A

Project Report On

Smart Vision Stick using SoS System and Traffic Signal

Indicator
Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the degree of

Bachelor of Engineering
in
Electrical Engineering

By
Mr. Dinesh Vasant Mahadane (PRN. 72177985K)
Ms. Sakshi Popat Sonawane (PRN. 72178005K)
Ms. Shraddha Bajirao Gidde (PRN. 72177978G)
Mr. Bhushan Tulshiram Sonawane (PRN. 72178004M)

Under the Supervision of

Ms.S. S. Dhamal (Assistant Professor)

Electrical Engineering Programme

Guru Gobind Singh College of Engineering & Research Centre
Nashik, Maharashtra.

Academic Year 2022-2023

 Guru Gobind Singh College of Engineering & Research Centre
Nashik, Maharashtra.

Electrical Engineering Programme

Recommendation
This is to certify that dissertation entitled “Smart vision stick using SOS System and
traffic signal indicator” submitted by Dinesh Vasant Mahadane (72177985K) Ms.
Sakshi Popat Sonawane (PRN. 72178005K), Ms. Shraddha Bajirao Gidde (PRN.
72177978G), Mr. Bhushan Tulshiram Sonawane (PRN. 72178004M) hasbeen carried
out under my guidance and supervision. The dissertation is approved for submission
towards partial fulfillment for the award of the degree of Bachelor of Engineering in the
Electrical Engineering.
It is further certified that this work has not been submitted for the award of any other degree or
diploma to my knowledge.

Ms. S.S. Dhamal

Supervisor

Dr. Rahul Agrawal Prof.S.M. More

Professor & Head Project Coordinator EED,
EED, GCOERC, GCOERC, Nashik
Nashik

Date-
Place -Guru Gobind Singh Foundation, Nashik
 Electrical Engineering Programme
Guru Gobind Singh College of Engineering & Research
Centre Nashik, Maharashtra.

Certificate
This is to certify that

Mr. Dinesh Vasant Mahadane

Student of BE with specialization in “Electrical Engineering” was examined in dissertation

entitled

“Smart Vision Stick using SOS System and traffic signal indicator”

On / / 2023

at

Electrical Engineering Program

Guru Gobind Singh College of Engineering & Research Centre, Guru Gobind Singh

Foundation, Nashik

Supervisor Project Coordinator

External Examiner HOD Principal

Date: -
Place: - GCOERC Nashik.

i
 Electrical Engineering Programme
Guru Gobind Singh College of Engineering & Research
Centre Nashik, Maharashtra.

Certificate
This is to certify that

Ms. Shraddha Bajirao Giddhe

Student of BE with specialization in “Electrical Engineering” was examined in dissertation

entitled

“Smart Vision Stick using SOS System and traffic signal indicator”

on / / 2023

at

Electrical Engineering Program

Guru Gobind Singh College of Engineering & Research Centre, Guru Gobind Singh

Foundation, Nashik

Supervisor Project Coordinator

External Examiner HOD Principal

Date: -
Place: - GCOERC Nashik.

i
 Electrical Engineering Programme
Guru Gobind Singh College of Engineering & Research
Centre Nashik, Maharashtra.

Certificate
This is to certify that

Mr. Bhushan Tulshiram Sonawane

Student of BE with specialization in “Electrical Engineering” was examined in dissertation

entitled

“Smart Vision Stick using SOS System and traffic signal indicator”

on / / 2023

at

Electrical Engineering Program

Guru Gobind Singh College of Engineering & Research Centre, Guru Gobind Singh

Foundation, Nashik

Supervisor Project Coordinator

External Examiner HOD Principal

Date: -
Place: - GCOERC Nashik.

v
 Electrical Engineering Programme
Guru Gobind Singh College of Engineering & Research
Centre Nashik, Maharashtra.

Certificate
This is to certify that

Ms. Sakshi Popat Sonawane

Student of BE with specialization in “Electrical Engineering” was examined in dissertation

entitled

“Smart Vision Stick using SOS System and traffic signal indicator”

on / / 2023

at

Electrical Engineering Program

Guru Gobind Singh College of Engineering & Research Centre, Guru Gobind Singh

Foundation, Nashik

Supervisor Project Coordinator

External Examiner HOD Principal

Date: -
Place: - GCOERC Nashik.

v
 Electrical Engineering Programme
Guru Gobind Singh College of Engineering & Research Centre
Nashik, Maharashtra.

Candidate Declaration

We declare that this written submission represents my ideas in my own words and where
other’s ideas or words have been included, we have adequately cited and referenced the
original sources. We also declare that we have adhered to all principles of academic honesty
and integrity and have not misrepresented or fabricated, falsified or plagiarized any
idea/data/fact/source in my submission. We understand that any violation of the above may
cause for withdrawal of my degree by the institute and can also evoke penal action from the
sources which have not been properly cited or from whom proper permission has not been
taken when needed.

Mr. Dinesh Vasant Mahadane (PRN. 72177985K)

Ms. Sakshi Popat Sonawane (PRN. 72178005K)
Ms. Shraddha Bajirao Gidde (PRN. 72177978G)
Mr. Bhushan Tulshiram Sonawane (PRN. 72178004M)

vi
 Acknowledgement

The satisfaction and euphoria that accompany the successful completion of any task
would beincomplete without Ms.S.S. Dhamal, who is responsible for the completion of the
project and who made it possible, because success is an outcome of hard work and
perseverance,but steadfast of all is encouraging guidance. So, with gratitude, we acknowledge
all those whose guidance and encouragement served us to motivate toward the success of the
project work.
We are thankful to Dr. Rahul Agrawal, Head of Department, and staffs of the Electrical
Engineering Department, Guru Gobind Singh College of Engineering and Research Centre,
Nashik for helping us in all possible manners during the entire period.
We would like to profoundly thank Dr. S. D. Kalpande, Vice-principal of Guru Gobind
Singh College of Engineering and Research Centre, and the whole Management for providing
such a healthy environment for the successful completion of the project work
We take great pleasure in expressing our sincere thanks to Dr. N. G. Nikam, Principal, Guru
Gobind Singh College of Engineering and Research Centre, Nashik for providing an excellent
academic environment in the college and for his continuous motivation towards a dynamic
career.
Finally, we acknowledge the people who mean a lot to us, our parents, for their
inspiration, unconditional love, support, and faith in carrying out this work to the finish.
Wewant to give special thanks to all our friends who went through hard times together,
cheered us on, helped us a lot, and celebrated each accomplishment.

