|SCIENCE

LESSON 1 - LIFE-GIVING SYSTEMS - A continuation of abdominal wall which holds

and protects testes.

Humans undergo reproduction, MALE REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS or

development, and maturity which requires GONADS
awareness regarding the functioning sexual TESTES
organs, and the disorders and diseases - (singular: Testis) are contained inside the
involved. scrotum
- it serves as a home for male sex cells or
sperm cells for production
The major role of the male reproductive - made up of tiny tubules (in which the sperm
system is to produce and transport the are produced):
sperm cells for the fusion of sperm cell and a. SEMINIFEROUS TUBULE is where
egg cell, without the fusion of sperm and egg spermatogenesis or sperm
cell, reproduction will not occur. formation takes place
b. INTERSTITIAL CELLS produce
testosterone and androgens
MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
- consist of organs which are grouped into: SPERM CELLS
a. MALE EXTERNAL GENITALIA - male sex cells that developed from the testes
I. Penis and is nourished with fluid before becoming
II. Scrotum a Semen
b. MALE REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS - Sperm cells are just part of the semen.
OR GONADS - Semen is the whitish fluid that comes out of
I. Testes the penis, a fluid in seminal vesicle and
c. MALE REPRODUCTIVE DUCTS prostate gland
I. Epididymis
II. Vas deferens MALE REPRODUCTIVE DUCTS
III. Urethra EPIDIDYMIS
d. MALE REPRODUCTIVE GLANDS - mass of coiled tubes that serves as a first
I. Seminal vesicles passageway for sperm cells
II. Ejaculatory duct - It is located at the back of each
III. Prostate gland testicle/testes.
IV. Bulbourethral gland - It stores the sperm for 2-4 days after they
have been produced.
MALE EXTERNAL GENITALIA
PENIS VAS DEFERENS
- An organ through which the sperm cells are - also called as ductus deferens that ascends
delivered into the female’s body between the epididymis to enter the
- has long muscular shaft and bulb-shaped tip abdomen
called GLANS - a long transport tube that carries the sperm
- A hollow tube that also contains the urethra from the epididymis to the ejaculatory duct
- supported, covered, and protected by - Sperms from epididymis goes to the vas
foreskin called PREPUCE deferens to enter the abdomen.
- In some countries, foreskin is surgically
removed called CIRCUMCISION. URETHRA
 Health benefits of circumcision include being - tube-like organ which extends from the tip of
less likely to get urinary tract infections the urinary bladder to the tip of the penis
(UTIs) or sexually transmitted infections - Carries, transports and discharges both urine
(STIs). from the urinary bladder and semen which
 HOW DOES ERECTION OCCUR? contains sperm cells.
- Tissues of Penis contain sinuses or spaces
which are filled with blood when erection is MALE REPRODUCTIVE GLANDS
occurring due to arousal.
SCROTUM SEMINAL VESICLES
- pouch which hangs behind the penis and is - saclike structures attached to the ends of vas
suspended from the pubis, and; deferens
- is responsible for maintaining a temperature - secretes thick, sticky, yellowish, nutrient-
required for sperm to survive containing fluid that contains fructose to
- It contains blood vessels and nerves. nourish the sperm cells, makes up the most
of the man’s ejaculated fluid

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EJACULATORY DUCT gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) that initiates

- Muscles that contract to force the semen out the release of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and
of the body during ejaculation. the luteinizing hormone (LH) from the pituitary gland.
- Formed by the vas deferens and the seminal The release of these hormones stimulates
vesicle; carries the sperm to the urethra. spermatogenesis.

PROSTATE GLAND
- narrowed structure lying below the urinary
bladder that surrounds ejaculatory duct
- produces a thin, milky, alkaline fluid for
additional nourishment of sperm cells
- produces an additional fluid only for semen
- releases a milky fluid that liquefies the
semen, making the sperm move faster.

BULBOURETHRAL GLAND
- also known as Cowper’s Gland, are two
glands about the size of a pea found below
the prostate gland
- releases lubricating mucous, a clear, slippery
fluid for acid neutralization

HOW ARE SPERM CELLS FORMED?

SPERMATOGENESIS
- the process of sperm formation
- happens in the seminiferous tubules of the
testes
- Spermatogenesis begins during puberty and
continues even at an old age.

PARTS OF SPERM CELL

- HEAD encloses the nucleus, which carries
the male’s genetic material or DNA.
- MIDDLE PIECE contains the mitochondria
that provide energy for the sperm to move.
- TAIL is used by the sperm cell for
movement.

Human males can produce sperm cells

during their entire lifetime.

