Urban Transport in India PPP Arrangement

SOURCE BOOK
PPP ARRANGEMENTS FOR

URBAN BUS OPERATIONS
IN INDIA
OCTOBER 2021
2 OCTOBER 2021
FOREWORD
ABOUT THE SOURCE BOOK
The report has been prepared as part of the Indo-German
bilateral cooperation, Green Urban Mobility Partnership
(GUMP) under “Integrated Sustainable Urban Transport
Systems for Smart Cities (SMART-SUT)” commissioned
by the German Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation
and Development (BMZ) and jointly implemented by
Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit
(GIZ) GmbH with Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs
(MoHUA), Government of India.
MoHUA has taken several initiatives to support the
transformation in city bus operations, and through this
source book, it intends to further facilitate the cities in
better decision-making related to structuring of their core
bus operations. The objective of this book is to capture
key features of the contractual arrangements between the
public and private agencies involved in city bus operations
on PPP.
The book captures procurement models of ten Indian cities/
states for operations of conventional and electric buses
on PPP. The aim is to develop a holistic understanding of
the contractual framework and their impact on efficiency
and sustainability of bus operations. It will be helpful in
increasing private sector participation in the city bus
operations and may be referred by the cities/states in
understanding different contractual models to enhance
overall efficiency and ensure better asset utilization.
8 OCTOBER 2021
SOURCE BOOK- PPP ARRANGEMENTS FOR URBAN BUS OPERATIONS IN INDIA
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1. INTRODUCTION 10
2. COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS 14
3. CITY-WISE ASSESSMENT 20
3.1 Ahmedabad 3.2 Amritsar 3.3 Bhopal 3.4 Bhubaneswar

(Gujarat) (Punjab) (Madhya Pradesh) (Odisha)
3.5 Delhi 3.6 Goa 3.7 Indore 3.8 Nagpur

(Madhya Pradesh) (Maharashtra)
3.9 Navi Mumbai 3.10 Surat

(Maharashtra) (Gujarat)
4. ANNEXURE 42
4.1 Key initiatives by MoHUA
4.2 Sources
4.3 Abbreviations
9
1
INTRODUCTION
10 OCTOBER 2021
OVERVIEW OF THE BUS TRANSPORT LANDSCAPE

1. BUS TRANSPORT IN INDIA
A BUS TRANSPORT IS ATTRACTIVE TRAVEL OPTION FOR COMMUTERS
Affordable Fast and scalable Promotes last mile High potential to Competitive cost
services across transport mode connectivity through leverage private of travel over other
all income groups feeder services sector expertise transport modes
B THERE IS A NEED TO ENHANCE BUS SERVICE LEVELS
~45,4501 buses are held & India has only four buses per 100 of the largest Indian cities
managed by bus agencies 10,0002 population whereas require ~USD15.4 billion to
in India and about 16% of China has about six buses for procure new buses & upgrade
buses operate on PPP mode 1,000 people. allied infrastructure3
in urban areas.
2. REFORMS AND INNOVATION ACROSS THE VALUE CHAIN CATALYZES THE BUS OPERATIONS
Institutional Funding & Faster Monitoring & Diversification Integration with Citizen centric Innovative
strengthening & Financial technology evaluation of and bundling of other transport services business
capacity sustainability adoption bus operations bus service modes framework models
augmentation
3. GOVERNMENT IMPETUS TOWARDS BUILDING A CONDUCIVE ENVIRONMENT FOR BUS OPERATIONS
RTC Act, 1950 Increase in National Urban NURM (Phase I, National Electric
Formation of private sector Transport Policy 2008-09): 14,405 Mobility Mission
STUs for bus participation due emphasized buses procured Plan 2020 with
operations. to rising demand financial by 65 mission targets set to
by commuters for sustainability & cities with central electrify public
mobility promoted private assistance of Rs. transport
sector 1,547Cr.4
participation.
1950 1981 2006 2008 2012
Service Level
Benchmarks for
Model Contracts FAME-I Scheme Smart Cities NURM (Phase II,
Public Transport. 2012-13) : 7,509
for city bus with provision of Mission/ AMRUT
private operations availing demand Scheme buses procured with
incentives for the central assistance
to improve PPP. focused on of Rs. 1,236.95 Cr. to
e-bus operations improving Urban Bus 114 cities/cluster of
operational Specifications
focused to make cities.5
efficiency by ICT bus transport more
interventions. responsive by
developing
minimum standards.
2019 2016 2015 2013
National Transit Model FAME II Scheme

Oriented Concession focused to
Development Agreement for provide funding
Policy supported introducing e-bus support for e-bus
BRTS projects to fleet in India procurement.
ensure service
reliability.
Note: The key documents and toolkits
published by MoHUA have been detailed in
the Annexure – I.
2017 2018 2019
Continuous Capacity Enhancement and Training Measures have been adopted by Government of India for bus transport stakeholders across India
11
SNAPSHOT OF PPP MODELS IN INDIA
1. UNDERSTANDING THE CONTRACTUAL MODELS FOR PPP BUS OPERATIONS
Gross Cost Hybrid Gross Cost Net Cost Contract Hybrid Net Cost
Contract (GCC) Contract (Hybrid (NCC) Contract (Hybrid
GCC) NCC)
Authority pays the Authority pays the Operator retains fare Operator retains the fare
operator fixed O&M operator fixed O&M box revenue and box revenue and
fee based on the fee for kilometres pays a system receives fixed O&M fee
operated schedule plied and variable fee management fee or for operations on
kilometres is paid based on receives grant from non-commercial routes
Operator quoting increase in ridership the Authority Combination of system
management fee
lowest fee gets Operator quoting the Operator quoting the payable to the authority
selected lowest fee gets highest fee or lowest or grant payable to the
selected grant gets selected operator
Operator quoting
highest fee/lowest grant
gets selected
2. UNDERSTANDING THE ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES ACROSS VARIOUS PPP MODELS

PARAMETER/ PPP MODEL GCC NCC HYBRID GCC HYBRID NCC
Operational plan (route

frequency, timing)
Bus operations &
maintenance
Revenue Risk
+ Performance based + Subsidy to operator on
incentives to operator on un-viable routes
increasing patronage.
Degree of operator’s
incentive to increase ridership
Fixed payment irrespective Revenue directly linked to Bonus on increase in Revenue directly linked to
of ridership ridership ridership ridership + fixed fee for
unviable routes
Degree of operator’s
interest in branding &
communication Operator has low interest in Operator has high interest Operator has low interest in Operator has high interest
branding & advertisement on branding as it directly branding & advertisement as on branding as it directly
as no impact on his revenue impacts his revenue. limited impact on his revenue impacts his revenue.
Degree of monitoring &

penalty regime by Authority
Requires strong & consistent Less monitoring, only Higher level of monitoring Less monitoring, only
monitoring with penalty for service quality parameters than GCC because of service quality parameters
service below benchmark monitored. greater economic incentive monitored.
performance. for performance.
Source: Deloitte Analysis Legend Authority Operator

Low High
3. EVOLUTION OF PPP MODELS IN INDIA
Cities/ States have been eager to elicit stronger private

sector participation for improving the bus transport
services.
Dedicated SPVs have been created for better institutional
mechanism for bus service delivery in various cities/
states. Goa
Innovative business models have been tested for financial
private
& operational sustainability, e.g. Bhubaneswar, Bhopal, engage .
Faridabad Lucknow
Ahmedabad etc. te authorities tobus operations
ess o f city/ sta PP models in Pune Hyderabad Navi Mumbai
ngn ith P
e in willi nting w
Increas rs & experime
operato Surat BRTS Srinagar Indore
Bhubaneswar Bhopal Amritsar Bhopal
Indore Surat Jalandhar Ahmedabad Delhi Jaipur Nagpur Bhubaneswar
2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2013 Post 2014 Upto 2021
Source: Deloitte Analysis Legend GCC Hybrid NCC Hybrid

