PRACTICAL SHEET

ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY 1

KAP20501P LAP20501T
LAP20901T YAN20801P
YAN20301P

Program :
NAME :
ID NO :

Prepared by Dr Yu Ke Xin

1
 PRACTICAL TOPIC

Week Lab report

Topic: Practical Sheet Code
MICROSCOPE HANDLING, USAGE AND 2 LAP20503-B-P001-v1
CARE
CLASSIFICATION OF TISSUES 3 1 LAP20503-B-P002-v1
INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM 4 2 LAP20503-B-P003-v1
SKELETAL SYSTEM 5 3 LAP20503-B-P004-v1
MUSCULAR SYSTEM 6 4 LAP20503-B-P005-v1
NERVOUS SYSTEM 10 5 LAP20503-B-P006-v1
SPECIAL SENSES 11 6 LAP20503-B-P008-v1
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM 13 6 LAP20503-B-P007-v1

2
 PRACTICAL SHEET

Program:
BACHELOR OF BIOMEDICAL SCIENCE

Program Code:
BBM

Subject:
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY 1

Subject Code:
LAP20501P

Topic:
MICROSCOPE HANDLING, USAGE AND CARE

3
INTRODUCTION

The compound/light microscope is a great instrument or equipment, which is very

important in biomedical science, particularly in the microbiological,
haematological, parasitological, histological, or general pathology studies as well
as other specialized areas. It is specifically used for the observation of objects and
or structures that could not be visualized with the naked eye. There are lenses
installed in a microscope, each of which has specific functions. The most important
among the lenses are the “objectives”, which are responsible for the magnification
of the samples to be used. In this practical, only one type of microscope will be
provided, which is a standard type applicable to virtually any teaching, diagnostic
or research laboratory.

OBJECTIVES

1. To identify parts of the microscope and know the functions of each component.
2. To describe and demonstrate the regular usage and care techniques, before
loading the provided slide sample.
3. To demonstrate proper focusing technique in the presence of sample(s).
4. To correctly use the microscope, prepare and interpret the sample slide(s)
provided.

LEARNING OUTCOME
1.To get better understanding on the microscope handling

TOPICAL OUTCOME
1. Students able to handle and taking care of the microscope and its components.

4
MATERIALS

A. Chemical

Chemicals Unit Quantity Specification Brand (if

(please fill in if applicable)
applicable)

NA

B. Apparatus & Tools

Apparatus & Tools Unit Quantity Specification Brand (if

(please fill in if applicable)
applicable)

NA

C. Lab Teaching Aids

Lab Teaching Unit Quantity Specification Brand (if

Aids (please fill in if applicable)
applicable)

D. Equipments

Equipments Unit Quantity Specification Brand (if

(please fill in if applicable)
applicable)

Light microscope 1 10

5
E. Consumables

Consumables Unit Quantity Specification Brand (if

(please fill in if applicable)
applicable)

lens paper box 1 box

immersion oil bottle 1 bottle

F. Glasswares

Glasswares Unit Quantity Specification Brand (if

(please fill in if applicable)
applicable)

NA

G. Biological Materials

Biological Unit Quantity Specification Brand (if

materials (please fill in if applicable)
applicable)

KIDNEY - HISTOLOGY 1 1
SLIDE

LUNG - HISTOLOGY 1 1
SLIDE

Procedures:
(a) Microscope components:
Using the supporting notes, figures and pictures provided, you are requested to
individually observe, get familiar with the positions/locations of the following 12
microscope components:
Lamp/ light source unit
Focussing bodies
Body accessories
Eyepiece lenses
Objective holders
Iris diaphragm
Diaphragm aperture
6
Objective lenses
Condenser lens
Focusing knobs (coarse and fine)
Illumination filter
Microscope stage and slide holder

(b) Manual handling and pre-analysis check up:

The following procedure applies to the handling of most ordinary microscopes before
usage:
i) Place the provided specimen on the microscope stage and select a low power
objective (10X). If other magnifications are desired, make sure the respective objective
lenses are correctly selected as demonstrated.
ii) Ensure that the diaphragm aperture is appropriately fitted close to the condenser.
Try to open and close the iris diaphragm. When the iris diaphragm is opened and image
should be observed straightaway through the eyepieces even if it is blurring.
iii) Focus the iris diaphragm image until its sharp. Adjusting the light illuminated
through the condenser lens, making it wider or narrower usually sort this.
iv) It may sometimes be necessary (for a closed diaphragm or dark field image) to re-
adjust the position of the condenser through the screws that makes the condenser to
be held tight, in order to correctly align with the iris diaphragm enabling a completely
or partially closed aperture.
v) At this stage, the iris diaphragm could be re-opened by adjustment until the image is
completely lost from vision. Once all these procedures are conducted, the microscope
is now in good condition and ready for further usage.

