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: Title of The Book

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phosphate or by producing hormones, vitamins and other growth

promoters required for plant growth. They are natural fertilizes
Role of bacterial inoculants in crop production which are living microbial inoculants of bacteria, algae, fungi alone
1*
Rajesh Kumar, 2K.P. Pandey, 4Umesh Kumar or in combination and they magnify the availability of nutrients to
Mishra, 4R. C. Mishra, and 3Rohit Shukla. the plants. The role of bacterial bio-inoculants in agriculture has
1 special significance, especially in the current context of grown cost
P.G. Department of Botany, Mahatma Gandhi Government
of chemical fertilizer and their harmful effects on soil health.
Arts College, Mahe, Puducherry.673311.
2
Sarvodaya Mahavidyalaya, Mauaima, Prayagraj, UP
Keywords Human population, Inorganic fertilizers, Soil
3
Biological Product Laboratory, Department of Botany, microflora, Rhizosphere, Bioinoculants
University of Allahabad, Prayagraj, UP.
4
Swami Vivekanand University, Sagar, M.P. Introduction
*
Corresponding author email: rajeshdubey.au@gmail.com One of the contemporary issues of Agriculture is eco-
friendly practices. The current agriculture practices emphasize on
Abstract using hybrid seeds and high yielding varieties that are responsible for
With sharp increase in human population, the demand for the large doses of chemical fertilizers and irrigation. Arbitrary use of
crop has extensively increased which has led to extensive use of chemical fertilizers has led to pollution and contamination of soil and
inorganic fertilizers without consideration of soil health that is a water basins. Due to this soil is being deprived of essential plant
crucial factor for obtaining sustainable high yield. Besides this, the nutrients and organic matter. It has led to reduction of useful micro-
negative effects of inorganic fertilizers on environment along with organisms and insects which indirectly reducing soil fertility and
underground water resources and soil micro-flora are matter of great making crops susceptible to diseases. It is estimated that by 2020, to
concern. The advantageous plant microbe interactions in the achieve the targeted production of 321 million tons of food grain, the
rhizosphere are the primary determinants of plant health and soil necessity of nutrient will be 28.8 million tons, while their availability
fertility and improve long term viability of soil. The vanished will be only 21.6 million tons that is showing a deficit of about 7.2
biological activities in the soil, due to excessive use of chemical million tons, thus depleting feedstock/fossil fuels (energy crisis)
fertilizers, can be restored gradually by incorporating synthetically increasing cost of fertilizers which would be unaffordable to small
multiplied cultures of advantageous microorganisms in the form of and marginal farmers, thus intensifying the depleting levels of soil
bio-inoculants. They produce growth stimulating substances and fertility due to widening gap between nutrient removal and supplies
vitamins and help to maintain soil fertility and suppress the (Bhuvaneshwari and Singh, 2015).
mechanism of pathogen and control diseases which ultimately results Chemical fertilizers which are now being used widely since
in improved yield. As a cost-effective alternative to chemical the green revolution have depleted soil health by making the soil
fertilizers, biofertilizers can help to cut down the high investment ecology inhabitable for soil micro flora and micro fauna which are
required for fertilizer use. Biofertilizers (bacterial-inoculants) are mainly responsible for maintaining soil fertility and providing some
carrier-based micro-organisms which help to boost the productivity essential and augment nutrients to plants. Biofertilizers are the
through biological nitrogen fixation or solubilization of insoluble products containing one or more species of microorganisms which

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have ability to convert nutritionally important elements from non- Rhizobium is a soil habitat bacterium, which colonizes
usable to usable form through biological processes such as nitrogen legume roots and fixes atmospheric nitrogen symbiotically. The
fixation, phosphate solubilization, residue of plant growth promoting morphology and physiology of Rhizobium vary from free-living
substances or cellulose and biodegradation in soil, compost and other condition to the bacteroid of nodules. These are group of bacteria
environments. In second sense, biofertilizers are natural fertilizes that fix atmospheric nitrogen symbiotically and stimulate the growth
which are living microbial inoculants of bacteria, algae, fungi alone of plants. The enzyme system of bacteria supplies constant source of
or in combination and they augment the availability of nutrients to reduced nitrogen to the host plant and in the cost this plant provides
the plants. The role of biofertilizers in agriculture have unique nutrients and energy for the activities of the bacteria (Singh et al.,
significance, especially in the current situation of increased cost of 2008). Rhizobium inhibited the growth of pathogenic fungi which
chemical fertilizer and their hazardous effects on soil. indicates that Rhizobium may secrete antifungal compounds (Panwar
Biofertilizer : The Necessity of Agriculture et al., 2014). PGPR and Rhizobia strain can promote seed emergence
and seedling characteristics which benefits the early seedling
Biofertilizers are materials containing living or dormant cells
establishment and consequently the crop growth and development.