GCC NCC
12 OCTOBER 2021
PPP BUS OPERATIONS IN INDIA

1. CHOOSING THE MIX OF CITIES/ STATES AND PPP MODELS IN BUS OPERATIONS FOR THE SOURCE BOOK
A KEY ASSESSMENT AREAS OF THE PPP B CITY SELECTION PARAMETERS

CONTRACTS IN SOURCE BOOK
Capturing the operational indicators
of the service delivery agency Ascertaining key 1 Adequate representation of conventional & electric bus
contractual provisions
Mapping learnings from with the private
different city contracts operators
2 Coverage of different types of PPP model
Encapsulating variations in roles
& responsibilities under different
business models for PPP 3 Operation of services as per contract terms
Evaluating the
coverage & extent
of performance Outlining funding
control & monitoring mechanism and 4 Distinctiveness of contract features
parameters payment provisions
2. PREVIEW OF SELECTED CITY/ STATE CONTRACTS
DEPARTMENT PUNJAB BUS METRO SOCIETY (PBMS), ATAL INDORE CITY TRANSPORT
OF TRANSPORT [DELHI] [AMRITSAR BRTS] SERVICES LIMITED (AICTSL) [INDORE]
Contract Type: GCC Contract Type: GCC Contract Type: Hybrid NCC
Contracted number of buses: 1000 Contracted number of buses: 100 Contracted number of buses: 40
Tender Date: 2018 Tender Date: 2016 Tender Date: 2018
SURAT SITILINK LTD. (SSL) CAPITAL REGION URBAN TRANSPORT

[SURAT BRTS] (CRUT) [ODISHA]
Contract Type: GCC Contract Type: GCC

Contracted number of buses: 40 Contracted number of buses: 100
Tender Date: 2012 Tender Date: 2018
AHMEDABAD JANMARG LIMITED (AJL) BHOPAL CITY LINK LIMITED

[AHMEDABAD BRTS] (BCLL) [BHOPAL]
Contract Type: GCC Contract Type: Hybrid NCC

NAGPUR MUNICIPAL CORPORATION KADAMBA TRANSPORT

(NMC) [NAGPUR] CORPORATION LIMITED (KTCL) [GOA]
Contract Type: Hybrid GCC Contract Type: GCC (Lease Model)*

NAVI MUMBAI MUNICIPAL TRANSPORT
(NMMT) [NAVI MUMBAI]
Contract Type: GCC

Contracted number of buses: 100
Tender Date: 2019
This indicates RfP/ contract under study pertains to e-buses.
* Lease Model is a variation of GCC model, where fixed lease rentals are paid by the authority to the Lessor (OEM).
13
2
COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS
14 OCTOBER 2021
15
CASE SUMMARY
1. CITY CHARACTERISTICS AND INSTITUTIONAL SET-UP
A CITY ASSESSMENT B INSTITUTIONAL SETUP C OPERATIONAL DETAILS
CITY/ STATE POPULATION BUSES/ AVG. PAX TRIP DELIVERY LEGAL STATUS INCORPORA FLEET SIZE AVG. DAILY
(IN MILLION) MILLION LENGTH BY PT AGENCY# OF DELIVERY TED BY OF AGENCY RIDERSHIP
POPULATION (BUSES) AGENCY
Ahmedabad 5.50 1.8 9.50 km AJL SPV formed Ahmedabad 281 0.16 million
BRTS under the Municipal
Companies Act Corporation
Amritsar BRTS 1.10 0.8 7.50 km PBMS Society under Government of 93 0.04 million
Societies Punjab
Registration Act
Bhopal 1.80 1.6 5.81 km BCLL SPV formed Bhopal 304 0.16 million
under the Municipal
Companies Act Corporation
Bhubaneswar SPV formed Housing &

0.84 2.5 10.30 km CRUT under the Urban 225 0.10 million
Companies Act Development
Department,
Odisha
Delhi 11.00 6.1 10.70 km Transport Department Transport 6693* 2.98 million
Department under GNCTD Department,
GNCTD
Goa 1.45 0.8 8.00 km KTCL STU established Government of 565 --

under the Goa
Companies Act
Indore 2.29 1.7 5.00 km AICTSL SPV formed Indore Municipal 553 0.28 million
under the Corporation,
Companies Act Indore
Development
Authority
Nagpur 3.00 1.5 19.30 km Transport Transport Nagpur 437 0.13 million
Committee Committee under Municipal
MH Municipal Corporation
Corporation Act
Navi Mumbai 1.10 1.3 8.00 km NMMT MTU under Navi Mumbai 600 0.30 million
Maharashtra Municipal
Municipal Corporation
Corporation Act
Surat BRTS 5.20 1.5 6.70 km SSL SPV formed Surat Municipal 192 0.14 million
under the Corporation
Companies Act
SPV – Special Purpose Vehicle, MH- Maharashtra, STU – State Transport Undertaking, MTU- Municipal *Fleet managed by Integrated Mechanism Agency on PPP, is 2933 out of 6693.
Transport Undertaking, GNCTD - Government of National Capital Territory, Delhi, BRT – Bus Rapid Transport # The names of agencies are detailed in specific city assessment chapter.
2. CONTRACT LENGTH
Navi Mumbai (GCC)
Nagpur (Hybrid GCC)
Goa (GCC Lease)
Ahmedabad
BRTS (GCC)
Delhi (GCC)
Legend
Indore (Hybrid NCC) Extension upto 03 years

Original
Contract
Bhubaneswar (GCC) Extension upto 01 year Length in the
RfP
Amritsar BRTS (GCC) Extension upto 01 year
Provision of
Bhopal (Hybrid NCC) Contract
Extension in
the RfP
Surat BRTS (GCC) Extension upto 01 year
0 2 4 6 8 10
Contract Length (in number of years)
16 OCTOBER 2021
3. ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITY ALLOCATION

City Model Planning of Marketing Fare Bus Fleet Depot ITS* Monitoring Crew
Adopted operations & Branding Collection operations Procurement Infrastructure Procurement operations Management
Ahmedabad GCC
BRTS
Amritsar GCC
BRTS
Bhopal Hybrid New Fleet
NCC
Bhubaneswar GCC
Delhi GCC
Goa GCC
(Lease)
Indore Hybrid
NCC
Nagpur Hybrid New Fleet
GCC
Navi
Mumbai GCC
Surat BRTS GCC
* ITS procurement comprises On-board ITS components such as PIS, BDC, GPS device and ETMs etc. along with related software systems. Legend Authority Operator Lessor
4. FUNDING AND PAYMENT MECHANISM

KEY HIGHLIGHTS
VGF Fleet Innovations Revenue Performance

Model Funding in PPP risk incentive
Bhopal adopts Hybrid The cities are adopting Goa has adopted a In Indore and Bhopal, Nagpur adopts hybrid
NCC model by paying joint fleet funding lease model wherein combination of city and GCC model by sharing
VGF to operator as wherein operator is authority is obtaining intercity routes (i.e. low 10% of additional
fixed annual install- allowed to operate e-buses and charging performing and high revenue earned from
ments for seven years authority owned fleet infrastructure from performing routes) are increased ridership
outsourced to the same owing to additional fleet
to purchase and and purchase OEMs on lease by operator, to encourage availability above
operate new buses. additional fleet for bus paying the fixed lease participation in NCC baseline standards.
operations. rentals. This reduces model and reduce
Indore also works on the significant capital Bhubaneswar, Delhi
VGF model and pays In case of CRUT, revenue risk of the
risk of authority. operator. Nagpur, Ahmedabad,
operator nominal authority has facilitated Navi Mumbai, Indore has
charges for bus operator with soft loan City authorities have Bhubaneswar has an incentive provision for
operation. of 75% of the fleet cost started bearing established a revenue meeting KPI’s.
and loan is repaid by energy cost and crew assurance team to
deducting installments cost which has reduce revenue leakages
from the monthly bills reduced payment paid which may arise in GCC
model.
paid to the operator. to the operator.
City / State Fleet Payment type and rate paid by Energy Provision
funding cost paid by of incentives
Ahmedabad 100% Fixed Fee Midi: 54.9 Rs/km 100%
BRTS
Amritsar 100% Fixed Fee Std AC: 21.4 Rs/km 100% VGF – Viability Gap
BRTS Funding,
CYF - Consolidated
Bhopal 100% (New Fleet) VGF RP 1.4 million Rs/ bus |100 Rs/Bus/month* 100%
Year Fare,
RS – Revenue Sharing,
Std– Standard Bus,
NAC – Non-AC bus,
Bhubaneswar 100% Fixed Fee Std NAC: 48Rs/km |Std AC: 60Rs/km 100% RP – Royalty Premium
Delhi 100% Fixed Fee (CYP) Confidential 100%