(c) Regular Usage and Care:

Please ensure that the following protocols are used:
Before and during usage of the microscope:
a. The position and lighting conditions of the condenser are correct and appropriate.
b. Special lens cleaning tissues are used to clean up the respective objective lenses,
immediately after usage.
c. Check all the objective lens to make sure they are screwed or fitted properly.
d. Ensure that all the optical sections are fully clean.
e. Suitable oil must be used for all objective lenses requiring oil immersion.
f. Two eyes and not one must be properly used for microscopes with binocular
eyepieces.
g. The binoculars must be adjusted to fit an individual’s face width, giving a single and
properly aligned image field.
h. The light rays should be avoided from direct contact with eyes, before selecting the
objectives and in any subsequent transition.

7
After using each microscope, please ensure that:
a) Special lens cleaning tissues are used to clean up the respective objective lenses,
immediately after usage. A proper lens cleaning solution (e.g. ether, ethyl ether,
ethanol/alcohol, special mixtures, etc) may be used when necessary.
This step is particularly important in order to avoid any visible
interference, as a result of debris or oil particles left over during
usage, which will also enable good storage and subsequent usage.
b) Any glass slide(s) and cover slip(s) used are also cleaned similarly.
c) The microscope(s) are kept properly on the bench or in the cupboards with their
plastic or dustless covers fitted-in properly.

(d) Calculating magnification

1. Total magnification = ocular lens power x objective lens power
2. Calculate
a) scanning lens
b) low power lens
c) high power lens
d) oil immersion lens

(e) Measuring the field of view

1. Move the scanning objective lens in place
2. Place the clear plastic ruler
3. Look through the ocular lens and move the ruler so that the line touches the left edge
of the field and count the number of mm that can be seen. Record. ________mm.
4. Switch to low power lens, repeat the procedure. Record. ________mm.
5. Switch to high power lens, repeat the procedure. Record. ________mm.

Results:
With the aid of the supporting notes, figures and pictures provided, as well as the self-
provided pencil, ruler, and report/draft book, carefully observe, draw and properly
label any 6 most important components of a compound/light microscope, as discussed
in the practical class.

8
 PRACTICAL SHEET

Program:
BACHELOR OF BIOMEDICAL SCIENCE

Program Code:
BBM

Subject:
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY 1

Subject Code:
LAP20501P

Topic: BASIC ORGANISATION OF THE TISSUE

9
INTRODUCTION

Understanding the cellular, tissue and organ levels of organization in the human
body requires the identification of the cellular structure and activities that are
especially relevant to the multicellular organization. Possession of such skills will
help in understanding of the basic ways in which cells associate to form tissues.
This practical is meant to assist students in understanding how the different tissue
types (from basic cellular types or groups) are combined to form organs. Organ
functions usually reflect or follow the structural orientation or the functional
morphology of the respective constituent tissues. The specific skills obtained after
this experiment will help in laying the groundwork necessary for a wide variety of

I
future careers in basic and applied biomedical science areas. Generic skills foster-
able from this course (supporting the literature coverage) include: the
development of generic analytical and problem-solving skills, collaborative
learning in practical class groups, and the ability to integrate knowledge from
disparate sources and at different levels of organization. The student’s skills are
thus widely relevant to routine diagnostic/histopathologic applications, to stem
cell research as well as to therapeutic approaches to cancer and other human
diseases.

OBJECTIVES

1. Define tissue and histology.

2. Identify and describe the four major types of tissues.
3. Identify and describe the specific examples of the four major types provided in
this exercise.
4. Describe the general functions and locations of the major tissue types

LEARNING OUTCOME
1. To get better understanding on the structure of the tissue.

2. To describe the microscopic features of the tissue

TOPICAL OUTCOME
2. Elaborate the basic structure of membrane cell and the process occur at membrane cells.

