GRAMMAR HANDBOOK

PARTICIPANTS’ MANUAL
 CONTENTS

Topic P
age
FOREWORD 3

OBJECTIVE & SCOPE 4

SESSION 1 : 2 HOURS 5

SESSION 2 : 2 HOURS 9

SESSION 3 : 2 HOURS 28

FOREWORD

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To be able to convey our thoughts and feelings to others through words is
one of the greatest gifts to human kind. It is very important that we use this
gift thoughtfully. The kind of language we use makes a big impression on
others and thus comes the responsibility to speak correctly.

To speak correctly we must focus on grammar, on proper usage of words and

on correct pronunciation.

Grammar refers to the fundamental principles and structure of the language,

including clear and correct sentence construction and the proper forms of
words.

What is the importance of Grammar?

CSC resources communicate with colleagues and clients all over the world. To
be able to communicate effectively and convey accurate messages, it is
essential to know correct grammar. Technical knowledge, if misunderstood,
can lead to serious concerns.

Thus, for effective and emphatic communication, knowledge of correct

grammar is vital.

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 OBJECTIVES

 Understand the importance and usage of grammatical

correct Global English

 Recognize and use good sentence construction

 Recognize and avoid common grammatical errors

 Improve communicative English by minimizing

Indianism
.
 Be your own grammar coach through the process of self-editing

SCOPE

 Recognize and avoid common grammatical errors

 Implement grammar rules to communicate more effectively

 Facilitate skill enhancement and improvement in written and spoken

communication

 Improve your conversation skills

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 SESSION 1 – 2 HOURS

INTRODUCTION

Introduction with the participants.

SHARE EXPECTATIONS
Sharing of expectations between the trainer and the trainees.

PRE-TRAINING ASSESSMENT

SUBECT-VERB AGREEMENT

Rules on Subject Verb Agreement

Basic Principle: Singular subjects need singular verbs; plural subjects need
plural verbs.

My brother is a nutritionist. My sisters are mathematicians.

1.

The indefinite pronouns anyone, everyone, someone, no one, nobody are

always singular and, therefore, require singular verbs.

• Everyone has done his or her homework.

• Somebody has left her purse.

2.

Some indefinite pronouns — such as all, some — are singular or plural

depending on what they're referring to. (Is the thing referred to countable or
not?)

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 • Some of the beads are missing.
• Some of the water is gone.

3.

The indefinite pronoun, none, can be either singular or plural; it often doesn't
matter whether you use a singular or a plural verb — unless something else
in the sentence determines its number.

• None of you claims responsibility for this incident?

• None of you claim responsibility for this incident?
• None of the students have done their homework.

4.

Everyone and everybody are always singular

Everyone has finished his or her homework.

Each is always singular and requires a singular verb.

Each of the students is responsible for doing his or her work in the library.

6.

Phrases such as together with, as well as, and along with are not the same as
and. The phrase introduced by as well as or along with will modify the earlier
word (mayor in this case), but it does not compound the subjects (as the
word and would do).

• The mayor as well as his brothers is going to prison.

• The mayor and his brothers are going to jail.

7.

The pronouns neither and either are singular and require singular verbs even
though they seem to be referring, in a sense, to two things.

• Neither of the two traffic lights is working.

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 • Which shirt do you want for Christmas?
Either is fine with me.

8.

The conjunction or does not conjoin (as and does): when nor or or is used the
subject closer to the verb determines the number of the verb. Whether the
subject comes before or after the verb doesn't matter; the proximity
determines the number.

• Either my father or my brothers are going to sell the house.

• Neither my brothers nor my father is going to sell the house.
• Are either my brothers or my father responsible?
• Is either my father or my brothers responsible?

9.

The words there and here are never subjects.

• There are two reasons [plural subject] for this.

• There is no reason for this.
• Here are two apples.

With these constructions, the subject follows the verb but still determines the
number of the verb.

10.