Legend
Goa 100% Fixed Fee Confidential 100% Authority
Operator
Indore 80% 20% VGF .35 million Rs /month for 40 E-Midi buses 100%
Lessor
Nagpur 100% (New Fleet) Fixed Fee & RS Confidential 100% Payment Rate
Navi
55% 45% Fixed Fee Std 69.9 Rs/km | Midi 52.2 Rs/km 100% Yes
Mumbai
Surat BRTS 100% Fixed Fee Std Ac Euro 3: 53.4 Rs/km | 100% No
Std AC Euro 4: 54.9 Rs/km
* Rehabilitation cost of refurbished buses is paid by authority to operator
17
5. PERFORMANCE MONITORING
City / State Degree of Service Extent of ITS Provision of Customer feedback

Assessment Parameters* based monitoring in Performance Assessment*
Ahmedabad BRTS
Amritsar BRTS
Bhopal *The assessment is a

relative assessment
made for 10 selected
Bhubaneswar cities based on the
provisions of referred
tender document.
Delhi
Goa
Indore
Legend
Nagpur
Navi Mumbai Low High
Yes
Surat BRTS
No
6. KEY LEARNINGS FROM CASE STUDIES

RFP STRUCTURE
RfP Design: RFP must provide fair and equitable accountability distribution between the parties involved in bus operations. It should clearly delineate
roles & responsibilities of public and private agencies in a balanced manner specially with respect to contractual provisions on condition precedent,
payment terms, events of default, funding, performance assessment parameters, etc.
Metrics Coverage: RFPs need to provide clarity on various metrics which could help in differentiating high versus low performance of the operator.
This will impact the efficiency of bus operations by the private operator.
FUNDING
Fleet Procurement: The financing constrains of the authority can be resolved by sharing the responsibility with the operator based on their investment
and risk appetite. Increasing the financial risk of any individual party by overloading funding responsibility should be avoided. Further, it has been
observed that some of the cities are taking funding responsibility jointly for fleet procurement in GCC as well as NCC model. Some unique
arrangements are observed where existing fleet of authority is outsourced as well as new fleet is purchased by operator under same contract
agreement.
E-Bus Technology: Since charging infrastructure and e-buses is an upcoming technology and city authorities have limited precedence & expertise,
the responsibility of charging infrastructure and e-bus operations should be transferred to the operator or OEMs initially.
Asset Transfer: Transfer or resale of asset with huge investment costs such as fleet/ infrastructure, at the end of tenure or midterm (termination) is an
important parameter for sharing risk between parties. However, it is found missing in most RFPs. Depot asset ownership at the end of contract tenure
rests with the authority in most cases. Given the rapidly evolving e-bus technology and the likely availability of improved e-bus models at the end of the
contract tenure of ~10 years, leaving asset ownership with the operator can potentially reduce the rate quoted by the operator. Moreover, after end of
tenure, practice should be to distribute assets (parking space, equipment's, machineries and civil infrastructure) equally or authority should purchase
the same at depreciated value as this will help in further reducing per km cost of operator. Adequate focus must also be given on asset transfer in case
of contract termination due to default of the operator or authority. Absence of focus on this clause will be perceived as high risk and will drive the cost
up and may also discourage lenders.
REVENUE GENERATION
Quality-based Incentive: Sharing revenue with operator in addition to payment of fixed fee in the form of incentive acts as a motivation for operator to
increase ridership by improving service quality.
Innovative Revenue Sources: Provision for generating revenue from non-fare sources such as, advertisement, monetization of asset, should be
adopted by cities which are necessary to ensure financial sustainability of bus operations. For instance, transforming charging infrastructure for
e-buses to allow charging of other electric vehicles, commercial development at passenger terminals or stations etc. Sharing of revenue generated
from advertisement on buses or passes between parties, also adds to the additional source of income for the operator. There should be a clear
provision for exploring innovative source of revenue in the RFP.
Safeguarding Operator from Revenue Risk: Provision of empowering operators with decision making w.r.t. regulatory and financial decisions,
especially in NCC when revenue risk is borne by operator, should be practiced by cities and should provide a clear provision in the tender document.
For instance, empowering operator to impose penalty on ticketless travelers, can safeguard operator from revenue risk; issue passes and concessions
for specific categories etc.; periodic fare revision (annually) based on variations in wholesale price index and fuel price.
Further, all RFPs must have safeguards against perpetualization of inefficiencies, covered by VGF or fare revisions under the cloak of "Public
Transport is a loss-making business."
18 OCTOBER 2021
OPERATIONS COST AND PAYMENT STRUCTURE
Fuel and Crew Cost: Cities that have borne the fuel and crew costs have received lower bids on per km basis and with tax savings as added advantage.
Payment to the Operator: Provision for adequate annual escalation in fees to the operator, should be allowed to cope up with increased prices. The higher
annual escalation of per km fee, will reduce the per km cost quoted by bidder. In most cities, the escalation has been found to be linked with CPI and/ or
WPI, fluctuations in fuel cost which together integrates the cost of manpower and material relevant for bus operations.
Honouring Contractual Provisions: The contractual parameters are required to be followed by both parties to ensure a symbiotic and professional client
supplier relationship. The authority should aim to pay the operator in time. A delay in payment may result in deterioration of interest and innovation.
Subsidy Provision: Funding subsidy (CAPEX, OPEX) maybe provided for performance of buses against predefined operational targets (EPKM, CPKM,
KMPL etc.), which will also ensure buses are operating and are not sitting idle after procurement.
ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES
Roles and responsibilities of parties: The majority of the tender documents studied clearly specifies the operators' obligations. In addition to the that,
authority’s responsibilities should also be captured in detail to avoid any future conflict of interest between authority and operator.
Upcoming responsibility matrix: In upcoming lease model, unique kind of responsibility distribution is observed. It engages OEMs as lessors to provide
and maintain buses, manage resources (labor as well as civil infrastructure) and authority plan, operate and monitor bus operations. This helps in
significantly minimizing the requirement of upfront investment while managing in-house operations.
PERFORMANCE MONITORING
Performance Parameters: Establish a set of performance metrics in the contract that align directly with the authority’s strategic goals which will be used to
evaluate operator’s performance. Performance assessment parameters should be quantitative measurement and shall be objective to avoid
misinterpretation between authority and operator during inspection of operations.
The manageable list of parameters should be chosen, that create clear incentives for performance improvements, and which are specific, achievable, and
consistent.
Performance standards should include metrics for service quality improvement, reasonable targets and bonuses available for exceeding targets.
Performance metrics should include minimum thresholds/service standards and penalties for failing to meet desired service standards. e.g. Occupancy
Ratio of 70%, Delayed trips (delayed beyond 10 mins) shall be less 2% trips.
Reward Mechanisms: All the cities should include provision of the incentive parameter for the operator to improve bus services. Very few cities have
incentive criteria’s that are well defined and has no subjectivity in assessing parameters.
Penalty Mechanism:
Penalty clause needs to be designed objectively. In most of the cities, penalty criteria are relatively subjective and are open for interpretation of the
checking inspector or individual judgement, which may lead to different understanding between the operator and authority and may result in erroneously
imposing penalty.
Some cities are following the practice of consultation with operator for levy of fines/penalties. Some cities also give a fair chance (by provision of cure
period) to operator to rectify repair and deficiencies before imposing penalties. Such consultations with operator should be practiced by all bus agencies.
Provision for equitable penalties to be imposed on account of failure of both the parties at fault and not only on operator to maintain the operator's interest
in provision of services. The operators should not be penalized for events that are out of their control.
Customer feedback is collected in maximum cities but does not form a part of assessment criteria for evaluating operator's performance. This should be
practiced by city authorities to provide better customer experience and ensure customer delight.
Polite Consultation Norms: Establish communication norms within the contract that allow for productive conversations between the authority and the
operator on a regular interval to discuss the progress and review recent performance and its implications for bonuses and penalties as well as any other
issues as they arise, as suggested in Modal Contract document of city bus private operations 2016. A regular meeting to share information would foster the
mutual relationship and allow both sides to suggest ways to improve the relationship. Such provisions are missing in most of the contract agreements.
OTHER CONTRACTUAL CONDITIONS
Conditions Precedent:
Absence/ limited clarity of the clauses for conditions precedent can lead to delay in Commercial Operations Date (COD). Thus, adequate provisions
should be made by cities for these clauses. The responsibilities of both the parties shall be clearly mentioned.
Provision for penalties on account of non-fulfillment of conditions precedent to be levied on both the parties and not only on operator as observed in
RFPs.
Termination:
Termination clauses in RFP have exhaustive coverage on operators default and very minimal coverage on authorities' default. This clause should cover
necessary conditions on event of default by both parties. Relaxed payment obligation and liability of the authority even in case of default may affect and
add to the bankability risk for the operator.
Contractual parameter on dispute resolution is required so that disagreements can be aired and resolved amicably between authority and operator. A
clear methodology outlining how disagreements shall be resolved enable maintaining a good client-supplier relationship is missing in most of the
agreements. The person identified for resolving conflicts should not be related to either party.
Penalty settlement mechanism incase of termination should be fair in any PPP bus operations. The payment settlement mechanism should be equitable
to minimize significant financial losses for operator.
Transition period after termination is missing in all the cities and can put authority in difficult situation incase of termination of operators' contract. This will
affect services and can even lead to loss of ridership. A transition plan is required to be in place to deal with a situation when the contract’s term is
completed, or it is terminated prematurely and should be provisioned for while contracting.
Contract Flexibility: While some contract agreements under review have provided flexibility in the benefit of city mobility, some contracts need to contain
certain conditions that enable actions to address changes in operating environment such as varying demand. Some examples:
Adjusting fleet size assigned to operator to meet travel demand
Route modifications or Network expansion (with considerations of operator's earnings) especially in case of NCC model
Fare adjustment in case of increased competition in the market affecting contract viability
19
3
CITY-WISE ASSESSMENT
20 OCTOBER 2021
21
AHMEDABAD CASE Bus Type: PPP Type: Contracted Contract Tender
3.1 (GUJARAT) CONTEXT: Electric GCC Buses: Tenure: Dated:
Buses 300 10 years 2019
1. CITY BUS ORGANISATION