Mr. Dinesh Vasant Mahadane (PRN. 72177985K)

Ms. Sakshi Popat Sonawane (PRN. 72178005K)
Ms. Shraddha Bajirao Gidde (PRN. 72177978G)
Mr. Bhushan Tulshiram Sonawane (PRN. 72178004M)

vi
 Abstract
Science and Technology is always trying to make human life easier day by day. Without
human guidance, it is a challenging part to the blind person to continue his/ her regular life.
The traditional guidance tool for the blind people is walking cane or white cane. This system
is developed so that it will help the blind persons to perform their tasks independently without
taking anyone’s help. This project is helpful to give the “Secondary Sight” or to make the
blind a “smart person”. This Project focuses on building smart stick, in this there are various
functions of all the devices such as a smart blind stick with navigation stick and signal
indicator; it will help the blind person to give him a proper guidance to reach his place. Also,
this Project focuses on one more parameter that is; crossing the road of a blind person
according to traffic signal by sending him the vibration signals. Five sensors are provided for
the same out of which 2 sensors are used for signal indicators. We have used espeak for the
instruction purpose in this. This system will be reliable to them and will make smart person
by the help of System of System. In future we can also some other features like smart cap,
smart watch, smart gloves, smart headphones. A RF senor will help that person when is near
to the signal and he will get alert and vibration from the vibration motor.

Keywords: - System of system, safety guard, Blind Person, navigation, e-speak, sensors.

i
 Table of Contents

Acknowledgement v

Abstract vi

List of Figures ix

List of Abbreviations x

Chapter 1 Introduction 1-2

1.1 Overview 1

1.2 Motivation 1

1.3 Objective 2

Chapter 2 Literature Review 3-5

2.1 Introduction 3

2.2 Literature review 4

2.3 Gap 5

2.4 Contribution 5

Chapter 3 Methodology 6-28

3.1 Problem Formulation 6

3.2 Block diagram 8

3.3 Hardware and Software Discussion 28

Chapter 4 Results and Discussion 29-37

4.1 Result 29

4.2 Discussion 35

Chapter 5 Conclusion and Future Scope 38

x
5.1 Conclusion 38
5.2 Future scope 38

Reference
Appendix

x
 List of Figures

Figure No Title Page No

3.1 Transmitter Circuit Diagram 7

3.2 Circuit Diagram 10

3.3 Receiver Circuit Diagram 11

3.4 Block Diagram of 12

Transmitter
3.5 Block Diagram of Receiver 13

3.6 Arduino nano board 15

3.7 Ultrasonic Sensor 16

3.8 Water Sensor 14

3.9 Transmitter and Receiver 15
3.10 IR Sensor 16
3.11 Buzzer 16
3.12 Battery 17
3.13 Project photo 26
3.14 Component photo 27
3.15 Battery Photo 27
3.16 Actual Working 30
3.17 Actual Ultrasonic indication 30
3.18 Actual RF indication 31
3.19 UltrasonicVs Distance Graph 32
3.20 Table and supply rating 32
3.21 Distance Vs RF signal Graph 33
3.22 Stick Photo 36

x
 List of Abbreviations

SOS: System of System

TTS: Text to Speech

xi
Smart Vision Stick using SOS System and Traffic Signal

Chapter 1

Introduction

 Eye sight plays a major role in collecting most of the information from the real world and that information
will be processed by brain, visually impaired people suffer inconveniences in their daily life and social
life. Blindness or visual impairment is condition that affects many people around the world. This
condition leads to the loss of the valuable senses of vision. Worldwide there are millions of people who
are visually impaired, where many of them are blind. The need for assistive devices was and will be
continuous. There is a wide range of navigation systems and tools existing for visually impaired
individuals. The blind person truly requires an identifying object. Most commonly, stick is use by
blind and elderly people as support for their body to stand and walk. The most common
disadvantage of walking stick is user should have to be in close proximity of obstacle so that he
senses the location of obstacle to avoid bumping while waggling.

1.2 Overview

This system is developed so that it will help the especially blind persons to perform their tasks
independently without taking anyone’s help. This project is helpful to give the “Secondary Sight” or
to make the blind and deaf person a “smart person”. This paper focuses on building smart stick using
SOS System. In this there are various functions of all the devicessuch as a smart blind stick with
navigation stick and signal indicator; it will help the blind person to give him a proper guidance to
reach his place. Also, this Project focuses on one more parameter that is; crossing the road of an
especially blind person according to traffic signal by sending him the vibration signals.

1.3 Motivation

1. As Blind people cannot go out without the help of any other person. So, to make their life
easy and reliable this system is introduced.

2. Blind people face more issues Example: - For the road crossing, they have to wait until
someone helpthem. So, to make them easy to cross the road traffic signal Indicator has been
implemented.

Electrical Engineering Programme, GCOERC, Guru Gobind Singh Foundation, Nashik (MH), 1
Smart Vision Stick using SOS System and Traffic Signal

1.4 Objective

 Design of microcontroller-based stick.

 Design of SOS System tool for smart stick
 Analysis of smart stick for traffic signal.

Electrical Engineering Programme, GCOERC, Guru Gobind Singh Foundation, Nashik (MH), 2
Smart Vision Stick using SOS System and Traffic Signal

Chapter 2

Literature

Review
Science and technology always try to make human life easier. The people who are having complete
blindness or low vision faces many difficulties during their navigation. Blindness can occur due to
many reasons including disease, injury or other conditions that limit vision. The aim of our paper is
to develop a map for blind which will guide them from their source to destination. The paper shows
design and implement a smart cap which helps the blind people to direct the path freely by
experiencing their surroundings. The scene around the person will be captured by using a camera
and the objects in the surrounding will be detected. The earphones will give a voice output
describing the detected objects. The architecture of the system includes the processor Raspberry Pi 3
/Jetson nano, camera, earphones and a power source. The processor collects the frames of the
surroundings and convert it to voice output. The device uses TensorFlow API, open-source machine
learning which is invented by a team called Google brain, which is for the object detection and
classification. TensorFlow helps in creating Models based on machine learning which are capable of
identifying and classifying one image from multiple objects. Thus, details corresponding to various
objects present in one frame are obtained using TensorFlow API. A Text-to-speech Synthesizer
(TTS) software is used for converting the details of the detected object (in text format) to speech
output [1]. Without human guidance, it is challenging for blind person to continue his/her regular life
without any disturbance. Most famous and traditional guidance tool for blind person is walking cane
or whitecane. This paper is proposed to design an IR based smart wearable guidance system for blind
personnel or vision impaired person to avoid collision or any kind of accidental issues. The
proposedsystem is a smart wrist band that has built-in transmitter and receiver based on infrared
technology. The smart belt is able to detect obstacle from a distance and a vibration motor will
notify the blind person with a vibration about the obstacle. The vibration technology has been used
to give a more comfortable notification if the blind person has any more disabilities like deafness [2]
Defied people have a fixed routes that are significant in their daily lives. This situation results in
many their routine work, lives, activities, and so on.