Sometimes nouns take weird forms and can fool us into thinking they're
plural when they're really singular and vice-versa. Words such as glasses,
pants, pliers, and scissors are regarded as plural (and require plural verbs)
unless they're preceded by the phrase pair of (in which case the word pair
becomes the subject).

• My glasses were on the bed.

• My pants were torn.
• A pair of plaid trousers is in the closet.

Some words end in -s and appear to be plural but are really singular and
require singular verbs.

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 • The news from the front is bad.
• Measles is a dangerous disease for pregnant women.

On the other hand, some words ending in -s refer to a single thing but are
nonetheless plural and require a plural verb.

• My assets were wiped out in the depression.

• The average worker's earnings have gone up dramatically.
• Our thanks go to the workers who supported the union.

11.

Fractional expressions such as half of, a part of, a percentage of, a majority
of are sometimes singular and sometimes plural, depending on the meaning.
(The same is true, of course, when all, any, more, most and some act as
subjects.) Sums and products of mathematical processes are expressed as
singular and require singular verbs. The expression "more than one" takes a
singular verb: "More than one student has tried this."

• Some of the voters are still angry.

• A large percentage of the older population is voting against her.
• Two-fifths of the troops were lost in the battle.
• Two-fifths of the vineyard was destroyed by fire.
• Forty percent of the students are in favor of changing the policy.
• Forty percent of the student body is in favor of changing the
policy.
• Two and two is four.
• Four times four divided by two is eight.

12.

If your sentence compounds a positive and a negative subject and one is

plural, the other singular, the verb should agree with the positive subject.

• The department members but not the chair have decided not
to teach on Valentine's Day.
• It is not the faculty members but the president who decides
this issue.
• It was the speaker, not his ideas, that has provoked the
students to riot.

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 SESSION 2 – 2 HOURS

REVISION OF TOPICS COVERED IN SESSION 1

TENSES

DIVISION OF TENSES

TENSES

PRESENT
PAST FUTURE

These tenses are further divided into four parts –

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 1. SIMPLE

2. CONTINUOUS

3. PERFECT

4. PERFECT CONTINUOUS

SIMPLE PRESENT

USES:

1. To express habits, general truths, repeated actions or unchanging

situations, emotions and wishes:
I smoke (habit); I work in London (unchanging situation); London is a
large city (general truth)

2. To give instructions or directions:

You walk for two hundred meters, then you turn left.

3. To express fixed arrangements, present or future:

Your exam starts at 09.00

4. To express future time, after some conjunctions: after, when, before,

as soon as, until:
He'll give it to you when you come next Saturday.

Form:

+ve sentence –

Subject + Verb 1 [ with he/she/it – Verb 1 + s/es ]

-ve sentence –

Subject + do/does + not + Verb 1

Question –

Do/Does + subject + Verb 1 ?

Examples:

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 1. For habits
He drinks tea at breakfast.
She only eats fish.
They watch television regularly.

2. For repeated actions or events

We catch the bus every morning.
It rains every afternoon in the hot season.
They drive to Monaco every summer.

3. For general truths

Water freezes at zero degrees.
The Earth revolves around the Sun.
Her mother is Peruvian.

4. For instructions or directions

Open the packet and pour the contents into hot water.
You take the No.6 bus to Watney and then the No.10 to Bedford.

5. For fixed arrangements

His mother arrives tomorrow.
Our holiday starts on the 26th March

6. With future constructions

She'll see you before she leaves.
We'll give it to her when she arrives.

Exercise:

Example: ____ she ___ books? (to read)

Answer: Does she read books?

1.They ____________ handball. (to play)

2. She __________________ e-mails. (not/to write)
3. _______you ______________ English? (to speak)
4. The children _________________ fish. (not/to like)
5. Andy's brother ____________ in an office. (to work)

PRESENT CONTINUOUS

USES:

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 • To describe an action that is going on at this moment:
You are using the Internet.
You are studying English grammar.

• To describe an action that is going on during this period of time or a

trend:
Are you still working for the same company?
More and more people are becoming vegetarian.

