StatsProb W1

Statistics & Probability
Random Variables
LEARNING STANDARDS
• Illustrates a random variable (discrete of continuous)
M11/12SP-IIIa-1
• Distinguishes between a discrete and a continuous

random variable. M11/12SP-IIIa-2
• Finds the possible values of a random variable.

M11/12SP-IIIa-3
• Illustrates a probability distribution for a discrete

random variable and its properties. M11/12SP- IIIa-4
RANDOM VARIABLES
Introduction
What are the uses or what instances where statistics is

being used?
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1. Statistics as a Tool in Decision – Making
• Statistics is defined as a science that studies data to be

able to make a decision. Hence, it is a tool in decision-
making process.
• Involvesthe methods of collecting, processing,

summarizing and analyzing data in order to provide
answers or solutions to an inquiry.
RANDOM VARIABLES
Trivia
The word “statistics” actually comes from the word

“state”— because governments have been involved in the
statistical activities, especially the conduct of censuses
either for military or taxation purposes. The need for and
conduct of censuses are recorded in the pages of holy
texts. In the Christian Bible, particularly the Book of
Numbers, God is reported to have instructed Moses to
carry out a census. Another census mentioned in the
Bible is the census ordered by Caesar Augustus
throughout the entire Roman Empire before the birth of
Christ.
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Statistics enable us to:
• Characterize persons, objects, situations, and

phenomena;
• Explain relationships among variables;
• Formulate objective assessments and comparisons;

and, more importantly
• Make evidence-based decisions and predictions

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2. Statistics Process in Solving a Problem
• Planning or designing the collection of data to answer

statistical questions in a way that maximizes information
content and minimizes bias;
• Collecting the data as required in the plan;
• Verifying the quality of the data after they were

collected;
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2. Statistics Process in Solving a Problem
• Summarizing the information extracted from the data;

and;
• Examining the summary statistics so that insight and

meaningful information can be produced to support
decision-making or solutions to the question or problem
at hand.
RANDOM VARIABLES
LESSON 1:
Basic Terms in Statistics and The

Difference between Discrete and
Continuous Random Variable
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Statistic is a collection of methods for planning

experiments, obtaining data, and then analyzing,
interpreting, and drawing conclusions based on the data.
Data are the values that the variables can assume.
Population is the set of all possible values of a variable.
Sample is a subgroup of a population.

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Constant is a characteristic of objects, people, or events

that does not vary.
Variable is a characteristic of objects people or events

that can make of different values.
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Sources of Data
Primary data are data that come from an original source,

and are intended to answer specific research questions.
Secondary data are data that are taken previously

recorded data such as information from another study.
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Types of Variable
Qualitative Variable a variable that is conceptualized and

analyzed as distinct categories with no continuum
implied. (categorical variable)
✓ Gender
✓ Religion
✓ Highest educational attainment
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Types of Variable
Quantitative Variable a variable that is conceptualized

and analyzed along a continuum implied (numerical
variable)
✓ Height
✓ Weight
✓ Number of registered cars
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Quantitative Variables classified as:
Discrete Variable is a variable which consist of either a

finite number of values or countable number of values.
✓ Numbers of days
✓ Number of siblings
✓ Usual daily allowance in school
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Quantitative Variables classified as:
Continuous Variable is a variable which can assume any

of an infinite number of values, and can be associated
with points on continuous interval.
✓ Weight
✓ Height
✓ Body temperature
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Example
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Classification of Variables
(Experimental Classification)
Independent Variable are variables controlled by the

experimenter and expected to have an effect on the
behavior of the subjects. (Explanatory Variable)
Dependent Variable is some measure of the behavior of

subjects and expected to be influenced by the
independent variables (Outcome)
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Random Variable is a function or rule that assigns a
number to each outcome of an experiment it is called
chance variable.
Discrete Random Variable assumes values that can be

counted.
Continuous Random Variable that can assume all values

between any two specific values.
Sample space set of all possible outcomes of an

experiment.
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LESSON 2:
Possible Value for a Discrete Random

Variable
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Previously, we have discussed the definition of random

variables, this time let us focus on type of a random
variable which is the discrete random variable.
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• A Random Variable is a set of possible values from a
random experiment.
• A Random Variable has a whole set of values and it

could take on any of those values, randomly.
Example:
𝑋 = {0, 1, 2, 3}
𝑋 could be 0, 1, 2, or 3 randomly.
And they might each have a different probability.
RANDOM VARIABLES
Probability
We can show the probability of any one value using this

style:
P(X = value) = probability of that value

RANDOM VARIABLES
Examples
1. Throw a die once
𝑋 = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}
In this case they are all equally likely, so the probability of
any one is 1/6
• P(X = 1) = 1/6
• P(X = 2) = 1/6
• P(X = 3) = 1/6
• P(X = 4) = 1/6
• P(X = 5) = 1/6
• P(X = 6) = 1/6
Note that the sum of the probabilities = 1, as it should be.
RANDOM VARIABLES
Examples
2. How many heads when we toss 3 coins?
𝑋 = "𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝐻𝑒𝑎𝑑𝑠" is the Random Variable.
In this case, there could be 0 Heads (if all the coins land
Tails up), 1 Head, 2 Heads or 3 Heads.
So the 𝑆𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 𝑆𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑒 = {0, 1, 2, 3}
But this time the outcomes are NOT all equally likely.
RANDOM VARIABLES
Examples
• The possible outcomes will be:
HHH THT TTH HTH