AJL aims to provide last point connectivity to BRTS users through trunk & feeder operations.
Study Area
A SERVICE DELIVERY AGENCY Ahmedabad Janmarg Limited (AJL) 5.5 1.8
million buses per million
TYPE OF Year of Brand Staff Strength Services residents population
OPERATOR Incorporation Name (Office) offered
Special Purpose 2007 Janmarg Bus 34 BRTS
Vehicle (SPV) under Modal Share (Motorized Trips)
Ahmedabad Municipal
Corporation
B OPERATIONAL INDICATORS C ROLLING STOCK & CIVIL INFRA 23% 15%
Bus 4-W
Avg. Daily Headway: 6 to 10 Fleet Size of the BQS: 163 BRT

Ridership: 0.16 mins (avg.) agency: 281 stations
million 49% 13%
2-W IPT
Route nos.: 15 Avg. Pax Trip Depots: 5 Terminals: 14
length: 9.5 kms
2. CONTRACTING MECHANISM
A CONTRACT DETAILS B CONTRACT FEATURES C TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS
Bus Coverage No. of Business Model Fleet owned Battery Charger: CCS and GB/T
Type Area Operators 2 Gross Cost by: Charger Battery warranty: NM
Contract Authority specifications
Electric Ahmedabad 60% fleet to
Buses City Area lowest bidder
Operations Contract Technique: Overnight &
40% fleet to Opportunity Charging
second lowest area: Tenure: Charging
bidders Intra city 10 years technique Opportunity charging time: < 75 mins
Fleet Driving range: 200km/bus

Composition: Bus Standard bus: NA
Midi- 300 specification
NA - Not Applicable e-buses Midi bus: 9m, floor height- 900mm, seats-25
NM – Not Mentioned
3. FUNDING AND PAYMENT

A CAPEX C OPEX
Authority pays fixed fee charges on operated km basis to the operator for bus
FLEET INFRASTRUCTURE operations and electricity cost for charging of buses is borne by the operator.
No rental Authority Operator
Source Fame II Depot space 100% paid Paid by Authority
Provision
Depot Payment type Fixed Fee Per bus km
Funding * # for penalties
100% — infrastructure
ratio due to
Total fleet is funded Charging Midi AC Bus *54.9 Rs/km payment
under Fame II * # Fleet type &
Infrastructure default/
Rate delay by
* Basic civil infrastructure NA NA
# Electrical Infrastructure &
Maintenance
each party
Subsidy/
B REVENUE SOURCES Revenue None
Dead kms
sharing payment
FARE BOX NON-FARE BOX Fixed fee- Variable fee- *in operational
Fee revision plan
Annually Annually
Ticket Advertisement 100% —
100% —
Revenue
OTHER REVENUE SOURCES Electricity — 100%
Pass cost Legend Yes No
NM NM
Resale of
NA - Not Applicable, buses NM NM Payment for
Excess kms- Under kms-
excess/ under 0.5 * base 0.5 * base Legend Authority Operator
Alternate NM NM utilized kms rate rate
sources
*Rate is inclusive of electricity charges
Under ‘Chief Minister Urban Bus Scheme’ of Gujarat,
AJL receives VGF of 12.5 Rs/km from state and 12.5
Rs/km from Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation to run
new buses.
22 OCTOBER 2021
4. ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES

As per the contracting terms various roles and responsibilities distribution between authority and operator are captured below.
Planning & Procurement Operations & Monitoring &

Implementation Authority Operator & Civil Authority Operator Maintenance Authority Operator Management Authority Operator
Infrastructure
Route Procurement Bus Monitoring Bus
Planning of buses Operations Operations
Operational Depot Bus & Crew Fare
Planning Space and Scheduling Verification
Infrastructure
Fare Fixation Maintenance Crew
Installation of of buses Recruitment
Marketing & Charging & payment
Infrastructure Maintenance
Branding
of Charging Crew Training
Obtaining Control Center infrastructure
Operations Training of
ITS hardware Fare Collection
Permits Authority
staff (O&M)
Clearances ITS software
& Permits for
installing
charging
Infrastructure
5. PERFORMANCE CONTROL AND MONITORING

The Operator is expected to meet base minimum performance standard (Baseline Performance) for identified parameters.
Service Parameters Penalty

Customer feedback in
Extent of coverage Fleet & infrastructure Performance Assessment
Extent of detailing in evaluation Service quality Consultation with operator for
Regulatory fines revision
Extent of objectivity
Monitoring methods Penalty/incentive benchmark
Penalty- 1%, Incentive - 0.05% of
Provision of physical inspection performance security
Reward
Provision of ITS based monitoring
Extent of coverage
Fleet sample size for 100%
Legend Yes No Extent of objectivity performance assessment
Low High
6. OTHER CONTRACTING TERMS