• To describe an action or event in the future, which has already been

planned or prepared:
We’re going on holiday tomorrow?
I'm meeting my boyfriend tonight.

• To describe a temporary event or situation:

He usually plays the drums, but he's playing bass guitar tonight.
The weather forecast was good, but it's raining at the moment.

• With 'always, forever, constantly', to describe and emphasize a

continuing series of repeated actions:
Harry and Sally are always arguing.

Form:

+ve sentence –

Subject + am/is/are + [ Verb 1 + ing ]

-ve sentence –

Subject + am/is/are + not + [ Verb 1 + ing ]

Question –

Am/Is/Are + subject + [ Verb 1 + ing ] ?

Examples:

1. Peter is reading a book now.

2. She is going to Basel on Saturday.
3. His father is working in Rome this month.
4. My friend is preparing for his exams.
5. More and more people are using their computers to listen to music.

Exercise:

Example: Jane _______________ . (to read a book)

Answer: Jane is reading a book.

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1. Andrew ____________________________. (to make muffins)
2. You ____________________________. (to cut the grass)
3. Simon _____________________________.(not/to write a letter)
4. We ____________________________. (to swap things)
5. Kathy _________________________. (to dance with Bob)
6._______Ashley ______________on the computer? (to work)
7._______you _____________to music? (to listen)
8.Max and Sue _________________________________. (not/to help their
father)
9.I ________________________________.(not/to talk to John)
10.We _________________________________________. (to buy a new house)

PRESENT PERFECT
USES:

1.An action or situation that started in the past and continues in the
present:
I have lived in Bristol since 1984 (= and I still do.)

2. An action performed during a period that has not yet finished:

She has been to the cinema twice this week (= and the week isn't
over
yet.)

3. A repeated action in an unspecified period between the past and

now:
We have visited Portugal several times.

4. An action that was completed in the very recent past (expressed by

'just'):
I have just finished my work.

5. An action when the time is not important:

He has read 'War and Peace'. (the result of his reading is
important)

Form:

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+ve sentence –

Subject + has/have + [ Verb 3 ]

-ve sentence –

Subject + has/have + not + [ Verb 3 ]

Question –

Has/Have + subject + [ Verb 3 ] ?

                                                                

 Examples:

1. Actions started in the past and continuing in the present.

a. They haven't lived here for years.
b. She has worked in the bank for five years.
c. We have had the same car for ten years.

2. When the time period referred to has not finished.

a. I have worked hard this week.
b. It has rained a lot this year.
c. We haven't seen her today.

3. Actions repeated in an unspecified period between the past

and now.
a. They have seen that film six times.
b. It has happened several times already.
c. We have eaten at that restaurant many times.

4. Actions completed in the very recent past (+just).

a. I have just eaten.
b. We have just seen her.
c. Has he just left?

5. When the precise time of the action is not important or not

known.
a. Someone has eaten my soup!

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 b. Have you seen 'Gone with the Wind'?
c. She has studied Japanese, Russian and English.

Exercise:

Example: We _______________ the car yet. (not/to clean)

Answer: We have not cleaned the car yet.

1. I ___________________a new computer. (to get)

2. ____________you ever _______________to New York? (to be)
3. John _______________________the film in the cinema. (not/to see)
4. Joe ______________________on a trip through Alaska. (to go)
5. ____________Tom _________________his pen yet? (to find)

PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS

USES:

1. To talk about actions that started in the past and continue in the
present:
She has been waiting for you all day (=and she's still waiting now).
2. To talk about actions that have just finished, but we are interested in
the results:
Someone has been eating my chips (= half of them have gone).

Form:

+ve sentence –

Subject + has/have + been + [ Verb 1 + ing ]

-ve sentence –

Subject + has/have + not + been + [ Verb 1 + ing ]

Question –

Has/Have + subject + been + [ Verb 1 + ing ] ?

