit.
Ex: 1

Twin Prime Numbers: Two prime numbers which differ by 2 is known as twin prime numbers. Ex:
(3,5), (5,7) (11,13)

Co-prime Numbers: Co prime numbers are a set of those numbers which have no common factor
between them except ‘1’. In other word we can say a set of numbers with H.C.F 1 are co-prime
numbers. Ex: (6,35), (12,25)

Note:
● 2 is the only even prime number.
● There are 15 prime numbers between 1 and 50 and their sum is 328
● There are 25 prime numbers between 1 and 100 and their sum is 1060
● 2 and 3 are the only consecutive prime numbers.
● 3, 5 and 7 are the only triplet of twin prime numbers.

Perfect Number: A number is said to be perfect number, if the sum of their factors except that
number is equal to that number. Ex: 6, 28
Factors of 6 are 1, 2, 3, 6.
1+2+3=6
Factors of 28 are 1, 2, 4, 7, 14, 28
1 + 2 + 4 + 7 + 14 = 28

Note:
Sum of reciprocal of the factors of a perfect number is always 2.
Ex:
1 1 1 1
+ + + =2

1 2 3 6
1+1+1+1+1+1=2
1 2 4 7 14 28

Divisibility Test

By 2: If the unit digit of a number is even then the number is divisible by 2 or the last digit is 0.
Ex: 47896 is divisible by 2 as 6 is an even number
47895 is not divisible by 2 as 5 is an odd number.

By 3: If the sum of the digits of a number is a multiple of 3.

Ex: 729834
7 + 2 + 9 + 8 + 3 + 4 = 33
3 + 3 =6TUDY NOTES SPECIALLY FOR SSC CHSL TIER-I
So, it is divisible by 3
425786
4 + 2 + 5 + 7 + 8 + 6 = 32
3 + 2 =5
Thus, it is not divisible by 3

By 4: When the number formed by the last two digit is divisible by 4 or the last two digits are 0.
Ex: 384764
64 is divisible by 4 thus the number is divisible by 4
53877
77 is not divisible by 4 thus the number is not divisible by 4

By 5: If the last digit of a number is 5 or 0 then the number is divisible by 5.

Ex: 4375815
Since last digit is 5 than the number is divisible by 5.

By 6: A number which follows divisibility test of both 2 and 3 then the number is divisible by 6.
Ex: 729834
7 + 2 + 9 + 8 + 3 + 4 = 33
3 + 3 =6
So, it is divisible by 3.
And last digit is even so it is divisible by 2 as well thus the number is divisible by 6.

By 7: Lets understand with an example.

Ex: 3402
Step 1: 340 – 2 × 2 =336
Step 2: 33 – 2 × 6 = 21
Step 3: Check 21 is divisible by 7 or not.
As it is divisible by 7 thus number is divisible by 7.

By 8: When the number formed by the last three digit is divisible by 8 or the last three digits are 0.
Ex: 847648
648 is divisible by 8 thus the number is divisible by 8

By 9: If the sum of the digits of a number is a multiple of 9

Ex: 6329834
6 + 3 + 2 + 9 + 8 + 3 + 4 = 36
3+6=9
So, it is divisible by 9 124786
1 + 2 + 4 + 7 + 8 + 6 = 28
2 + 8 = 10
Thus, it is not divisible by 9.

By 10: If the last digit of a number is 0 then the number is divisible by 10.
Ex: 375810
Since last digit is 0 than the number is divisible by 10.

By 11: Let’s understand it with an example.

Ex: 273691
(2 + 3 + 9) – (7 + 6 + 1) = 0
Thus, the number is divisible by 11
If the difference between the sum of digits at even position in a number and sum of digits at odd
position in a number is equal to “0 or multiple of 11”, then the number is divisible by 11.
By 12: A number which follows divisibility test of both 3 and 4 then the number is divisible by 12.
Ex: 4298364
4 + 2 + 9 + 8 + 3 + 6 + 4 = 36
3+6=9
So, it is divisible by 3
And last two digit is divisible by 4 so it is divisible by 4 as well thus the number is divisible
by 12.

Note:
● If a six digit number is formed by repeating a digit then the number is divisible by 3,
7, 11, 13, and 37.
Ex: 111111, 222222, 333333
● If a six digit number is formed by repeating a two digit number then the number is divisible
by 3, 7, 13, and 37.
Ex: 272727, 353535, 565656
● If a six digit number is formed by repeating a three digit number then the number is
divisible by 7, 11, and 13.
Ex: 273273, 135135, 456456
● If the difference of a number of its thousand and remainder of its divisible by 1000 is
divisible by 7 then number is divisible by 7.
Ex: 596638
638 – 596 = 42
42 is divisible by 7 thus number is divisible by 7
● If the difference of a number of its thousand and remainder of its divisible by 1000 is
divisible by 13 then number is divisible by 13
Ex: 265213
265 – 213 = 52
52 is divisible by 13 thus number is divisible by 13
● an + bn is completely divisible by (a + b) if n is odd
● an – bn is completely divisible by (a + b) and (a – b) if n is even.

Counting Zero:
Usually in exam question are asked on counting the number of zeros at the end of a digit formed by
product of numbers.
The number of zeros at the end of any number depends upon the number of power of 10 that can
be formed in the number for which we have to remember that 10 is a product of 2 and 5.
2n ×5n = 10n
So, to find the number of zeros in any expression we have to find out the number of multiple of 2
and 5 that comes in the expression and the number of power of 10 will be equal to the power of 5
or 2 which ever power is less.
Ex: Find the number of zeros at the end of 24 × 15 × 14 × 75.
Solution:
24 × 15 × 14 × 75 = 23 × 3 ×3 × 5 × 2 × 7 ×52 × 3
24 × 53 × 33 ×7
So, the minimum power between power of 2 and power of 5 is 3 so the power of 10 will be 3.
Thus, the number of zeros at the end of the number is 3.

Ex: Find the number of zeros at the end of 12 × 25 × 42 × 125.

Solution:
Power of 2 is 3, power of 5 is 5
Thus, power of 10 will be 3.

Factorial
Factorial is a product of all natural numbers from first natural number till the number.
In simple words we can say factorial of number is equal to the product of all natural number equal
and less than the number.
N! = 1×2×3… (N – 1) × N.

Number of zeros in N! = N + N + N +...+ N

1 2 3 a
5 5 5 5
The process will carry on till 5a > N and we will only add quotient, neglecting the remainder.

Ex: Find the number of zeros in 210!

Solution:
210 + 210 + 210
5 25 125

42+ 8 +1 = 51

OR
 210
Step 1: = 42

5
42
Step 2: =8

8
Step 3: =1

Number of zeros = 42 + 8 +1 = 51

Ex: Find the number of zeros in 1000!

Solution:
1000 + 1000 + 1000 + 1000
5 25 125 625

200 + 40 + 8 +1 = 249

Unit Digit
Several time in exam we have been asked about the unit digit of an expression. It is very simple to
calculate unit digit of an expression if the numbers in expression are not given in a form of power.

Ex: Find the unit digit of 33 × 77 × 62 × 89 × 44 + 12834

Solution:

We will only use the unit digit of the numbers in the expression i.e. 7 × 2 × 9 × 4 + 4 = 4 + 4 = 8
We only consider unit of product also.

But it become difficult if the expression has number with power like 3731 as now we cannot
determine the unit digit of this number. To calculate this easily we have to understand the cyclicity
of unit digit with power of number.

Unit digit of every digit repeat itself and follows a cycle of 1,2 and 4.

Let’s understand with an example.

If consider 2 so its cyclicity is 4, it means after every 4th power unit digit will be same.
21 = 2, 25 = 32, 29 = 512
22 = 4, 26 = 64, 210 = 1024
23 = 8, 27 = 128, 211 = 2048
24 = 16, 28 = 256, 212 = 4096

From above example we can understand the cyclicity easily. As the biggest cycle is of 4
terms thus we try to remember cyclicity of 4 terms for all the digits.
Power

Number 1 2 3 4
1 1 1 1 1
2 2 4 8 6
3 3 9 7 1
4 4 6 4 6
5 5 5 5 5
6 6 6 6 6
7 7 9 3 1
8 8 4 2 6
9 9 1 9 1
0 0 0 0 0

Note:
From the above table we can say that,
● For 0, 1, 5, 6 their unit digits are 0, 1, 5, 6 respectively irrespective to their power.
● If the power of even number except number with unit digit zero is 4n then unit digit will be
 6.
● If the power of odd number except number with unit digit 5 is 4n then unit digit will be 1.

Ex: What will be the unit digit of 3731?

31
Remainder when power is divided by 4 i.e.,
4
Remainder will be 3
So, unit digit can be determined by 73 which will be 3

Ex: Find the unit digit 2221 × 2322 × 2423 × 2625

Solution:
2221 × 2322 × 2423 × 2625
21 × 32 × 43 × 6
2×9×4×6
Unit digit will be 2.

Ex: Find the unit digit of the product of all the prime numbers less than 99
Solution:
2 × 3 × 5 × 7…… 97
Unit digit will be 0
Since product of 2 and 5 is 10, which means unit digit will be 0 for their product and anything
multiplied by 0 will give zero, thus the unit digit will be 0 only.

Ex: Find the unit digit of 1! + 2! + 3! + …….. 99!.

Solution:
Unit digit From 5! will be zero, so we can say that the unit digit of this expression will be
sum of unit digit of 1!, 2!, 3!, 4!
1 + 2 + 6 +4 =13
Unit digit will be 3.

Relation between Dividend, Divisor, Quotient and Remainder

Dividend = Divisor × Quotient + Remainder
Remainder is always as positive value but sometimes we also consider negative remainder to solve
question fast.
How to calculate Negative remainder
Negative Remainder = Remainder – Divisor
Ex: What will be negative remainder if divide 1489 by 23.
Solution: Remainder = 17
Negative Remainder = 17 – 23 = – 6
Negative remainder is hypothetical condition used just to do fast calculation.

Ex: The divisor is 25 times the quotient and 5 times the remainder. If the remainder is 15, then
find the dividend.
Solution:
Divisor = 15 × 5 = 75
75
Quotient = =3
25

Dividend = 75 × 3 + 15 = 240

Ex: A number when divided by 56 it leaves 41 as a remainder. Find the remainder if the same
number is divided by 7.

Solution:
Number = 56 × X + 41
Now if the same number is divided by 7, then
56x + 41 56x 41
= + Remainder will be 6

7 7 7
OR
Just check whether the previous divisor is divisible by new divisor if it is divisible then remainder will
be equal to the remainder we will get after dividing the former remainder by new divisor else the
answer will be cannot be determined.
In the above question,
56 is divisible by 7 thus remainder can easily be find by dividing 41 by 7.
41 divide by 7 gives 6 as remainder and that is our answer.