of economical strains of microorganisms that accelerate certain
They are the most efficient bio-inoculants as per the quantity of
microbial activities in the soil which augment the extent of
nitrogen fixed concerned. They have seven genera and are highly
availability of nutrients in a form easily assimilated by plants. Bio-
specific to shape nodule in legumes.
fertilizers add nutrients through the natural mechanism of nitrogen
Azotobacter
fixation, phosphate solubilization, and stimulating plant growth
Of the several species of Azotobacter, A. chroococcum
through the synthesis of growth-boosting substances. At current
happens to be the dominant inhabitant in arable soils capable of
times, there is a growing concern about environmental hazards and
fixing N2 (2-15 mg N2 fixed /g of carbon source) in culture media.
threats to sustainable agriculture. In view of the above stated facts,
The bacterium produces abundant slime which helps in soil
the long-term use of bio-fertilizers proves to be economical, eco-
syndication. The numbers of A. chroococcum in Indian soils rarely
friendly, more efficient, productive and accessible to marginal and
exceeds 105/g soil due to lack of organic matter and the presence of
small farmers over chemical fertilizers. Thus, the need for the use of
inimical microorganisms in soil.
biofertilizer arises mainly for two reasons. First, because increase in
the use of fertilizers leads to increased crop productivity, second, Azospirillum
because increased usage of chemical fertilizer leads to damage in soil Azospirillum lipoferum and A. brasilense (Spirillum
texture and creates other environmental problems. lipoferumin earlier literature) are primary inhabitants of soil, the
Types of bacterial biofertilizers rhizosphere and intercellular spaces of root cortex of graminaceous
plants. They develop associative symbiotic relationship with grami-
Numerous microorganisms and their association with crop
naceous plants. Apart from nitrogen fixation, growth boosting
plants are being utilized in the production of biofertilizers. They can
substance production (IAA), disease resistance and drought tolerance
be categorized in different manners based on their nature and mode
are some of the additional benefits of inoculation with Azospirillum.
of action.
The advancement of plant growth inoculated with resulting in
Rhizobium significant changes in several characteristics of the plants (Boddey

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and Döbereiner, 1988). The Azospirillum inoculation enhances of some trace elements such as zinc and iron (Wani et al., 2007).
germination rate, dry weight accumulation of nitrogen, grain yield Root length shoot length and the total biomass of the plants of each
and changes duration of the plants growth stages (Pandey et al., 1998 treatment containing the PSB with or without NPK fertilizer after
and Sumner, 1990). Better plant root development due to Azospiri- 15th day was significantly higher than that of the control and the
llum inoculation is caused by production of growth booster NPK alone (Duarahet et al., 2011). Some phosphate solubilizing
substances of plants (Bashan and Holguin, 1997). The beneficial bacteria can accumulate heavy metals and eliminate heavy metal
effects caused by the inoculation with Azospirillum are not only due phytotoxicity and enhance growth in plants (Katiyar and Goel,
to N fixation in the rhizosphere, but mainly, for the best efficiency in 2004). Soil fertility viz. available P, enzyme activities and PSB
the absorption of water and nutrients, which happens due to a more population in both maize and wheat crops was significantly
developed root system, increasing the soil area explored by the roots. improved with combine application of PSB inoculation and rock
Biofertilizers like Azospirillum release phytohormones like auxin phosphate fertilization compared to DAP treatment. (Kaur and
which enhance root branching and root elongation which is Reddy, 2015). Phosphorus solubilizing bacterial cultures viz.,
beneficial for plants in dry areas (Steenhoudt and Vandereyden, Agrobacterium radiobacter and Bacillus megatherium and fungus
2000). i.e., Aspergillus awamori have positive influence on various growth
Cyanobacteria and yield parameters and P uptake (Shankaraiah et al., 2000).