Electrical Engineering Programme, GCOERC, Guru Gobind Singh Foundation, Nashik (MH), 3
Smart Vision Stick using SOS System and Traffic Signal

The successful and widely used travel aid for the blind people is the long cane to detect obstacles
which are on the ground, uneven surface, hole, steps and puddles. But in this system, they are having
a smart glove which is going to help them to navigate them and to reach their detestation without any
problem. And this smart stick is also easy tocarry to anywhere [3].
Visually defied people have a fixed routes that are significant in their daily lives. This situation results
in many their routine work, lives, activities, and so on. The successful and widely used travel aid for
the blind people is the long cane. It is used to detect obstacles which are on the ground, uneven
surface, hole, steps and puddles. However, its range of detection is limited and it is only usedto detect
object which is near to the person. Moreover, white cane is not capable to giving the safe street
crossing environment in the road. In this there are various functions of all the devices such as a smart
blind stick with navigation stick and signal indicator; it will help the blind person to give him a proper
guidance to reach his place. Also, this paper focuses on one more parameter that is; crossing the road
of an especially blind person according to traffic signal by sending him the vibration signals We have
used espeak for the instruction purpose in this [4].

Electrical Engineering Programme, GCOERC, Guru Gobind Singh Foundation, Nashik (MH), 4
Smart Vision Stick using SOS System and Traffic Signal

2.3 Gap

 From the literature survey it is clear that

1. SOS System is not used for smart stick till yet.
2. None of the paper used the smart sensors for sensing up to 50m distance.

2.4 Contribution

1. Application of smart sensor for sensing distance

2. Use of SOS for the stick
3. Use of sensor for signal indication.

Electrical Engineering Programme, GCOERC, Guru Gobind Singh Foundation, Nashik (MH), 5
 Smart Vision Stick using SOS System and Traffic Signal

Chapter 3
Methodology

3.1 Problem Formulation: -

Battery Charging Formula: -
𝑽𝒅𝒄 + 𝑽𝒓𝒆𝒈 + 𝑽𝒓𝒆𝒄 + 𝑽𝒓𝒊𝒑 𝑽𝒏𝒐𝒎 𝟏
𝒗𝒂𝒄 = × ×
𝟎. 𝟗 𝑽𝒍𝒐𝒘𝒍𝒊𝒏𝒆 √𝟐
 Vdc= Output voltage
 Vreg=Voltage drop of the regulator =3v
 Vrec=Voltage drop across diodes=1.25V
 Vrip=Ripple voltage=10% of Vdc
 Vnom=115V
 Vlowline=95V
 0.9=Rectifier efficiency.

Distance Calculation formula

Distance = (duration*.0343)/2
Time= capacity (Ah)/current (A)
Discharge time = Battery capacity * Battery Volt / device watt
Watts= Amp* Volt

Battery Ah= Battery Watt hour * volt / 1000

Battery mAh= Watt hour / V *1000
Battery Watt hour= mAh / V * 1000

Electrical Engineering Programme, GCOERC, Guru Gobind Singh Foundation, Nashik (MH), 6
 Smart Vision Stick using SOS System and Traffic Signal

Battery Calculation: -

1) Battery Watt hour= mAh * V / 1000

Battery watt hour = 2600 / 3.7 *1000

= 9620 / 1000

= 9.62

2) Battery Ah = Wh / V

Battery Ah = Wh / V

= 9.62 / 3.7

= 2.6 Ah

3) Discharge time = Battery capacity * Battery Volt / device watt

Discharge time = Battery capacity Ah* Battery Volt / device watt

= 2.6 * 3.7 / 9.62

= 1 hours

4) Charging time = Charging time - Battery current capacity / charging current

= 2600/1000

= 2.6 hours

Electrical Engineering Programme, GCOERC, Guru Gobind Singh Foundation, Nashik (MH), 7
 Smart Vision Stick using SOS System and Traffic Signal

3.2 Block Diagram: -

Fig 3.1: - Transmitter Circuit Diagram

 1 RF Transmitter
The HT12E is an RF transmitter IC (integrated circuit) designed for use in remote control
applications. It is typically used in conjunction with an RF receiver module to wirelessly transmit
control signals to a remotely located device.
The HT12E IC is capable of encoding 12 bits of information into an RF signal, which can then be
transmitted by an RF transmitter module. It has a low power consumption and operates at a voltage
range of 2.4V to 12V.

Electrical Engineering Programme, GCOERC, Guru Gobind Singh Foundation, Nashik (MH), 8
 Smart Vision Stick using SOS System and Traffic Signal

The HT12E encoder IC is commonly used in wireless remote-control systems for various applications
such as controlling lights, fans, and motors, as well as security systems, home automation, and
industrial control systems. When used in conjunction with the HT12D decoder IC, it enables bi-
directional communication between the transmitter and receiver, allowing for more advanced remote-
control applications.
The HT12E RF transmitter IC could potentially be used in a smart Smart blind stick application, but it
would depend on the specific requirements and design of the system.
As I mentioned earlier, smart Smart blind stick s often includes various sensors and communication
technologies to provide the rider with additional information and functionality. The HT12E could be
used to transmit control signals wirelessly from the smart Smart blind stick to a remotely located
device, such as a smartphone or GPS system, allowing the rider to control various functions without
needing to physically interact with the device.
For example, the HT12E could be used to transmit signals to adjust the volume of a music player,
change the track being played, or answer an incoming phone call, all without the need for physical
buttons or controls on the Smart blind stick itself.
It's important to note that the specific ICs used in a smart Smart blind stick would depend on the design
and requirements of the system, and there may be other RF transmitter ICs that are better suited for a
given application.
RFRX1 Receiver
The RFRX1 RF receiver module and the HT12E RF transmitter IC can be used together to implement a
wireless communication system in various applications.
The HT12E encodes data into an RF signal that can be transmitted wirelessly by an RF transmitter
module, while the RFRX1 module receives the transmitted signal and demodulates it back into the
original data.
The HT12E IC can encode up to 12 bits of data into an RF signal, which can be transmitted by an RF
transmitter module such as the FS1000A. The RFRX1 module can receive this signal and output the
demodulated data to a microcontroller or decoder IC such as the HT12D for further processing.
In wireless communication systems that use the HT12E and RFRX1 modules together, the HT12E is
typically connected to a microcontroller or other control circuitry that generates the data to be
transmitted, while the RFRX1 is connected to a microcontroller or decoder IC that receives and
processes the received data.
Electrical Engineering Programme, GCOERC, Guru Gobind Singh Foundation, Nashik (MH), 9
 Smart Vision Stick using SOS System and Traffic Signal