Ex: A number when divided by 65 it leaves 15 as a remainder. Find the remainder if the same
number is divided by 15.
Solution: Since 65 is not divisible by 15.
Answer will be cannot be determined.
Ex: A number when divided by 7 it leaves 4 as a remainder. Find the remainder if the square of
the same number is divided by 7.
Solution: Number = 7x + 4
Square = (7x+4)2 =49x2 + 56x + 16

49x2 + 56x + 16
7 7 7
Remainder will be 2

OR
In such question, you can just square the former remainder and divided it with the divisor to get the
required remainder.
42 = 16
16 divided by 7 leaves remainder 2.

Ex: When a number is divided by 27 it leaves 8 as the remainder. If the cube of the same number
is divided by 27 then find the remainder.
Solution: 83 = 512
Remainder left when 512 is divided by 27 is 26.

Thus, the required remainder will be 26.

Ex: Two numbers when divided by 18. Leaves remainder 12 and 7 respectively if the sum of these
two numbers is divided by 18 then the remainder will be –
Solution:
First number = 18x + 12
Second number = 18y + 7
Sum = 18x + 12 + 18y + 7 = 18 (x + y) + 19
18x + 19
18 18
Remainder will be 1
OR

Divisor = Remainder1 + Remainder2 – Remainder3

Required Remainder = 12 + 7 – 18 = 1
This formula always works because sum of two remainders by same divisor cannot be equal
or more than twice of the divisor.
Ex: When two different numbers are divided by the same number they leaves remainder 27 and
21 respectively. If the sum of both the numbers are divided by the same divisor the remainder
will be 13 then find the divisor.
Solution: Divisor = 27 + 21 – 13 = 35

Successive Division

If in a division process quotient is used as a next dividend and the same process is carried on then
the division is known as successive division. For example, if we divide 150 by 5 quotient will be 30
and remainder will be 0, now if we divide 30 by 2 quotient will be 15 and remainder will be 0, if we
again divide 15 by 3 the quotient will be 5 and remainder will be 0 and now if we divide by 5 by 4
quotient will be 1 and remainder will also be 1

Ex: The least possible number when successively divided by 4, 5 and 6 leaves remainder 2, 3 and 4
respectively.
Solution:

To solve such question we consider the last quotient to be 1 and solve the question in reverse of
the order i.e. we will find second last quotient first then third last and in final the smallest dividend
or the number from which the successive division is started.
Second last quotient = 6 × 1 + 4 = 10
Third last quotient = 5 × 10 + 3 = 53
Smallest dividend = 4 × 53 + 2 = 214
Or {(6 + 4) × 5 + 3} × 4 + 2 =214

Ex: A least number when successively divided by 2, 3 and 5 it leaves remainder 1, 2 and 4
respectively. Find the remainder if the same number is divided by 6.
Solution: Number = {(2 + 1) × 3 + 2} × 5 + 4 = 44
If we divide 44 by 6 then remainder will be 2

Note:
● If (1 + a)n is divided by “a” then the remainder will be 1. It can also be expressed as if an is
divided by (a – 1) the remainder will be 1.
● If an is divided by (1 + a) gives remainder 1 when n is even.
 ● If an is divided by (1 + a) gives remainder a when n is odd.
● If an + a is completely divisible by (1 + a) when n is even.
● If an + a is divided by (1 + a) gives remainder a – 1 when n is odd.

Practice Questions:
Q1. If 4915 – 1 is exactly divisible by:
1) 5 2) 6 3) 7 4) 9

Q2. Find the remainder when 2947 + 1747 is divided by 46.

1) 0 2) 1 3) 7 4) 13

Q3. Find the unit digit of 1324 × 6857 + 2413 × 5768 + 1234.
1) 6 2) 7 3) 0 4) 4

Q4. Find the unit digit of 2789235! + 2229235! + 6669235!

1) 6 2) 2 3) 8 4) 0

Q5. Find the number of zeroes at the end of the product 25! × 32! ×45!.
1) 10 2) 23 3) 22 4) 7

Q6. Find the number of zeroes at the end of 41×42×43…..100

1) 14 2) 15 3) 16 4) 17

Q7. If 5724A is divisible by 11 then find the value of A.

1) 0 2) 1 3) 2 4) 4

Q8. When a natural number N is divided by 3, the remainder will be 1 and when N + 1 is
divided by 5, the remainder will be 0. The value of N will be:
1) 65 2) 64 3) 63 4) 62

Q9. A number when divided by 136, leaves 46 as the remainder. If the same number is
divided by 34 then the remainder will be:
1) 2 2) 6 3) 12 4) 16
Q10. Two numbers when divided by a certain divisor give remainders 473 and 298, respectively.
When their sum is divided by the same divisor, the remainder is 236. Find the divisor.
1) 425 2) 475 3) 495 4) 535

Solution:

1) 4915 – 1 = 72×15 – 130

an – bn is always divisible by a + b and a – b if n is even, so
730 –130 is always divisible by 7 + 1 = 8, 7 – 1 = 6
Thus, answer will be 6.

2) 2947 + 1747
an + bn is completely divisible by a + b when n is odd
so, 29 + 17 = 46
Thus, remainder will be 0.

3) 1324 × 6857 + 2413 × 5768 + 1234

34n × 81 + 41 ×74n + 4
1× 8 + 4×1 + 4 =16
Thus unit digit will be 6.

4) 2789235! + 2229235! + 6669235!

9235! Last 2 digit will be 0 it means all the power are in the form of 4n and all the numbers are
even so the unit digit in all the case will be 6.

6 + 6 + 6 = 18

Thus, unit digit will be 8.

5) 25! × 32! × 45!

Number of zeros at the end of
25! 5+1=6
32! 6+1=7
 45! 9 + 1 = 10
So total number of zeros = 6 + 7 + 10 = 23

6) Number of zeros in 40! = 8 +1 = 9

Number of zeros in 100! = 20 + 4 = 24
Number of Zeros in 41×42×43…..100 = 24 – 9 = 15

7) If 5724A is divisible by 11, it means

(5 + 2 + A) – (7 + 4) = 0 or 11
A=4

8) The condition will be fulfilled with multiple of 4 but not a multiple of 3 and 5. So, by
option we ca say 64 is the answer.

9) By dividing 46 by 34 we will get remainder i.e., 12.

10) 473 + 298 – 236 = 535

ANSWER KEY
1) 2 2) 1 3) 1 4) 3 5) 2
6) 2 7) 4 8) 2 9) 3 10) 4
 PARTNERSHIP
When two or more people invest their money in a business, persons are called Partners, their
relationship is Partnership and money is Capital. If they invest money for the same time, it is called
simple partnership. If they invest money for different times, it is called compound partnership. This
topic is basically based on ratio and percentage.

IMPORTANT FORMULA TERMS

1. Partnership: When two or more than two persons run a business jointly, they are called partners
and the deal is known as partnership.
2. Ratio of Divisions of Gains:
I. When investments of all the partners are for the same time, the gain or loss is distributed among
the partners in the ratio of their investments.
Suppose A and B invest Rs. x and Rs. y respectively for a year in a business, then at the end of the
year
(A's share of profit): (B's share of profit) = x: y.
II. When investments are for different time periods, then equivalent capitals are calculated for a
unit of time by taking (capital x number of units of time). Now gain or loss is divided in the ratio of
these capitals.
Suppose A invests Rs. x for p months and B invests Rs. y for q months then,
(A's share of profit): (B's share of profit) = xp: yq.
III. Working and Sleeping Partners: A partner who manages the business is known as a working
partner and the one who simply invests the money is a sleeping partner.
Kind of partners:
There are two kinds of partners.
1. Working or active partner: When a partner devotes his time for the business in addition to
investing his money, he is called a working partner. With mutual agreement, the active partners get
some fixed percentage of profit as working allowance.
2. Sleeping or non - active partner A partner who simply invests money, but doesn’t not attend to
the business is called a sleeping partner.
Kinds of Partnership:
1. Simple partnership If the capitals of several partners are invested for the same period. It is called
a simple partnership.
2. Compound or complex partnership: If the capitals of the partners are invested for different
intervals of time, the partnership is called compound or complex
Key notes: If the capitals of two partners are invested for the same duration of period and let A 1
and A 2 be their investments and total profit is Rs. P, then share of the partners in the profits are:
𝐴1×𝑝 𝐴1×𝑝
𝐴1+𝐴2
and Rs. 𝐴1+𝐴2

If the capitals of two partners be Rs. A 1 and A 2 for the periods t 1 and t 2 respectively and the
𝐴1×𝑡1×𝑃 𝐴1𝑡1×𝑃
profit be Rs. P, then shares of the partners in the profit are Rs. 𝐴1𝑡1+𝐴2𝑡2
and Rs. 𝐴1𝑡1+𝐴2𝑡2

Solved Examples
Q1. The investment of Raghwendra is twice as that of Bhanu and thrice as that of Chitra. Bhanu
invested for twice the months than Raghwendra and thrice the months than Chitra. Who will earn
the highest profit?
(A) Bhanu
(B) Chitra
(C) Raghwendra
(D) Both Raghu and Bhanu
Solution-(D) Investment ratio = 6: 3 :2
Month ratio = 3: 6: 2
Then, ratio between their shares = 6 × 3: 6 × 3: 2 × 2
= 18: 18: 4 = 9: 9: 2
Both A and B get equal and highest profits.

Q2. B, Q and R start a business and their investments are in the ratio 4: 3: 6. Both B and Q start
the business and R joins them after 6 months. It was decided that R will get a monthly salary of
Rs.3600 from the annual profits. R’s total salary came out to be 10% of the annual profit after a
year. What is the share of Q in the total profits?
(A) Rs.51000
(B) Rs.58320
(C) Rs.57900
(D) Rs.60600
Solution-(B) R’s monthly salary Rs.3600. Then annual salary = 3600 × 6 = 21600
(Because he works for 6 months only)
Rs.21600 is 10% of total profit.
Then total profit is Rs.216000.
Ratio of their shares = 4 × 12: 3 × 12: 6 × 6 = 4 :3 : 3
Profit left after reducing salary of R = 216,000 – 21,600 = 19,4400
Q’s share = 3/10 × 194400 = Rs.58320.