A CONDITIONS PRECEDENT B TERMINATION
Authority Operator Authority Operator
Extent of coverage of responsibilities Coverage of event of defaults

Penalties on non-fulfilment Degree of fair payment settlement
7. DISTINGUISHING FEATURES
1 2 3
Considering the limited The Operator is vested with In Gujarat, the city bus
understanding of new the responsibility to provide operations on PPP are
technology, authority has charging infrastructure at the supported with a Viability Gap
allocated most of the Depot, and they are also Funding (VGF) under the
responsibilities related to responsible to provide ‘Chief Minister Urban Bus
technology, operation and opportunity charging during Scheme’. As part of this
maintenance to OEMs/ operational hours for minimum scheme, VGF is provided to
Operator so that risk is 75 minutes per bus. AJL has part fund the PPP operations
allocated to the party best installed solar panels at the for a period of 7 years. A VGF
suited to handle it. depots to reduce external of 50% or Rs. 12.50 per km is
electricity demand and costs given to the ULBs and
for charging of e-bus. remaining 50% or Rs. 12.50
per km must be contributed by
the ULBs for new buses.
23
AMRITSAR CASE Bus Type: PPP Type: Contracted Contract Tender
3.2 (PUNJAB) CONTEXT: ICE GCC Buses: Tenure: Dated:
Buses 93 08 years + 1 2016
Extendable

Punjab Bus Metro Society (PBMS) is a state level registered society, established by Government of Punjab
to implement Bus Rapid Transit System for Amritsar city. Study Area
A SERVICE DELIVERY AGENCY Punjab Bus Metro Society (PBMS) 1.1 0.8
Society, Punjab Bus 2013 Amritsar Metro 45 BRTS Services
Metro Society (PBMS) Modal Share (Motorized Trips)
under Government of Bus
Punjab
Bus 4-W
Avg. Daily Headway: 4 mins Fleet Size of the Bus Stations

Ridership: 0.04 (avg.) agency: 93 47
million 43% 38%
2-W IPT
length: 7.5 kms
Bus Coverage No. of Business Fleet owned Operations Bus specification

Type Area Operators Model: by: area:
Gross Cost Authority Intra city
ICE BRTS Contract Standard bus: 12m, floor height- 900
01
Buses corridors in mm, seats - 30
Amritsar Contract Fleet
Tenure: Composition: Midi bus: NA
08 years + 1 Standard
NA - Not Applicable
extendable AC- 93

A CAPEX C OPEX
Authority pays fixed fee to the operator for managing bus operations and fuel
FLEET INFRASTRUCTURE cost is borne by authority.
Authority Operator
Source Government funding Depot space 100% No rental Paid by Authority
paid
Provision
100% — infrastructure
ratio due to
GoI : GoP 50:50 Charging Std AC *21.4 Rs/km payment
NA NA Fleet type &
Infrastructure default/
Rate delay by
*Basic civil infrastructure NA NA
# Maintenance Equipment’s each party
NA - Not Applicable Subsidy/
Dead kms
sharing payment
Fee revision plan
Annually Monthly
Ticket Advertisement — —
100% —
Revenue
OTHER REVENUE SOURCES Fuel cost 100% —
Pass Legend Yes No
100% —
Resale of
buses NM NM Payment for Excess kms- Under kms-
excess/ under 0.6 times rate 0.4 times Authority Operator
Alternate UTF NM utilized kms rate
sources
NA - Not Applicable, NM – Not Mentioned *Rate quoted without fuel cost
24 OCTOBER 2021


Infrastructure
Space and *
Planning Scheduling Verification
Infrastructure
Charging NA NA
Marketing & & payment
Branding NA NA
ITS hardware Fare Collection NM NM
Permits Authority
staff (O&M)
Clearances NA NA ITS software
& Permits for
installing
charging *Providing parking spaces and civil infra for contracted buses
Infrastructure NA – Not applicable, NM – Not mentioned

The Operator is expected to meet base minimum performance standards for identified parameters.

10% of average of last 3 payments
Provision of physical inspection
Reward NM
Extent of coverage
NM Fleet sample size for 100%
Low High
NM – Not mentioned in RFP


1 2 3 4
An Urban Transport Fund is Amritsar BRTS has provided The authority takes the Authority has retained the
managed by Punjab Municipal several freebies and responsibility related to fuel, right to collect up to 10% of
Infrastructure Development incentives such as free ride and as they are able to procure revenue lost from fleet
Company which collects Cess for 3 months, free ride for bulk fuel at a discounted rate, availability being lower than
of 10 paise per liter on sale of students, discount for special they are able to reduce the the stipulated assured fleet
diesel and petrol across the categories, etc. to encourage overall operations cost. The standard. All fines are
state. The receipts of this fund modal shift to public transport responsibility related to specified as "deduction" in
are used to support various and it has yielded good conducting periodic trainings terms of payable kilometers
urban transport projects results. for crew is transferred to the for each type of
across the state, and Amritsar operator. non-performance.
BRTS project is one of the
beneficiary to receive the
subsidy.
25
BHOPAL CASE Bus Type: PPP Type: Contracted Contract Tender
3.3 (MADHYA CONTEXT: ICE Hybrid Buses: Tenure: Dated:
PRADESH) Buses NCC 200 09 years 2016

Bhopal city bus was awarded “Best practices in PPP initiatives” in 2011 and “Best urban mass transit project”
in 2014 at UMI and “Best practices to improve the living environment” by HUDCO in 2014 Study Area
A SERVICE DELIVERY AGENCY Bhopal City Link Limited (BCLL)
1.8 1.6
Special Purpose 2006 My Bus 163 City bus, BRTS,
Vehicle under Modal Share (Motorized Trips)
Intercity bus
Bhopal Municipal
Corporation
Bus 4-W
Avg. Daily Headway: Fleet Size of the Bus Stations

Ridership: 0.16 10 mins agency: 304 350
million 47% 4%
2-W IPT
Route nos.: Avg. Pax Trip Depots: 4 Terminals: 4
City – 17 length: 5.8 kms
Intercity - 35
Bus Coverage No. of Business Fleet owned Operations

Bus specification
Hybrid Net Operator (New Intra city
ICE buses 3 cluster of 7 Cost Contract Fleet) Standard Bus: NA
03
Refurbished, city routes and
New Midi & 7 Inter city Contract Fleet Composition: Midi Bus: 9m, floor height- 900mm,
Standard/Lu routes (long Tenure: Refurbished – 150; seats- NM
xury buses and short) 09 years Midi – 30; Standard - 20 NA - Not Applicable
A CAPEX C OPEX
For the first two years, Authority collects monthly premium to operate authority’s
FLEET INFRASTRUCTURE refurbished fleet and later operator receives Viability Gap Funding in advance i.e.
10-20% of quoted amount/year on newly purchased buses by operator.
Source Operator (for new Depot space 100% No rental
paid
buses) Paid by Operator Refurbished buses
Authority Operator
Depot
1st & 2nd year
Funding infrastructure * # Payment type

— 100% Royalty Monthly / Provision
ratio Premium bus for penalties
Charging NA NA
Fleet type & Refurbished 100 Rs / bus due to
Infrastructure
*Basic civil infrastructure Rate Bus* payment
# Maintenance Equipment’s default/
Paid by Authority New buses delay by
B REVENUE SOURCES
3rd to 9th Year
each party
Payment type VGF Annually/
FARE BOX NON-FARE BOX bus Dead kms
payment
Advertisement Fleet type & Newly 0.14 to 0.28
Ticket Rate purchased million *in operational
— 100% 50% 50% buses Rs/bus/annum plan
Revenue (Refurbished buses)
Pass 20% 80% (New buses) 20% 80% Subsidy/

Revenue sharing Annual Viability Gap Funding
Legend Yes No
OTHER REVENUE SOURCES Fee revision Fixed fee- Variable fee-
Resale of NA NA Authority Operator
buses NM NM
Fuel cost — 100%
Alternate UTF, Parking Fees
sources Payment for Excess kms- Under kms-
(collected by MC) excess/ under NA NA
NA - Not Applicable utilized kms
NM – Not Mentioned * Rehabilitation cost of refurbished
buses is paid by authority to operator
26 OCTOBER 2021


