Scribd Logo
Upload

Welcome to Scribd!

  • 44 views

    Chapter 2 Physical Quantities and Measurement

    Uploaded by

    Harshita Munot
    The document discusses the concept of density and relative density. It defines density as the mass of an object per unit volume and explains that density depends on both mass and volume. Relative density is defined as the ratio of the density of a substance to the density of water. Methods for measuring density and relative density of regular and irregular solids as well as liquids are described. Factors that affect density such as physical state, temperature, and pressure are also outlined.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Chapter 2 Physical Quantities and Measurement

    Uploaded by

    Harshita Munot
    44 views23 pages
    The document discusses the concept of density and relative density. It defines density as the mass of an object per unit volume and explains that density depends on both mass and volume. Relative density is defined as the ratio of the density of a substance to the density of water. Methods for measuring density and relative density of regular and irregular solids as well as liquids are described. Factors that affect density such as physical state, temperature, and pressure are also outlined.

    Copyright

    © © All Rights Reserved

    Available Formats

    PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Did you find this document useful?

    Is this content inappropriate?

    The document discusses the concept of density and relative density. It defines density as the mass of an object per unit volume and explains that density depends on both mass and volume. Relative density is defined as the ratio of the density of a substance to the density of water. Methods for measuring density and relative density of regular and irregular solids as well as liquids are described. Factors that affect density such as physical state, temperature, and pressure are also outlined.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    44 views23 pages

    Chapter 2 Physical Quantities and Measurement

    Uploaded by

    Harshita Munot
    The document discusses the concept of density and relative density. It defines density as the mass of an object per unit volume and explains that density depends on both mass and volume. Relative density is defined as the ratio of the density of a substance to the density of water. Methods for measuring density and relative density of regular and irregular solids as well as liquids are described. Factors that affect density such as physical state, temperature, and pressure are also outlined.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 23

    Physical Quantities And Measurement

    DENSITY
    • Density of an object is defined as the mass of an object in a given volume.

    • Density of material depend on two things:


    1. Mass of an object: Mass is defined as the amount of matter contained in a
    material.
    2. Volume of an object: Volume is the space occupied by an object.
     Mass of 1 kg iron and 1 kg cotton is same but the space occupied by both is different.

     Thus the substance with equal mass can have different volumes.

     Similarly, equal volumes of different substances can have different mass.


    • Density is related to how closely atoms or molecules are arranged in a material.
    • If the volume of an object is more for a given matter, then the density is less.

    • In the above example, the volume of both the boxes is same, but the amount of matter contained
    in one box is less than the other, so the density of that box is less than the other.
    • Thus if volume > density is less
    • volume < density is more
    • Similarly if mass > density is more
    • mass < density is less
    • Density is a physical property of matter.
    • Density is denoted by p and pronounced as ‘rho’.
    • Density = Mass of an object = M
    Volume of the object V
    • Units of Density
    • SI unit of density can be derived from the SI units of mass and volume.
    SI unit of density = SI unit of mass = kg
    SI unit of volume m3
    • Density of material is said to be 1 kg / m3 when a mass of 1 kg is packed in a
    volume of 1 m3
    • Density can also be measured in gram per cubic centimetre(g/ cm3)
    NUMERICALS

    1. A rod of aluminium occupies a volume of 10 cm3 and weighs 27.0 g. What is the
    density?
    Mass of rod = 27.0 g
    Volume of rod = 10 cm3
    Density = Mass of an object = M = 27 g = 2.7 g / cm3
    Volume of the object V 10 cm3

    • If density and volume is given then mass = density x volume


    • If density and mass is given then volume = mass
    density
    Measurement of density

    • Measuring density of regular solids


    • For measuring density of solid , we first measure the mass and volume of the solid
    and then divide the two, to find the density.
    • Mass of an object can be measured using a beam balance
    • To find the volume of regular – shaped objects,
    we need to find the dimension and then find the
    volume.
    Volume of some regular solids
    SHAPE VOLUME FORMULA

    1 CUBE side x side x side or l3

    2 CUBOID length x breadth x height


    =lxbxh
    3 SPHERE 4 π r3
    3
    4 CYLINDER π r2 h

    5 CONE 1 π r2 h
    3
    Measuring density of irregular solids
    • Density of irregular solid, such as a pebble or a key etc can be measured using either a measuring cylinder or eureka can.
    • EUREKA CAN
    • Eureka can is based on Archimedes principle
    according to which the amount of water displaced
    by an object is equal to its volume.(The weight of water displaced
    equals the buoyant force acting on the body).
    • A eureka can is a large container with a spout near
    its top.
    • The can is filled to the top with water and the object
    is placed in it.
    • The volume of the object is equal to the volume of
    the water that is forced through the spout.
    • Eureka can are also called displacement vessels.
    BUOYANT FORCE
    DENSITY OF IRREGULAR SOLID