10
MATERIALS

A. Chemical

Chemicals Unit Quantity Specification Brand (if

(please fill in if applicable)
applicable)

NA

B. Apparatus & Tools

Apparatus & Tools Unit Quantity Specification Brand (if

(please fill in if applicable)
applicable)

NA

C. Lab Teaching Aids

Lab Teaching Unit Quantity Specification Brand (if

Aids (please fill in if applicable)
applicable)

1
model

D. Equipments

Equipments Unit Quantity Specification Brand (if

(please fill in if applicable)
applicable)

Light microscope 1 10

11
E. Consumables

Consumables Unit Quantity Specification Brand (if

(please fill in if applicable)
applicable)

lens paper box 1 box

immersion oil bottle 1 bottle

F. Glasswares

Glasswares Unit Quantity Specification Brand (if

(please fill in if applicable)
applicable)

NA

G. Biological Materials

Biological Unit Quantity Specification Brand (if

materials (please fill in if applicable)
applicable)

SIMPLE CILIATED
1 1
COLUMNAR
EPITHELIUM -
HISTOLOGY SLIDE
SIMPLE COLUMNAR
1 1
EPITHELIUM KIDNEY
- HISTOLOGY SLIDE
SIMPLE CUBOIDAL 1 1
EPITHELIUM KIDNEY
- HISTOLOGY SLIDE
SIMPLE SQUAMOUS
EPITHELIUM SEC. - 1 1
HISTOLOGY SLIDE
TRANSITIONAL
EPITHELIUM SEC - 1 1
HISTOLOGY SLIDE

12
Procedures:
Using the appropriate technique of using the light microscope, you are required to individually
observe, identify, hand-draw out and label the different types of tissues (based on classification
and stages).

Discussion:
Discuss briefly on the functional structure of each type, group or category of the
epithelial cells you have drawn above. Compare your drawings with that from literature
and discuss why there are differences (if any?).

Questions:
1. What is the advantage of having epithelial barriers?
2. When you get a tattoo, would you expect the ink to be injected into the epithelial layer
of your skin or the connective tissue layer? Why?

13
 PRACTICAL SHEET

Program:
BACHELOR OF BIOMEDICAL SCIENCE

Program Code:
BBM

Subject:
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY 1

Subject Code:
LAP20501P

Topic:
INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM

14
INTRODUCTION

The skin is considered as an organ system. It covers the body exterior. The skin is
made up of two major layers, the dermis and the epidermis. A view through the
microscope reveals the layered structure of the skin, and the many smaller
elements within these layers that help the skin to perform its mainly protective
role. The skin has two main layers, the epidermis and dermis. Below these is a
layer of subcutaneous ('under the skin') fat.

OBJECTIVES

1. To recognize and name the skin structure.

2. To differentiate 3 different types of skin layers.
3. To identify the microscopic structure of the skin.

LEARNING OUTCOME
1.To get better understanding on the structure of the skin.
2.To describe the microscopic features of skin

TOPICAL OUTCOME
1. Elaborate the importance structure and function involved in skin layer.
2. Elaborate the mechanism and process involved in the receptor, somatic sense and pain.

15
MATERIALS

A. Chemical

Chemicals Unit Quantity Specification Brand (if

(please fill in if applicable)
applicable)

NA

B. Apparatus & Tools

Apparatus & Tools Unit Quantity Specification Brand (if

(please fill in if applicable)
applicable)

NA

C. Lab Teaching Aids

Lab Teaching Unit Quantity Specification Brand (if

Aids (please fill in if applicable)
applicable)

Human skin 1
model

D. Equipments

Equipments Unit Quantity Specification Brand (if

(please fill in if applicable)
applicable)

Light microscope 1 10

16
 E. Consumables

Consumables Unit Quantity Specification Brand (if

(please fill in if applicable)
applicable)

lens paper box 1 box

immersion oil bottle 1 bottle

F. Glasswares

Glasswares Unit Quantity Specification Brand (if

(please fill in if applicable)
applicable)

NA

G. Biological Materials

Biological Unit Quantity Specification Brand (if

materials (please fill in if applicable)
applicable)

FINGER NAIL - 1 1
HISTOLOGY SLIDE

THICK SKIN 1 1

i THIN SKIN

THIN SKIN /
1 1
MAMMALIAN SKIN
1 1

Procedures:
Using the appropriate technique of using the light microscope, you are required to individually
observe, identify, hand-draw out and label the structures of integumentary system.

