NATIONAL

SENIOR CERTIFICATE

GRADE 11

PHYSICAL SCIENCES: CHEMISTRY (P2)

NOVEMBER 2015

MARKS: 150

TIME: 3 hours

This question paper consists of 13 pages, 4 data sheets

and 1 answer sheet.

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Physical Sciences/P2 2 DBE/November 2015
CAPS – Grade 11

INSTRUCTIONS AND INFORMATION

1. Write your name and class (for example 11A) in the appropriate spaces on
the ANSWER BOOK.

2. This question paper consists of TEN questions. Answer QUESTION 4.2 and
QUESTION 4.3 on the attached ANSWER SHEET. Answer ALL the other
questions in the ANSWER BOOK.

3. Start EACH question on a NEW page in the ANSWER BOOK.

4. Number the answers correctly according to the numbering system used in this
question paper.

5. Leave ONE line between two subquestions, for example between

QUESTION 2.1 and QUESTION 2.2.

6. You may use a non-programmable calculator.

7. You may use appropriate mathematical instruments.

8. You are advised to use the attached DATA SHEETS.

9. Show ALL formulae and substitutions in ALL calculations.

10. Round off your final numerical answers to a minimum of TWO decimal places.

11. Give brief motivations, discussions et cetera where required.

12. Write neatly and legibly.

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Physical Sciences/P2 3 DBE/November 2015
NSC – Grade 11

QUESTION 1: MULTIPLE-CHOICE QUESTIONS

Four options are provided as possible answers to the following questions. Each
question has only ONE correct answer. Choose the answer and write only the
letter (A–D) next to the question number (1.1–1.10) in the ANSWER BOOK, for
example 1.11 E.

1.1 According to the Arrhenius theory, all bases …

A are proton donors.

B are proton acceptors.

C form H3O+ ions in solution.

D form OH‾ ions in solution. (2)

1.2 The number of neutrons in an atom of is ...

A 5

B 7

C 8

D 15 (2)

1.3 Which ONE of the following has the strongest forces between its molecules?

A F2

B Cℓ2

C Br2

D I2 (2)

1.4 Which ONE of the following has a tetrahedral shape?

C CO2

D AℓCℓ3 (2)

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1.5 Two moles of H2 gas at STP occupy a volume of ...

A 2 dm3

B 11,2 dm3

C 22,4 dm3

D 44,8 dm3 (2)

1.6 Which ONE of the following statements CORRECTLY describes the

characteristics of an endothermic reaction?

A ΔH is positive and the products have less potential energy than the
reactants.

B ΔH is positive and the products have more potential energy than the
reactants.

C ΔH is negative and the products have less potential energy than the
reactants.

D ΔH is negative and the products have more potential energy than the
reactants. (2)

1.7 Which ONE of the following balanced equations represents a redox reaction?

A H+(aq) + OH-(aq) H2O(ℓ)

B Mg(s) + CuSO4(aq) Cu(s) + MgSO4(aq)

C 2NaCℓ(aq) + Pb(NO3)2(aq) 2NaNO3(aq) + PbCℓ2(s)

D H2SO4(aq) + Ba(NO3)2(aq) BaSO4(s) + 2HNO3(aq) (2)

1.8 During the extraction of gold, zinc powder is added to a solution of gold
cyanide to produce gold according to the following balanced equation:

Zn(s) + 2NaAu(CN)2(aq) → 2Au(s) + Zn(CN)2(aq) + 2NaCN(aq)

The oxidising agent in this reaction is ...

A Au+
Zn
B
Na+
C

D (2)

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1.9 The volume of a gas at a certain temperature and pressure is V.

If the temperature is doubled and the pressure is halved, the volume of the
gas will be …

A 4V

B 2V

C V

D ½V (2)

1.10 Two identical containers, M and N, are shown below. Container M contains
H2(g) and container N contains CO2(g). Both gases are at a temperature of
25 °C and a pressure of 101,3 kPa.

M N

H2(g) CO2(g)
25 °C 25 °C
101,3 kPa 101,3 kPa

Consider the following statements:

(i) The average kinetic energy of the molecules is the same in both
containers.
(ii) Container M contains more gas molecules than container N.
(iii) The mass of the gas in container N is greater than the mass of the gas
in container M.