Q3. Gman and Betu started a business by investing Rs. 36,000 and Rs. 63,000. Find the share of
each, out of the annual profit of Rs. 5500.
(A) Rs. 2000, Rs. 3500
(B) Rs. 2500, Rs. 3500
(C) Rs. 3500, Rs. 2500
(D) None of these
Solution-(A)
Gman : Betu = 36000 : 63000
Gman : Betu = 4 : 7
Gman = 5500 × 4/11 = 2000
Betu = 3500

Q4. A starts some business with Rs. 50,000. After 3 months S joins him with Rs. 70,000. At the end
of the year, in what ratio should they share the profit?
(A) 1: 3
(B) 3: 2
(C) 1: 5
(D) None of these
Solution-(D)
A: S = 50,000 × 12: 70,000 × 9
= 60: 63 = 20: 21

Q5. A, B and C started a business where their initial capital was in the ratio of 4:5:6. At the end of
8 months, A changed his investment such that his capital became half to C’s initial capital
investment. If the annual profit of B is Rs. 15000 then what is the total profit ?
(A) Rs44000
(B) Rs36000
(C) Rs40000
(D) Rs39000
Solution-(A)
Initial Ratio = 4: 5 :6
Now Ratio of their shares = 4 × 8 + 3 × 4 :5 × 12: 6 × 12
= 44 :5 × 12: 6 × 12 = 11: 15: 18
B’s share is = Rs.15000
i.e.,15 ratio = 15000
(11 + 15 + 18 = 44) ratio = 44000

Q6. A start a business with Rs. 10000, B joins him after 2 months with 20% more investment than
A, after 2-month C joins him with 40% less than B. If the profit earned by them at the end of the
year is equal to the twice of the difference between investment of A and ten times the
investment of C. Find the profit of B?
(A) Rs35500
(B) Rs42000
(C) Rs38000
(D) Rs41100
Solution-(C) A: B: C = (10000 × 12): (12000 × 10): (7200 × 8)
= 25: 25: 12
Now the Profit = 2 × (72000 – 10000) = 124000
Q’s share = 25/62 ×124000 = Rs.50000
Then profit of Q = 50000 – 12000 = Rs.38000.

Q7. Manisha and Nida are partners in a firm out of which Manisha is sleeping partner and Nida is
working partner. Manisha invests Rs. 1,80,000 and Nida invests Rs. 90,000. Nida receives 14.5% of
profit for managing the business and the rest is shared between both in ratio of their
investments. Manisha’s share in the profit of Rs. 24000 is?
(A) Rs10100
(B) Rs11500
(C) Rs12520
(D) Rs13680
Solution-(D) Profit received by Nida as working partner = 14.5% of Rs.24000 = Rs.3480
Balance in profit = 24000 – 3480 = Rs.20520
Ratio of Manisha and Nida =1,80,000: 90,000 = 2: 1
Then Manisha’s share 2 × 20520/ 3 = Rs.13680

Q8. Stuti's working partner gets 20% as his commission of the profit after her commission is paid.
If the working partner’s commission is Rs. 8000, Then what is the total profit in the business?
(A) Rs. 47,000
(B) Rs. 45,000
(C) Rs. 48,000
(D) None of these
Solution-(C)
Sol. Total profit = K
(K – 8000) × 20/100 = 8000
K – 8000 = 40000
K = 48000

Q9. Vijays started business with Rs. 45,000 and Unnati joined afterward with 30,000. If the profit
at the end of one year was divided in the ratio 2: 1 respectively, then Unnati would have joined
Vijay for business after.
(A) 1 month
(B) 2 months
(C) 3 months
(D) 4 months
Solution-(C)
(45000 × 12)/ (30000 × t) = 2/1
(3 × 12)/ (2 × t) = 2/1
t = 9 months
After 3 months

Q10. Naveed and Komal jointly started a business. Naveed invested four times as Komal did and
invested his money for double time as compared to Komal. Komal earned Rs. 5400. Then the total
gain was?
A) Rs45000
(B) Rs48600
(C) Rs52000
(D) Rs55500
Solution-(B)
Investment’s ratio is = 4:1
Time period ratio is = 2:1
Gain ratio of Naveed and Komal = 8:1
Komal got Rs. 5400,
1 = 5400, 9 = Rs48600
The total gain = Rs.48600

Q11. C & B are partners in a business, C contributes 1/4 of the capital for 15 months & B received
2/3 of the profit. For how long B’s money was used
(A) 8
(B) 6
(C) 10
(D) 7
Solution-(C)
B received 2/3 of the profit C : B = 1 : 2,
Let the total capital = x,
Then C’s capital = x/4, B’s capital = x –x/4 = 3x/4
If B’s money was used for a month’s
Then C: B = (x/4) ×15: (3x/4) ×a = 1: 2 15/4: 3b/4 = 1: 2
15: 3b = 1: 2
5: b = 1: 2
a = 5×2 = 10

Q12. P and Q are partners in a business. They invest in the ratio 5: 6, at the end of 8 months P
withdraws his capital. If they receive profits in the ratio of 5: 9, Find how long Q’s investment was
used?
(A) 12 months
(B) 10 months
(C) 15 months
(D) 14 months
Solution-(A)
Sol. x: y
5: 6
5 × 8: 6 × t
40/ (6 × t) = 5/9
t = 12 months

Q13. C and B started a boutique investing amounts of Rs. 35,00 and Rs. 56,00 respectively. If C’s
share in the profit earned by them is Rs. 45,00, then what is the total profit earned? (A) Rs. 81,00
(B) Rs. 1,27,00
(C) Rs. 72,00
(D) Rs. 1,17,00
Solution (D)
Sol. C: B = 3500: 5600 = 5: 8
Total profit = x
x × 5/13 = 4500
x = 1,1700
Q14. X, Y and Z enter into a partnership and their shares are in the ratio 1/2: 1/3: 1/4. After two
months, X withdraws half of his capital and after 10 months, a profit of Rs.4200 is divided among
them. What is Y’s share?
(A) Rs1800
(B) Rs1650
(C) Rs 1600
(D) Rs1950
Solution (C)
Ratio of initial investments = 1/2: 1/3: 1/4 = 6: 4: 3.
Let their initial investments be 6x, 2x and 3x respectively.
Ratio (6x × 2) + (3x × 10): (4x × 12): (3x × 12) = 42: 48: 36 ==>7: 8: 6.
B’s share = 4200 × 8/21 = Rs. 1600.

Q15. If 8 (X’s Capital) = 10 (Y’s Capital) = 12 (Z’s Capital), then out of the total profit of Rs 2590, Z
will receive?
(A) Rs. 740
(B) Rs. 630
(C) Rs. 840
(D) Rs. 730
Solution (C)
8X = 10Y = 12Z
4X = 5Y= 6Z
Y = 4X/5, C = 4X/6 = 2X/3
P: Q: R = X: 4X/5: 2X/3 = 15:12:10
C’s share = 2590 × (12/37) = 70×12 = Rs. 840.
 PERCENTAGE
The Percentage is a fraction whose denominator is always 100. The sign of percentage is %.
Example:
10% can be converted to a fraction as 10/100 = 0.1
If, we want to calculate y% of x, then

𝑦
Percentage Formula: y% of x = x × 100

Question.
If 40% of P = 100, then find the value of P.
Ans. P × 40/100 = 100
⇒ P = 100 × 100/40
⇒ P = 250.

Fractions and Percentages

To express x% as a fraction
𝑥
X% = 100

Thus, 30% = 30/100 = 3/10

20% = 20/100 = 1/5

𝑎
To express 𝑏
as a percent

We have
𝑎
𝑏
= ( 𝑎
𝑏 )
×100 %

1 1
Thus 5
= ( 5 ×100) % = 20%

Result
1
20% = 5
%

Original Value/Number
 Fig: Representation and Interpretation of % in the form of Fraction.

Important Fraction to Percentage Conversions

1 50%
2
1 33.33%
3
1 25%
4
1 20%
5
1 16.66%
6
1 14.28%
7
1 12.5%
8
1 11.11%
9
1 10%
10
1 9.09%
11
1 8.33%
12
1 7.69%
13
1 7.14%
14
1 6.66%
15
1 6.25%
16
1 5%
20
1 4%
25

Basic Concepts of Percentages

Expressing One Quantity as a Percent with respect to the other:
To express a quantity as a percent with respect to other quantity, the following formula is used:
𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑡𝑜 𝑏𝑒 𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑑 𝑖𝑛 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡
( 2𝑛𝑑 𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑦 (𝑖𝑛 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑤ℎ𝑖𝑐ℎ 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡 ℎ𝑎𝑠 𝑡𝑜 𝑏𝑒 𝑜𝑏𝑡𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑) ×100) %

Calculation of Percentage
1. To express x% as a fraction:
We know
x% = x/100
Thus 10% = 10/100 (means 10 parts out of 100 parts)
= 1/10 (means 1 part out of 10 parts)
2. To express x/y as a percentage:
We know that x /y = (x /y× 100)
Thus 1/4= (1/4 ×100) % = 25%
and 0.8 = (8/10 ×100) % = 80%
3. To increase a number by a given percentage(x%): Multiply the number by the following factor
100+𝑥
=( 100
)

4. To decrease a number by a given percentage(x%): Multiply the number by the following factor
100−𝑥
=( 100
)

5. To find the % increase of a number:

𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒−𝐼𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒
Percent Increment= ( 𝐼𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒
× 100)

6. To find the % decrease of a number:

𝐼𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒−𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒
Percent Decrement = ( 𝐼𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒
× 100)

Some Observations
(1) If 20% candidate failed in an exam then observations are
∙ 80% represent passed in exam
∙ 100% represent total appeared in exam
∙ (80%-20%) = 60% represent difference between passed and failed candidate in exam
(2) If a number is increased by 25% then observations are
∙ 100% represent the old number
∙ 125% represent the new number.
(3) Remember that Base in the given sentence (Question) is always 100%
E.g., Income of Ram is increased by 20%
In this sentence
100% - represent the income of Ram
20% - represent increment
120% - represent new income of Ram.
(4) If of A is equal to y% of B then –
𝑦𝑧
Z% of A = ( 𝑥
)% of B

𝑋
(5) If A is more than B, then B is ( 100+𝑋 ×100)% less than A.

𝑋
If A is X% less than B, then B is (( 100−𝑋 ×100)% more than A.