Phosphate solubilizing technology improves the fertility and
Both free-living as well as symbiotic cyanobacteria (blue
agricultural use of saline-alkaline soil without causing any
green algae) have been utilized in rice cultivation in India. At a time
environmental or health hazard that accompanies the continuous use
so much publicized as a biofertilizer for rice crop but it has not
of synthetic fertilizers Kushneria sp. strain is capable of solubilizing
presently attracted the attention of rice growers all over India. The
both inorganic phosphorus and organo-phosphorus moderate
benefits due to algalization could be to the extent of 20-30 kg N/ha
halophilic properties and can be used in the development of saline-
under standard conditions but the labour based methodology for the
alkaline based agriculture (Zhu et al., 2011).
preparation of BGA biofertilizer is a limitation itself.
Potassium Solubilizers
Phosphate solubilizing microorganisms (PSM)
With the introduction of high yielding crop varieties and the
Numerous soil bacteria, notably species of Pseudomonas,
gradual intensification of agriculture, the soils are getting depleted in
Bacillus, secrete organic acids and lower the pH in their vicinity to
K stock at a faster rate. Many bacteria such as Acidothiobacillus
bring about dissolution of bound phosphates in soil. Increased yields
ferrooxidans, Paenibacillus spp., Bacillus mucilaginosus, B.
of wheat and potato were demonstrated due to inoculation of peat-
edaphicus, and B. circulans dissolve silicate minerals (e.g., biotite,
based cultures of Bacillus polymyxa and Pseudomonas striata. Large
feldspar, illite, muscovite, orthoclase, and mica) and release K
amount of P used as fertilizer enters into the static pools through
through the production of organic and inorganic acids, acidolysis,
precipitation reaction with highly reactive Al3+ and Fe3+ in acidic soil
polysaccharides, complexolysis, chelation, and exchange reactions
and Ca2+ in calcareous or normal soils (Gyaneshwar et al., 2002 and
(Etesami et al., 2017). Inoculation of seeds and seedlings of different
Hao et al., 2002). Phosphorus solubilizing bacteria support the
plants with KSB showed considerable improvement of germination
growth of plants by stimulating the efficiency of biological nitrogen
percentage, seedling vigor, plant growth, yield, and K uptake by
fixation, synthesizing phytohormones and enhancing the availability
plants under greenhouse and field conditions (Anjanadevi et al.,
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2016; Awasthi et al., 2011). Inoculation with KSB exerted beneficial minerals contain potassium, calcium, magnesium, iron and zinc and
effects on growth of pepper and cucumber, maize, wheat Sudan grass therefore inoculation of SSB to soil benefit the crop by releasing
and Okra ((Basak and Biswas, 2012; Prajapati et al., 2013). Use of several of these nutrients (Muralikannam, 1996). Concurrent
KSB as bio-fertilizers for agriculture improvement can reduce the application of ‘Azotobacterin’ and ‘Silicabacterin’ increased the
use of agrochemicals and promote sustainable crop production. yields of raw cotton up to 34 % (Ciobanu, 1961). Field inoculation of
Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) silicate bacteria enhanced yield of maize, wheat, potato and
tomatoes, lucerne and maize.
The group of bacteria that colonize roots or rhizosphere soil
S. Type of bio- Example Target crops
and useful to crops are described as plant growth promoting No. inoculants
rhizobacteria (PGPR). The PGPR inoculants enhance growth through 1. N2 fixing Azotobacter, Beijerinkia, Groundnut,
suppression of plant disease (termed Bioprotectants), enhanced Biofertilizers Clostridium, Klebsiella, Soybean, Redgram,
nutrient acquisition (termed Biofertilizers), or phytohormone Rhizobium, Frankia, Greengram,
Azospirillum Black-gram, Lentil,
production (termed Biostimulants). Species of Pseudomonas and Cowpea,
Bacillus can produce as yet not well characterized phytohormones or Bengal-gram and
growth regulators that cause crops to have greater amounts of fine Fodder legumes
roots which have the effect of increasing the absorbent surface of 2. P Solubilizing Bacillus megaterium var. All crops
Biofertilizers phosphaticum, Bacillus
plant roots for uptake of water and nutrients (Singh et al., 2008).