Infrastructure
Planning Space and * Scheduling Verification
Infrastructure
Charging NA NA
Branding NA NA
Permits Authority
staff (O&M)
& Permits for NA NA
installing
charging *Providing parking spaces for contracted buses


10% increase in penalty from each day
Provision of physical inspection of default
Reward NM
Extent of coverage
Low High


NM NM NM
NM NM NM
1 2 3 4
BCLL develops the public BCLL carried out a service BCLL adopted a different A cure period of two weeks is
transport infrastructure like plan assessment and contracting model whereby given to the operator as
depots and bus terminus to revision in routes, which they contracted refurbished remedial measure to improve
support the operator and make helped them gain ridership. buses to the operator at a on the defects and undertake
the NCC model sustainable. Further, user satisfaction nominal monthly premium for repairs identified by authority,
BCLL also receives 25% of surveys were conducted to two years to ensure complete before imposing penalty.
share from parking fees understand the expectations asset utilization as well as Further, there is a provision
collected by development and were suitably addressed meet its public service to change routes or introduce
authority which is utilized for in route planning and obligation; and later the new routes and change the
developing the said contract formulation. BCLL operator replaced the existing frequency or number of
infrastructure. also gained from fuel fleet with new buses and buses on some routes in
efficiency programme and received VGF per bus. consultation with operator.
depot modernization.
27
BHUBANESWAR CASE Bus Type: PPP Type: Contracted Contract Tender
3.4 (ODISHA) CONTEXT: ICE GCC Buses: Tenure: Dated:
Buses 100 08 years + 1 2018
Extendable

The CRUT is an SPV evolved from earlier ‘Bhubaneswar Urban transport services ltd’ and ‘Cuttack Urban
transport services ltd’ in November 2018. Study Area
A SERVICE DELIVERY AGENCY Capital Region Urban Transport (CRUT) 0.84 2.5
Special Purpose 2018 Mo Bus 35 City bus, Special
Vehicle under Housing Services, Modal Share (Motorized Trips)
and Urban Development Intercity bus
Department, Odisha
Bus 4-W
Avg. Daily Headway: Fleet Size of the BQS: 200

Ridership: 0.1 20-30 min agency: 225
million 55% 12%
2-W IPT
25 length: 10.3 kms

Bus specification
Gross Cost Operator Intra and Inter
ICE buses Bhubaneswar- Contract city Standard bus: 12m, floor height-
01
Standard AC Cuttack-Puri 900 mm, seats - 44
and Non-AC Contract Fleet Composition:
Tenure: Standard AC: 50 and Midi bus: NA
8 years + 1 NAC: 50
Extendable NA - Not Applicable
A CAPEX C OPEX
Authority pays fixed fee to the operator for operating and managing bus
FLEET INFRASTRUCTURE operations.
Source Operator Depot space 100% paid Paid by Authority
Provision
— 100% infrastructure
ratio due to
Provided Paid 25% Charging Std AC 60 Rs/km payment
75% soft initial down NA NA Fleet type &
loan to payment Infrastructure default/
Rate delay by
operated *Basic civil infrastructure Std NAC 48 Rs/km
# Maintenance Equipment’s each party
NA - Not Applicable, Subsidy/
Dead kms
sharing payment
Fee revision plan
Annually Monthly
100% —
Revenue
OTHER REVENUE SOURCES Fuel cost — 100%
Pass Legend Yes No
100% —
Resale of
excess/ under 1 times rate 0.65 times Authority Operator
Alternate NM NM utilized kms rate
sources
NA - Not Applicable
28 OCTOBER 2021


Infrastructure
Space and *
Infrastructure
Charging NA NA
Branding NA NA
Permits Authority
staff (O&M)
& Permits for NA NA
installing
charging *Providing parking spaces and basic civil infra for contracted buses


fines revision
Regulatory
Extent of objectivity Penalty/incentive benchmark
Monitoring methods Total incentive or damages payable are
upto 5% of monthly invoice on
Provision of physical inspection performance parameters and there is no
Reward cap on 6 exceptional penalty parameters.
Extent of coverage
Low High


NM NM
NM NM
1 2 3 4
Owing to well a defined Authority supported the Exhaustive performance There is a provision in
organization structure, strong operator by providing soft parameters have been laid contract which offers
leadership, communication loan (75% of total cost) for down, and there are incentives flexibility for adding new
and marketing activities CRUT bus procurement, which has and penalties linked with them. buses upto 25% of the total
is able to provide high quality to be repaid over the contract The fulfilment of performance fleet size required under the
bus services to the citizens for period; for which equal parameters yields rewards to contract without issuance of
which it has received various installments are deducted the operator and penalty is a new tender.
accolades during the first 2 from monthly bills paid to the levied for non-fulfillment. CRUT
years of establishment. CRUT operator. Moreover, depot has established dedicated
is the first agency to introduce infrastructure is also funded Revenue Assurance team to
gender-based ticketing. by the authority, but the verify revenue collection in the
construction, and field.
maintenance is undertaken
by operator as per
specifications given by
CRUT.
29
3.5 DELHI CASE Bus Type: PPP Type: Contracted Contract Tender
CONTEXT: ICE GCC Buses: Tenure: Dated:

Delhi is constantly making efforts to make bus travel more women-friendly by ensuring CCTV-surveillance.
Apart from reservation of seats for women, there are ‘Ladies Special’ trips on key routes in the city. Study Area
A SERVICE DELIVERY AGENCY Transport Department, GNCTD
11 6.1
Government of National
Capital Territory, Delhi, 2007 (IM) Delhi Transit -- Intracity,
with support of an Intercity, Modal Share (Motorized Trips)
Integrated Mechanism Inter-state
(IM) Agency
Bus 4-W

Ridership: 2.98 15 mins (avg.) agency: 6693
million 34% 22%
2-W IPT
483 length: 14.2 kms

Bus specification
Gross Cost Operator Inter-city,
ICE buses Cluster Contract Inter-state Standard bus: 12 m, floor height:
04
Scheme 900mm, seats- 40
4 Clusters with Contract Fleet Composition: Midi bus: NA
17 projects Tenure: Standard AC - 1000
10 years
NA - Not Applicable
A CAPEX C OPEX
Authority pays Consolidated Year One Fare (CYOF)/ Consolidated Yearly Fare
FLEET INFRASTRUCTURE (CYF). CYOF is the annual cost charged by the Concessionaire for first year of
operations. CYF is the annual cost charged by the Concessionaire for a period of
Source Private Entity Depot space 100% Rental
paid one year from second year onwards.
Depot Paid by
Authority Operator
Funding * # Authority
ratio Provision
New fleet in cluster is Charging Payment type CYOF/ CYF Per Month
procured by operator NA NA for penalties
Infrastructure due to
*Basic civil infrastructure
Std Confidential payment
# Maintenance Equipment’s Fleet type & default/
NA - Not Applicable
B REVENUE SOURCES Rate delay by
Midi Confidential
each party
Subsidy/
FARE BOX NON-FARE BOX Revenue None
Dead kms
sharing payment
100% — Fee revision Fixed fee- Variable fee- *in operational
Revenue plan
OTHER REVENUE SOURCES biannually NA
Pass 100% — based on
Resale of CPI
buses NM NM
Legend Yes No
Fuel cost — 100%
Alternate NM NM
sources Authority Operator
NA - Not Applicable
Payment for Excess kms- Under kms-
NM – Not Mentioned excess/ under NA NA
utilized kms
*Rate quoted is inclusive of fuel cost
30 OCTOBER 2021