Overall, the HT12E and RFRX1 modules are commonly used together in remote control and wireless
sensor applications to enable wireless communication between devices.
RFRX1 is an RF receiver module used for wireless communication in various applications. It operates
at a frequency range of 433 MHz and is capable of receiving signals from an RF transmitter module.
The RFRX1 module is designed to be easy to use and requires minimal external components for
operation. It has a high sensitivity and can detect signals from up to 100 meters away in open space,
making it suitable for remote control applications.
The RFRX1 module can be used in various wireless communication applications such as remote
controls, wireless sensors, and security systems. It is commonly used in conjunction with a
microcontroller or decoder IC such as the HT12D to decode the received signal and perform the desired
actions.
It's important to note that the specific module used in a given application would depend on the
requirements of the system, and there may be other RF receiver modules that are better suited for a
particular application.

Electrical Engineering Programme, GCOERC, Guru Gobind Singh Foundation, Nashik (MH), 1
Smart Vision Stick using SOS System and Traffic Signal

Fig.3.2 Circuit Diagram

Electrical Engineering Programme, GCOERC, Guru Gobind Singh Foundation, Nashik (MH), 1
Smart Vision Stick using SOS System and Traffic Signal

Fig 3.3 Receiver Diagram

Electrical Engineering Programme, GCOERC, Guru Gobind Singh Foundation, Nashik (MH), 1
 Smart Vision Stick using SOS System and Traffic Signal

Push Button RF
Transmitter

Fig 3.4 Transmitter Diagram

Push Button: - The main function of a push button switch is to switch something either on or off,
however, there are different types of push button switches and each different type has a different
function.
RF Transmitter: - As the name suggests, RF module operates at Radio Frequency. This frequency
range varies between 30 kHz & 300 GHz. In this RF system, the digital data is represented as variations
in the amplitude of carrier wave. This RF module is a combination of RF Transmitter and RF Receiver.
The transmitter/receiver (Tx/Rx) pair operates at a frequency of 433 MHz.The RF transmitter receives
serial data and transmits it wirelessly through its RF antenna. The transmission occurs at the rate of 1
Kbps – 10 Kbps. RF receiver receives the transmitted data and it is operating at the same frequency as
that of the transmitter. The HT12E is an RF transmitter IC (integrated circuit) designed for use in
remote control applications. It is typically used in conjunction with an RF receiver module to wirelessly
transmit control signals to a remotely located device. The HT12E IC is capable of encoding 12 bits of
information into an RF signal, which can then be transmitted by an RF transmitter module. It has a low
power consumption and operates at a voltage range of 2.4V to 12V.The HT12E encoder IC is
commonly used in wireless remote-control systems for various applications such as controlling lights,
fans, and motors, as well as security systems, home automation, and industrial control systems. When
used in conjunction with the HT12D decoder IC, it enables bi-directional communication between the
transmitter and receiver, allowing for more advanced remote-control applications. The HT12E RF
transmitter IC could potentially be used in a smart Smart blind stick application, but it would depend on
the specific requirements and design of the system. As I mentioned earlier, smart Smart blind stick s
often includes various sensors and communication technologies to provide the rider with additional
information and functionality. The HT12E could be used to transmit control signals wirelessly from the
smart Smart blind stick to a remotely located device, such as a

Electrical Engineering Programme, GCOERC, Guru Gobind Singh Foundation, Nashik (MH), India 13
 Smart Vision Stick using SOS System and Traffic Signal
smartphone or GPS system, allowing the rider to control various functions without needing to
physically interact with the device. For example, the HT12E could be used to transmit signals to adjust
the volume of a music player, change the track being played, or answer an incoming phone call, all
without the need for physical buttons or controls on the Smart blind stick itself. It’s important to note
that the specific ICs used in a smart blind stick that would depend on the design and requirements of the
system, and there may be other RF transmitter ICs that are better suited for a given application.

Features of RF Module:

 The Receiver frequency 433MHz

 Receiver typical frequency 105 Dbm
 Receiver supply current 3.5 mA
 Low power consumption
 operating voltage of receiver is 5V
 The transmitter frequency range 433.92MHz
 Supply voltage of transmitter is between 3V to 6V
 Output power of transmitter is between 4Dbm to 12Dbm

Ultrasonic Sensor

RF Controller Buzzer
Receiver

Vibration motor

Fig 3.5 Receiver Diagram

Electrical Engineering Programme, GCOERC, Guru Gobind Singh Foundation, Nashik (MH), 1
 Smart Vision Stick using SOS System and Traffic Signal

Arduino Nano Board: - The Arduino nano is a very small and it is a breadboard friendly board
that is based on theatmega328p.It is more less to the similar functionality of the Arduino due
Milanovic, but it has a various package.
Ultrasonic sensor: - Ultrasonic level sensors are used to measure the distance by using
ultrasonic waves. This sensor receives the ultrasonic wave and emits the wave that are reflected back
from the target.
The ultrasonic sensor consists of a transmitter and receiver which are available as separate unit
embedded together in a single unit.
RF Receiver: - The RFRX1 RF receiver module and the HT12E RF transmitter IC can be used
together to implement a wireless communication system in various applications.
The HT12E encodes data into an RF signal that can be transmitted wirelessly by an RF transmitter
module, while the RFRX1 module receives the transmitted signal and demodulates it back into the
original data.
The HT12E IC can encode up to 12 bits of data into an RF signal, which can be transmitted by an RF
transmitter module such as the FS1000A. The RFRX1 module can receive this signal and output the
demodulated data to a microcontroller or decoder IC such as the HT12D for further processing.
In wireless communication systems that use the HT12E and RFRX1 modules together, the HT12E is
typically connected to a microcontroller or other control circuitry that generates the data to be
transmitted, while the RFRX1 is connected to a microcontroller or decoder IC that receives and
processes the received data.
Overall, the HT12E and RFRX1 modules are commonly used together in remote control and wireless
sensor applications to enable wireless communication between devices.
RFRX1 is an RF receiver module used for wireless communication in various applications. It operates
at a frequency range of 433 MHz and is capable of receiving signals from an RF transmitter module.
The RFRX1 module is designed to be easy to use and requires minimal external components for
operation. It has a high sensitivity and can detect signals from up to 100 meters away in open space,
making it suitable for remote control applications.
The RFRX1 module can be used in various wireless communication applications such as remote
controls, wireless sensors, and security systems. It is commonly used in conjunction with a
microcontroller or decoder IC such as the HT12D to decode the received signal and perform the desired
actions.