subtilis,
These PGPR are described as Bio stimulants and the phytohormones Bacillus circulans,
they produce include indole-acetic acid, cytokinin, gibberellin and Pseudomonas striata
inhibitors of ethylene production (Hussain et al., 2009). 3. K Solubilizers Acidothiobacillus pepper and
ferrooxidans, Paenibacillus cucumber maize
Si Solubilizers spp., Bacillus wheat, Sudan grass
Silicon is present in very huge quantities in the soil as mucilaginosus, B. edaphicus
silicates and silicon dioxide, but the actual concentration of 4. Biofertilizers for Bacillus sp. Cotton, Vegetables,
Micronutrients Mulberry,
bioavailable ortho-silicic acid is very less. Silicate Solubilizing Plantation Crop,
Bacteria (SSB) dissolve various soil silicates into plant available Rice, Wheat,
ortho silicic acid thereby performing a major role in increasing crop Barley,
yield & improving plant health. Several microbes like Bacillus Ragi, Jowar,
Mustard, Safflower,
caldolytyicus, Bacillus mucilaginosus var siliceous, Proteus mirabilis,
Niger,
Pseudomonas spp. And Penicillium spp. was found to release silica Sunflower,
from natural silicates (Avakyan et al., 1986). The solubilized silicon Tobacco, Fruit,
has a larger interaction with other nutrients, especially phosphorus. Si Spices,
in solution enhance phosphorus availability to plants by reversing its Condiment,
5. Plant Growth Pseudomonas and Bacillus Groundnut,
fixation as Si competes for phosphorus fixation sites in the soil thus
Promoting Soybean, Redgram,
application of silicates released more of phosphorus in soil system Rhizobacteria Greengram,
(Chinnasami and Chandrasekaran, 1978). Besides silicon, silicate Black-gram, Lentil,

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Cowpea, Seed Treatment: 200 g of biofertilizer is suspended in 300-
Bengal-gram and 400 mL of water and mixed gently with 10 kg of seeds using an
Fodder legumes
Bacillus caldolytyicus, maize, wheat,
adhesive like gum acacia, jiggery solution, etc. The seeds are then
5. Si Solubilizers
Bacillus mucilaginosus var potato and spread on a clean sheet/cloth under shade to dry and used
siliceous, Proteus mirabilis, tomatoes immediately for sowing.
Pseudomonas spp. Seedling Root Dip: This method is used for transplanted
Table: Types, example and target crops of bio-inoculants. crops. For rice crop, a bed is made in the field and filled with water.
Recommended biofertilizers are mixed in this water and the roots of
Role of nutrient solubilizing bioinoculants for crop seedlings are dipped for 8-10 h before transplanted.
protection Soil Treatment: 4 kg of each recommended biofertilizers is
mixed in 200 kg of compost and kept overnight. This mixture is
The result of nutrient element is that it forms chelates with
incorporated in the soil at the time of sowing or planting.
the salts present in the soil. For example, in acid soil phosphorus will
be converted into Aluminum phosphates and Iron phosphates. Advantages of using Bio-inoculants
Nitrogen Fixation while in alkaline soils it converts into calcium � They are cost effective as well as eco-friendly.
phosphates or sodium phosphates and becomes unavailable to plants. � They help in increasing the crop yield by 10-25%.
In order to make these kinds of phosphorus to available from some � Their use leads to soil enrichment and the quality of the soil
of the bio-inoculants produces organic acids which convert them to improves with time.
soluble form like hypophosphites which can be uptake by plants � Though they do not show instant results, but the results
(fig.1). shown over time are magnificent.
� These fertilizers utilize atmospheric nitrogen and make it
directly available to the plants.
� They add the phosphorous content of the soil by solubilizing
and releasing unavailable phosphorous.
� Biofertilizers improve root proliferation through the release
of growth promoting hormones.
� Microorganism converts complex nutrients into simple
nutrients for the convenience of the plants.
� Biofertilizer contains microorganisms which stimulate the
adequate supply of nutrients to the host plants and ensure
Fig 1: Various applications of Nutrient Solubilizing Bacterial Bio-inoculants.
their proper growth and regulation in their physiology.
� Biofertilizers can also shield the plants from soil borne
diseases up to a certain degree.
Methods of Application of Bio-inoculants on agricultural
crops Constraints in Bio-inoculants/Biofertilizer Technology

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Though the biofertilizer technology is cost effective, eco- fertilizer plants and sustaining the production. In this context,
friendly, several constraints limit the application or implementation bacterial bio-inoculants would be the viable option for farmers to
of the technology. Major constraints may be: enhance productivity per unit area.
� Technological constraints such as unavailability of good
quality carrier material and lack of skilled technical References
personnel in production units.
