‫جامعة الزاوية‬

‫كلية الهندسة‬
‫قسم الهندسة الكهربائية وااللكترونية‬
‫‪Department of electrical and electronics engineering‬‬

‫االسم ‪:‬عائشة عياد االحرش‬

‫رقم القيد‪1511222535:‬‬

‫الموضوع ‪PCM&DM:‬‬

‫تحت أشراف ‪ /‬أ‪.‬عصام الشفح‪:‬‬

Introduction

Pulse code modulation (PCM) is a system for converting analog signal to digital
signal, pulse code modulation transmits more than one bit per sample

In PCM the signaling rate and transmission channel bandwidth are quite large since
it transmits all the bits.

Figure 1 PCM waveform

Figure 2 block diagram of PCM

Delta modulation (DM)

In pcm the signaling rate and transmission channel bandwidth quite large since it
transmits all the bits with are used to code a sample to overcome this problem, Delta
Modulation.

Delta modulation transimits only one bit per sample here the present sample value is
compared with the previous sample value and this result whether the amplitude is
increased or decreased is transmitted

Figure 3 block diagram of DM

Analog Data to Digital Signal
Once analog data have been converted to digital signals, the digital data:
 Can be transmitted using NRZ-L
 Can be encoded as a digital signal using a code other than NRZ-L
 Can be converted to an analog signal, using previously discussed
techniques

Pulse Code Modulation

What is Pulse code modulation?

Pulse code modulation (PCM) is a method that is used to convert an analog signal into a
digital signal

PCM is the most useful and widely used of all the pulse modulations mentioned

An analog signal is characterized by an amplitude that can take any value over a
continuous range.

Digital signal amplitude can take on only a finite number of values.

Quantization
Quantization is the process of mapping continuous infinite values to a
smaller set of discrete finite values.
When an information signal is pulse amplitude modulation, it becomes
discrete in time only it remains analogue in amplitude since all the values
within the specified rang are allowed, PAM signal is said to be quantized
when each pulse of PAM signal is adjustend in amplitude to coincide with
the nearest level withen a finite set
This is achieved by dividing the distance between min and max into L Zones
(Quantized Zone), each of height.

Mmax−Mmin mp−(−mp)
Δ= = … … … ..(1)
L L
2mp
¿ … … … … … … ..(2)
L

Quantized Levels
The midpoint of each zone is assigned a value from 0 to 0L_1(resulting in L values)
 Each sample falling a zone is then approximated to the value of the midpoint.

Encoding
Each zone is then assigned a binary code.

The number of bits required to encode the zone,or the number of bits per sample as it
is commonly referred to , is obtain as follows:
n
L=2 ∨n=log 2 L

The 8 zone (or level) codes are :000,001,010,011,100,and 111 this code, formed by
binary representation of the 8 decimal digit from 0 to 7, is known as the natural binary
code(NBC)

 Example:-
A sinusoidal signal is transmitted using PCM scheme the target output SNR should be
greater than 13dB.

Find the min.NO if representation level and the min.NO of bits required to represent
each sample to achieve the above preforms ?

Sol:-

Snr (dB)=1.8+6 n=13

6 n=11.2
 11.2
n=
6

n=1.86 ≈ 2

n 2
L=2 =2 =4

L=4

Difference between Pulse Code Modulation (PCM) and Delta

Modulation (DM)
 Pulse Code Modulation (PCM):
It is the technique used for reworking analog signals into digital signals. PCM
has a good or sensible signal-to-noise ratio. For transmission, Pulse Code
Modulation wants high transmitter bandwidth.
 Delta Modulation(DM): 
Delta modulation is a technique which provides a staircase approximation to an
oversampled version of the message signal (analog input).

With delta modulation an analog input is approximated by a staircase function

that moves up or down by one quantization level (+Δ,- Δ) at each sampling
interval(Ts) the important characteristic of this staircase function is that its
behavior is binary:
Thus, the output of the delta modulation process can be represented as a single
binary digit for each sample. A bit stream is produced by approximating the
derivative of an analog signal rather than its amplitude:
 A 1 is generated if the staircase function is to go up during the next interval: a 0 is
generated otherwise

Delta Modulation(DM) Operation

 The analog input is compared to the most recent value of the approximating
staircase function
 If the value of analog input exceeds that of the staircase function, a 1 is generated
otherwise, a 0 is generated
 Thus, the staircase is always changed in the direction of the input signal

Delta Modulation and demodulation components

There are two important parameters in a DM scheme:

The size of the step assigned to each binary digit Δ, and the sampling rate.
As the above figure illustrates. Δ must be chosen to produce a balance between two
types of errors or noise.

 When the analog waveform is changing very slowly. There will be quantizing
noise this noise increases as Δ is increased.
 On the other hand when the analog waveform is changing more rapidly than the
staircase can follow there is slope overload noise shown in figure below this noise
increases as Δ decreased.

It should be clear that the accuracy of the scheme can be improved by increasing the
sampling rate however, this increases the data rate of the output signal or using
adaptive delta modulation (ADM).

S.NO PCM DM

1. PCM stands for Pulse Code Modulation. DM stands for Delta Modulation.

In PCM, feedback does not exist in While in DM, feedback exists in

2.
transmitter or receiver. transmitter.

3. Per sample 4, 8, or 16 bits are used. Here, only one bit is used per
S.NO PCM DM

sample.

PCM requires highest DM requires lowest transmitter

4.
transmitter bandwidth. bandwidth.

PCM is complex in terms of complexity While DM is simple in terms of

5.
of implementation. complexity of implementation.

While DM has poor signal to noise

6. PCM has good signal to noise ratio .
ratio.

7. PCM is costly. DM is cheap.

PCM may be a technique wont to

Digital to analog and analog to
8. digitally represent sampled analog
digital converter.
signals.

In PCM, signal
In DM, signal
9. requires encoder and decoder both
can modulate and demodulate.
sides.

PM is mostly used in video telephony DM is mostly used in speeches as

10.
and audio telephony. well as images.