Examples:

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 1. I've been working on this report since eight o'clock this morning
(=and I still haven't finished it).

2. They have been travelling since last October (=and they're not
home yet).

3. She has been cooking since last night (=and the food on the table
looks delicious).

4. It's been raining (= and the streets are still wet).

5. She has been working at that company for three years (=and she is
still in the same company).

Exercise:

Example: She ______ tennis for half an hour now. (to play)
Answer: She has been playing tennis for half an hour now.

1. I ________________________________this website since 1999. (to run)

2. My parents _______________________________for years. (to smoke)
3. We _________________________________in Greece since last August.
(to live)
4. He _________________________________for her since 6 o'clock. (to wait)
5. Max and Paul ______________________their bikes all day. (to ride)

SIMPLE PAST
USES:

1. To express the idea that an action started and finished at a specific

time in the past. Sometimes the speaker may not actually mention
the specific time, but they do have one specific time in mind:
I saw a movie yesterday.

2. To list a series of completed actions in the past:

He arrived from the airport at 8:00, checked into the hotel at 9:00,
and met the others at 10:00.

3. Used with a duration which starts and stops in the past. A duration is
a long action often used with expressions like "for two years," "for five

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 minutes," "all day" or "all year” :
I lived in Brazil for two years.

Form:

+ve sentence –

Subject + [ Verb 2 ]

-ve sentence –

Subject + did + not + [ Verb 1 ]

Question –

Did + subject + [ Verb 1 ] ?

Examples:

1. I was in Japan last year

2. She had a headache yesterday.
3. We didn't have time to visit the Eiffel Tower.
4. We didn't do our exercises this morning.
5. Did he go to the cinema last night?
6. Did he come to your party last week?
7. John Cabot sailed to America in 1498.

Exercise:

Example: We ___________ the car yesterday. (not/to clean)

Answer: We did not clean the car yesterday.

1. The children ___________________at home last weekend. (not/to be)

2. I ________________my Maths homework yesterday. (to do)
3. _________Susan __________to England by plane? (to go)
4. Jenny and Peggy ____________________their brother. (not/to help)
5. When ________________you in London? (to be)

PAST CONTINUOUS

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USES:

1. Often, to describe the background in a story written in the past tense:

"The sun was shining and the birds were singing as the elephant
came out of the jungle. The other animals were relaxing in the shade
of the trees, but the elephant moved very quickly………”

2. To describe an unfinished action that was interrupted by another event

or action:
"I was having a beautiful dream when the alarm clock rang."

3. To express a change of mind:

"I was going to spend the day at the beach but I've decided to go on
an excursion instead."

4. With 'wonder', to make a very polite request:

"I was wondering if you could baby-sit for me tonight."

Form:

+ve sentence –

Subject + was/were + [ Verb 1 + ing ]

-ve sentence –

Subject + was/were + not + [ Verb 1 + ing ]

Question –

Was/Were + subject + [ Verb 1 + ing ] ?

Examples:

1. They were waiting for the bus when the accident happened.
2. Caroline was skiing when she broke her leg.
3. While Ellen was reading, Tim was watching television.
4. They were eating dinner, discussing their plans and having a good
time. 5. I was watching TV when she called.
6. When I walked into the office, several people were busily typing, some
were talking on the phones, the boss was yelling directions, and
customers were waiting to be helped.

Exercise:

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Example: ____ she ______ books? (to read)
Answer: Was she reading books? (to read)

1. ___________Ashley ______________on the computer? (to work)

2. When I entered the bazaar, a couple of merchants _____________ (to
bargain, busily) and _______________ (to try) to sell their goods to naive
tourists who ________________ (to hunt) for souvenirs. Some young boys
_________________(to lead) their donkeys through the narrow streets on their
way home.
3. I _________________a mystery movie on T.V. when the electricity went out.
Now I am never going to find out how the movie ends. (to watch)
4. When the fire started I ____________ television.(to watch)
5. At midnight, we __________still _______________ through the desert. (to
drive)

PAST PERFECT

USES:

1. Expresses the idea that something occurred before another action in

the past. It can also show that something happened before a specific
time in the past:
I had never seen such a beautiful beach before I went to Kauai.