1. Anjanadevi, I.P., John, N.S., John, K.S., Jeeva, M.L. and Misra,
� Lack of effective training on the biofertilizers production R.S. (2016). Rock inhabiting potassium solubilizing bacteria from
techniques. Kerala, India: characterization and possibility in chemical K
� Infrastructural constraints such as lack of essential fertilizer substitution. J. Basic Microbial. 56:67-77.
equipment, power supply, etc. 2. Avakyan, Z.A., Pavavarova, T.A. and Karavako, G.I. (1986).
Properties of a new species, Bacillus mucilaginous. Microbiol,
� Financial constraints such as lack of sufficient funds and
55:477-482.
problems in getting loans from the banks. 3. Awasthi, R., Tewari, R. and Nayyar, H. (2011). Synergy between
� Environmental constraints such as seasonal demand for plants and P-solubilizing microbes in soils:effects on growth and
biofertilizers, simultaneous cropping operations and short physiology of crops. Int. Res. J. Microbiol, 2:484-503.
span of sowing/planting in a particular locality, etc. 4. Basak, B. and Biswas, D. (2012). Modification of waste mica for
alternative source of potassium: evaluation of potassium release in
� Unawareness on the benefits of adopting technology by the soil from waste mica treated with potassium solubilizing bacteria
farmers. (KSB). LAP LAMBERT Academic Publishing.
� Due to different methods of inoculation, no instant result in 5. Bashan, Y. and Holguin, G. (1997). Azospirillum plant relation-
the crop growth as compared to inorganic fertilizers. ships: environmental and physiological advances (1990-1996).
� Marketing constraints such as lack of precise inoculants at Can. J. Microbiol., 43: 103-121.
6. Bhuvaneshwari, K. and Singh, P.K. (2015). Response of nitrogen-
the right place at the right time, lack of retail outlets or the fixing water fern Azolla biofertilization to rice crop. Biotech, 5(4):
market network for the producers. 523-529.
� The different constraints in one way or the other affect the 7. Boddey, R.M. and Döbereiner, J. (1988). Nitrogen fixation
technique at production, or marketing or usage. associated with grasses and cereals: Recent results and
perspectives for future research. Plant Soil, 108: 53-65.
Conclusion 8. Chinnasami, K.N. and Chandrasekaran, S. (1978). Silica status in
Bioinoculants especially bacterial bio-fertilizers being key certain soils of Tamil Nadu. Madras Agric J. 65:743-746.
components of organic farming, perform a vital role in maintaining 9. Ciobanu, I. (1961). Investigation on the efficiency on for
long term soil fertility and sustainability by fixing atmospheric free biocontrol of Macrophomina phaseolina bacterial fertilizers
applied to cotton. J Biol Cent Exp Control 8:41-44.
nitrogen, mobilizing fixed macro and micronutrients in the soil into 10. Duarah, I., Deka, M., Saikia, N. and Deka Boruah, H.P. (2011).
forms available to plants. At Present there is a gap of ten million tons Phosphate solubilizers enhance NPK fertilizer use efficiency in
of plant nutrients between required by crops and supply through rice and legume cultivation. Biotech., 1(4): 227-238.
chemical fertilizers. In context of both the cost and environmental 11. Etesami, H., Emami, S. and Alikhani, H.A. (2017). Potassium
solubilizing bacteria (KSB): Mechanisms, promotion of plant
impact of chemical fertilizers, excessive reliance on chemical
growth, and future prospects A review. J. Soil Sci. Plant Nutr., 17
fertilizers is not practicable in the long run because of the cost, both (4).
in domestic resources and foreign exchange involved in setting up of
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12. Gyaneshwar, P., Kumar, N.J., Pareka, L.J. & Podle, P.S. (2002). 24. Sumner, M.E. (1990). Crop responses to Azospirillum inoculation.
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13. Hao, X., Cho, C.M., Racz, G.J. and Chang, C. (2002). Chemical 25. Zhu, F., Qu, L., Hong, X., and Sun, X. (2011). Isolation and
Retardation of Phosphate Diffusion in an AcidSoil as Affected by Characterization of a Phosphate-Solubilizing Halophilic Bacterium
Liming. Nutrient Cycling in Agro ecosystems, 64(3): 213-224. Kushneria sp. YCWA18 from Daqiao Saltern on the Coast of
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H.N. (2009). Potential of Rhizobium spp. for improving growth
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21. Shankaraiah, C., Hunsigi, G. and Nagaraju, M.S. (2000). Effect of
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