(6) If the passing marks in an examination is P%. If a candidate scores S marks and fails by F marks
then
100×[𝑅+5]
MM= 𝑃

(7) If a candidate scores marks and fails by a mark while another candidate scores y% marks and
gets b marks more than minimum passing marks, then –
𝑆𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑆𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑠
Maximum Marks = 𝐷𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑖𝑛 % 𝑚𝑎𝑟𝑘𝑠 ×100

(8) If due to decrement in the price of an item, a person can buy Kg more in y rupees, then actual
price of that item –
(𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒)×𝑦
= (100−𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒)×𝑋
𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝐾𝑔

(9) If in an election, a candidate got of total votes cast and still lose by y votes, the total number
of votes cast –
100 ×𝑋
= 100−2𝑋

(10) If the population of a town is P and it increases or decreases at the rate of R% per annum
then –
I. Population after ‘n’ years:

𝑅 2
= 𝑃 × (1± 100
)

II. Population ‘n’ years ago:

𝑝
= 𝑅 𝑛
⎡1± 100 ⎤
⎣ ⎦

PROBLEM TYPE-1:
QUESTIONS BASED ON QUANTITY PURCHASED
Example: A reduction of 21% in the price of an item enables a person to buy 3 kg more for 100.
The reduced price of item per kg is?
(a) Rs. 5.50
(b) Rs. 7.50
(c) Rs. 10.50
(d) Rs. 7.00
Solution:(d)
Reduced price will be:
Rp/100y per kg
In our case R= Rs. 100, x=21%, y=3kg
{(100 x 21)/ (100 x 3)} = Rs. 7
PROBLEM TYPE-2:

PROBLEM TYPE-2
QUESTIONS BASED ON MIXTURES
Example: A vessel has 60 L of solution of acid and water having 80% acid. How much water is to
be added to make a solution in which acid forms 60%?
(a) 48 L
(b) 20 L
(c) 36 L
(d) None of these
Solution: (b)
Given, percentage of acid = 80%
Then, percentage of water = 20%
In 60L of solution, water = (60 x 20)/ 100 = 12L
Let p liter of water be added.
According to the question, => {(12 + p)/ (60 + p)} x 100 = 40 (∵ 100 – 60 = 40% water)
=>1200 + 100p = 2400 + 40p
⇒ 60p = 1200
p= 20L
PROBLEM TYPE-3:
QUESTIONS BASED ON RATIOS AND FRACTIONS
Example: If the numerator of a fraction is increased by 20% and the denominator is decreased by
5%, the value of the new fraction becomes 5/2. The original fraction is:
(a)24/19
(b)3/18
(c)95/48
(d)48/95
Solution: (c)
Let original fraction be p/y
According to the question, {(120/100) p/ (95/100) y} = 5/2
120p/95y = 5/2 => p/y = (5/2) x (95/120) = 95/48.

PROBLEM TYPE-4:
QUESTIONS BASED ON INCOME, SALARY, EXPENDITURE
Example: The monthly income of a person was Rs 13500 and his monthly expenditure was Rs
9000. Next year's income increased by 14% and his expenditure increased by 7%. The percent
increase in his savings was:
(a) 7%
(b) 21%
(c) 28%
(d) 35%
Solution: (c)
Given, monthly income = 13500 and expenditure = 9000
Then, original savings= Rs. (13500-9000) = Rs 4500
New income = 114% of Rs. 13500 = Rs 15390
New expenditure= 107% of Rs 9000 = Rs 9630
New saving = Rs. (15390 – 9630) = Rs 5760
NS = new savings, OS = Original savings
Percentage increase in savings = {(NS – OS)/OS} X 100
{(5760 – 4500)/4500} X 100 = (1260/4500) X 100 = 28%

Practice Questions:
Q1. A man distributes 10%, 18% and 22% of his salary into his three children who spend 40%, 60%
and 25% of that amount respectively. The difference between the total amount left with the
children and man is Rs. 1015. What is the salary of the man?
A. Rs. 6000
B. Rs. 4200
C. Rs. 4800
D. Rs. 5000
E. Rs. 5600
Ans- (d)

Q2. Salary of A is 37.5% of the total salary of A and B. B saves 60% of his salary and total savings
of A and B is 50% of their total income. Their average expenditure is Rs 16000. What is the total
salary of A and B?
A. Rs. 96000
B. Rs. 54000
C. Rs. 72000
D. Rs. 64000
E. Rs. 48000
Ans- (D)

Q3. In a class 25% of the students passed in both English and Hindi. 37.5% of the students failed in
both the subjects while 60% students failed in Hindi. The difference between the students who
passed in English and those who passed in Hindi is 15. What is the total number of students in
class?
A. 180
B. 420
C. 360
D. 200
E. 240
Ans- (D)

Q4. Out of total students 100/3 % are in hostel A and remaining are in hostel B. If 20 students
from hostel B are shifted to hostel A, then total students in hostel A becomes 50% of total
students. If 20 students from hostel A are shifted to hostel B, then the total students in hostel A
becomes what percent of total students?
A. 26.34%
B. 16.67%
C. 12.75%
D. 20.67
E. None of these
Ans-(B)

Q5. AB de Villiers smashes 86 runs against Australia in 16 balls. If he only scored in boundaries
(fours and sixes) only, then find the maximum percent of runs he scored by hitting fours.
A.23.25%
B. 26.4%
C. 74.5%
D. 28%
E. None of these
Ans-(A)

Q6. On a Big Billion-day sale, Google flagship mobile phone was available at a discount of 20% on
Flipkart. The customers who are purchasing for the first time on Flipkart will get additional
cashback of 10 % on the billing amount. Suraj being the 1st time user of Flipkart purchases the
mobile phone for Rs. 36000, finds the actual cost price of the mobile phone.
A. Rs. 50000
B. Rs. 45000
C. Rs. 52250
D. Rs. 47250
E. None of these
Ans- (A)

Q7. As per a company policy only 25% of the female employees and 20% of the male employees
can hold the positions higher than level 2. If the ratio of female and male employees in the
company is 3: 2, then find the percentage of employees which are working below level 2.
A. 75%
B. 77%
C. 70%
D. 72%
E. 79%
Ans- (B)

Q8. A dishonest salesman buys x% more grains than what he pays for, while selling he uses
counterfeit weight which measures 800 grams for every 1000 grams. If he sells the item at 10%
above the cost price and earn an overall profit of 65%, then find the value of x.
A. 20%
B.25%
C. 35%
D. 15%
E. None of these
Ans- (A)

Q9. In an exam minimum qualifying marks for class IX and X are 30% and 45% respectively. It is
known that total marks of each class are the same and a boy of class X scored 1225; thereby
failing by 125 marks. Find passing marks for class IX.
A. 900
B. 1200
C. 1500
D. 925
E. None of these
Ans-(A)

Q10. ABC publication started with 2000 novels. The printing cost, packaging cost and delivery cost
of each novel is Rs. 150, Rs. 20 and Rs. 50 respectively. If 40% of the novels are sold at 3/4th of
the cost price, then how much percent above the cost price should the remaining novels be sold
to get 20% profit on total expenditure?
A. 25%
B. 20%
C. 30%
D. 40%
E. 50%
Ans-(E)

Q11. A pickpocket stole the wallet of Mr. Jittu. Jittu remembers that before he lost his wallet, he
bought a notebook and a marker. He pays 1/5th of his money for buying the notebook, and of the
remaining, he spends 25% on buying marker which is equal to Rs. 12. Find the amount of money
lost by Mr. Jittu.
A. Rs. 125
B. Rs. 75
C. Rs. 100
D. Rs. 60
E. None of these
Ans-(E)

Q12. A survey was conducted in a village to know the reason of Deaths due to Critical Diseases.
Number of people who died due to Diabetes were 20% of the total population. It was found that
2000 people died due to lung cancer. The people who died of Diabetes were 1200 more than
those who died of Lung Cancer. If the people who died of lung cancer were 33.33 % of the people
who smoke, then what percent of the total population were smokers?
A. 40%
B. 62.5%
C. 37.5%
D. 28.50%
E. 32.50%
Ans- (C)

Q13. Rakul spent 10% of his yearly income on house rent, 14% on buying a new car, 12% on kids’
school. He spent 15% and 10% of the remaining on groceries and vacation in Spain. If he saved
Rs.518400 in the entire year, then find his monthly salary?
A. Rs. 90000
B. Rs. 108000
C. Rs. 98000
D. Rs. 136000
E. None of these
Ans-(A)

Q14. Two villages Rampur and Jamnagar had the same population 2 years ago. Population of
Rampur decreased at R% p.a. while the population of Jamnagar increased at R% p.a. Today, the
difference between their population is 1000R, then what was the population of any village 2 years
ago?
A. 15000
B. 20000
C. 25000
D. Data insufficient
E. None of these
Ans- (C)

Q15. The bank deposit of Rama is 100% more than that of Ajay and 75% more than that of Jatin.
Rama’s deposits are what percent of the total deposits of Ajay and Jatin together?
A. 93.67%
B. 92.67%
C. 93.33%s
D. 91.33%s
E. None of these
Ans- (C)

Q16. In a school, 40% of students are in high school or above and rest are in junior high school or
below. Of those who are in high school or above, the ratio of boys to girls is 7 : 3, and those in
junior high school or below have boys to girls in ratio 7 : 5. Ratio of boys in high school or above
to junior high school or below:
A. 2: 3
B. 4: 3
C. 3: 4
D. 4: 5
E. None of these
Ans- (D)

Q17. In an examination of SBI SO, Ramu scored 92% marks, Naveen scored 56% and Samarth
scored 634 marks out of the total marks. Average marks scored by them was 643. What
percentage of the total marks did Samarth get in the SBI SO exam?
A. 66.23%
B. 68.34%
C. 72.45%
D. 76.67%
E. None of these
Ans- (C)

Q18. The speed ratio of A, B and C is 5: 4: 3. All of them start running together on a track and
match their respective wrist watches when they finish the race. C completes the race in 20 min.
When B finishes the race the wrist watch of A shows 7:27PM. When C finishes the race, his watch
shows 7:30PM and wrist watch of B shows 7:16PM. At the start of the race what is the difference
between the time in the wrist watch of A and B?
A. 15 min
B. 16 min
C. 12 min
D. 6 min
E. None of these
Ans- (B)
 PROFIT AND LOSS
Profit and loss is the second pillar of math out of four (namely percentage, profit and loss, ratio and
proportion and average). In pre-exams 2-3 Word problems are asked directly and in the DI section
many times DI based on profit and loss are asked. (like income expenditure DI sets)

If we talk about the mains exam the same pattern is followed in word problem section and in data
interpretation section its importance becomes more as some direct DI sets are asked in
examinations nowadays especially in PO mains exams. In short, we can say that this is a section you
cannot leave for exams.

Profit and Loss terminologies

1. Cost Price (CP):
The price, at which an article is purchased, is called its cost price, usually denoted by C.P. In simple
words we can say the money that goes out of the pocket of the seller is added to its cost price. (like
the price paid by the seller to the wholesaler, transportation cost, labour charges and different
types of miscellaneous charges) Sometimes it is denoted by expenditure.

2. Selling Price (SP):

The price, at which an article is sold, is called its selling prices, abbreviated as S.P. In short, we can
say that the amount that comes in the pocket of the seller is added to its selling price. Sometimes it
is denoted by income

3. Marked Price:
When we purchase any item or article, we see that a price is marked on it and we pay the same or
ask for some discount, this price marked on it is known as marked price. Sometimes it is denoted by
labelled price or first price.

4. Profit or Gain:
If S.P. is greater than C.P., the seller is said to have a profit or gain. or we can say if the seller got
somewhere more what he spends then its a case of profit.

5. Loss:
If S.P. is less than C.P., the seller is said to have incurred a loss. or we can say if the seller got
somewhere less what he spends then its case of loss.

