1 A student uses the following method to prepare a sample of hydrated zinc nitrate crystals.

step 1 put 25 cm3 of dilute nitric acid into a beaker

step 2 add zinc carbonate until it is in excess
step 3 separate the dilute solution of zinc nitrate from the mixture

The student then obtains crystals from the dilute solution of zinc nitrate.

(a) Name the piece of apparatus used to measure the nitric acid in step 1.
(1)

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(b) How would the student know when she has added an excess of zinc carbonate?
(1)

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(c) Name the separation method used in step 3.

(1)

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(d) The student wants to obtain a pure, dry sample of hydrated zinc nitrate crystals
from the dilute solution.

One method is to leave the solution so that all the water evaporates.
Describe another method, involving crystallisation, that the student could use.
(4)

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PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com (Total for Question 1 = 7 marks)

2 The diagram shows how hydrated copper(II) sulfate crystals can be made by reacting
copper(II) oxide with dilute sulfuric acid.

dilute sulfuric acid

stage 1

heat

add copper(II) oxide

until in excess and stir

stage 2

heat

filter the mixture from

stage 2
stage 3

heat the solution from stage 3 until

stage 4
a hot, saturated solution forms
heat

stage 5 allow the solution to cool so that

hydrated copper(II) sulfate crystals form

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
 (a) Why is the sulfuric acid heated in stage 1?
(1)

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(b) How would you know when the copper(II) oxide is in excess in stage 2?
(1)

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(c) Why is the mixture filtered in stage 3?

(1)

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(d) Why do crystals form when the hot saturated solution is cooled in stage 5?
(1)

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(e) State the colour of the crystals formed in stage 5.

(1)

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(f ) The crystals are removed by filtration and then dried.

Suggest a suitable method of drying the crystals.
(1)

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(Total for Question 2 = 6 marks)

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
3 The table shows some properties of four substances A, B, C and D.

Melting point Boiling point Conducts electricity Conducts electricity

Substance
in °C in °C when solid? when molten?

A –101 –35 no no

B 1063 2970 yes yes

C 801 1413 no yes

D 3550 4830 no no

(a) Use the information in the table to identify the substance that
(i) is a metal
(1)
A C D

(ii) could be diamond

(1)
A B C D

(iii) is a gas at 20 °C
(1)
A B C D

(iv) contains oppositely charged ions

(1)
A B C D

(b) Some of the substances in the table are compounds.

What is meant by the term compound?
(2)

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PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
 (c) (i) The electronic configurations of atoms of sodium and chlorine are

Na 2.8.1
Cl 2.8.7
Describe the changes in the electronic configurations of sodium and chlorine
when these atoms form sodium chloride.
(3)

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(ii) Calculate the relative formula mass of sodium chloride (NaCl).

Use the Periodic Table on page 2 to help you.
(2)

relative formula mass = ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(Total for Question 3 = 11 marks)

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
4 The diagram shows four pieces of apparatus used in the separation of mixtures.

P Q

R S

(a) (i) The apparatus labelled P is used for

(1)
A crystallisation
B filtration
C fractional distillation
D simple distillation

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
 (ii) The apparatus labelled S is used for
(1)
A crystallisation
B filtration
C fractional distillation
D simple distillation

(b) (i) Which method of separation should be used to obtain sand from a mixture
containing salt, sand and water?
(1)
A crystallisation
B filtration
C fractional distillation
D simple distillation

(ii) Which method of separation should be used to obtain pure water from a mixture
containing salt, sand and water?
(1)
A crystallisation
B filtration
C fractional distillation
D simple distillation

(iii) Which method of separation should be used to obtain copper(II) sulfate from
a mixture containing copper(II) sulfate and water?
(1)
A crystallisation
B filtration
C fractional distillation
D simple distillation

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
 (c) Food colourings contain one or more food dyes.
A student used paper chromatography to separate the dyes contained in food colourings.
She placed spots of three known food colourings (E, F and G) and one unknown
food colouring (H) on the chromatography paper.
The diagram shows the appearance of the paper before and after her experiment.

level reached
by solvent

E F G H E F G H

before a ter

(i) Describe how the student should complete the experiment after placing the
four spots on the paper.
(3)

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PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
 (ii) Suggest why food colouring F did not move during the experiment.
(1)

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(iii) How many food dyes are there in food colouring E?

(1)

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(iv) How many known food dyes are there in food colouring H?
(1)

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(v) Dyes are often identified by their Rf values.

distance moved by dye

Rf =
distance moved by solvent

Record the results for the dye in G and calculate its Rf value.
(3)

distance moved by dye in mm

distance moved by solvent in mm

Rf value of G

(Total for Question 4 = 14 marks)

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
5 When solutions are mixed together, precipitates sometimes form.

(a) Barium carbonate is an insoluble compound. It is formed as a precipitate when solutions

of the soluble compounds barium chloride and sodium carbonate are mixed.
When solutions of the soluble compounds potassium chloride and sodium sulfate
are mixed, no precipitate is formed.
Complete the table to show the results of mixing solutions of some compounds.
(3)

sodium carbonate solution sodium sulfate solution

barium chloride precipitate of ............................................................................. . .

solution barium carbonate

............................................................................. . .

potassium chloride . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................

no precipitate
solution
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................

calcium chloride precipitate of ............................................................................. . .

solution calcium carbonate

............................................................................. . .

(b) When solutions of lead(II) nitrate and potassium bromide are mixed, a precipitate
of lead(II) bromide and a solution of potassium nitrate are produced.
The equation for the reaction is

Pb(NO3)2(. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ) + 2KBr(................ ) o PbBr2(................ ) + 2KNO3(................ )

Complete the equation by inserting the state symbols.

(1)

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
 (c) In order to prepare a pure, dry sample of lead(II) bromide, a student took the mixture
produced in part (b).
He then
x filtered the mixture
x washed the solid residue with distilled water
x left the solid in a warm place for several hours

(i) Why did the student filter the mixture?

(1)

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(ii) Why did he wash the solid residue?

(1)

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(iii) Why is it better to use distilled water rather than tap water to wash the solid
residue?
(1)

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. . . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(iv) Why did he leave the solid in a warm place?

(1)

. . . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(Total for Question 5 = 8 marks)

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 6 (a) Substances can be classified as elements, compounds or mixtures.

Each of the diagrams below represents either an element, a compound or a mixture.

State which one of these is represented by each diagram.

(i)
He
He
He
He

He
(1)

(ii)
O
C
O C O O
O
C O
O C
O
C O
O (1)

(iii)
He O
O

O O
He
O O
(1)

(iv) O
O O
O

O O
O
O
O
O (1)

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 (b) Substances can also be classified as solids, liquids or gases.

Each of the diagrams below represents either a solid, a liquid or a gas.

State which one of these is represented by each diagram.

(i)

(1)

(ii)

(1)

(Total for Question 6 = 6 marks)

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