Which of the above statements is/are CORRECT?

A (i) only

B (iii) only

C (i) and (ii) only

D (i) and (iii) only (2)

[20]

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Physical Sciences/P2 6 DBE/November 2015
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QUESTION 2 (Start on a new page.)

Molecules such as CO2 and H2O are formed through covalent bonding.

2.1 Define the term covalent bonding. (2)

2.2 ONE of the above molecules has lone pairs of electrons on the central atom.
Draw the Lewis diagram for this molecule. (2)

2.3 H3O+ is formed when H2O forms a dative covalent bond with an H+ ion.

2.3.1 Draw the Lewis diagram for H3O+. (1)

2.3.2 State TWO conditions for the formation of such a bond. (2)

2.4 The polarity of molecules depends on the DIFFERENCE IN

ELECTRONEGATIVITY and the MOLECULAR SHAPE.

2.4.1 Define the term electronegativity. (2)

2.4.2 Calculate the difference in electronegativity between:

(a) C and O in CO2 (1)

(b) H and O in H2O (1)

2.4.3 Explain the difference in polarity between CO2 and H2O by referring
to the polarity of the bonds and the shape of the molecules. (6)
[17]

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Physical Sciences/P2 7 DBE/November 2015
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QUESTION 3 (Start on a new page.)

3.1 The boiling point of compounds A to E are given in the table below.

COMPOUND FORMULA BOILING POINT (°C)

A CH4 –164
B C2H6 –89
C C5H12 36
D C6H14 69
E C20H42 343

3.1.1 Define the term boiling point. (2)

3.1.2 Calculate the molecular mass of compound D. (1)

3.1.3 In what phase is compound B at 25 °C? (1)

3.1.4 Name the type of intermolecular force present in compound A. (1)

3.1.5 Explain why the boiling point increases from compound A to E. (3)

3.1.6 How does the vapour pressure of compound B compare to the

vapour pressure of compound C? Write down only HIGHER THAN,
LOWER THAN or EQUAL TO. (1)

3.2 Consider the boiling points of the compounds in the table below.

SUBSTANCE BOILING POINT (°C)

H2S –60
NH3 –33
H2O 100

3.2.1 Which ONE of the substances in the table above has the weakest
forces between its molecules? (1)

3.2.2 Name the type of intermolecular force found between NH 3

molecules. (1)

3.2.3 Explain the following statement:

Although the shape of the molecules of H 2S and H2O is similar,

there is a remarkable difference in their boiling points. (4)
[15]

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Physical Sciences/P2 8 DBE/November 2015
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QUESTION 4 (Start on a new page.)

A learner investigates the relationship between the pressure and volume of an

enclosed DIATOMIC gas at 25 °C. He records the volume of the gas for different
pressures in the table below.

PRESSURE VOLUME
(cm-3)
(kPa) (cm3)
40 43 0,02
80 27 0,04
100 22 (a)
120 18 (b)

4.1 Write down the name of the gas law being investigated. (1)

Answer QUESTION 4.2 and QUESTION 4.3 on the attached ANSWER SHEET.

Two values in the table, (a) and (b), have not been calculated.
4.2
Calculate these values. (1)

4.3 Draw a graph of pressure versus on the attached ANSWER SHEET. (4)

4.4 Use the graph to determine the volume of the gas at 68 kPa. (2)

4.5 The mass of the enclosed DIATOMIC gas is 2,49 x 10 -2 g.

4.5.1 Use the conditions at a pressure of 100 kPa and calculate the molar
mass of the enclosed gas. (6)

4.5.2 Write down the molecular formula of the enclosed gas. (1)

4.6 The sketch graph below shows the relationship between volume and
temperature for an ideal gas.
Volume (cm3)

Temperature (K)

4.6.1 Redraw the above graph in the ANSWER BOOK. On the same set
of axes, use a BROKEN LINE to sketch the graph that will be
obtained for the diatomic gas above. (1)
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4.6.2 Fully explain why this diatomic gas deviates from ideal behaviour. (3)
[19]

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QUESTION 5 (Start on a new page.)

