Module+4+ +Engg+Math+ +trigonometry+ (Part+2)

MODULE 4
TRIGONOMETRY (PART 2)
Introduction:
This will discuss the following topics in Trigonometry:
1. Right Triangles
2. Solutions to Right Triangles
3. Angles of Depression and Elevation
4. Trigonometric Identities
5. Solutions to Oblique Triangles
6. Sine/Cosine/Tangent Law
7. Logarithm
Objectives:
By the end of this module, you must be able to:
1. Be familiarized and memorize the different solutions on right and oblique triangles
2. Be able to memorize the different trigonometric identities.
3. Solve problems involving angle of depression and elevation.
4. Be able to solve problems in logarithm.
Discussion:
RIGHT TRIANGLES
Solutions of Right Triangles
a. Pythagorean Theorem – The square of the hypotenuse is equal to the sum of the squares of the other
two legs
c2 = a2 + b2
DYSMEEma113 - RCRivero | TRIGONOMETRY (PART 2) 1

b. Six Trigonometric Functions (SOH-CAH-TOA)
𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑎 ℎ𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝑐

sin θ = = csc θ = 𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 = 𝑎
ℎ𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝑐
𝑎𝑑𝑗𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑏 ℎ𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝑐
cos θ = =𝑐 sec θ = =
ℎ𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝑎𝑑𝑗𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑏
𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑎 𝑎𝑑𝑗𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑏

tan θ = = cot θ = =
𝑎𝑑𝑗𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑏 𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑎
Sample Problem:
If the hypotenuse of the right triangle is 100cm, and one side is 10cm longer than the other, what is the
length of the shorter leg?
Solution:
By Pythagorean Theorem:
c2 = a2 + b2
(100)2 = (x + 10)2 + (x)2
X = 65.53 cm

SPECIAL RIGHT TRIANGLES
ANGLES OF DEPRESSION AND ELEVATION

Angle of Depression – angle from the horizontal down to the line of sight from the observers to an
object below.
Angle of Elevation – Angle from the horizontal up to the line of sight from the observer to an object
above. The angle of elevation is equal to the angle of depression.
OBSERVER IS
HERE
OBSERVER IS
HERE
QUADRANTAL TRIGO FUNCTIONS

a. Quadrant I – All functions are positive
b. Quadrant II – sin β and csc β – positive
c. Quadrant III – tan γ and cot γ – positive
d. Quadrant IV – cos θ and sec θ – positive

To recall all the positive functions in all quadrants:
All (Q1)  All functions
Saints (Q2)  Sine and reciprocal cosecant
To (Q3)  Tangent and reciprocal cotangent
Church (Q4)  Cosine and reciprocal secant
Sample Problem:
In which quadrant that A terminates if sec is positive and csc is negative?
Solution:
ℎ𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑠𝑒 (+)
sec θ = 𝑎𝑑𝑗𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 = (+)
= (+)
ℎ𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑠𝑒 (+)
csc θ = = = (−)
𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 (−)
Answer: Quadrant IV
TRIGONOMETRIC IDENTITIES:
a. Co-Function Relations

b. Reciprocal Relations
c. Tangent and Cotangent Relations
d. Pythagorean Relations
e. Negative Relations

f. Addition Formula
g. Subtraction Formula
h. Double Angle Formula
i. Half Angle Formula

j. Multiple Angle Formula
k. Powers of Trigonometric Functions
l. Product Formula

GRAPHS OF TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
SOLUTIONS TO OBLIQUE TRIANGLES

Oblique Triangles – one which does not contain a right angle, such that it contains either two acute
angles and one obtuse angle, or three acute angles.
There are four cases that occur in the solution of oblique triangles
Case I. Given two angles and one side
Case II. Given two sides and an angle opposite to them
Case III. Given two sides and included angle
Case IV. Given three sides
These cases can be solved using any of the following laws:

a. Sine Law – In any triangle, the ratio of the side and the opposite angle is constant

𝑎 𝑏 𝑐
= =
sin 𝐴 sin 𝐵 𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝐶
b. Cosine Law – In any triangle, the square of the side is equal to the sum of the squares of the other
two sides, less twice the product of these sides and the cosine of their included angle
a2 = b2 + c2 – 2bc cos A
b2 = a2 + c2 – 2ac cos B
c2 = a2 + b2 – 2ab cos C
c. Tangent Law
d. Areas of Triangle

LOGARITHM
Logarithm – taken from the greek word “logus” meaning ratio and “arithmus” meaning number
It was first introduced by John Napier, and then Henry Briggs
In modern mathematics, the logarithm of a number is the exponent to which the base must be raised to
obtain the number
N = bx
x = logbN
Types of Logarithm
a. Naperian Logarithm – logarithm whose base is the Euler Number “e”. It is abbreviated as “ln” which
means “loge” and was introduced by John Napier in 1610; also called as Natural Logarithm
b. Briggsian Logarithm – also known as Common Logarithm, that uses 10 as a base. It was introduced by
Henry Briggs in 1616. The abbreviation “log” is understood as “log 10”
Relation of Common Logarithm to Natural Logarithm:

ln x = 2.3026 log x
log x = 0. 4343 ln x
The Euler’s Number e
1 𝑛
e = 𝑙𝑖𝑚 (1 + 𝑛 ) = 2.718 …
𝑛→∞

Sample Problems in Logarithm:
1. Find the value of log848.
Solution:
𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑥
log y x = 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑦
𝑙𝑜𝑔 48
log848 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔 8
log848 = 1. 86
2. Find the value of x if log12x = 2.