2. With Non-progressive Verbs, used to show that something started in

the past and continued up until another action in the past:
We had had that car for ten years before it broke down.
By the time Alex finished his studies, he had been in London for
over eight years.

Form:

+ve sentence –

Subject + had + [ Verb 3 ]

-ve sentence –

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 Subject + had + not + [ Verb 3 ]

Question –

Had + subject + [ Verb 3 ] ?

Examples:

1. The train had just left when I arrived at the station.

2. She had just left the room when the police arrived.
3. She had never seen a bear before she moved to Alaska.
4. She had visited her Japanese relatives once in 1993 before she moved
in with them in 1996.
5. They had never met an American until they met John.

Exercise:

Example: He________________the e-mail. (to write)

Answer: He had written the e-mail. (to write)

1. We _______________in Canada since 1986. (to live)

2. __________ Peggy ever ____________ to Tokyo? (to be)
3. What ___________you ______________ in the kitchen? (to drop)
4. Andy _________________his sister's bike. (to repair)
5. The pupils _______________________their homework. (not/to forget)

PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS

USES:

1. To show that something started in the past and continued up until

another time in the past:
They had been talking for over an hour before Tony arrived.

2. To show cause and effect:

Jason was tired because he had been jogging.

Form:

+ve sentence –

Subject + had + been + [ Verb 1 + ing ]

-ve sentence –

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 Subject + had + not + been + [ Verb 1 + ing ]

Question –

Had + subject + been + [ Verb 1 + ing ] ?

Examples:

1. I had been waiting for Susan for 2 hours when she arrived.
2. We had been trying to open the door for five minutes when Jane
found her key.
3. She had only been studying English for two years before she got the
job.
4. James had been teaching at the University for more than a year
before he left for Asia.
5. Had you been waiting long before the taxi arrived?
6. Sam gained weight because he had been overeating.

Exercise:

Example: She ____________at that company for three years when it went out
of business. (to work)
Answer: She had been working at that company for three years when it went
out of business. (to work)

1. Emily __________________on the computer for too long. (to work)

2. Max and Paul _____________________their bikes all day. (to ride)
3. He ____________________for her since 6 o'clock. (to wait)
4. They ___________________in the sun for hours. (to sit)
5. I _______________________there for two hours before she finally arrived.
(to wait)

SIMPLE FUTURE

USES:

1. To express a voluntary action:

A: I'm really hungry.
B: I'll make some sandwiches.

2. To express a promise:
I will call you when I arrive.

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 3 To express a plan (be going to) :
He is going to spend his vacation in Hawaii.

4. To express a prediction:
The year 2222 will be a very interesting year.

Form:

+ve sentence –

Subject + will + Verb 1

-ve sentence –

Subject + will + Verb 1

Question –

Will + subject + Verb 1 ?

Examples:

1. I promise I will not tell him about the surprise party.

2. I'll pay for the tickets by credit card.
3. You will do exactly as I say.
4. We are going to meet each other tonight at 6:00 PM.
5. It will rain tomorrow.
6. I think Sue will arrive in Paris at 6 pm.

Exercise:

Example: The weather ______ nice at the weekend. (to be)

Answer: The weather will be nice at the weekend.

1. The pupils ________________good marks in the test. (to get)

2. Tomorrow it __________________in the North. (to rain)
3. This car ___________________________soon. (not/to break down)
4. _____________they __________________the next match? (to win)
5. We _________________ a football for Peter. (not/to buy)
6. His brother ____________________a letter to his uncle today. (to write)

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 FUTURE CONTINUOUS

USES:

1. To project ourselves into the future and see something happening:

This time next week I will be sun-bathing in Bali.

2. To refer to actions/events that will happen in the normal course of

events:
I'll be seeing Jim at the conference next week.