Infrastructure
Route ˄ ˄ Procurement Bus # Monitoring Bus *
Space and *
Infrastructure
Fare Fixation Maintenance # Crew
Charging NA NA
* Infrastructure Maintenance
Branding NA NA
Permits Authority *
# 50% bus operations are staff (O&M)
Clearances NA NA ITS software undertaken in-house by
*Activity facilitated by
& Permits for DTC
Integrated Mechanism
(IM) Agency.
installing *Buses are operated under NA – Not applicable
charging Unified Time-Table on each
Infrastructure route with DTC under
operating ratio of 50:50.


fines revision
Regulatory
Extent of objectivity Penalty/incentive benchmark
Monitoring methods Above the benchmark of 92% Rs.
200/-for each checkpoint
Reward
Extent of coverage
Low High


NM NM
NM NM
1 2 3 4
The contract monitoring The ‘Common Mobility Card’ In order to ensure woman The cluster contract of Delhi,
framework has classified is introduced in Delhi to help safety on board, CCTV permits operator to operate
defaults / infractions into six passenger use single card for cameras and Panic button buses on any routes
categories. Each class of making payments in different have been made as standard awarded to operate inside
infraction has a penalty level modes i.e. metro as well as fitments. the cluster. This ensures the
and time to resolve that buses. While contactless efficiency of the cluster bus
infraction. Such detailed smart cards are issued to performance with respect to
classification of indicators commuters for payment of key aspects such as fuel
based on the impact is found fare, there is also a provision efficiency, breakdown rates
to help operators identify the for non-smart card holders to and operating ratio etc.
infractions with greater make cash payments.
penalties and avoid them. Adoption of digital ticketing
modes helps to reduce
revenue leakages.
31
3.6 GOA CASE Bus Type: PPP Type: Contracted Contract Tender
CONTEXT: Electric GCC Buses: Tenure: Dated:
Buses (Lease 500 10 years 2021
model)

The Corporation since its inception has been operating in competition with the Private Operators and is
currently, operating around 91162 kms. per day. Study Area
A SERVICE DELIVERY AGENCY Kadamba Transport Corporation Ltd. (KTCL)
1.45 0.8
State Transport
Undertaking of 1980 Kadamba Bus 2142 City bus,
A Government of Goa Services for Modal Share (Motorized Trips)
Road Transport Rural Areas
Undertaking (GRTU).
Bus 4-W

Ridership: -- 20 mins (avg.) agency: 565
million 39% 8%
2-W IPT
278 length: 8 kms * Modal share based on the capital city of Goa.
* It includes inter-state routes

Battery Charger: NM
Bus Coverage No. of Business Fleet owned Operations Battery warranty: NM
Model: by: area: Charger
Type Area Operators Intra-city, specifications Battery Life- 07 years
GCC (Lease Lessor
Model) Inter-city,
500 Intercity NA Inter-state Technique: Depot Charging and
e-buses, operations in Opportunity Charging
sleeper 20+ cities, Charging
Contract Fleet Composition: Midi: technique Opportunity Charging Time: NM
coach & sub-urban/ Tenure: 280, Standard: 180,
luxury buses rural areas of 10 years Luxury: 30, Sleeper Bus type & Driving range
Goa State coach: 10 Midi: 9m, 32-34 seat; 200Km/day,
Bus
Std: 12m, 52-54 seat; 250km/day,
specification Luxury: 40 seat;500 Km/day,
NA - Not Applicable
NM – Not Mentioned Sleeper 30 berth; 500 Km/day.
A CAPEX C OPEX
Authority intends to use Electric Buses for its operations on a ‘Fixed Lease Rate
FLEET INFRASTRUCTURE per bus per day’ basis through appointment of Electric Bus Fleet Lessor.
Source Not covered under Depot space Authority Lessor
100% — Paid by Authority
FAME II Provision
Depot Payment type
— 100% Fixed Lease Per bus per for penalties
Funding infrastructure
— 100% Rate Basis day due to
ratio
Charging — 100% payment
Fleet type & Std AC Tender default/
Infrastructure under
Rate evaluation delay by
each party
B REVENUE SOURCES NA NA
Dead kms
FARE BOX NON-FARE BOX Subsidy/ payment
Revenue None
*in operational
sharing plan
100% —
Revenue Fee revision None for 05%
OTHER REVENUE SOURCES 1st five revision
Pass NM NM years after 5th
Resale of Legend Yes No
NM NM year
buses
Alternate Fuel cost — 100% Authority Lessor
NM NM
sources
NA - Not Applicable, Payment for Excess kms- Under kms-
NM – Not Mentioned excess/ under NA NA
utilized kms
32 OCTOBER 2021


Infrastructure
Infrastructure
Branding
Permits Authority
staff (O&M)
& Permits for NA NA NM – Not mentioned in RFP
installing
charging
Infrastructure


5% of invoice
Reward
Provision of ITS based monitoring NM
Extent of coverage
Low High

Authority Lessor Authority Lessor

1 2 3
Goa has followed a unique Lease model reduces the The contract has provision which
model for e-bus operations under significant CAPEX cost for the allows the authority to operate
which buses are not purchased authority because the the leased buses for any contract
but are leased by the Authority responsibility and capital other than schedules defined.
(lessee) from lessor for a defined investment risk is transferred to
contract period on per bus per the lessor. At the end of
day rate. The risk of contract all the assets are
procurement, design, transferred to authority.
construction, and maintenance of
depots, and maintenance of
rolling stock, has been allocated
to the lessor.
33
3.7 INDORE CASE Bus Type: PPP Type: Contracted Contract Tender
(MADHYA CONTEXT: Electric Hybrid Buses: Tenure: Dated:
PRADESH Buses NCC 40 7 years + 3 2018
Extendable

AICTSL is first SPV to be formed in India and first SPV to implement ITS for monitoring of bus operations.
Study Area
A SERVICE DELIVERY AGENCY Atal Indore City Transport Services Limited (AICTSL)
2.29 1.7
TYPE OF Year of Brand Staff Strength Services million buses per million
OPERATOR Incorporation Name (Office) offered residents population
Special Purpose Vehicle
(SPV) under 2005 BRTS- IBUS, 110 City bus, BRTS,
Indore Municipal Intercity buses- Inter city, Inter Modal Share (Motorized Trips)
Corporation, Indore SKYBUS state
Development Authority
Bus 4-W
Avg. Daily Headway: 8 to 10 Fleet Size of the BQS: 450

Ridership: 0.28 mins agency: 553
million 54% 12%
2-W IPT
length: 5 kms
Bus Coverage No. of Business Fleet owned Operations Battery Charger: 1 per depot
Type Area Operators Model: by: area: Charger Battery warranty: 5 years
Hybrid Net Authority Intra and Inter specifications Flash charging for 30 mins
Cost Contract city
E-buses midi Cluster of 5 01 Technique: NM
& Multi axle Indore city
buses. routes Contract Fleet Composition: Midi Charging Opportunity Charging time: NM
E-buses are (E-buses) Tenure: E-buses- 40; Multi-Axle - technique
captured in and 1 7 years + 3 20
extendable Driving range: >150km/bus
detail. Indore-Bhop Standard bus: NA
al route Bus
specification Midi E-bus: 9m, floor height,
(Multi-Axle) seats - 32
NA - Not Applicable

A CAPEX C OPEX
Viability gap funding (VGF) is provided to Operator for daily operations and
FLEET INFRASTRUCTURE electricity charges are borne by the municipal corporation.
Source Under FAME I Depot space 100% paid Paid by Authority
Provision
Depot Payment type VGF Per bus
80% 20% infrastructure
ratio due to
Remaining Rs 2 million Charging — Fleet type & E-bus Midi Rs. 0.35 payment
to be paid per bus by 100% million per default/
by authority the operator Infrastructure rate
* Basic civil infrastructure
month for delay by
40 e-buses
# Maintenance equipment's each party
B REVENUE SOURCES Subsidy/
VGF for operations Dead kms
Revenue
sharing payment
FARE BOX NON-FARE BOX *in operational
Fee revision Fixed Variable plan
Ticket Advertisement — 100% fee-NA fee- NA
— 100%
Revenue
OTHER REVENUE SOURCES Electricity 100% —
Pass Legend Yes No
10% 90% cost
Resale of
buses 60% 40%
Payment for Excess kms- Under kms- Authority Operator
Alternate excess/ under NA NA
NM NM utilized kms
sources
NA - Not Applicable
34 OCTOBER 2021


Infrastructure
Planning Space and * Scheduling Verification
Infrastructure
Branding
Permits Authority
staff (O&M)
& Permits for
installing *Providing parking spaces and basic civil
infrastructure or contracted buses
charging
Infrastructure

The Operator is expected to meet base minimum performance standard for identified parameters.

