Physics Investigatory Project: Topic

PHYSICS INVESTIGATORY PROJECT
TOPIC: To investigate the dependence of angle of

deviation on angle of incidence using a hollow prism filled
one by one, with different transparent fluids
NAME: PARTHIV MANDAL

CLASS: XII SCIENCE
ROLL:
SESSION: 2023-24
 This is to certify that Parthiv Mandal is the
Student of the outgoing batch of class for the
session 2023-24 from Aditya academy
secondary,Barasat.
 I there by certificate that, this Physics project is

done under my supervision and is absolutely
genuine.
Teacher signature
I would like to express my special thanks of gratitude
to my teacher as well as our principal who gave me
the golden opportunity to do this wonderful project
on the topic,which also helped me in doing a lot of
Research and i came to know about so many new
things I am really thankful to them.
Secondly i would also like to thank my parents and
friends who helped me a lot in finalizing this project
within the limited time frame.
The aim of this project is to study the relationship between the
angle of deviation and the angle of incidence by using a hollow
prism filled with various transparent fluids. By conducting this
experiment, we will explore the effect of different refractive
indices of the fluids on the angle of deviation. The project
involves measuring the angle of deviation for different angles of
incidence using a spectrometer, and analyzing the data to
determine the relationship between these variables. This
investigation will enhance our understanding of the principles of
refraction and the behavior of light in different media..
 AIM OF THE PROJECT
 INTRODUCTION
 APPARATUS REQUIRED
 THEORY
 PROCEDURE FOLLOWED
 OBSERVATION AND CALCULATION
 CONCLUSION
 BIBILOGRAPHY
INTRODUCTION
When light passes through a medium with a
different refractive index, it undergoes refraction,
resulting in a change in direction. The angle of
incidence and the angle of deviation play crucial
roles in understanding the refraction
phenomenon. In this project, we will utilize a
hollow prism, which allows us to fill it with
different transparent fluids, each with its own
refractive index. By varying the angle of
incidence and measuring the resulting angle of
deviation, we can establish a relationship
between these two angles.
REACTIONS
The refractive index of the liquid Is
given by the formula:
Apparatus REQUIRED
Hollow Prism
Spectrometer
Light Source(Laser or White Light
Source)
Transparent Fluids With Different
Refractive Indices
Protractor
Ruler
Pen\Pencil
Note Book
THEORY
PRISM: A prism is a transparent optical
element with flat, polished surfaces that
refract light. Prisms can be made from any
material that is transparent including
glass,plastic and fluorite.
A prism can be used to break light up into its
constituent spectral colors. Prisms can also be
used to reflect light, or to split light into
components with different polarizations.
Where:
= refractiveindex of the liquid
= the angle of minimum
deviation
r = angle of refraction
i = angle of incidence
A=angleofprism
FLUIDS REFRACTIVE
INDEX
Water 1.33
Glycerine 1.47
Ethyl Alcohol 1.36
Vegetable Oil 1.45
Acetone 1.36
HCl 1.34
Procedure
 Set up the spectrometer on a stable surface and calibrate it
according to the manufacturer's instructions.
 Fill the hollow prism with one of the transparent fluids.
Ensure that the prism is completely filled and free of air
bubbles.
 Align the light source with the spectrometer so that the
light passes through the hollow prism.
 Adjust the angle of incidence by rotating the prism until the
light ray enters the prism at the desired angle. Note the
angle of incidence for each trial.
 Observe the light ray emerging from the prism and note the
angle of deviation using the spectrometer. Record the angle
of deviation for each corresponding angle of incidence.
 Repeat steps 2-5 for different transparent fluids, ensuring
that the prism is emptied and refilled with the appropriate
fluid each time.
 Collect multiple data points for each fluid by varying the
angle of incidence.
 Tabulate the collected data, including the angle of
incidence and the corresponding angle of deviation for each
fluid.
 Analyze the data by plotting a graph of the angle of
deviation against the angle of incidence for each fluid.
OBSERVATION
HCL
S.No. i e d A
1. 35 48 24 60
2. 40 52 30 60
3. 45 42 25 60
4. 50 36 26 60
5. 55 32 28 60
ETHYL ALCOHOL
S.No. i e d A
1. 35 52 26 60
2. 40 44 25 60
3. 45 41 25 60
4. 50 36 26 60
5. 55 32 27 60
BENZALDEHYDE
WATER
SL.NO ANGLE ANGLE OF ANGLE OF
OF INCIDENCE DEVIATION
PRISM
1 60 30 25
2 60 35 22
3 60 40 20
4 60 40 22
CALCULATION
REFRACTIVE INDEX OF WATER

U=SIN{(60+22)/2}/SIN30
=1.306
REFRACTIVE INDEX OF BENZALDEHYDE
U=SIN{(60+40)/2}/SIN30
=1.54
REFRACTIVE INDEX OF HCL
U=SIN{(60+25)/2}/SIN30
=1.34
REFRACTIVE INDEX OF ETHYL ALCOHOL
=1.36
RESULT
 THE REFRACTIVE INDEX OF ETHYL

ALCOHOL
 EXPERIMENTAL-1.36
 CALCULATED- 1.34
 THE REFRACTIVE INDEX OF HCL

 EXPERIMENTAL- 1.34
 CALCULATED- 1.34
 THE REFRACTIVE INDEX OF WATER
 EXPERIMENTAL-1.306
 ACTUAL: 1.33
 THE REFRACTIVE INDEX OF

BENZALDEHYDE
 ACTUAL: 1.546
 EXPERIMENTAL: 1.504
RESULT AND DISCUSSION
The results obtained from the experiment will provide a dataset

of angle of incidence and corresponding angle of deviation for
each transparent fluid used. By analyzing the data and plotting
graphs, it will be possible to observe patterns and trends in the
relationship between the angles.
Based on the graphs obtained, conclusions can be drawn
regarding the dependence of the angle of deviation on the angle
of incidence. The relationship may follow Snell's law or a
similar equation that relates the angles to the refractive indices
of the fluids. Comparing the graphs for different fluids will
allow for comparisons of the refractive indices and their impact
on the angle of deviation.
PRECAUTIONS
 Angle of incidence should lie b/w 35-
60 degree.
 Pins should be vertically fixed and
should lie in same line.
 Distance b/w two points should not be less
than 10mm.
 Same angle of prism should be used for all
observation.
 Arrow head should be marked to represent
emergent and incident ray
By doing this experiment I have learnt a lot
about rayon, now I can do this experiment
when I am free and also I can make it. I
thanks to my school Aditya academy secondary
for giving me this opportunity for doing this
project successfully, and I also thank to my
chemistry teacher for the support which help
me in making this project a good success, I
also thank my friends and family, finally
thanks to all helping hand who help me in
doing this project.
 HELP FROM INTERNET
 HELP FROM TEACHERS
 NCERT TEXTBOOK OF CLASS XII

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PHYSICS INVESTIGATORY PROJECT

TOPIC: To investigate the dependence of angle of

NAME: PARTHIV MANDAL

 I there by certificate that, this Physics project is

REFRACTIVE INDEX OF WATER

 THE REFRACTIVE INDEX OF ETHYL

 THE REFRACTIVE INDEX OF HCL

 THE REFRACTIVE INDEX OF

The results obtained from the experiment will provide a dataset

 HELP FROM TEACHERS

 NCERT TEXTBOOK OF CLASS XII

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