Questions:
1. A white man jogs on a cold day. What colour would you expect his skin to be
a. Just before starting to run
b . During the run
c. 5 minutes after the run

2. Pulling on hair can be quite painful but not cutting the hair. Explain.

Hot and 17
 PRACTICAL SHEET

Program:
BACHELOR OF BIOMEDICAL SCIENCE

Program Code:
BBM

Subject:
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY 1

Subject Code:
LAP20501P

Topic:
SKELETAL SYSTEM

18
INTRODUCTION

The skeleton is constructed of the two most supportive tissues found in the human
body cartilage and bone. In embryos, the skeleton is composed mainly of hyaline
cartilage, but in adults, most of the cartilage is replaced by more rigid bone.
Axial skeleton is the part of the skeleton that consists of the bones of the
head and trunk of a vertebrate. In the human skeleton, it consists of 80 bones and
is composed of six parts; the skull bones, the ossicles of the middle ear, the
hyoid bone, the rib cage, sternum and the vertebral column. The axial skeleton
together with the appendicular skeleton form the complete skeleton. Another
definition of axial skeleton is the bones including the vertebrae, sacrum, coccyx,
ribs, and sternum.

OBJECTIVES

1. To identify the spongy bones.

2. Identify the microscopic structure of the compact bone.
3. Identify the axial skeleton and appendicular skeleton.
4. Identify the axial skeleton and appendicular skeleton.

LEARNING OUTCOME
1. To get better understanding on the structure of bone tissue.
2. To describe the microscopic features of bone tissue.

TOPICAL OUTCOME
1. Elaborate the anatomy structure of skeletal system and bone composition.
2. Elaborate structure and function of joint and skeletal bones with the differences in gender and
age.
3. Elaborate the anatomy structure of skeletal system and bone composition

19
MATERIALS

A. Chemical

Chemicals Unit Quantity Specification Brand (if

(please fill in if applicable)
applicable)

NA

B. Apparatus & Tools

Apparatus & Tools Unit Quantity Specification Brand (if

(please fill in if applicable)
applicable)

NA

C. Lab Teaching Aids

Lab Teaching Unit Quantity Specification Brand (if

Aids (please fill in if applicable)
applicable)

MICROANATOMY
BONE STRUCTURE

DEVELOPMENT OF
BONE MODEL, 7
PARTS

D. Equipments

Equipments Unit Quantity Specification Brand (if

(please fill in if applicable)
applicable)

Light microscope 1 10

20
E. Consumables

Consumables Unit Quantity Specification Brand (if

(please fill in if applicable)
applicable)

lens paper box 1 box

immersion oil bottle 1 bottle

F. Glasswares

Glasswares Unit Quantity Specification Brand (if

(please fill in if applicable)
applicable)

NA

G. Biological Materials

Biological Unit Quantity Specification Brand (if

materials (please fill in if applicable)
applicable)

COMPACT BONE, 1 1
DECALCIFIED
PREPARATION - 1 1 compact bone
HISTOLOGY SLIDE

DEVELOPING CARTILAGE cartilage bone

BONE
Developing membrane
DEVELOPING MEMBRANE
BONE bone
rong bone
LONG BONE -
HISTOLOGY SLIDE

Hot Cox

references slides
Procedures:
Using the appropriate technique of using the light microscope, you are required to
observe, identify, hand-draw out and label the structures of bone tissues.

Questions:
1. Which bones make up the axial skeleton?
21
2. What is the role of the axial skeleton?
3. What are the bones of the axial and appendicular skeleton?
4. The bones of elderly people break more easily than the bones of younger people. Why?
5. Compact bone has perforating and central canals. Why isn’t such a canal system necessary
in spongy bones?