6. Profit percentage = Profit percentage is sometimes calculated on CP and sometimes SP. If profit
percent is calculated on CP, then

𝑆𝑃−𝐶𝑃
P%= 𝐶𝑃
×100

If profit percent is calculated on SP, then

𝑆𝑃−𝐶𝑃
P%= 𝑆𝑃
×100
7. Loss percentage=Loss percentage is sometimes calculated on CP and sometimes SP. If loss
percent is calculated on CP, then

𝐶𝑃−𝑆𝑃
P%= 𝐶𝑃
×100%

If loss percent is calculated on SP, then

𝐶𝑃−𝑆𝑃
P%= 𝑆𝑃
×100%

8. Markup price=Usually sellers mark the price of any article more than its cost price this
percentage is called markup price. a percentage is sometimes calculated on CP and sometimes SP.

𝑀𝑃−𝐶𝑃
Markup price= 𝐶𝑃
×100%

9. Discount percentage=Usually sellers give any article at some lower price than what is written on
it. This percentage decrease in price of an article is called discount.
Discount percent is always calculated on marked price

𝑀𝑃−𝑆𝑃
D%= 𝑀𝑃
×100

Note-Sometimes discount is given by the seller but not directly but in some conditional form like if
you will buy 5 articles, I will give you 1 article absolutely free this is also a case of discount. How to
calculate discount percent in these cases we will study ahead.

10. Equivalent discount percent= When two successive discounts are given then equivalent
discount may be calculated easily by this formula

𝑋𝑌
Equivalent discount=X+Y − 100

Points to Remember
● CP +Profit=SP
● CP-Profit=SP
● SP+ Discount=M P
● If there is a PROFIT of x%, the calculating figures would be 100 and (100 + x).
● If there is a PROFIT of x%, the calculating figures would be 100 and (100 + x).
● Calculating figures be Cost Price and Selling Price respectively.

Now let’s discuss some examples and then we will study some important formulae

Q1. A shopkeeper fixes the marked price of an item 35% above its cost price. The percentage of
discount allowed to gain 8% is?
(1) 18%
(2) 20%
(C)22%
(4) 24%
(5) None of these

Answer: (2) 20%

Explanation:
Let the cost price = Rs.100/-
then, Marked price = Rs.135/-
Required gain = 8%,
So, Selling price = Rs.108/-
Discount = 135 -108 = 27
27
Discount% = 135 × 100%
=20%

Q2. A person incurs a loss of 5% by selling a watch for Rs. 1140. At what price should the watch be
sold to earn 5% profit?
(1) Rs.1200
(2) Rs.1230
(3) Rs.1260
(4) Rs.1290
(5) None of these

Answer: (3) Rs.1260

Explanation:
Let CP=100
SP=95
New SP=105
1140
Required answer= 95 ×105 = 1260

Q3. If the cost price of 12 bananas is equal to the selling price of 8 bananas, the gain percent is?
(1)12%
(2)50%
(3)30%
(4)60%
(5) None of these
Answer: 2
Explanation:
We know we will need to gain an amount to get gain percent, right. So, let’s get gain first.
Let the cost price of 1 banana is Rs 1
Cost of 8 bananas = Rs 8
Selling price of 8 bananas= 12
Gain = 12 -8 = 4
4
Gain%= 8 ×100% =50%

Some Important Concept

1. If a person sells two similar articles, one at a gain of a% and another at a loss of a%, then the
seller always has a loss which is given by
 𝑎 2
Loss%= ( 10 )
don’t afraid this formula came from successive concepts and you can easily calculate it.

2. If a'th part of some items is sold at x% loss, then required gain per cent in selling rest of the items
in order that there is neither gain nor loss in whole transaction, is
𝑎𝑥
(1−𝑎)
%

3. If cost price of 'a' articles is equal to the selling price of 'b' articles, then profit percentage can be
directly calculated by
(𝑎−𝑏)
𝑏
×100%
4. If a dishonest trader professes to sell his items at CP but uses false weight, then
𝐸
Gain%= 𝑇 ×100%
Where E= error
T= true value

5. If 'a' part of an article is sold at x% profit/loss, 'b' part at y% profit/loss and c part at z% profit/loss
and finally there is a profit/loss of Rs. R, then Cost price of entire article
𝑅
= 𝑎𝑥+𝑏𝑦+𝑐𝑧 ×100

Some Formulae:

1) If an article is sold at a profit/gain of 30%, then S.P. = 130% of the C.P.

2) If an article is sold at a loss of 20%, then S.P. = 80% of the C.P.

3) When there are two successive Profit of x % and y % then the resultant profit per cent is given
by

𝑋𝑌
X+Y + 100
4) If there is a Profit of x% and loss of y % in a transaction, then the resultant profit or loss% is given
by
𝑥𝑦
X-Y- 100

Note
For profit use sign + in previous formula and for loss use – sign.
if resultant come + then there will be overall profit. if it comes – then there will be overall loss.

5) A man purchases a certain no. of articles at m a rupee and the same no. at n a rupee. He mixes
them together and sold them at p a rupee then his gain or loss %
2𝑚𝑛
( (𝑚+𝑛) − 1)×100

Note + =Profit, - = Loss

6) If a seller marks his goods at x% above his cost price and allows purchasers a discount of y % for
cash, then overall gain or loss

𝑥𝑦
X-Y- 100
Profit or loss according to sign + = Gain, - =Loss.

Solved Examples

Type 1:
The cost price of 40 articles is the same as the selling price of 25 articles. Find the gain per cent.
(a) 65%
(b) 60%
(c) 15%
(d) 75%
40−25
Answer: (b) Gain per cent 25 ×100 = 60%

Type 2:
Bananas are bought at the rate of 6 for Rs. 5 and sold at the rate of 5 for Rs. 6. Profit per cent is
(a) 36%
(b) 42%
(c) 44%
(d) 48%
Answer: (c)
To avoid fraction, let the number of bananas bought LCM of 5 and 6 = 30
CP of 30 bananas = 5×5 = Rs. 25
SP of 30 Bananas = 6× 6
= Rs. 36
Profit = Rs. (36-25) = Rs. 11
11
Profit %= 25 ×100 = 44%

Type 3:
A man bought oranges at the rate of 8 for Rs 34 and sold them at the rate of 12 for Rs. 57. How
many oranges should be sold to earn a net profit of Rs 45?
(a) 90
(b) 100
(c) 135
(d) 150
Answers: (a) 90
Let the man buy 24 (LCM of 8 and 12) oranges.
34
C.P. of 24 oranges = 8 ×24=102
27
S.P. of 24 oranges = 12
×24 = 114
Gain = 114 – 102 = Rs.12
Rs. 12 = 24 oranges
 24
Rs. 45 = 12
×45 = 90 oranges

Type 4:
A shopkeeper earns a profit of 12% on selling a book at 10% discount on printed price. The ratio
of the cost price to printed price of the book is ?
(a) 45 : 56
(b) 50 : 61
(c) 90 : 97
(d) 99 : 125
Answer: (a) 45 : 56
C.P. of the book = Rs. x
Printed price = Rs. Y
𝑦×90 𝑋×112
100
= 100
𝑥 45
𝑦
= 56

Type 5:
A dealer sold two types of goods for Rs 10,000 each. On one of them, he lost 20% and on the
other he gained 20%. His gain or loss per cent in the entire transaction was
(a) 2% loss
(b) 2% gain
(c) 4% gain
(d) 4% loss
Answers: (d) 4%loss
20×20
Here, S.P. is the same, hence there is always a loss. Loss per cent = 100 × =4%

Type 6:
On selling an article for Rs170, a shopkeeper loses 15%. In order to gain 20%, he must sell that
article at rupees:
(a) 215.50
(b) 212.50
(c) 240
(d) 210
Answer: (c) 240
170
C.P. of article = 85 ×120 =240

Type 7:
An article is sold at a loss of 10%. Had it been sold for Rs. 9 more, there would have been a gain of
12.5% on it. The cost price of the article is
(a) Rs. 40
(b) Rs. 45
(c) Rs. 50
(d) Rs. 35
Answers:(a) Rs. 40
CP SP
Before 100 90
After 100 112.5

Now difference of S.P 22.5% = 9

So required answer= 40

Type 8:
A sell a suitcase to B at 10% profit. B sells it to C at 30% profit. If C pays Rs 2860 for it, then the
price at which a bought it is
(a) 1000
(b) 1600
(c) 2000
(d) 2500
Answer: (c) 2000
If the C.P. of the suitcase for A be Rs. x, then
110 130
X × 100 × 100 = 2860

x= Rs. 2000
 RATIO AND PROPORTION
Ratio
𝑎
The ratio of two quantities a and b is the fraction 𝑏
and we write it as a: b.
In the ratio a: b, we call a as the first term or antecedent and b, the second term or
5
consequent i.e., ratio 5: 9 represents 9
with antecedent = 5, consequent = 9.

Q1. If A: B = 2: 3 and B: C = 5: 7 then what is the ratio A: B: C?

Solution.

A: B = 2: 3

B: C= 5:7

Multiply by 3/5 so as to make the ratio term of B Common,

B: C = 5 × 3/5: 7 × 3/5

⇒ B: C = 3: 21/5
=2 × 5: 3 × 5: 21/5 × 5
Hence, A: B: C = 10: 15: 21

Compounded Ratio
If two or more ratios are given and the antecedent of one is multiplied with antecedent of others
and consequents are multiplied with consequents of others, then the ratio obtained is called
compound ratio.
The compounded ratio of the ratios (a: b), (c: d), (e: f) will be (ace: bdf)
Q2. What is the equivalent compound ratio of 17: 23 ∷ 115: 153 ∷ 18: 25?

Solution.
We know, compound ratio of the ratios (a: b), (c: d), (e: f) will be (ace: bdf) Thus, the
compound ratio of (17: 23), (115: 153), (18: 25)
= (17 × 115 × 18) / (23 × 153 × 25) = 2: 5

Proportion

The equality of two ratios is called proportion.

If a: b = c: d, we write, a: b ∷ c: d and we say that a, b, c, d is in proportion. Here, a and d are called
extremes, while b and c are called mean terms.
Product of means = Product of extremes Thus, a: b ∷ c: d ⇔ (b × c) = (a × d)
Types of Proportion

Third Proportion
If a: b = b: c, then c is called the third proportion to a and b.

Fourth Proportion
If a: b = c: d, then d is called the fourth proportion to a, b, c.

Mean Proportion
Mean proportion of a and b will be

Q3. If 3: 27 ∷ 5: ?

Solution.
If 3: 27 ∷ 5: ?
3/27 = 5/?
? = 5 × 27/3
? = 45

Q4. What is the third proportion to 17.9 and 16.8?

Solution.
When c is the third proportion to a and b, relation between a and b is: b2 =
ac
Let third proportion to 17.9 and 16.8 be x, then, 17.9:
16.8 ∷ 16.8: x
⇒ 17.9x = 16.82
16.8×16.8
X= 17.9
= 15. 76
∴ Third proportion to 17.9 and 16.8 is 15.76.

Q5. Find the mean proportional between 14 & 15?