HHT HTT TTT THH
RANDOM VARIABLES
Examples
HHH THT TTH HTH
HHT HTT TTT THH
Looking at the table we see just 1 case of Three Heads, but 3
cases of Two Heads, 3 cases of One Head, and 1 case of Zero
Heads. So:
• P(X = 3) = 1/8
• P(X = 2) = 3/8
• P(X = 1) = 3/8
• P(X = 0) = 1/8
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Probability Distribution
The probability distribution of a discrete random

variable 𝑋 is a list of each possible value of 𝑋 together
with the probability that 𝑋 takes that value in one trial of
the experiment.
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The probabilities in the probability distribution of a

random variable 𝑋 must satisfy the following two
conditions:
1. Each probability 𝑃(𝑋) must be between 0 and 1:

0≤𝑃 𝑋 ≤1
2. The sum of all the probabilities is 1: σ 𝑃 𝑋 = 1

RANDOM VARIABLES
Examples
Determine whether the distributions is a discrete
probability distribution.
𝟎≤𝑷 𝑿 ≤𝟏 ෍𝑷 𝑿 = 𝟏
No, it is not a discrete probability

distribution, 𝑃(𝑋) cannot be −0.3.
RANDOM VARIABLES
Examples
Determine whether the distributions is a discrete
probability distribution.
𝟎≤𝑷 𝑿 ≤𝟏 ෍𝑷 𝑿 = 𝟏
Yes, it is a discrete probability

distribution.
RANDOM VARIABLES
Examples
1. A fair coin is tossed twice. Let 𝑋 be the number of

heads that are observed.
a. Construct the probability distribution of X.
b. Find the probability that at least one head is observed.

RANDOM VARIABLES
Examples
Solutions:
a. The possible values that X can take are 0,1, and 2. each
of these numbers corresponds to an event in the sample
space 𝑆 = ℎℎ, ℎ𝑡, 𝑡ℎ, 𝑡𝑡 of equally likely outcomes for this
experiment: 𝑋 = 0 𝑡𝑜 𝑡𝑡 , 𝑋 = 1 𝑡𝑜 ℎ𝑡, 𝑡ℎ , and
𝑋 = 2 𝑡𝑜 ℎℎ . The probability of each of these events,
hence of the corresponding value of X, can be found
simply by counting
RANDOM VARIABLES
Examples
This table is the probability distribution of X.
0 1 2
0.25 0.5 0.25
RANDOM VARIABLES
Examples
Solutions:
b. “At least one head” is the event 𝑋 ≥ 1, which is the
union of the mutually exclusive events 𝑋 = 1 and 𝑋 = 2.
Thus
𝑃 𝑋 ≥ 1 = 𝑃 1 + 𝑃 2 = 0.50 + 0.25 = 0.75

RANDOM VARIABLES
Integration
“For in Christ Jesus you are all sons of God, through

faith.”
- Galatians 3:26
Process Questions
What is the message of God on being different?
Explain your answer.
RANDOM VARIABLES
Activity 1
Identify the following data as qualitative or quantitative. Tell also if
it is discrete or continuous.
A market researcher company requested all teachers of a
particular school to fill up a questionnaire in relation to their
product market study. The following are some of the information
supplied by the teachers:
• highest educational attainment

• predominant hair color
• body temperature
• civil status
• brand of laundry soap being used
RANDOM VARIABLES
Activity 1
Identify the following data as qualitative or quantitative. Tell also if
it is discrete or continuous.
• total household expenditures last month in pesos

• number of children in the household
• amount spent on rice last week by the household
• distance travelled by the teacher in going to school
• time (in hours) consumed on Facebook on a particular day

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Statistics & Probability

• Distinguishes between a discrete and a continuous

• Finds the possible values of a random variable.

• Illustrates a probability distribution for a discrete

What are the uses or what instances where statistics is

• Statistics is defined as a science that studies data to be

• Involvesthe methods of collecting, processing,

The word “statistics” actually comes from the word

• Characterize persons, objects, situations, and

• Explain relationships among variables;

• Formulate objective assessments and comparisons;

• Make evidence-based decisions and predictions

• Planning or designing the collection of data to answer

• Collecting the data as required in the plan;

• Verifying the quality of the data after they were

• Summarizing the information extracted from the data;

• Examining the summary statistics so that insight and

Basic Terms in Statistics and The

Statistic is a collection of methods for planning

Data are the values that the variables can assume.

Population is the set of all possible values of a variable.

Sample is a subgroup of a population.

Constant is a characteristic of objects, people, or events

Variable is a characteristic of objects people or events

Primary data are data that come from an original source,

Secondary data are data that are taken previously

Qualitative Variable a variable that is conceptualized and

Quantitative Variable a variable that is conceptualized

Discrete Variable is a variable which consist of either a

Continuous Variable is a variable which can assume any

Independent Variable are variables controlled by the

Dependent Variable is some measure of the behavior of

Discrete Random Variable assumes values that can be

Continuous Random Variable that can assume all values

Sample space set of all possible outcomes of an

Possible Value for a Discrete Random

Previously, we have discussed the definition of random

• A Random Variable has a whole set of values and it

We can show the probability of any one value using this

P(X = value) = probability of that value

So the 𝑆𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 𝑆𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑒 = {0, 1, 2, 3}

• The possible outcomes will be:

HHH THT TTH HTH

The probability distribution of a discrete random

The probabilities in the probability distribution of a

1. Each probability 𝑃(𝑋) must be between 0 and 1:

2. The sum of all the probabilities is 1: σ 𝑃 𝑋 = 1

No, it is not a discrete probability

Yes, it is a discrete probability

1. A fair coin is tossed twice. Let 𝑋 be the number of

a. Construct the probability distribution of X.

b. Find the probability that at least one head is observed.

This table is the probability distribution of X.

𝑃 𝑋 ≥ 1 = 𝑃 1 + 𝑃 2 = 0.50 + 0.25 = 0.75

“For in Christ Jesus you are all sons of God, through

• highest educational attainment

• total household expenditures last month in pesos

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