Electrical Engineering Programme, GCOERC, Guru Gobind Singh Foundation, Nashik (MH), 1
 Smart Vision Stick using SOS System and Traffic Signal

It's important to note that the specific module used in a given application would depend on the
requirements of the system, and there may be other RF receiver modules that are better suited for a
particular application.
Buzzer: - Its small size makes it perfect for all types of DIY and breadboard projects as well as actual
electronics production. This Buzzer module emit really loud sound when 3V to 5V is apply to it.
Unlike a plain piezo, this buzzer does not need an AC signal. Inside is a piezo plus the driver circuitry
that makes it oscillate at 2 KHz. On one hand, that makes it really great for integrating into projects
because you don’t need an oscillating control signal. but on the other hand, you cannot change the
frequency

Vibration motor: - Vibrator Motors are the mechanical devices used to develop vibrations. The
generation of vibration has happened with the support of an electric motor having an inequitable mass
on its driveshaft. It is a miniature sized DC motor that lets the user know the sound through vibrations.
The foremost feature that has to be noted in this is its magnet coreless DC motor which is permanent
where it means that it possesses magnetic properties (performs like a magnet only when the electric
current is passed through the device).

Working: - In this project input as device Ultrasonic sensor is used. This sensor has 4 pins
name as VCC, ECHO, TRIG and GND. This sensor is work on the principle of echo location. When
this sensor gets trigger pulse of 10 micro-second it fires 8 pulses of frequency 40 KHz hence it is called
as ultrasonic.
After transmitting these ultrasonic waves, the echo pin of this sensor is goes to logic high
level. Until the echo wave is come this pin is at high state, when echo wave is received by the ultrasonic
receiver then this pin is goes to logic low level.
At the end we get a pulse form the ultrasonic sensor. The width of this pulse is directly
proportional to the distance which is covered by the ultrasonic waves.
Now to count the width of this pulse microcontroller Atmega328 is used. In this a pulse width
counting program is burned on it. After calculating the width of this pulse, it is divided in some four
parts. According to this parts delay is decided by the microcontroller.
According to this voice is sounded for with four different delays and from this blind person get
the idea of the distance between obstacle and him or her. At same time vibration motor vibrate similarly
as like a buzzer.

Electrical Engineering Programme, GCOERC, Guru Gobind Singh Foundation, Nashik (MH), 1
 Smart Vision Stick using SOS System and Traffic Signal

When we press the button of transmitter then receiver receive the transmitted signal and then
start buzzer to help to find the stick.

3.3 Hardware/ Software Discussion

Figure 3.6

1) Arduino NANO board:

The Nano Arduino board for the smart stick is shown in figure 3.6

The Arduino nano is a very small and it is a breadboard friendly board that is based on the
atmega328p.

It is more less to the similar functionality of the Arduino due Milanovic, but it has a various
package.

It lacks in a dc power jack, and it works with a mini-b usb cable instead of a standard one
which is c type usb cable.

Features of the Arduino Nano Board: -

 It has Atmega328p Microcontroller Is From 8-bit AVR Family.

 It has Operating Voltage Is 5V

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Smart Vision Stick using SOS System and Traffic Signal

 It has Input Voltage (Vin) Is 7V To 12V.

 It has Input/Output Pins Are 22

 It has Power Consumption of 19 mA

 It has Analog I/P Pins Are 6 From A0 to A5.

 It has I/O Pins DC Current of 40 mA.

 It has A Flash Memory of 32 KB.

 It has A EEPROM of 1 KB.

 It has A SRAM of 2 KB.

 It has A CLK Speed of 16 MHz

 Its Weight is -7g

 The Size of The Printed Circuit Board Is 18 X 45mm.

Pin description: -

Pin
Description Function
Number
1 PC6 Reset
2 PD0 Digital Pin (RX)
3 PD1 Digital Pin (TX)
4 PD2 Digital Pin
5 PD3 Digital Pin (PWM)
6 PD4 Digital Pin
7 Vcc Positive Voltage (Power)
8 GND Ground
9 XTAL 1 Crystal Oscillator
10 XTAL 2 Crystal Oscillator
11 PD5 Digital Pin (PWM)
12 PD6 Digital Pin (PWM)

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Smart Vision Stick using SOS System and Traffic Signal
13 PD7 Digital Pin
14 PB0 Digital Pin
15 PB1 Digital Pin (PWM)
16 PB2 Digital Pin (PWM)
17 PB3 Digital Pin (PWM)
18 PB4 Digital Pin
19 PB5 Digital Pin
Positive voltage for ADC
20 AVCC
(power)
21 AREF Reference Voltage
22 GND Ground
23 PC0 Analog Input
24 PC1 Analog Input
25 PC2 Analog Input
26 PC3 Analog Input
27 PC4 Analog Input
28 PC5 Analog Input

2)Ultrasonic sensor:

The ultrasonic sensor for the smart stick is shown in figure 3.7
Ultrasonic level sensors are used to measure the distance by using ultrasonic waves. This
sensor receives the ultrasonic wave and emits the wave that are reflected back from the
target. The ultrasonic sensor consists of a transmitter and receiver which are available as
separate unit embedded together in a single unit.
Multiple areas of engineering use ultrasonic sensors. “No-contact” distance measuring is very
useful in automation, robotics, and instrumentation. Below, we investigate the applications of
ultrasonic sensors:

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Smart Vision Stick using SOS System and Traffic Signal

Figure 3.7

3) Water Sensor:

The water sensor for the smart stick is shown in figure 3.8

The water sensor is an easy-to-use tool for detecting the water. Connecting a water sensor to an
Arduino is a great way to detect a leak, spill, flood, rain, etc. It can be used to detect the presence,
the level, the volume and/or the absence of water. While this could be used to remind you to water
your plants, there is a better Grove sensor for that. The sensor has an array of exposed traces, which
read LOW when water is detected.

In this chapter, we will connect the water sensor to Digital Pin 8 on Arduino, and will enlist the very
handy LED to help identify when the water sensor comes into contact with a source of water.