Solution.
As we know that, mean proportional = √(ab)
⇒ √ (14 × 15)
⇒ 14.5
So, the mean proportional of 14 and 15 = 14.5
Q6. Mean proportional of 4 and 36 is a and third proportional of 18 and a is b. Find the
fourth proportional of b, 12, 14.
Solution.
Given,
Mean proportional of 4 and 36 = a
⇒ a2 = 4 × 36
⇒ a = 12
Third proportional of 18 and 12 = b
⇒ 122 = 18 × b
⇒b=8
Fourth proportional of 8, 12 and 14
⇒ 8/12 = 14/?
⇒ ? = 21

Some Important Questions

Q7. A bag has coins of Rs. 1, 50 Paise and 25 Paise in ratio of 5: 9: 4. What is the worth of
the bag if the total number of coins in the bags is 72?
Solution.
⇒ Number of Rs. 1 Coins = 5/18 × 72 = 20
⇒ Number of 50 Paise coins = 9/18 × 72 = 36
⇒ Number of 25 Paise coins = 4/18 × 72 = 16
⇒ Total worth of the bag = (20 × 1) + (0.5 × 36) + (0.25 × 16) = 20 + 18 + 4 = Rs. 42

Q8. If 18: 13.5: 16: x and (x + y): y: 18: 10, then what is the value of y?
Solution.
18: 13.5: 16: x
x = (16 × 13.5)/18
x = 12
Now,
(x + y): y: 18: 10
(12 + y): y: 9: 5
5(12 + y) = 9y
60 + 5y = 9y
4y = 60
y = 15
Q9. Mr. Raj divides Rs. 1573 such that 4 times the 1st share, thrice the 2nd share and
twice the third share amount to the same. Then the value of the 2nd share is:

Solution.

Given:
Total amount = Rs. 1573.
Calculation:
Let the share of A, B and C is 4A: 3B: 2C. A: B: C
= 1/4: 1/3: 1/2 =3: 4: 6
The value of the 2nd share = (4/13) × 1573 = Rs. 484
 INTEREST
Definition

Interest Interest is the amount to be paid on the borrowed money or the

amount received on the money lent
Principal The borrowed money or the lent money is called Principal.

Amount The sum of the interest and the principal is called the Amount.

Interest Rate The rate at which the interest is charged on the principal is
called Rate of Interest.

Time The period for which the money is borrowed or deposited is called
Time.

Interest can be classified in two types:

1) Simple Interest
2) Compound Interest

Simple Interest

When the interest is calculated only on the Principal for every year, it is called Simple
Interest.
Simple Interest can be calculated by the formula:

𝑃×𝑅×𝑇
SI= 100

Where, P = Principal, r = Rate of interest per year, t = Time period in years

Points to Remember

● When the time period is given in months, we convert it into year by dividing it by 12.

● When the time period is given in days, we convert it into year by dividing it by 365.
Q1. Rs.1080 invested for 3 months gave an interest of Rs.27. The simple rate of
interest per annum was:

Solution: 3 months
3
= 12 years
𝑃𝑅𝑇
SI = 100
⇒ 27 = (1080 × r × 3/12)/100
⇒ 27 = (90 × r × 3)/100
⇒ 27 = 270r/100
∴ r = 10%.

Compound Interest

It is the interest paid on the original principal amount and the accumulated past interest.
Formulas related to compound Interest:
𝑅 𝑇
A= P (1 + 100
)

CI = A - P

Points to Remember
● When rate is compounded half yearly, then we take rate half and time double, then A=P
2𝑇
(1 +
( ))𝑅
2
100
● When rate is compounded quarterly, then we take rate one fourth and time 4 times,
4𝑇
Then A= P(1 +
( ))
𝑅
4
100

● If rate of compound interest differs from year to year, then

𝑅1 𝑅2 𝑅3
A= P (1+ 100 )(1 + 100 )(1 + 100 )

Q2. Find compound interest on Rs.50000 at 12% per annum for 1 year if compounded half
yearly.

Solution:
2𝑡

( )
𝑟
2
Amount = P 1 + 100
12 2×1
2
=50000(1 + 100
)
 106 2
=50000( 100 )
= Rs 56180

∴ C.I. = A – P = 56180 – 50000 = Rs 6180.

Q3. What will be the amount if a sum of Rs.25000 is placed at CI for 3 years while rate of
interest for the first, second, and third years is 4%, 8%, and 10%, respectively?

Solution.
A = P (1 + r1/100) (1 + r2/100) (1 + r3/100)
= 25000 (1 + 4/100) (1 + 8/100) (1 + 10/100)
= 25000 (104/100) (108/100) (110/100) = 30888.

Tree-method

In this method we assume principle (on the basis of rate and time given) such that it eases our
calculation part and at the end we compare it to the value given in question to get the required
answer.

For example – If 10% interest rate is given for 2 years then we will assume principle as
Rs. 100 and if times is 3 years, then we will assume principle as Rs. 1000. It is done to
avoid any calculation in decimal form.

Q4. Find compound interest for principal Rs 10000, time = 3 years and rate = 10%.

Solution.

Normal Method:

𝑟 𝑡
Amount= P(1 + 100
)
10 3
= 10000 (1 + 100
)
=Rs 13310
C.I. = A − P = 10000 − 13310 = Rs. 3310

Tree Method:
Step 1: Take principle (Rs 10000 here).
Step 2: For year at 10%, interest =
Rs. 1000
nd
For 2 year, total interest =
interest on principle +
st
interest on interest of 1 year =
1000 + 100 = Rs. 1100
rd
For 3 year, total interest =
interest on principle +
st
interest on interest of 1 year +
nd
interest on interest of 2 year =
1000 + 100 + 100 + 10 = Rs. 1210
Step 3: Add all interests = 1000 + 1100 + 1210 = Rs. 3310.

Effective Rate Method

2 3
Effective rate for 3 years at rate of 10% = 3a.3a a = 33.1 %
Hence, compound interest = 10000 × 33.1% = Rs. 3310.

Q5. Rs.9200 is invested at compound interest at the rate of 25% per annum for 2 years.

Solution.

Normal Method:
Compound interest = P × [(1 + r/100)t – 1]
Compound interest earned = 9200 × [(1 + 25/100)2 – 1] = 9200 × 0.5625 = Rs. 5175

Effective Rate method:

Effective rate = x + y + xy/100 = 25 + 25 + (25 × 25)/100 = 56.25%
Hence, C.I. = 9200 × 56.25% = Rs 5175

Q6. What will be the difference between the compound interest and simple interest on
Rs.3000 at 10% rate of interest for 2 years?
Solution.
D = PR2/104
⇒ D = (3000 × 10²)/10000
∴ D = Rs.30

Installment

Q7. The oven set is bought on 4 yearly installments at 10% simple interest. If equal
instalments of Rs.2500 are made then find the amount to be paid as the price of the oven set.

Solution:

Given rate = 10% and time = 4 years

Let installment be Rs 100

st nd rd th
Then, price = 1 payment + 2 payment + 3 payment + 4 payment = 100 + 110 + 120
+ 130 = 460

Comparing with given installment, we get price, P = 2500 × 460/100 = Rs.11500

 SIMPLIFICATION
Helping Hands:
1. Digits - 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9
2. Types of numbers.
(i) Natural numbers. = {1, 2, 3, 4, ............}
(ii) Whole numbers = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4..........}
(iii) Integers = {......, -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, .........}
(iv) Real numbers = {----, 2.8, -2, -10, 1, 1.9, --2, 3, 3.12, 3.13-----}
(v) Even numbers = {2, 4, 6, ---------}
(vi) Odd numbers = {1, 3, 5, 7-----------}
(vii) Prime numbers = {2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, - -----}

3.

ADDITION & SUBTRACTION

Ex-1. ? = 8+88+888+8888+88888
? = 8(1+11+111+1111+11111)
? = 8(12345) ⇒ 98760
Ex-2. ? = 0.8 + 0.88 + 0.888 + 0.8888 + 0.88888
? = 8(0.1+0.11+0.111+0.1111+0.11111)
? = 8(0.54321)
⇒ 4.34568
Ex-3. 8.8 + 8.88 + 8.888 + 8.8888 + 8.88888 =?
First, we can calculate decimal number and then whole no.
From Ex-2.
8(0.54321) = 4.34568
and 8+8+8+8+8 i.e., 8×5=40
Therefore, 40+4.34568 = 44.34568
Ex-4. 8456+3891+4560 =?
= 16907
Ex-5. 3.981+14.34+12.5=?
First, we can balance the number of decimal digits and then use the elimination method.
i.e., 3.981 +14.340 + 12.500 =?
= 30.821

MULTIPLICATION
Some Special Types
1. When the sum of the unit digit is 10 and the remaining digit is same.
Example- 43 × 47
= 4 × (4+1) / 3×7
= 4 × 5 / 21
= 20 / 21
Ans = 2021.
2. When sum of tens digit is 10 and unit digit is same
Example- 46 × 66
= (4 × 6) + 6 / 6 × 6
= 24 + 6 / 36
= 30 / 36
Ans = 3036
3. When the unit digit is 5 in both the numbers and difference between each number is 10.
Example- 75 × 65
= 6 × (7 + 1) / 75
= 48 / 75
Ans = 4875

SQUARE AND SQUARE ROOTS

Learn Square of 1 to 50
Square of 1-50 numbers
12 = 1
22 = 4
32 = 9
2
42 = 16………………………………50 = 2500

Type-I. Formula Method We know that

(a + b)2 = a2 + 2ab + b2 i.e. (a/b)2 = a2 / 2ab / b2
Ex-1. (56)2
= (5/6)2
= 52 / 2 × 5 × 6/ 62
6 3
= 25 / 60 / 36
= 31 / 3 / 6
= 3136
We break number in two parts i.e., 5 & 6 and follow the rule of (a+b)2 = a2 /2ab/ b2

CUBE & CUBE ROOT

Learn cubes from 1 to 25.

FRACTIONS
Fraction is known as a fraction in which a is called numerator and b is called denominator.