22
 PRACTICAL SHEET

Program:
BACHELOR OF BIOMEDICAL SCIENCE

Program Code:
BBM

Subject:
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY 1

Subject Code:
LAP20501P

Topic:
MUSCULAR SYSTEM

23
INTRODUCTION

The muscular system is the biological system of animals (including humans) that
allows them to move internally and externally. The muscular system in
vertebrates consists of three different types of muscles: cardiac, skeletal and
smooth. Cardiac muscle is a striated muscle that makes up the heart. It is the only
type of muscle consisting of branching fibres. Skeletal muscle consists of voluntary
muscles attached to the frame of the skeletal system enabling body movement.
Smooth muscle is the involuntary muscle that enables the movement of internal
organs.
Sarcomere is the basic unit of striated muscle tissue. It is the repeating unit
between two Z lines. Skeletal muscles are composed of tubular muscle cells
(myocytes called muscle fibers or myofibers) which are formed in a process
known as myogenesis. Muscle fibers contain numerous tubular myofibrils.
Myofibrils are composed of repeating sections of sarcomeres, which appear under
the microscope as alternating dark and light bands. Sarcomeres are composed of
long, fibrous proteins as filaments that slide past each other when a muscle
contracts or relaxes. Two of the important proteins are myosin, which forms the
thick filament, and actin, which forms the thin filament. Myosin has a long, fibrous
tail and a globular head, which binds to actin. The myosin head also binds to ATP,
which is the source of energy for muscle movement. Myosin can only bind to actin
when the binding sites on actin are exposed by calcium ions.

OBJECTIVES

1.To describe the microscopic structure of skeletal, smooth and cardiac muscle.
2.To differentiate the structure of the muscles (skeletal, smooth and cardiac).
3. To identify the component of a sarcomere
4. To identify the lines, zones and bands related to the muscle

24
LEARNING OUTCOME
1. To get better understanding on the component and structure of the muscle.
2. To describe the microscopic features of the muscle.

TOPICAL OUTCOME
1. Elaborate structure and function of muscle system together with the mechanism.
2. Elaborate function of skeletal muscle in human system.

MATERIALS

A. Chemical

Chemicals Unit Quantity Specification Brand (if

(please fill in if applicable)
applicable)

NA

B. Apparatus & Tools

Apparatus & Tools Unit Quantity Specification Brand (if

(please fill in if applicable)
applicable)

NA

C. Lab Teaching Aids

Lab Teaching Unit Quantity Specification Brand (if

Aids (please fill in if applicable)
applicable)

ULTRASTRUCTURE
MODEL OF THE
HEART MUSCLE, 1
PART

D. Equipments

Equipments Unit Quantity Specification Brand

Light microscope 1 10

25
E. Consumables

Consumables Unit Quantity Specification Brand (if

(please fill in if applicable)
applicable)

lens paper box 1 box

immersion oil bottle 1 bottle

F. Glasswares

Glasswares Unit Quantity Specification Brand (if

(please fill in if applicable)
applicable)

NA

G. Biological Materials

Biological Unit Quantity Specification Brand (if

materials (please fill in if applicable)
applicable)

1 1
CARDIAC MUSCLE -
HISTOLOGY SLIDE
1 1
SKELETAL MUSCLE
(L.S) - HISTOLOGY 1 1
SLIDE
SMOOTH MUSCLE /
NON-STRIATED
MUSCLE -
HISTOLOGY SLIDE

Procedures:

Using the appropriate technique of using the light microscope, you are required to individually
observe, identify, hand-draw out and label the structures of muscles system.

Questions:
1. What are the events that influence the width of each sarcomere when a muscle being
contracted and relaxed?
26
2. Which type of smooth muscle is more like a cardiac muscle than skeletal muscle, with respect
to both of its structure and function?