3. In the interrogative form, especially with 'you', to distinguish

between a simple request for information and an invitation:
Will you be coming to the party tonight? (= request for information) Will
you come to the party? (= invitation)

4. To predict or guess about someone's actions or feelings, now or in

the future:
You'll be feeling tired after that long walk, I expect.

5. To describe an atmosphere:
When I arrive at the party everybody is going to be celebrating. Some
will be dancing. Others are going to be talking. A few people will be
eating pizza.

6. With two or more actions in the same sentence, to express the

idea that both actions will be happening at the same time:
Tonight, they will be eating dinner, discussing their plans, and having
a good time.

Form:

+ve sentence –

Subject + will + be + [ Verb 1 + ing ]

-ve sentence –

Subject + will + be + [ Verb 1 + ing ]

Question –

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 Will + subject + be + [ Verb 1 + ing ] ?

Examples:

1. This time next week you will be working in your new job.
2. I'll be going into town this afternoon, is there anything you want from
the shops?
3. Will Jim be coming with us?
4. You'll be feeling thirsty after working in the sun.
5. I will be watching TV when she arrives tonight.

Exercise:

Example: Max _____________ on the computer when his mother comes

home. (to play)
Answer: Max will be playing on the computer when his mother comes
home.

1. Peggy ___________________ to the party on Saturday. (to come)

2. It _______________________when I reach Bangkok. (probably/to rain)
3. ____________ Ashley ________________on the computer? (to work)
4. Max and Sue___________________________________. (not/to help their
father)
5. Tomorrow at nine I _______________________ a test. (to write)

FUTURE PERFECT

USES:

1. To express the idea that something will occur before another

action in the future. It can also show that something will
happen before a specific time in the future:
By next November, I will have received my promotion.

2. With Non-continuous Verbs, to show that something will

continue up until another action in the future:
I will have been in London for six months by the time I leave.

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Form:

+ve sentence –

Subject + will + have + Verb 3

-ve sentence –

Subject + will + not + have + Verb 3

Question –

Will + subject + have + Verb 3 ?

Examples:

1. By the time he gets home, she will have cleaned the entire house.
2. By the time you read this I'll have left.
3. I will have perfected my English by the time I come back from the
U.S.
4. We will have finished our work by this time next week.
5. I'll have been here for six months on June 23rd.

Exercise:

Example: He _____________ the suitcase by tomorrow. (to pack) Answer:

He will have packed the suitcase by tomorrow.

1. We _______________________the washing by 8 o'clock. (to do)

2. They _______________________their essay by tomorrow. (to write)
3. She ________________________Paris by the end of next year. (to visit)
4. I ________________________this by 6 o'clock. (to finish)
5. Sam ________________________by next week. (to leave)

FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS

USES:

1. To show that something will continue up until a particular

event or time in the future:

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 They will have been talking for over an hour by the time Tony
arrives.

2. Used before another action in the future, to show cause and

effect: Jason will be tired when he gets home
because he will have been jogging for over an hour.

Form:

+ve sentence –

Subject + will + have + been + [ Verb 1 + ing ]

-ve sentence –

Subject + will + not + have + been + [ Verb 1 + ing ]

Question –

Will + subject + have + been + [ Verb 1 + ing ] ?

Examples:

1. I will have been waiting for two hours when her plane finally arrives.
2. I will have been waiting here for three hours by six o'clock.
3. By 2010 I will have been living here for sixteen years.
4. By the time I finish this course, I will have been learning English for
twenty years.
5. I will have been reading for an hour when my roommate returns.

Exercise:

Example: Next year I ____________________ here for four years. (to

work)
Answer: Next year I will have been working here for four years.