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 Smart Vision Stick using SOS System and Traffic Signal

Benefits of water sensors:

1. Simple structure: There are no movable or elastic elements, so the reliability is extremely high,
and there is no need for regular maintenance during use.
2. Convenient installation: When using, first connect one end of the wire correctly, and then put the
other end of the water level probe into the solution to be measured.
3. Ranges are optional: you can measure the water level in the range of 1-200 meters, and other
measurement ranges can also be customized.
4. Wide range of applications: suitable for liquid level measurement of high temperature and high
pressure, strong corrosion, high pollution, and other media. Building an electronic water level gauge
on the river bank can be used for tide monitoring.
5. Wide range of measuring medium: High-precision measurement can be carried out from the
water, oil to paste with high viscosity, and wide-range temperature compensation is not affected by
the foaming, deposition, and electrical characteristics of the measured medium.
6. Long service life:

Generally, the liquid level sensor can be used for 4-5 years in a normal environment, and it can also
be used for 2-3 years in a harsh environment.

Figure 3.8

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Smart Vision Stick using SOS System and Traffic Signal

4) Transmitter and Receiver:

The Transmitter and Receiver for the smart stick is shown in figure 3.9. RF transceiver module will
always work in a pair that is it needs a Transmitter and Receiver to send and receive the data. A
transmitter can only send information and a Receiver and can only receive it, so data can send
from one end to another and not the other way around. The Transmitter module consists of three
pins namely Vcc, Din and ground as shown above. The Vcc pin has a wide range input voltage
from 3V to 12V. The transmitter consumes a minimum current of 9mA and can go as high as
40mA during transmission.

Figure3.9
An RF (Radio Frequency) receiver is a device that receives wireless signals transmitted through the
air and converts them into usable information or data. RF receivers are commonly used in a variety
of applications, including wireless communication systems, remote control systems, and IoT
devices. Pin Connections
•1 Antenna
•2 Ground
•3 Ground
•4 Vcc
•5 Vcc
•6 Linear Data (Normally NOT used)
•7 Digital Data (Normally Used)
•8 Ground

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Smart Vision Stick using SOS System and Traffic Signal

Pin Description:
•ANT- Antenna input.
•GND-Receiver Ground. Connect to ground plane.
•VCC- VCC pins are electrically connected and provide operating voltage for the receiver. VCC
can be applied to either or both. VCC should be bypassed with a .1μF ceramic capacitor. Noise on
the power supply will degrade receiver sensitivity.
DATA-Digital data output. This output can drive one TTL or CMOS load. It is a CMOS
compatible output.
An RF receiver typically consists of an antenna, a tuner, an amplifier, a demodulator, and a
decoder. The antenna is used to capture the wireless signal and convert it into an electrical signal.
The tuner is used to select a specific frequency from the captured signal, while the amplifier is used
to boost the signal strength.
The demodulator is used to extract the original data signal from the modulated carrier wave, which
can take the form of amplitude modulation (AM), frequency modulation (FM), or phase modulation
(PM). The decoder then processes the demodulated signal to extract the original data, which can be
in the form of voice, music, or digital data.
There are various types of RF receivers available on the market, such as superheterodyne receivers,
direct conversion receivers, and software-defined radios (SDRs). The choice of receiver depends on
the specific application requirements, such as frequency range, sensitivity, selectivity, and cost.
RF receivers can be integrated into various electronic devices, such as smartphones, car navigation
systems, and smart home devices. They are also commonly used in radio communication systems,
such as walkie-talkies, two-way radios, and satellite communication systems.
Rf Transmitter: -
An RF (Radio Frequency) transmitter can be used in a Smart blind stick for various applications
such as communication, tracking, and monitoring. For example, in a smart blind stick as an RF
transmitter can be used to enable wireless communication between the object and cars on the road.
The RF transmitter can also be used to connect the Smart blind stick with a tracking or monitoring
device to provide real-time location or health data. The transmitter may be battery-powered or
powered by the Smart blind stick 's electrical system, depending on the specific application. It is
important to note that the use of RF transmitters in Smart blind stick s may be regulated by local
laws and regulations, and users should ensure that they comply with all applicable requirements
before using such devices. Additionally, proper precautions should be taken to ensure that the

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transmitter does not interfere with

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Smart Vision Stick using SOS System and Traffic Signal

other electronic devices or cause any safety hazards.

The way an RF transmitter functions inside a Smart blind stick depends on the particular task for
which it is created. A Smart blind stick 's RF transmitter, however, typically communicates with
other systems or equipment via sending wireless signals.
For example, a Smart blind stick may have an RF transmitter that enables wireless communication
between the rider and other motorcyclists or car occupants. The transmitter can be built inside or
attached to the Smart blind stick, and it can be powered by the electrical system of the Smart blind
stick or a battery.
The working of an RF transmitter in a Smart blind stick may involve additional steps, such as
encoding or decoding of data, depending on the specific application. It is important to note that the
use of RF transmitters in Smart blind stick s may be regulated by local laws and regulations, and
users should ensure that they comply with all applicable requirements before using such devices.

5) IR sensor:

The ultrasonic sensor for the smart stick is shown in figure 3.9

The passive infrared sensor is an electronic sensor.It measures infrared radiating light from objects in
its field of view. IR sensor is used to measure the heat of an object and to detect the motion.
It is also used for detection of water in the path or street.
Types of IR Sensor
There are two types of IR sensors are available and they

are, Active Infrared Sensor

Passive Infrared Sensor

Active Infrared Sensor: -

Active infrared sensors consist of two elements: infrared source and infrared detector. Infrared
sources include the LED or infrared laser diode. Infrared detectors include photodiodes or
phototransistors. The energy emitted by the infrared source is reflected by an object and falls on the
infrared detector.

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Smart Vision Stick using SOS System and Traffic Signal
Passive Infrared Sensor
Passive infrared sensors are basically Infrared detectors. Passive infrared sensors do not use any
infrared source and detector. They are of two types: quantum and thermal. Thermal infrared sensors
use infrared energy as the source of heat. Thermocouples, pyroelectric detectors and bolometers are
the common types of thermal infrared detectors. Quantum type infrared sensors offer higher
detection performance. It is faster than thermal type infrared detectors. The photo sensitivity of
quantum type detectors is wavelength dependent.

Figure 3.10

6) Buzzer: -

Figure 3.11

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 Smart Vision Stick using SOS System and Traffic Signal

Features of Buzzer: -
1. Tone Type: single

2. Operating Voltage: 4.5-5.5Vdc

3. Rated Voltage: 5V DC

4. Current Consumption: 50mA

5. Osc. Frequency: 2.3kHz±0.4

6. Sound Level: 85dB

7. Connector Type: PCB

8. Body Color: black

9. Weight: 3gm

This is a small PCB (printed circuit board) mountable buzzer.