The fizz produced when an antacid dissolves in water is caused by the reaction
between sodium hydrogen carbonate (NaHCO 3) and citric acid (H3C6H5O7). The
balanced equation for the reaction is:

3NaHCO3(aq) + H3C6H5O7(aq) → Na3C6H5O7(aq) + 3CO2(g) + 3H2O(ℓ)

5.1 Write down the FORMULA of the substance that causes the fizz when the
antacid dissolves in water. (1)

A certain antacid contains 1,8 g of H 3C6H5O7 and 3,36 g of NaHCO3. The antacid is
dissolved in 100 cm3 distilled water in a beaker.

5.2 Define 1 mole of a substance. (2)

5.3 Calculate the number of moles of NaHCO3 in the antacid. (3)

5.4 Determine, using calculations, which substance is the limiting reagent. (4)

5.5 Calculate the mass of the reactant in excess. (3)

5.6 Calculate the mass decrease of the beaker contents on completion of

the reaction. (3)
[16]

QUESTION 6 (Start on a new page.)

6.1 Sodium thiosulphate, Na2S2O3(s), reacts with 200 cm3 of a hydrochloric acid
solution, HCℓ(aq), of concentration 0,2 mol·dm-3 according to the following
balanced equation:

Na2S2O3(s) + 2HCℓ(aq) → 2NaCℓ(aq) + S(s) + SO2(g) + H2O(ℓ)

6.1.1 Define the term concentration of a solution. (2)

6.1.2 Calculate the number of moles of HCℓ(aq) added to the sodium

thiosulphate. (3)

6.1.3 Calculate the volume of SO 2(g) that will be formed if the reaction
takes place at STP. (3)

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Physical Sciences/P2 11 DBE/November 2015
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6.2 Menthol, the substance we can smell in mentholated cough drops, is

composed of carbon (C), hydrogen (H) and oxygen (O).

During combustion of a 9,984 g sample of menthol, it is found that

28,160 g of CO2(g) and 11,520 g of H2O(g) is produced.

6.2.1 Calculate the mass of carbon (C) in the CO2. (4)

6.2.2 Use relevant calculations to determine the empirical formula of

menthol. (7)

6.2.3 The molar mass of menthol is 156 g·mol -1. Determine the molecular
formula of menthol. (2)
[21]

QUESTION 7 (Start on a new page.)

A barium hydroxide solution, Ba(OH)2(aq), reacts with a nitric acid solution, HNO 3(aq),
according to the following balanced equation:

Ba(OH)2(aq) + 2HNO3(aq) → Ba(NO3)2(aq) + 2H2O(ℓ)

The potential energy graph below shows the change in potential energy for this
reaction.
Potential energy
(kJ⋅mol-1)

B
116 kJ⋅mol-1
C

Course of reaction

7.1 Is this reaction ENDOTHERMIC or EXOTHERMIC? Give a reason for the

answer. (2)

7.2 Use energy values A, B and C indicated on the graph and write down an
expression for each of the following:

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Physical Sciences/P2 12 DBE/November 2015
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7.2.1 The energy of the activated complex (1)

7.2.2 The activation energy for the forward reaction (1)

7.2.3 ∆H for the reverse reaction (1)

7.3 Calculate the amount of energy released during the reaction if 0,18 moles of
Ba(OH)2(aq) reacts completely with the acid. (3)
[8]

QUESTION 8 (Start on a new page.)

When sulphuric acid reacts with water, it ionises in two steps, as shown in the two
balanced equations below.

I: H2SO4(aq) + H2O(ℓ) → H3O+(aq) + (aq)

II: (aq) + H2O(ℓ) → H3O+(aq) + (aq)

8.1 Define an acid in terms of the Lowry-Brønsted theory. (2)

8.2 Write down the FORMULA of:

8.2.1 The conjugate base of (aq) (1)

8.2.2 The conjugate acid of (aq) (1)

8.2.3 A substance that acts as ampholyte in these reactions (1)

8.3 A few drops of bromothymol blue indicator are added to a potassium

hydroxide solution in a beaker. A dilute sulphuric acid solution is now
gradually added to this solution until the colour of the indicator changes.