    Liquid displacement method Mass= 39.21 g


    Volume = Final volume v2 – Initial volume v1
    V1= 48 ml
    V2= 60 ml
    Volume= v2 – v1
    = 60 ml – 48 ml
    = 12 ml
    (Since 1 ml = 1 cm3 )
    = 12 cm3
    Now, Density = mass/volume
    = 39.21/12
    = 3.26 g/ cm3
    RELATIVE DENSITY
    RELATIVE DENSITY
    • Relative density is the ratio of the density of a substance to the density of water at
    4°C,as density of water is maximum at this temperature.
    • Relative density of a substance = Density of a substance
    Density of water at 4°C
    Density of a substance = Relative density of a substance x Density of water
    • Relative density is also known as the specific gravity of the substance.
    • It gives the measure of the weight of an object with respect to water, whether the
    object is lighter or heavier than water.
    • We can also express relative density as a comparison of masses of the substance
    to that of water provided that the volume of both are the same.
    Relative density of a substance at a given volume = Mass of the substance
    Mass of water at 4°C
    • Relative density of a substance is a unitless physical quantity.
    • Relative density of a substance has the same value in any system of units.
    • Example
    • In CGS system, the density of aluminium is 2.7 g/cm3 and the density of water is
    1 g/cm3
    Relative density of aluminium = 2.7 g/cm3 = 2.7
    1 g/cm3
    RELATIVE DENSITY OF SOME SUBSTANCE

    SUBSTANCE RELATIVE DENSITY


    Aluminium 2.7
    Mercury 13.6
    Iron 7.86
    Ice 0.92
    Lead 11.35
    Measurement of relative density of liquids

    Specific Gravity Bottle


    • Relative density of a liquid can be determined by using the specific
    gravity bottle known as pycnometer.
    • Pycnometer
    • A specific gravity bottle is made up of glass and glass stopper with
    an attached capillary tube through it.
    • Measurement is done with a clean and dry bottle.
    Working of Pycnometer
    • First the bottle is weighed using a physical balance.
    • Let this mass be m1
    • Then fill the bottle with water upto the brim along with the stopper.
    • As the stopper is inserted ,excess of water overflows.
    • Weigh the mass of the bottle with water, m2
    • We know that,
    • Relative density of a substance at a given volume = Mass of the substance
    Mass of the water at 4°C
    • If the volume of both the water and the liquid are the same then:
    Relative density of a substance at a given volume = m3 – m1
    m2 – m1
    m1 = mass of empty pycnometer bottle
    m2 = mass of empty bottle + mass of water
    m3 = mass of empty bottle + mass of unknown liquid

    Mass of water = m2 – m1
    Mass of unknown liquid = m3 – m1

    Volume of water = volume of unknown liquid

    R.D of a substance at a given volume = Mass of a substance


    Mass of water at 4°C
    = m3 – m1
    ________
    m2 – m1
    NUMERICAL
    • A relative density bottle weighs 20 g. When completely filled with water it weighs
    25 g. When filled with an unknown liquid it weighs 88 g. Calculate the relative
    density and find the unknown liquid.
    • Solution:
    m1 = 20 g
    m2 = 25 g
    m3 = 88 g
    Relative density of a substance at a given volume = m3 – m1 = 88 – 20 = 68 = 13.6
    m2 – m1 25 - 20 5
    The unknown liquid can be mercury.
    FACTORS AFFECTING DENSITY

    1. Physical State of Matter

    • The three physical state of matter are solids, liquids and gases.
    • Atoms are arranged in a tightly packed structure in solids as
    compared to liquids and gases.
    • In a given volume, there are more atoms of a solid material than in
    liquid or gaseous materials.
    • Hence solid have greater density than liquids and liquids have greater
    density than gases.
    2. Temperature
    • Density directly depends on mass and volume.
    • As the temperature of the substance is increased, the atoms gain energy and start
    moving far apart.
    • This leads to the rise in the volume of the substance, mass remaining constant.
    • Thus density of substance decreases on heating.
    • Conversely, when a substance is cooled down, the atoms come closer to form a
    compact structure.
    • Thus the density of material increases on cooling.
    3. Pressure
    • Since solids are incompressible ,the change in pressure will not have any effect on
    its density
    • But in case of gases, the atoms of the substance lie far apart and thus gases are
    highly compressible.
    • At a constant temperature if the pressure increases ,the atoms of the gas come
    closer and there is a decrease in the volume.
    • Thus the density of substance will change because of the change in the volume.
    Laws of Floatation
    1. If the density of an object is more than the density of the liquid in which it is
    immersed , then the object will sink.
    2. If the density of an object is less than the density of the liquid , then the object will
    float on the liquid.

    • Many substances such as wood, vegetable oil, petrol, have densities lesser than
    water, so they float on water.
    • Whereas iron, aluminium, steel etc have densities greater than water and hence
    they will sink.
    Applications of Relative Density on floatation
    • A ship floats in water
    • Icebergs float in sea
    • Hydrogen balloons

    You might also like