HORMONAL CONTROL
Testis secretes hormones needed for the development
of certain parts of the body, aside from the sperm cells.
This hormone is called the testosterone, which controls
the production of sperm and the development of male
characteristics, particularly the male secondary sex
characteristics during the puberty stage.
The hypothalamus in the brain secretes

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FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM INTERNAL FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE

ORGANS OR GONADS
- consist of organs which are grouped into:
VAGINA
a. FEMALE EXTERNAL GENITALIA
- known as birth canal, a fibro-muscular
I. Vulva
tubular canal
b. INTERNAL FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE
- highly dilatable and is always lubricated by
ORGANS OR GONADS
the secretion of mucous
I. Vagina
- deposits the sperm cell after intercourse
II. Uterus
- serves as the passageway out of the female
III. Cervix
reproductive system
IV. Fallopian tubes
V. Ovaries
VI. Vestibular glands UTERUS
VII. Mammary glands - a pear-shaped, three-walled muscular organ
in the upper pelvic cavity above the urinary
bladder
- provides protection, nutrition, and waste
discharge for the developing embryo
- Also known as the womb
- part where the zygote grows and develops
CERVIX
- the lower end and narrow portion of uterus
that projects into the vagina
- separates the uterus from the vagina
- stays closed until the female gives birth

FALLOPIAN TUBES
- (oviducts/ uterine tubes) lead ovaries of
female mammals into the uterus
- serves as the main site for the fertilization of
the egg cell
FEMALE EXTERNAL GENITALIA
VULVA OVARIES
- collection of mons pubis, labia majora, labia minora, - two oval-shaped organs located in each side
clitoris, urethral opening, vaginal opening, vestibule, of the uterus that serves as site of ova or egg
and hymen cells production
a. MONS PUBIS - secretes estrogen and progesterone
- a firm collection of fat tissue that is covered
by the pubic hair and is found above the area Egg Cell
of vulva - also known as ovum (pl. ova), a female sex
b. LABIA MAJORA cell that is released from the ovary and
- two rounded folds of adipose tissue with develop into mature egg until it meets with
overlying skin the sperm cell to start the fertilization
c. LABIA MINORA process
- folds of the skin lying in between labia
majora VESTIBULAR GLANDS
d. VESTIBULE - accessory reproductive glands in females
- gap between the labia minora that produces mucous for vestibular and
e. CLITORIS vaginal lubrication during intercourse
- pea-shaped projection of erectile tissue,
nerves and blood vessels MAMMARY GLANDS
f. HYMEN - located in the breast, along adipose or fat
- a very thin mucous membrane with several tissues that secretes milk for nourishment of
capillaries separating the vagina on the the newborn child
inside and the vestibule on the outside - controlled by the progesterone, estrogen,
g. URETHRAL OPENING prolactin, and oxytocin for lactation
- an opening where urine is discharged and preparation
opens to the birth canal

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HOW IS AN EGG CELL PRODUCED? THE MENSTRUAL CYCLE HAPPENS WHEN THE
EGG IS NOT FERTILIZED, BUT WHAT IF THE EGG
OOGENESIS CELL IS FERTILIZED BY A SPERM CELL? HOW
- the process of egg cell formation DOES FERTILIZATION OCCUR?
- happens in the ovary where there are
different stages Fertilization and Pregnancy
- FERTILIZATION happens when the egg cell
STAGE 1. The pituitary gland will secrete FSH and the sperm cell unite. It happens along
(follicle-stimulating hormone) to initiate the the Fallopian tube. The fertilized egg will
development of follicles in the ovary. develop into a zygote and travel through the
Fallopian tube to the uterus, where it will stay
STAGE 2. The follicle enlarges and develops until it for 36 weeks. The uterus will serve as the
becomes a mature follicle. site for the growth and development of the
zygote during pregnancy.
STAGE 3. The pituitary gland will now secrete the LH
(luteinizing hormone), which triggers ovulation or the WHAT ARE THE TYPES OF TWINS AND HOW
release of the egg cell in the ovary. ARE THEY FORMED
STAGE 4. The follicle containing the egg cell will be
ruptured after ovulation, and it will turn into corpus
luteum and degenerate to give way to the
development of another follicle.

HOW DOES BLEEDING IN MENSTRUATION

OCCUR?
- when the ovum or egg cell from the ovary is The female reproductive system is also
not fertilized, shedding off process occurs in responsible for the growth and development of
the endometrial wall of uterus the baby during pregnancy.
THE MENSTRUAL CYCLE
- The whole cycle lasts for 28 days.
- MENARCHE is the first occurrence of
menstruation when a woman’s egg is not
fertilized.

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