27
 PRACTICAL SHEET

Program:
BACHELOR OF BIOMEDICAL SCIENCE

Program Code:
BBM

Subject:
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY 1

Subject Code:
LAP20501P

Topic:
NERVOUS SYSTEM

28
INTRODUCTION

The nervous system consists of the system of cells, tissues and organs that. The
central nervous system (CNS) consists of the brain and spinal cord, which are
composed of the neurons, the supporting cells of the CNS (glial cells) and blood
vessels. Macroscopically, all parts of the CNS are made up of grey matter and white
matter, the grey matter containing most of the neuron cell bodies and white
matter the axons; lipid in the myelin sheath of the axons accounts for the white
appearance of the white matter. The distribution of the grey matter and white
matter differs greatly from one part of the brain to another as does the
morphology and arrangement of the neurons.
The PNS consists of the nerves and ganglia outside of the brain and spinal cord.
The main function of the PNS is to connect the CNS to the limbs and organs,
essentially serving as a relay between the brain and spinal cord and the rest of the
body. Unlike the CNS, the PNS is not protected by the vertebral column and skull,
or by the blood–brain barrier, which leaves it exposed to toxins and mechanical
injuries. The peripheral nervous system is divided into the somatic nervous
system and the autonomic nervous system. In the somatic nervous system, the
cranial nerves are part of the PNS with the exception of the optic nerve
(cranial nerve II), along with the retina. The second cranial nerve is not a true
peripheral nerve but a tract of the diencephalon. Cranial nerve ganglia originated
in the CNS. However, the remaining ten cranial nerve axons extend beyond the
brain and are therefore considered part of the PNS. The autonomic nervous
system is an involuntary control of smooth muscle and glands.
Neurons can connect to each other to form neural networks. Neurons are major
components of the brain and spinal cord of the central nervous system (CNS), and
of the autonomic ganglia of the peripheral nervous system.

29
OBJECTIVES
1. To identify the microscopic structure of the central nervous system.
2. To identify the microscopic structure of the peripheral nervous system.
3. To identify the microscopic structure of the neurons

LEARNING OUTCOME
1. To get better understanding on the reflex action and its mechanism.

TOPICAL OUTCOME
1. Elaborate physiological changes related to nervous system.
2. Elaborate physiological changes related to nervous system.

MATERIALS

A. Chemical

Chemicals Unit Quantity Specification Brand (if

(please fill in if applicable)
applicable)

NA

B. Apparatus & Tools

Apparatus & Tools Unit Quantity Specification Brand (if

(please fill in if applicable)
applicable)

NA

C. Lab Teaching Aids

Lab Teaching Unit Quantity Specification Brand (if

Aids applicable)

NEURO
ANATOMICAL 1 1
BRAIN, 8 PARTS
1 1
THE MODEL
MEDIAN MUSCLE
BLOOD
30
VESSELE & NERVE
OF THE HEAD &
NECK

D. Equipments

Equipments Unit Quantity Specification Brand

Light microscope 1 10

31
E. Consumables

Consumables Unit Quantity Specification Brand (if

(please fill in if applicable)
applicable)

lens paper box 1 box

immersion oil bottle 1 bottle

F. Glasswares

Glasswares Unit Quantity Specification Brand (if

(please fill in if applicable)
applicable)

NA

G. Biological Materials

Biological Unit Quantity Specification Brand (if

materials (please fill in if applicable)
applicable)

PERIPHERAL NERVE - 1 1
HISTOLOGY SLIDE

SPINAL CORD (LUMBAR) 1 1

SPINAL CORD
(SERVICAL) 1 1
SPINAL CORD (TORAC)
1 1

Procedures:
Using the appropriate technique of using the light microscope, you are required to individually
observe, identify, hand-draw out and label the structures of nervous system.

Questions:
1. Is an action potential transmitted fasted between cells connected by electrical or chemical
synapses? Why?
32
2. Explain why the dorsal root ganglions are larger in diameter than the dorsal root?
3. Describe the protective structures and the gross anatomical features of the spinal cord.
4. Describe how the spinal nerves are connected to the spinal cord.
5. Where are the spinal meninges located? Where are the epidural, subdural and subarachnoid
spaces located?
6. What is sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system.
7. What is Wallerian degeneration? Why do we need it?
8. Define Demyelination and axonal regeneration

33
 PRACTICAL SHEET

Program:
BACHELOR OF BIOMEDICAL SCIENCE

Program Code:
BBM

Subject:
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY 1

Subject Code:
LAP20501P

Topic:
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

34
INTRODUCTION

The endocrine system consists of a group of glands and organs that regulate and
control various body functions by producing and secreting hormones. The glands
of the endocrine system do not have ducts but rather release their hormones
directly into the bloodstream.
Hormones are chemical substances that affect the activity of another part of the
body (target site). In essence, hormones serve as messengers, controlling and
coordinating activities throughout the body. The major glands of the endocrine
system, each of which produces one or more specific hormones, are the
hypothalamus, the pituitary gland, the thyroid gland, the parathyroid glands, the
islets of the pancreas, the adrenal glands, the testes in men, and the ovaries in
women.

OBJECTIVES

1. To identify the microscopic structure of the endocrine system.

LEARNING OUTCOME
1. To get better understanding on the structure endocrine system.
2. To describe the microscopic features of endocrine system.