Solution:
logbN = x
N = bx
x = (12)2
x = 144
3. What is the value of log 2 5 + log 3 5
Solution:
𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑥
log y x =
𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑦
𝑙𝑜𝑔 5 𝑙𝑜𝑔 5
y = 𝑙𝑜𝑔 2 + 𝑙𝑜𝑔 3
y = 3. 79
4. Evaluate log 6 845 = x.

Solution:
𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑥
log y x = 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑦
𝑙𝑜𝑔 845
x= 𝑙𝑜𝑔 6
x = 3. 76
5. If log of 2 base 2 plus log of x to the base 2 is equal to 2, then the value of x is?
Solution:
log xy = log x + log y
log 2 2 + log 2 x = 2

log 2 2x = 2
logbN = x
N = bx
2x = 22
x=2
6. 38.5 to the x power = 6.5 to the x-2 power, solve for x using logarithms.
Solution:
38.5x = 6.5x-2
log xn = nlogx
x log 38.5 = (x-2) log 6.5
𝑙𝑜𝑔 38.5
x 𝑙𝑜𝑔 6.5
= x-2
1.95 x = x-2
2 = x – 1.95x
X = -2.11
Sample Problems in Solutions to Oblique Triangles:

1. If the sides of a parallelogram and an included angle are 6, 10, and 100 degrees respectively, find the
length of the shorter diagonal.
Solution:
2. Given a triangle with an Angle C = 28.7⁰, side a = 132 units and side b = 224 units. Solve for the side c.
Solution:

3. Given the triangle ABC in which A = 30⁰30’, b = 100m, and c= 200m. Find the length of the side a.
Sample Problems in Angle of Depression/Angle of Elevation

1. The angle of elevation of the top of tower B from the top of tower A is 28⁰ and the angle of elevation
of the top of tower A from the base of the tower is 46⁰. The two towers lie in the same horizontal plane.
If the height of the tower B is 120m, find the height of tower A.
Solution:

a. Solution to Oblique Triangle
b. Solution to Right Triangle (Sine Law)
2. An observer wishes to determine the height of a tower. He tales sight at the top of the tower from A
to B, which are 50 feet apart at the same elevation on a direct line with the tower. The vertical angle at
point A is 30⁰ and at point B is 40⁰. What is the height of the tower?
Solution:

Source:
1. Capote, Roger S. and Mandawe, Joel A. Solved Problems Mathematics and Basic Engineering Sciences
Updated Version, JAM Publisher, 2007

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MODULE 4

DYSMEEma113 - RCRivero | TRIGONOMETRY (PART 2) 1

𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑎 ℎ𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝑐

𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑎 𝑎𝑑𝑗𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑏

DYSMEEma113 - RCRivero | TRIGONOMETRY (PART 2) 2

ANGLES OF DEPRESSION AND ELEVATION

QUADRANTAL TRIGO FUNCTIONS

DYSMEEma113 - RCRivero | TRIGONOMETRY (PART 2) 3

DYSMEEma113 - RCRivero | TRIGONOMETRY (PART 2) 4

c. Tangent and Cotangent Relations

DYSMEEma113 - RCRivero | TRIGONOMETRY (PART 2) 5

h. Double Angle Formula

i. Half Angle Formula

DYSMEEma113 - RCRivero | TRIGONOMETRY (PART 2) 6

k. Powers of Trigonometric Functions

DYSMEEma113 - RCRivero | TRIGONOMETRY (PART 2) 7

SOLUTIONS TO OBLIQUE TRIANGLES

These cases can be solved using any of the following laws:

DYSMEEma113 - RCRivero | TRIGONOMETRY (PART 2) 8

DYSMEEma113 - RCRivero | TRIGONOMETRY (PART 2) 9

Relation of Common Logarithm to Natural Logarithm:

DYSMEEma113 - RCRivero | TRIGONOMETRY (PART 2) 10

2. Find the value of x if log12x = 2.

4. Evaluate log 6 845 = x.

DYSMEEma113 - RCRivero | TRIGONOMETRY (PART 2) 11

Sample Problems in Solutions to Oblique Triangles:

DYSMEEma113 - RCRivero | TRIGONOMETRY (PART 2) 12

Sample Problems in Angle of Depression/Angle of Elevation

DYSMEEma113 - RCRivero | TRIGONOMETRY (PART 2) 13

b. Solution to Right Triangle (Sine Law)

DYSMEEma113 - RCRivero | TRIGONOMETRY (PART 2) 14

DYSMEEma113 - RCRivero | TRIGONOMETRY (PART 2) 15

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