Write down the:

8.3.1 Type of reaction that takes place

(Write down only REDOX, PRECIPITATION or NEUTRALISATION.) (1)

8.3.2 Balanced equation for the reaction that takes place (3)

8.3.3 Colour change of the indicator (2)

8.3.4 NAME of the salt formed in this reaction (1)

[12]

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QUESTION 9 (Start on a new page.)

9.1 Oxidation numbers make it easier to determine whether an element or a

substance is oxidised or reduced during a chemical reaction.

9.1.1 Define the term oxidation with reference to oxidation numbers. (2)

9.1.2 Calculate the oxidation number of chromium in . (1)

9.1.3 Calculate the oxidation number of oxygen in H2O2. (1)

9.2 Consider the UNBALANCED equation below:

Fe2+(aq) + Cℓ2(g) → Fe3+(aq) + Cℓ-

9.2.1 Define the term reducing agent with reference to electron transfer. (2)

From the above equation, write down the:

9.2.2 FORMULA of the reducing agent (1)

9.2.3 FORMULA of the oxidising agent (1)

9.2.4 Reduction half-reaction (2)

9.2.5 Oxidation half-reaction (2)

9.2.6 Balanced net redox reaction (2)

[14]

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QUESTION 10 (Start on a new page.)

The simplified diagram below shows a blast furnace used for the extraction of iron from
iron ore. P represents a reactant added to the blast furnace. Q and R represent
products that leave the blast furnace.

Raw materials
Iron ore
Limestone
Coke
Waste Waste gases
gases out out

R
Q

Limestone and coke are added to the blast furnace, as shown in the diagram
above. Write down the function of:

10.1.1 Limestone (1)

10.1.2 Coke (1)

10.2 Write down the NAME of the substance represented by:

10.2.1 P (1)

10.2.2 Q (1)

10.2.3 R (1)

10.3 Write down the NAME or FORMULA of ONE waste gas formed during the
extraction of iron from iron ore. (1)

10.4 The balanced equation for the extraction of iron from iron ore is:

Fe2O3(s) + 3CO(g) 2Fe(s) + 3CO2(g)

Write down the:

10.4.1 Function of carbon monoxide in this reaction (1)

10.4.2 FORMULA of the substance that is reduced (1)

[8]

TOTAL: 150
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Physical Sciences/P2 DBE/November 2015
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DATA FOR PHYSICAL SCIENCES GRADE 11

PAPER 2 (CHEMISTRY)

GEGEWENS VIR FISIESE WETENSKAPPE GRAAD 11

VRAESTEL 2 (CHEMIE)

TABLE 1: PHYSICAL CONSTANTS/TABEL 1: FISIESE KONSTANTES

NAME/NAAM SYMBOL/SIMBOOL VALUE/WAARDE

Avogadro's constant
NA 6,02 x 1023 mol-1
Avogadro-konstante
Molar gas constant
R 8,31 J∙K-1∙mol-1
Molêre gaskonstante
Standard pressure
1,013 x 105 Pa
Standaarddruk
Molar gas volume at STP
Vm 22,4 dm3∙mol-1
Molêre gasvolume by STD
Standard temperature
273 K
Standaardtemperatuur

TABLE 2: FORMULAE/TABEL 2: FORMULES

OR/OF

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Physical Sciences/P2 DBE/November 2015
CAPS – Grade 11
1 2 3 4 5 6 Atomic
8 number
9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
KEY/SLEUTEL 7
(I) (II) Atoomgetal (III) (IV) (V) (VI) (VII) (VIII)
1 2

1,9
29
H He
2,1

Electronegativity Symbol
1 Elektronegatiwiteit
Cu Simbool 4
3 4 63,5 5 6 7 8 9 10
Li Be B C N O F Ne
1,0

1,5

2,0

2,5

3,0

3,5

4,0
7 9 Approximate relative atomic mass 11 12 14 16 19 20
11 12 Benaderde relatiewe atoommassa 13 14 15 16 17 18
Na Mg Aℓ Si P S Cℓ Ar
0,9

1,2

1,5

1,8

2,1

2,5

3,0
23 24 27 28 31 32 35,5 40
19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36
K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr
0,8

1,0

1,3

1,5

1,6

1,6

1,5

1,8

1,8

1,8

1,9

1,6

1,6

1,8

2,0

2,4

2,8
39 40 45 48 51 52 55 56 59 59 63,5 65 70 73 75 79 80 84
37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54
Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe
0,8