Its small size makes it perfect for all types of DIY and breadboard projects as well as actual electronics
production.

7) Battery: -

Figure 3.12
Specifications and Features:
 Very Small in size and weight compared to Ni-Cd, Ni-MH and Lead Acid Batteries
 Full Charge in 90 minutes with Li-ion battery charger
 Cell Specifications:
 3.7V 2600mAh
 Diameter 18mm, height 65mm

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Smart Vision Stick using SOS System and Traffic Signal

 Weight 45grams
 Maximum safe discharge current 5200mA (2C)
 Maximum charging voltage 4.2V (Do not overcharge the cell, it may explode or be internally
damaged.)
 Maximum charging current 1000mA
Safety Standards
1 Overcharge test
Test method: To charge with 20A-20V at 25℃ for
3hr. Criteria: No fire, and no explosion.
2 External short-circuit test
Test method: To short-circuit the standard charged cell (or 50% discharged cell) by connecting
positive and negative terminal by 80mΩ wire for 10min.
Criteria: No fire, and no explosion.
3 Reverse charge tests
Test method: To charge the standard charged cell with charge current 10A By 0V for 2.5 hours.
Criteria: No fire, and no explosion.
4 Heating test
Test method: To heat up the standard charged cell at heating rate 5℃ per minute up to 130℃ and
keep the cell in oven for 10 minutes.
Criteria: No fire, and no explosion.

8) Software requirement: -
Arduino programming application.
In this we do the programming on the base of the C and C++.

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 Smart Vision Stick using SOS System and Traffic Signal

Component Price list

Sr. No Component Name Quantity Price

1 Li-ion battery Cell 3 250*3= 750

2 Ultrasonic sensor 1 200*1=200

3 Water Sensor 1 210*1=210

4 Transmitter 1 350*1=350

5 RF 1 400*1=400

6 IR Sensor 1 650*1=650

7 Buzzer 1 150*1=150

Consumption in watts of total project: -

1) Microcontroller = 5V*0.35A = 1.75W

2) Vibrator Motor = 5V*0.2 = 1W

3) RFID = 5V*0.02 = 0.1W

4) Bluetooth = 5V*0.1 =

0.5W 5) Buzzer = 5V*0.02=

0.1W

Total watt = 3.45W

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Smart Vision Stick using SOS System and Traffic Signal

Chapter 4

Results and Discussion

The project is in the working hardware model, detecting the obstacles if come across any.
The blind stick proposed model can aid the virtually impaired user by helping him/her
navigate through different terrains and obstacles. With the advantages, that it is low cost, fast
response, low power consumption, light weight and ability receive the feedback through
buzzer audio. Detecting the obstacle with the help of Ultrasonic sensors and it can provide
notification to user holding it, in the sound form via Arduino buzzer. Facilitate easier
communication in case of emergency.

Figure 3.13: - Project Photo

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Smart Vision Stick using SOS System and Traffic Signal

Figure 3.14: - Components photo

Figure 3.15: - Battery

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Smart Vision Stick using SOS System and Traffic Signal

Different Different Different

sound using sound using sound using
delay delay delay

Figure 3.16: - Actual Working

Figure 3.17: - Actual Ultrasonic indication

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Smart Vision Stick using SOS System and Traffic Signal

Figure: - 3.18 Actual RF Indication

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Smart Vision Stick using SOS System and Traffic Signal

Ultrasonic Vs Distance Graph

30
20
30

20
15
20

10
10
10

5
5
5

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35

Figure 3.19: - Ultrasonic Vs Distance Graph.

Sr. SUPPLY TO DISTANCE OF SENSOR OUTPUT: -

No THE OBSTAICAL (in 1. LIGHT INDICATION
ULTRASONIC Cm) 2. VIBRATION MOTOR
SENSOR (5
VOLT)

01 ON 05 YES

02 ON 10 YES

03 ON 15 YES

04 ON 20 YES

05 ON 25 YES

06 ON 30 YES

07 ON 35 NO

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 Smart Vision Stick using SOS System and Traffic Signal
08 ON 40 NO

09 OFF 18 NO

10 OFF 29 NO

Figure 3.20: - Table of Supply and Rating

Distance Vs RF Signal Graph

10
20
10

8
8
8

4
4
4

2
2
2

0 2 4 6 8 10 12

Figure 3.21: - Distance Vs RF Signal Graph

Some Functions of above Working Components: -

Battery: - Very Small in size and weight compared to Ni-Cd, Ni-MH and Lead Acid Batteries
 Full Charge in 90 minutes with Li-ion battery charger
 Cell Specifications:
 3.7V 2600mAh
 Diameter 18mm, height 65mm
 Weight 45grams

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 Smart Vision Stick using SOS System and Traffic Signal

Ultrasonic sensor: - Ultrasonic level sensors are used to measure the distance by using ultrasonic
waves. This sensor receives the ultrasonic wave and emits the wave that are reflected back from the
target.
The ultrasonic sensor consists of a transmitter and receiver which are available as separate unit
embedded together in a single unit.
Multiple areas of engineering use ultrasonic sensors. “No-contact” distance measuring is veryuseful in
automation, robotics, and instrumentation.
Vibration motor: - Vibrator Motors are the mechanical devices used to develop vibrations. The
generation of vibration has happened with the support of an electric motor having an inequitable mass
on its driveshaft. It is a miniature sized DC motor that lets the user know the sound through vibrations.
The foremost feature that has to be noted in this is its magnet coreless DC motor which is permanent
where it means that it possesses magnetic properties (performs like a magnet only when the electric
current is passed through the device).

Buzzer: - Its small size makes it perfect for all types of DIY and breadboard projects as well as actual
electronics production. This Buzzer module emit really loud sound when 3V to 5V is apply to it. Unlike
a plain piezo, this buzzer does not need an AC signal. Inside is a piezo plus the driver circuitry that
makes it oscillate at 2 KHz.

On one hand, that makes it really great for integrating into projects because you don’t need an
oscillating control signal. but on the other hand, you cannot change the frequency.

4.2 Discussion: -
The smart blind stick is given to a physically impaired person with a prior training.
1. The physically impaired person is taught the positions of the buttons present in the smart blind stick.
2. The owner should have an Android phone so that the installed application can be used.
3. As the person is blind thus only wired earphones can be used.
4. On switching on the application the mobile will be connected with the smart blind stick to Android
through Bluetooth.
5. For the purpose of navigation the person can press the navigation button and it will help them to
reach their destination and will detect the obstacles present at left, right and front using ultrasonic
sensors.