Types of Fractions:
I. Proper Fraction: If the numerator part of a fraction is less than the denominator then the fraction
is called proper fraction and proper fraction is always less than 1.
II. Improper fraction: If the numerator of a fraction is greater than denominator then the fraction is
called improper fraction. Improper fraction is always greater than 1.
5 3 7 11 …………. etc.
4
, 2
, 5
, 8

III. Mixed Fraction: Mixed with proper fraction: When a proper fraction is mixed with a whole
number known as mixed with proper fraction.
7
e.g., 8 2

VBODMAS RULE
V − Vinculum means bar as (-)

B − Bracket- () {} and then [ ]

O − of

D − Division [÷]

M − Multiplication [×]

A − Addition [+]

S − Subtraction [-]

The word ‘VBODMAS’ represents the order of calculation i.e., order of signs

B O D M A S
Brackets Orders Divide Multiply Add Subtract

Example 1: 35 ÷ 7 × 5 =?
Solution:
According to the order of VBODMAS, first we solve division and then multiplication
i.e., 35 ÷ 7 × 5 =?
5 × 5 =?
? = 25
Example 2: 35 ÷ 5 of 7 =?
Solution:
According to the order of VBODMAS, first we solve ‘of’ and then division.
i.e., 35 ÷ 5 of 7 =?
35 ÷ 35 =?
?=1
Example 3: 48 ÷ 12 of 2 + [3 + 17 × 2] =?
Solution:
48 ÷ 24 + 37 =?
2 + 37 =?
? = 39

Example 4: 2 ÷ 2 ÷ 2 ÷ 2 ÷ 2 ÷ 2 =?
Solution:
2/2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 = ?
? = 1/16
 TIME, DISTANCE AND SPEED
Definition
Speed: It is defined as the rate of travel to cover a certain distance. It is generally
expressed in m/s, km/hr etc.

Time:
It is defined as the duration for which travelling has been done to cover a
certain distance. It is generally expressed in seconds, hours etc.

Distance: It is defined as the length of path for which travelling has been done. It is
generally expressed in metre, kilometre etc.

𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
Speed = 𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒

Unit Conversions
1) km/hr to m/s
5
X km/hr = (X × 18 ) 𝑚/𝑠𝑒𝑐

Q-1. Convert 54 km/hr into

m/sec.

Solution:

54 km/hr=54 × 5/18 =15 m/sec

2) m/s to km/hr

18
X m/Sec = (X × 5
) 𝐾𝑚/ℎ𝑟

Q2. A car goes 20 meters in a second. Find its speed in km/hr.

Solution:
20 m/sec = 20 × 18/5 = 72 km/hr.
Ratios of Speed, Distance and/or Time

If the ratio of the speeds of A and B is a : b, then the ratio of the times take by them
1 1
to cover the same distance will be 𝑎
: 𝑏
or b: a.
Q-3. The speed of three cars is in the ratio 5: 4: 6. The ratio between the time taken
by them to travel the same distance is
Solution:
Ratio of time taken = ⅕: ¼: ⅙ = 12: 15: 10

Average Speed

Q4. A truck covers a distance of 1200 km in 40 hours. What is the average speed of the truck?
Solution:
Average speed = Total distance travelled/Total time taken
⇒ Average speed = 1200/40
∴ Average speed = 30 km/hr.

Q5. A man travelled 12 km at a speed of 4 km/h and further 10 km at a speed of 5

km/hr. What was his average speed?
Solution:
Total time taken = Time taken at a speed of 4 km/h + Time taken at a speed of 5 km/ h
⇒ 12/4 + 10/5 = 5 hours [∵ Time = Distance/Speed] Average
speed = Total distance/Total time
⇒ (12 + 10) /5 = 22/5 = 4.4 km/h

Q6. Rahul goes Delhi to Pune at a speed of 50 km/h and comes back at a speed of 75 km/h.
Find his average speed of the journey.
Solution:
As, distance is same both cases
⇒ Required average speed = (2 × 50 × 75)/ (50 + 75) = 7500/125 = 60 km/hr.
Practice Questions:

Q1.The speeds of the Shaan and Rohan are 50 km/h and 30 km/h respectively. Initially Shaan
is at a place N and Rohan is at a place M. The distance between M and N is 710 km. Shaan
started his journey 3 hours earlier than Rohan to meet each other. If they meet each other at
a place R somewhere between M and N. then the distance between R and N is
A) 210 km
B) 500 km
C) 430 km
D) 620 km
E) None of these

Ans: (B) 500km

Q2. The distance between two places A and B is 370 km. The 1st car departs from place A to
B, at a speed of 80 kmph at 10 am and the 2nd car departs from place B to A at a speed of 50
kmph at 1 pm. At what time both cars meet each other?
A) 2: 30 pm
B) 2: 00 pm
C) 2: 10 pm
D) 2: 20 pm
E) None of these

Ans: (B) 2:00pm

Q3. A man takes 5 hours 45 minutes to walk to a certain place and ride back. He would have
saved 2 hours had he ridden both ways. The time he would take to walk both ways is
A) 3 hours 45 minutes
B) 7 hours 30 minutes
C) 7 hours 45 minutes
D) 11 hours 45 minutes
E) None of these

Ans: (C) 7 hours 45 minutes

Q4. A and B start at the same time with speeds of 40 km/hr and 50 km/hr respectively. If in
covering the journey A takes 15 minutes longer than B, the total distance of the journey is
A) 46 km
B) 48 km
C) 50 km
D) 52 km
E) None of these

Ans: (C) 50km

Q5. A cyclist covers a distance of 750 m in 2 min 30 sec. What is the speed in km /hr of the
cyclist?
A) 12 km/hr
B) 15 km/hr
C) 18 km / hr
D) 20 km / hr

Ans: (C) 18km/hr

Q6. A Jackal takes 4 leaps for every 5 leaps of goat but 3 leaps of a Jackal are equal to 4 leaps
of the goat. compare their speeds
A) 12: 10
B) 7: 5
C) 1: 4
D) 16: 15

Ans: (D) 16:15

 TIME AND WORK

Concepts
1
1. If A can do a piece of work in 10 days, then in 1 day, A will do 10
𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘.
2. If A is thrice as good as B, then
a) In a given amount of time, A will be able to do 3 times the work B does. Ratio of work done by A
and B (in the same time) = 3: 1.
b) For the same amount of work, B will take thrice the time as much as A takes. Ratio of
time taken by A and B (same work done) = 1: 3.
3)Efficiency is directly proportional to the work done and inversely proportional to the
time taken.

Basic Questions
Q1. A does a work in 10 days and B does the same work in 15 days. In how many days
will they do the same work together?

Solution:
A does a work in 10 days
1
As 1 days work= 10
B does a work in 15 days
1
Bs 1 day's work= 15

Adding equation 1 and 2, we get,

1 1 1
A and Bs 1days work= 10 + 10
= 6
∴ A and B will together take 6 days to do the work.

Q2. A alone can do a job in 40 days. In how many days can B alone do the job, if together they can
do the job in 8 days?

Solution:
⇒ Efficiency of A: Efficiency of A + B = (1/40) ∶ (1/8) = 1 ∶ 5
⇒ Efficiency of B / Efficiency of A = (5 - 1)/1 = 4/1 B is
4 times efficient than A,
⇒ Number of days taken by B = 1/4 × Number of
days taken by A = 40/4 = 10 days
When three persons do a work
Q3. A and B can do a work in 3 days; B & C can do it in 4 days and A & C can do it in 6
days. In how many days will A, B & C finish it, if they work together?
Solution:
⇒ Work done by A & B in 1 day =1/3 ...(I)
⇒ Work done by B & C in 1 day =1/4 ... (II)
⇒ Work done by A & C in 1 day =1/6

... (III)

Adding I), II) & III)

⇒ 2 × (work done by A, B & C in 1 day) = 1/3 + 1/4 + 1/6
∴ Work done by A, B & C in 1 day together =1/2 (1/3 + 1/4 + 1/6)
= 1/2((4 + 3 + 2) /12) = 3/8

∴ No. of days taken to complete the job together = 8/3 days

Q4. A and B can do a piece of work in 12 days, B and C in 15 days, C and A in 20 days.
How long would A take separately to do the same work?
Solution:
One day work of A and B = 1/12
One day work of B and C = 1/15
One day work of C and A = 1/20
One day work of (A + B), (B + C) and (C + A) = 1/12 + 1/15 + 1/20
= 12/60 = 1/5
One day work of (A + B + C) = (1/2) × (1/5) = 1/10
One day work of A = One day work of (A + B + C) - One day work of (B + C)
= 1/10 – 1/15 = 2/60 = 1/30
∴ A takes 30 days alone to do the same work.

Questions Based on Efficiency

Q5. Anil is thrice as good a workman as Arun. Together they can do a job in 12 days.
In how many days will Arun finish the work alone?

Solution:
Anil is thrice as good a workman as Arun
If Anil can finish a work in x days Arun can finish the same work in 3x days.
∴ 1 day’s work by Anil = 1/x
1 day’s work by Arun = 1/3x
Together they can do a job in 12 days
1 1 4
1 day’s work by (Anil + Arun) = 𝑋 + 3𝑋 = 3𝑋
Work done in 15 days = (4/3x) × 12 = (16/x)
If Arun has to finish that work alone, time taken by Arun to finish the work alone
16
𝑥
= 1 = 48𝑑𝑎𝑦𝑠
3𝑥

Q6. P is twice as good as Q and together they finish a piece of work in 36 days. The
number of days taken by P alone to finish the work?

Solution:
Given,
P is twice as good as Q.
⇒ (P’s 1 day’s work) / (Q’s 1 day’s work) = 2 / 1
Given,
⇒ (P + Q)’s 1 day’s work = 1/36
⇒ P’s 1 day’s work = (1/36) × (2/3) = 1/54
∴ P alone can finish work in 54 days.

Work and wages

Concepts
Ratio of wages of persons doing a work is directly proportional to the ratio of efficiency of the
persons

Q7. A and B can complete a piece of work in 15 days and 10 days respectively.
They got a contract to complete the work for Rs. 75000. The share of B (in Rs.) in the
contracted money will be:

Ratio of number of days taken by A and B to complete the work = 15: 10 = 3: 2

∴ Ratio of efficiency of A and B = 2: 3
Let their share is in the ratio of 2x and 3x
Now,
2x + 3x = 75000
⇒ 5x = 75000
∴ x = 15000
∴ Share of B = 3x = 15000 × 3 = RS. 45000
When two or more persons do a work on alternate days or hours

Q8. A and B can complete a piece of work in 10 days and 15 days respectively
when working alone. Starting with A, they work on alternate days. In how many days will
the work be completed?

A. Given,
⇒ A’s 1 day’s work = 1/10
⇒ B’s 1 day’s work = 1/15
(A + B)’s 2 days’ work = 1/10 + 1/15 = 1/6
To complete work (A + B) 12 days’ work = 6 ×
1/6 = 1

Total time taken by both if they work

alternatively = 12 days.

MHDE/W based

Q9. 15 men can complete a task in 8 days. Three days after they started the work, 3 more
men joined. In how many days will all of them together complete the remaining work?

Total work done by 15 men in 8 days = 15 × 8 = 120

Work done by 15 men in 3 days = 15 × 3 = 45

Remaining work after 3 days = 120 – 45 = 75

Days to complete remaining work by 18 men = 75/18 =
1
25/6 = 4 6 𝐷𝑎𝑦𝑠

Food based
This type of questions based on quantity of food required for feeding given number of persons or
number of days for which given quantity of food lasts

Q10. 1200 soldiers in a fort had enough food for 28 days. After 4 days, some soldiers left the fort.
Thus, food lasted for 32 more days. How many soldiers left?