TOPICAL OUTCOME
1. Elaborate the anatomy structure and function of endocrine system.

MATERIALS

A. Chemical

Chemicals Unit Quantity Specification Brand (if

(please fill in if applicable)
applicable)

35
 NA

B. Apparatus & Tools

Apparatus & Tools Unit Quantity Specification Brand (if

(please fill in if applicable)
applicable)

NA

C. Lab Teaching Aids

Lab Teaching Unit Quantity Specification Brand (if

Aids (please fill in if applicable)
applicable)

KIDNEY WITH
ADRENAL GLAND

D. Equipments

Equipments Unit Quantity Specification Brand

Light microscope 1 10

36
E. Consumables

Consumables Unit Quantity Specification Brand (if

(please fill in if applicable)
applicable)

lens paper box 1 box

immersion oil bottle 1 bottle

F. Glasswares

Glasswares Unit Quantity Specification Brand (if

(please fill in if applicable)
applicable)

NA

G. Biological Materials

Biological Unit Quantity Specification Brand (if

materials (please fill in if applicable)
applicable)

THYMUS - HISTOLOGY
1 1
SLIDE
1 1
THYROID GLAND -
HISTOLOGY SLIDE

Procedures:
Using the appropriate technique of using the light microscope, you are required to individually
observe, identify, hand-draw out and label the structures of the endocrine system.

Questions:
1. What is the basic difference between endocrine glands and exocrine glands?
2. What is the functional importance of the hypophyseal portal veins?
3. What hormones are secreted by the gastrointestinal tract, placenta, kidneys, skin, adipose tissue
and heart?

37
 PRACTICAL SHEET

Program:
BACHELOR OF BIOMEDICAL SCIENCE

Program Code:
BBM

Subject:
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY 1

Subject Code:
LAP20501P

Topic:
SPECIAL SENSES

INTRODUCTION

The general senses include somatic senses (tactile, thermal, pain, and proprioceptive)
and visceral sensations. Receptors for the general senses are scattered throughout the
body and are relatively simple in structure. Receptors for the special senses are smell,
taste, vision, hearing, and equilibrium. These receptors are anatomically distinct from
one another and are concentrated in specific locations in the head. They are usually
embedded in the epithelial tissue within complex sensory organs such as the eyes and
ears. Neural pathways for the special senses are also more complex than those for the
general senses.

OBJECTIVES

38
To identify the microscopic structure of the special sense.

LEARNING OUTCOME
To get better understanding on the structure of the eye and ear.

To describe the microscopic features of the eye and ear.

To describe the macroscopic features of the eye and ear.

TOPICAL OUTCOME
Elaborate the anatomy structure of eye and ear.

39
MATERIALS

H. Chemical

Chemicals Unit Quantity Specification Brand (if

(please fill in if applicable)
applicable)

NA

I. Apparatus & Tools

Apparatus & Tools Unit Quantity Specification Brand (if

(please fill in if applicable)
applicable)

NA

J. Lab Teaching Aids

Lab Teaching Unit Quantity Specification Brand

Aids
1
Model SHOWING
THE
DEVELOPMENT OF
MOUTH, NOSE &
TONGUE, 3 PARTS
NOSE &
OLFACTORY
ORGANS, 4 TIMES
FULL SIZE
ANATOMY OF THE
EYE NOTEBOOK
SIZE CHARTS

K. Equipments

Equipments Unit Quantity Specification Brand

Light microscope 1 10

40
L. Consumables

Consumables Unit Quantity Specification Brand (if

(please fill in if applicable)
applicable)

lens paper box 1 box

immersion oil bottle 1 bottle

M. Glasswares

Glasswares Unit Quantity Specification Brand (if

(please fill in if applicable)
applicable)

NA

N. Biological Materials

Biological Unit Quantity Specification Brand (if

materials (please fill in if applicable)
applicable)

OLFACTORY 1 10
EPITHELIUM -
HISTOLOGY SLIDE

Procedures:
Using the appropriate technique of using the light microscope, you are required to individually
observe, identify, hand-draw out and label the structures of the special senses.

Questions:
1. Compare the olfactory and gustatory pathways.
2. What are the components of the fibrous tunic and vascular tunic?
3. What are the three subdivisions of the bony labyrinth?
4. Describe the equilibrium pathways.

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