1,0

1,2

1,4

1,8

1,9

2,2

2,2

2,2

1,9

1,7

1,7

1,8

1,9

2,1

2,5
86 88 89 91 92 96 101 103 106 108 112 115 119 122 128 127 131
55 56 57 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86
Cs Ba La Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tℓ Pb Bi Po At Rn
0,7

0,9

1,6

1,8

1,8

1,9

2,0

2,5
133 137 139 179 181 184 186 190 192 195 197 201 204 207 209
87 88 89
Fr Ra Ac
0,7

0,9

58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71
226
Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu
140 141 144 150 152 157 159 163 165 167 169 173 175
90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103
Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr
232 238

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TABLE 3: THE PERIODIC TABLE OF ELEMENTS/TABEL 3: DIE PERIODIEKE TABEL VAN ELEMENTE

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CAPS – Grade 11

TABLE 4A: STANDARD REDUCTION POTENTIALS

TABEL 4A: STANDAARD-REDUKSIEPOTENSIALE
Half-reactions/Halfreaksies
(V)
F2(g) + 2e ⇌ 2F + 2,87
Co3+ + e ⇌ Co2+ + 1,81
H2O2 + 2H+ +2e ⇌ 2H2O +1,77
MnO + 8H+ + 5e ⇌ Mn2+ + 4H2O + 1,51
Cℓ2(g) + 2e 
⇌ 2Cℓ
+ 1,36
Cr2O + 14H+ +
⇌ 2Cr3+ + 7H2O + 1,33
6e
O2(g) + 4H + 4e
+
⇌ 2H2O + 1,23
MnO2 + 4H+ + 2e ⇌ Mn2+ + 2H2O + 1,23
Pt2+ + 2e ⇌ Pt + 1,20
Br2(ℓ) + 2e ⇌ 2Br + 1,07

Increasing reducing ability/Toenemende reduserende vermoë

NO + 4H+ + 3e ⇌ NO(g) + 2H2O + 0,96
Increasing oxidising ability/Toenemende oksiderende vermoë

Hg2+ + 2e ⇌ Hg(ℓ) + 0,85

Ag+ + e ⇌ Ag + 0,80
NO + 2H+ + e ⇌ NO2(g) + H2O + 0,80
Fe3+ + e ⇌ Fe2+ + 0,77
O2(g) + 2H+ + 2e ⇌ H2 O 2 + 0,68
I2 + 2e ⇌ 2I + 0,54
Cu+ + e ⇌ Cu + 0,52
SO2 + 4H+ + 4e ⇌ S + 2H2O + 0,45
2H2O + O2 + 4e ⇌ 4OH + 0,40
Cu2+ + 2e ⇌ Cu + 0,34
SO + 4H+ + 2e ⇌ SO2(g) + 2H2O + 0,17
Cu + e
2+ 
⇌ Cu+
+ 0,16
Sn4+ + 2e ⇌ Sn2+ + 0,15
S + 2H+ + 2e ⇌ H2S(g) + 0,14
2H+ + 2e ⇌ H2(g) 0,00
Fe3+ + 3e ⇌ Fe  0,06
Pb2+ + 2e ⇌ Pb  0,13
Sn2+ + 2e ⇌ Sn  0,14
Ni2+ + 2e ⇌ Ni  0,27
Co2+ + 2e ⇌ Co  0,28
Cd2+ + 2e ⇌ Cd  0,40
Cr3+ + e ⇌ Cr2+  0,41
Fe2+ + 2e ⇌ Fe  0,44
Cr3+ + 3e ⇌ Cr  0,74
Zn2+ + 2e ⇌ Zn  0,76
2H2O + 2e ⇌ H2(g) + 2OH  0,83
Cr2+ + 2e ⇌ Cr  0,91
Mn2+ + 2e ⇌ Mn  1,18
Aℓ3+ + 3e ⇌ Aℓ  1,66
Mg2+ + 2e ⇌ Mg  2,36
Na+ + e ⇌ Na  2,71
Ca2+ + 2e ⇌ Ca  2,87
Sr2+ + 2e ⇌ Sr  2,89
Ba2+ + 2e ⇌ Ba  2,90
Cs+ + e- ⇌ Cs - 2,92
K+ + e  ⇌ K  2,93
Li+ + e ⇌ Li  3,05