Solution:

Let the number of soldiers who left the fort be x. As

we know,
M1 × D1 = M2 × D2 + M3 × D3
Given, M1 = 1200 soldiers, D1 = 28 days, M2 = 1200 soldiers, D2 = 4 days, M3 = (1200– x) soldiers and
D3 = 32
M1 × D1 = M2 × D2 + M3 × D3
1200 × 28 = 1200 × 4 + (1200 – x) × 32
(1200 × 28) – (1200 × 4) = (1200 – x) × 32
1200 (28 – 4) = (1200 – x) × 32
(1200 × 24) /32 = (1200 – x)
x = 300

Man, Woman and Boys

When men, women and Boys together or alone do work.

Q11. It takes the same time of 66 days for 12 men to finish the same work as it takes for 24
boys. If we assign this work to 20 men and 10 boys, in how many days will they be able to
finish this work?
Solution:
Let us assume the total work to be W.
Let the efficiency of each man be M units/day, and that of each boy be B units/day.
⇒ W = 12 × M × 66 = 24 × B × 66
∵ 12 × M × 66 = 24 × B × 66,

(M/B) = 2

⇒ M = 2B
The task is to get 20 men and 10 boys to do the same. Let the no. of days be D.
⇒ W = (20M + 10B) × D
Replacing all the variables in terms of B, we have 24

× B × 66 = (20 × 2B + 10B) × D⇒ 24 × B × 66 = 50 × B ×

D
17
D= 31 25 𝐷𝑎𝑦𝑠

17
∴ Time taken by 20 men and 10 boys to finish the same work =31 25 𝐷𝑎𝑦𝑠
 TRIGONOMETRY
Trigonometry is made of three words “tri”, “gono”, “metry”. Where “tri” means “three”, “gono”
means “side” and “metry” means measurement. So, trigonometry is study of measuring three
side figure which is triangle.
Usually we use right angle triangle to solve problem based on trigonometry.
Problem in trigonometry are usually based on trigonometric ratio.

Trigonometric Ratio
Trigonometric ratio are the ratio between two sides of a triangle. At particular angle the ratio
between two sides will remain same irrespective to their length.
There are six Trigonometric Ratios which are as:
Sine: It is a ratio between a perpendicular and hypotenuse. It is represented as “sin” in all
trigonometric identities.
sin =

Where represents the angle for which the ratio is derived.

Cosine: It is a ratio between a base and hypotenuse. It is represented as “cos” in all trigonometric
identities.
cos = =

Secant: It is a ratio between a hypotenuse and base. It is represented as “sec” in all trigonometric
identities.
sec =

Cosecant: It is a ratio between a hypotenuse and perpendicular. It is represented as “cosec” in all

trigonometric identities.

cosec =

Tangent: It is a ratio between a perpendicular and base. It is represented as “tan” in all

trigonometric identities.

tan =

Cotangent: It is a ratio between a base and perpendicular. It is represented as “cot” in all

trigonometric identities.
cot =
Angle: When two rays (initial and terminal) meet at a point after rotation
in a plane then they are said to have described an angle. In other words we can say, the circular
distance between two inclined lines is called angle.

Unit of Angle:
● Degree (o)
● Radian (c)

Relationship between degree and radian:

rad = 180o
For below particular angles the value of trigonometric ratios are constant.

0° 30o 45o 60o 90o

sin 0 1

cos 1 0

tan 0 1 N.D/

N.D/
cot 1 0

sec 1 2 N.D/
N.D/
cosec 2 1

Signs of Trigonometric Ratio in quadrants:

1st quadrant: All positive
2nd quadrant: sin and cosec positive
3rd quadrant: tan and cot positive
4th quadrant: cos and sec positive

Relation between Trigonometric Ratios:

sin × cosec =1
cos × sec = 1
tan × cot =1
tan = =
cot = =

Trigonometric Ratios of Allied Angles:

With
sin (- )=- sin

cos (- )= cos

tan (- ) ) = - tan

cot (- ) = - cot

sec (- ) = sec
cosec (- ) = - cosec

With (90o – )

sin (90o – ) ) = cos

cos (90o – ) ) = sin

tan (90o – ) ) = cot

cot (90o – ) ) = tan

sec (90o – ) ) = cosec
cosec (90o – ) ) = sec

With (90o + ) )
sin (90o + ) = cos
cos (90o + )) = – sin
tan (90o + ) = – cot
cot (90o + ) = – tan
sec (90o + ) = – cosec
cosec (90o + ) = – sec

With (180o – )
sin (180o – ) = sin

cos (180o – ) = – cos

tan (180o – ) = – tan

cot (180o – ) = – cot

sec (180o – ) = – sec

cosec (180o – ) = cosec

With (180o + )
sin (180o + ) = – sin

cos (180o + ) = – cos

tan (180o + )= tan

cot (180o + )= cot

sec (180o + ) = – sec

cosec (180o + ) = – cosec

With (270o – )
sin (270o – ) = – cos
cos (270o – ) = – sin
tan (270o – ) = cot
cot (270o – ) = tan
sec (270o – ) = – cosec
cosec (270o – ) = – sec

With (270o + )
sin (270o + ) = – cos
cos (270o + ) = sin
tan (270o + ) = – cot
cot (270o + ) = – tan
sec (270o + ) = cosec
cosec (270o + ) = – sec
With (360o – )
sin (360o – ) = – sin
cos (360o – ) = cos
tan (360o – ) = – tan
cot (360o – ) = – cot
sec (360o – ) = sec
cosec (360o – ) = – cosec

With (360o + )
sin (360o + ) = sin

cos (360o + ) = cos

tan (360o + ) = tan

cot (360o + ) = cot

sec (360o + ) = sec

cosec (360o + ) = cosec

Some Useful Identities

1) sin2 + cos2 = 1
It can also be expressed as
sin2 = 1 – cos2
cos2 = 1 – sin2

2) sec2 – tan2 = 1
It can also be expressed as
sec2 = 1 + tan2
sec2 – 1 = tan2

3) cosec2 – cot2 = 1
It can also be expressed as
cosec2 = 1 + cot2
cosec2 – 1 = cot2
4) sin (A + B) = sin A cos B + cos A sin B
5) sin (A – B) = sin A cos B – cos A sin B
6) cos (A + B) = cos A cos B – sin A sin B
7) cos (A – B) = cos A cos B + sin A sin B
8) 2 sin A cos B = sin (A + B) + sin (A – B)
9) 2 cos A sin B = sin (A + B ) – sin (A – B)
10) 2 sin A sin B = cos (A – B ) –sin (A + B)
11) 2 cos A cos B = cos (A + B ) + cos (A – B)
12) sin2 A – sin2 B = sin (A + B) sin (A – B)
13) cos2 A – cos2 B = cos (A+B) cos (A – B)
14) tan (A + B) =

15) tan (A – B) =

16) cot (A + B) =

17) cot (A – B) =

18) sin 2A = 2 sin A cos A =

19) cos 2A = cos2 A – sin2 A = 2cos2A –1 = 1 – sin2A =

20) tan 2A =

21) sin 3A = 3 sin A – 4 sin3A

22) cos 3A = 4 cos3A – 3 cos A

23) tan 3A =

24) sin C + sin D = 2 sin . cos

25) sin C – sin D = 2 cos . sin

26) cos C + cos D = 2 cos . cos

27) cos C – cos D = 2 sin sin

28) If 4 < 60
i. sin . . sin 2 . sin 4 = ¼ sin 3
ii. cos . cos 2 . cos 4 = ¼ cos 3
iii. tan . tan 2 . tan 4 = tan 3
iv. cot . cot 2 . cot 4 = cot 3

29) For all value of

i. sin (60 – ) sin . sin (60 + ) = sin 3
ii. cos (60 – ) cos . cos (60 + ) = cos 3
iii. tan (60 – ) tan . tan (60 + ) = tan 3
iv. cot (60 – ) cot . cot (60 + ) = cot 3

30) If A + B = 45o
i. (1 + tan A) (1 + tan B) = 2
ii. (1 – cot A) (1 – cot B) = 2

31) If A + B = 90o
i. sin A = cos B
ii. cosec A = sec B
iii. tan A = cot B

32) If A + B + C = 90o
i. tan A .tan B + tan B.tan C + tan C. tan A = 1
ii. cot A + cot B + cot C = cot A. cot B. cot C

33) If A + B + C = 180o
i. tan A + tan B +tan C= tan A. tan B. tan C
ii. cot A. cot B + cot B.cot C + cot C. cot A = 1
iii. sin 2A + sin2B + sin 2C = 4sinA.sinB.sin C

34) tan (45 + ) = =

35) tan (45 – ) = =

Solved Examples:

1. If 12tan = 5, then find the trigonometric ratio.

Solution:
tan =
It means perpendicular is 5 and base will be 12. By using Pythagoras Theorem, we can easily find
hypotenuse.
Hypotenuse2 = perpendicular2 + base2
Hypotenuse = = 13
sin = =
cos = =
sec = =
cosec = =
cot = =

2. If tan = , then find the value of

Solution:

Divide both numerator and denominator by

tan = =

OR
As both numerator and denominator have sin and cos, which have hypotenuse their denominator
thus we can use a as sin and b as cos
Now,
3. sin 720o – cot 270o – sin 150o cos 120o is equal to –
Solution:
sin (2×360o + 0o) – cot (360o – 90o) – sin (180o – 30o). cos (90o + 30o)
sin 0o – cot 90o – sin 30o. sin 30o

0–0+ =

4. If tan (x + y) . tan (x – y) = 1, then find the value of tan x

Solution:
tan (x + y) = = cot (x – y)
x + y + x – y = 90o

2x = 90o
x = 45o
tan 45o = 1

5. If cot 2A cot 3A = 1 , then find the value of sin . cos .

Solution:
2A + 3A = 90o

A = 18o
Sin .cos
sin 45o × cos 45o = =

6. If = then find the value of tan .

Solution:
Apply componendo and dividendo –
=

= tan= = =
7. If tan + cot = 2, then find the value of tan100 + cot110
Solution:
tan100 + cot110 = 1 + 1 =2

8. If sin2 + sin = 1, then find the value of cos4 + cos2 .

Solution:
sin = 1– sin2 = cos2
cos4 = sin2
cos4 + cos2 = sin2 + sin =1

9. Solve: tan1o.tan2o.tan3o … tan89o

Solution:
tan1o.tan2o.tan3o … tan45o … cot 3o.cot 2o.cot 1o
tan1o cot 1o tan2o cot 2o tan3o cot 3o… tan45o 1×1×1….×1 = 1

10. Solve cos1o. cos2o. cos3o…… cos179o.

Solution:
cos1o. cos2o. cos3o… cos 90o … cos179o

cos 90o = 0
cos1o. cos2o. cos3o…0… cos179o = 0