1. She_________________________________________for over seven hours by

the time everyone arrives for dinner this afternoon. (to cook)
2. When Sarah goes on vacation next month, she
___________________________________German for over two years. (to
study)

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3. Margie just called and said she would be here at 8:00 o'clock. By the
time she gets here, we _________________________________ for her for two
hours. (to wait)
4. By the time I finish this course, I ______________________________English
for twenty years. (to learn)
5. She ____________________________________ at that company for three
years when it finally closes. (to work)

Verb Tense Overview with Examples

Simple Present Simple Past Simple Future

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 If you are having
problems, I will help you
Two years ago, I studied study English.
I study English everyday.
English in England.
I am going to study
English next year.

Present Continuous Past Continuous Future Continuous

I will be studying English

when you arrive tonight.
I was studying English
I am studying English
when you called
now. I am going to be
yesterday.
studying English when
you arrive tonight.

Present Perfect Past Perfect Future Perfect

I will have studied every

tense by the time I finish
this course.
I have studied English in I had studied a little
several different English before I moved to
I am going to have
countries. the U.S.
studied every tense by
the time I finish this
course.

Present Perfect Past Perfect Future Perfect

Continuous Continuous Continuous

I will have been studying

English for over two
hours by the time you
I had been studying
arrive.
I have been studying English for five years
English for five years. before I moved to the
I am going to have been
U.S.
studying English for over
two hours by the time
you arrive.

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 SESSION 3 – 2 HOURS

PREPOSITIONS

PREPOSITIONS
What is a Preposition?
A preposition links nouns, pronouns and phrases to other words in a
sentence. The word or phrase that the preposition introduces is called the
object of the preposition.

A preposition usually indicates the temporal, spatial or logical

relationship of its object to the rest of the sentence as in the following
examples:

The book is on the table.

The book is beneath the table.
The book is leaning against the table.
The book is beside the table.
She held the book over the table.
She read the book during class.

In each of the preceding sentences, a preposition locates the noun

"book" in space or in time.

A preposition may be defined as connecting word showing the relation

of a noun or a noun substitute to some other word in the sentence. (Ex. The
squirrel in the tree; the preposition in shows the relationship between the
squirrel and the tree.)

A. TIME
about: about noon (approximately)
after: after the game
after lunch
after three
at: at five o'clock
at last (finally)
by: by midnight (no later than)
for: for an hour (duration)
from: from Monday to Friday
in: in the morning
in April
in 1987

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 in six months (at the end of)
in time (early enough)
on: on Tuesday (day of the week)
on May 8 (date)
past: a quarter past three (15 minutes after)
to: a quarter to three (15 minutes before)

B. PLACE OR DIRECTION
around: She walked around the car.
at: They are at home.
We were at the restaurant.
He smiled at her.
down: They lived down the hall.
from: We immigrated from Peru in 1991.
The restaurant is one mile from here.
in: He lives in a trailer.
We waited in the bus.
inside: Put it inside the house.
of: We moved south of Montreal
on: We sat on the ocean pier.
She left on the train.
through: They drove through the tunnel.
to: He went to Prague.
Give it to me.
up: He walked up the stairs.
with: He went with me.

C. MEANS OR AGENT
by: He was hit by a ball.
She came by train.
He did it by hard work.
It came by special delivery.
He got there by swimming.
from: His success results from careful planning.
in: He takes pleasure in it.
on: They live on bread and water.
with: He chased the mongoose with a stick.

D. MANNER
by: By doing it yourself, you save time.
in: He left in confusion.
The room was in a turmoil.
You can do it in a day.
like: He looks like a hero.
on: I swear it on my word of honor.

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with: He ate it with a fork.

E. STATE OR CONDITION
as: I see her as a good person.
at: My friend is at work.
She is at home.
by: They are by themselves(alone).
for: I mistook you for someone else.
in: He is in a state of confusion.
on: He is on duty (scheduled to work).

F. QUANTITY OR MEASURE
by: We bought them by the kilo.
for: We drove for twenty miles.
We bought it for ten cents.

G. PURPOSE
for: He bought it for an emergency.
She went to the city for sightseeing.
He loved her for her thoughtfulness.

POST-TRAINING ASSESSMENT

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