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 Increasing oxidising ability/Toenemende oksiderende vermoë

Increasing reducing ability/Toenemende reduserende vermoë

Physical Sciences/P2 DBE/November 2015
CAPS – Grade 11

TABLE 4B: STANDARD REDUCTION POTENTIALS

TABEL 4B: STANDAARD-REDUKSIEPOTENSIALE

Half-reactions/Halfreaksies
(V)
Li+ + e ⇌ Li  3,05
K+ + e  ⇌ K  2,93
Cs+ + e ⇌ Cs  2,92
Ba2+ + 2e ⇌ Ba  2,90
Sr2+ + 2e ⇌ Sr  2,89
Ca2+ + 2e ⇌ Ca  2,87
Na+ + e ⇌ Na  2,71
Mg2+ + 2e ⇌ Mg  2,36
Aℓ3+ + 3e ⇌ Aℓ  1,66
Mn2+ + 2e ⇌ Mn  1,18
Cr2+ + 2e ⇌ Cr  0,91
2H2O + 2e ⇌ H2(g) + 2OH  0,83
Zn2+ + 2e ⇌ Zn  0,76
Cr3+ + 3e ⇌ Cr  0,74
Fe2+ + 2e ⇌ Fe  0,44
Cr3+ + e ⇌ Cr2+  0,41
Cd2+ + 2e ⇌ Cd  0,40
Co2+ + 2e ⇌ Co  0,28
Ni2+ + 2e ⇌ Ni  0,27
Sn2+ + 2e ⇌ Sn  0,14
Pb2+ + 2e ⇌ Pb  0,13
Fe3+ + 3e ⇌ Fe  0,06
2H+ + 2e ⇌ H2(g) 0,00
S + 2H+ + 2e ⇌ H2S(g) + 0,14
Sn4+ + 2e ⇌ Sn2+ + 0,15
Cu2+ + e ⇌ Cu+ + 0,16
SO + 4H+ + 2e ⇌ SO2(g) + 2H2O + 0,17
Cu + 2e
2+ 
⇌ Cu + 0,34
2H2O + O2 + 4e ⇌ 4OH + 0,40
SO2 + 4H+ + 4e ⇌ S + 2H2O + 0,45
Cu+ + e ⇌ Cu + 0,52
I2 + 2e ⇌ 2I + 0,54
O2(g) + 2H+ + 2e ⇌ H2 O 2 + 0,68
Fe3+ + e ⇌ Fe2+ + 0,77
NO + 2H+ + e ⇌ NO2(g) + H2O + 0,80
Ag+ + e ⇌ Ag + 0,80
Hg2+ + 2e ⇌ Hg(ℓ) + 0,85
NO + 4H+ + 3e ⇌ NO(g) + 2H2O + 0,96
Br2(ℓ) + 2e ⇌ 2Br + 1,07
Pt2+ + 2 e ⇌ Pt + 1,20
MnO2 + 4H+ + 2e ⇌ Mn2+ + 2H2O + 1,23
O2(g) + 4H+ + 4e ⇌ 2H2O + 1,23
Cr2O + 14H+ +
⇌ 2Cr3+ + 7H2O + 1,33
6e
Cℓ2(g) + 2e ⇌ 2Cℓ + 1,36

MnO + 8H + 5e
+
⇌ Mn2+ + 4H2O + 1,51

H2O2 + 2H +2 e
+
⇌ 2H2O +1,77
Co3+ + e ⇌ Co2+ + 1,81
F2(g) + 2e ⇌ 2F + 2,87

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Physical Sciences/P2 DBE/November 2015
CAPS – Grade 11

NAME:
CLASS:

QUESTION 4.2 and 4.3

Submit this ANSWER SHEET with the ANSWER BOOK.

PRESSURE VOLUME
(cm-3)
(kPa) (cm3)
50 43 0,02
80 27 0,04
100 22
120 18

Graph of pressure versus

120

100
Pressure (kPa)

80

60

40

20

0 0,02 0,04 0,06 0,08 0,1

(cm-3)

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