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 Smart Vision Stick using SOS System and Traffic Signal

6. Whenever there is obstacle detection, there is a warning given to the blind person by voice command.
7. The blind stick also incorporates the feature of moisture detector order to detect mud and wet soil in
the path.
8. The panic switch is also present in order to call in emergencies. The call will be dialed to the
provided number.

Figure 3.22: - Stick Photo

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 Smart Vision Stick using SOS System and Traffic Signal

Stick Calculations: -

1) Battery Watt hour= mAh * V / 1000

Battery watt hour = 2600 / 3.7 *1000

= 9620 / 1000

= 9.62

2) Battery Ah = Wh / V

Battery Ah = Wh / V

= 9.62 / 3.7

= 2.6 Ah

3) Discharge time = Battery capacity * Battery Volt / device watt

Discharge time = Battery capacity Ah* Battery Volt / device watt

= 2.6 * 3.7 / 9.62

= 1 hours

4) Charging time = Charging time - Battery current capacity / charging current

= 2600/1000

= 2.6 hours

5) Rf and Signal calculation = v = f λ

v = 3 × 108m/s

λ = 1m

F = V/ λ

=3 × 108 / 1

= 3 × 108 Hz

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Smart Vision Stick using SOS System and Traffic Signal

Chapter 5

Conclusion and Future

Works

5.1 Conclusion
The blind smart stick, on which we are working and it will be available soon in the market
which can be used to guide the blind. Our aim is to solve the problem that are faced by them
in day-to-day life. This system also ensures their safety. This device will make them so easy
to walk everywhere they want by the help of the navigation system and signal indicator. This
device also helps them to move easily by the new technologies of SOS System.

This Blind stick is working in the traffic zone it is detecting the traffic zone area by using RF
radio frequency and it is giving signal to blind person by vibrator. We finally conclude that
we implemented all such ideas which we claimed in our project. Our main aim in this whole
project is to provide an assisting system to fully or partially blind people to navigate from
one place to other using real-time video streaming technology and conventional sensor based
technology. For further research, we can use hard-core image processing and Artificial
Intelligence in the system to detect obstacles and decide the best path on its own.

5.2 Future work

The future scope of our smart stick, guides the visually impaired person in his navigation
independently in an efficient manner ensuring the person’s safety the device, which has
increment in it by building the new technologies. And the Main Future scope in this smart
stick is Smart Cap, Smart Headphones, Smart Gloves.

For further research, we can use hard-core image processing and Artificial Intelligence in
the system to detect obstacles and decide the best path on its own. And by using various
light system also in that such as torch for the night time.

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Smart Vision Stick using SOS System and Traffic Signal

References
1) Nishajith.A. Nivedha.J, Shilpa.S. Nair, Prof.Mohammed Shaffi.J “Smart Cap – wearable visual
guidance system for blind” International Conference on Inventive Research in Computing
Applications (ICIRCA 2018).

2) L. Sarojinia1, I. Anburajb, r. Aravind, m. Karthikeyand and k. Gayathrie “Smart electronic gadget

for visually impaired people” Indian j.sci.res. Vol 14 (1): Pp.348-352, Issue2017.

3) Arsh.A. Ghate1, Vishal.G. Chavan2, “SMART GLOVES FOR BLIND” 2018 23rd
Mediterranean Conference on Control and Automation (MED) Vol. 4, Issue June 16-19, 2018.

4) Gharieb, W., & Nagib, G. (2016). “Smart Cane for Blinds”. In Proc. 9th Int. Conf. on AI
Applications (pp. 253-262).

5) WHO,” Universal eye health: a global action plan 2014-2019”, ISBNNo: 978 9241506564.

6) Nada, Ayat & Mashali, Samia & Fakhr, Mahmoud & Seddik, Ahmed. (2015). “Effective Fast
Response Smart Stick for Blind People”. 10.15224/978-1-63248-043-9-29.

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 Smart Vision Stick using SOS System and Traffic Signal

Appendix-1
const int trigPin = 5;
const int echoPin = 6;
float duration, distance;
#include <SPI.h>
#include <RFID.h>
#define SS_PIN 10
#define RST_PIN 9
RFID rfid(SS_PIN, RST_PIN);
String rfidCard;
void setup() {
SPI.begin();
rfid.init();
pinMode(trigPin, OUTPUT);
pinMode(echoPin, INPUT);
pinMode(4,OUTPUT);
// put your setup code here, to run once:
pinMode(7, OUTPUT); //Vibrate
pinMode(1, OUTPUT); //Led Status
digitalWrite(7,HIGH);
digitalWrite(4,HIGH);
digitalWrite(1,HIGH);
delay(200);
digitalWrite(7,LOW);
delay(200);
digitalWrite(4,LOW);
delay(400);
digitalWrite(7,HIGH);
digitalWrite(4,HIGH);
delay(200);
digitalWrite(7,LOW);
delay(200);
digitalWrite(4,LOW);
delay(500);
digitalWrite(1,LOW);
}

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 Smart Vision Stick using SOS System and Traffic Signal

void loop() {
// put your main code here, to run repeatedly:
digitalWrite(trigPin, LOW);
delayMicroseconds(2);
digitalWrite(trigPin, HIGH);
delayMicroseconds(10);
digitalWrite(trigPin, LOW);
duration = pulseIn(echoPin, HIGH);
distance = (duration*.0343)/2;
Serial.print("Distance: ");
Serial.println(distance);
if(distance < 30)
{
digitalWrite(7,HIGH);
digitalWrite(4,HIGH);
digitalWrite(1,HIGH);
delay(30);
digitalWrite(1,LOW);
digitalWrite(7,LOW);
delay(200);
digitalWrite(1,HIGH);
digitalWrite(4,LOW);
delay(200);
digitalWrite(1,LOW);
delay(200);
}
if (rfid.isCard()) {
if (rfid.readCardSerial()) {
digitalWrite(7,HIGH);
digitalWrite(4,HIGH);
digitalWrite(1,HIGH);
delay(80);
digitalWrite(1,LOW);
digitalWrite(7,LOW);
delay(200);
digitalWrite(1,HIGH);
digitalWrite(4,LOW);
delay(700);
digitalWrite(1,LOW);
delay(700);
}
rfid.halt();
}
}

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 Smart Vision Stick using SOS System and Traffic Signal

List of Publication
1) Smart Vison Stick for Bind person using AI and Signal Indicator (ISC Conference Nagpur)
2) Smart Vison Stick for Bind person using AI and Signal Indicator (ISTE Conference Nagpur)

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