10% of monthly payment
Reward
Extent of coverage
Low High

NM NM NM
NM NM NM
1 2 3
Indore has effectively worked AICTSL has effectively used The tender has provision for
out a hybrid NCC model by reward and penalty system in selling the bus fleet at the end
outsourcing a cluster of high the contract, by collecting of contract period and share
performing inter-city routes and penalties from poor performing the sale proceeds in a ratio of
low performing city routes. operators and transferring it to 60: 40 between Authority and
There is a provision for high performing operators and Operator.
changing routes given to crew (driver and conductor).
operator (partially or fully) after
award of contract, based on
mutual consent.
35
3.8 NAGPUR CASE Bus Type: PPP Type: Contracted Contract Tender
(MAHARASHTRA) CONTEXT: ICE Hybrid Buses: Tenure: Dated:
Buses GCC 387 10 years 2015

NMC has been experimenting with innovative services like providing special services to hospital for patients
and relatives and special buses for women. Study Area
A SERVICE DELIVERY AGENCY Nagpur Municipal Corporation City Transport Committee
03 1.5
Transport Committee 2013 Aapli Bus -- City bus,
under Nagpur Suburban and Modal Share (Motorized Trips)
Municipal Corporation Special Services
(NMC)
Bus 4-W

Ridership: 0.13 28.5min (avg.) agency: 437
million 65% 12%
2-W IPT
Route nos.: Avg. Pax Trip Depots: 3-4 Terminals: 1
38 length: 19.3 kms
Bus Coverage No. of Business Fleet owned by: Operations

Model: NMC area: Bus specification
Type Area Operators
Hybrid Gross fleet-Authority Intra city and
Operate Nagpur Urban Cost Contract New fleet- Sub-urban
2-3 Operator Standard bus: NA
NMC owned Region
fleet. Midi bus: 9m floor height:
Contract Tenure: Fleet Composition: NMC
Procure and NMC fleet- -237 and New (Midi)- 150 900mm, seats- 23-24
operate new 5 years New fleet- buses
bus 10 years NA - Not Applicable
A CAPEX C OPEX
Authority pays fixed fee to operator for operations and additional revenue is
FLEET INFRASTRUCTURE shared based on performance.
Source Operator Depot space 100% Rental
paid Paid by Authority Refurbished buses Authority Operator
Depot Payment type

Funding * # Fixed Fee Per km Provision
ratio for penalties
For New fleet Charging Fleet type & NMC Fleet Confidential due to
NA NA
Infrastructure Rate payment
*Basic civil infrastructure default/
# Maintenance equipment’s Midi Bus Confidential delay by
NA - Not Applicable
B REVENUE SOURCES each party
Subsidy/
Revenue sharing 10% of revenue earned from Dead kms
additional fleet availability
FARE BOX NON-FARE BOX payment
Advertisement Fee revision Fixed fee- Variable fee- *in operational
Ticket 100% — Annually Monthly plan
100% —
Revenue
Fuel cost — 100%
Pass 100% — OTHER REVENUE SOURCES
Legend Yes No
Resale of Payment for Excess kms- Under kms-
buses NM NM excess/ under 0.45 times 0.75 times
utilized kms base rate base rate Authority Operator
Alternate NM NM
sources
36 OCTOBER 2021


Infrastructure
Space and *
Infrastructure
NA NA
Branding NA NA
Permits Authority
staff (O&M)
& Permits for NA NA
installing
*Provision Depot space with minimal infrastructure.
charging NA – Not applicable
Infrastructure


5-10% of billed amount
Reward
Extent of coverage
Low High


1 2 3
NMC has been experimenting with KPIs are very clearly defined so The tender document has provision
running various types of special there is limited scope for individual for sharing additional revenue with
services (e.g. special services for bias. There are incentives and operator on exceeding the desired
hospital, special buses for women) penalties linked with performance services standards. 10% of the
which has helped them attracting indicators, and the fulfilment of additional revenue generated from
additional passengers and building performance parameters yields additional fleet availability (i.e.
a brand image. rewards to the operator and higher than 95% desired standard)
penalty is levied for is shared with the operator.
non-fulfillment. Further, there is
equitable allocation of roles and
responsibilities, and payment
settlement mechanism between
the authority and operator.
37
3.9 NAVI MUMBAI CASE Bus Type: PPP Type: Contracted Contract Tender
(MAHARASHTRA) CONTEXT: Electric GCC Buses: Tenure: Dated:

NMMT has set up modern Command Control Center through ITMS and facilitates user friendly digital
payment options to commuters. Study Area
A SERVICE DELIVERY AGENCY Navi Mumbai Municipal Transport (NMMT)
1.1 1.3
Special Purpose 1996 City Bus 1100 City bus and
Vehicle under Navi Intercity Modal Share (Motorized Trips)
Mumbai Municipal Services
Corporation
Bus 4-W

Ridership: 0.3 15 min (avg.) agency: 600
million 15% 21%
2-W IPT
72 length: 15 kms * Data is for Greater Mumbai Region

Battery Charger: 1 per depot
Bus Coverage No. of Business Fleet owned Operations Charger
Model: by: area: Battery Warranty – 6 years
Type Area Operators specifications
Gross Cost Operator Intra city &
Electric NMMC area as Contract Inter-city Technique: Overnight &
01
buses well as outside Charging Opportunity
the corporation Contract Fleet Composition: technique Opportunity Charging Time: NA
area Tenure: Standard- 70 & Midi-30
10 years Driving range: 120km/bus
Bus Standard bus: 12m, 400 mm,
seats - 35
specification Midi bus- 9m, 400-900 mm,
seats – 27.
NA - Not Applicable
A CAPEX C OPEX
Authority pays fixed fee and fixed electricity charges to the
FLEET INFRASTRUCTURE operator for bus operations.
Source Joint Funding; Depot space 100% Rental
paid Paid by Authority Authority Operator
FAME II
Depot Payment type
* # Fixed Fee Per bus km Provision
55% 45% for penalties
ratio
Charging Fleet type & Std INR 69.9 due to
Midi: 45 to Remaining — 100%
Standard: to be paid Infrastructure Rate payment
5.5 million by operator default/
Rs/bus *Basic civil infrastructure
# Maintenance equipment’s Midi INR 52.2 delay by
B REVENUE SOURCES each party
Subsidy/
Revenue sharing None
Dead kms
FARE BOX NON-FARE BOX payment
Fee revision Fixed fee- 6 Variable fee- *in operational
Ticket Advertisement — 100% Monthly 6 Monthly plan
100% —
Revenue
Fuel cost — 100%
Pass 100% — OTHER REVENUE SOURCES
Payment for Excess kms- Under kms- Legend Yes No
Resale of excess/ under 0.75 times 0.25 times
buses NM NM rate rate
utilized kms Authority Operator
Alternate Commercial *Rate inclusive of electricity cost

sources development at
depots and
terminals
NA - Not Applicable,
38 OCTOBER 2021


Infrastructure
Infrastructure
Branding
Permits Authority
staff (O&M)
& Permits for
installing
charging
Infrastructure


0.05% of performance security
Reward
Extent of coverage
Low High


1 2 3 4
NMMT is generating Owing to lack of knowledge NMMT is using ITMS to NMMT gives fair chance and
additional revenue by related to e-buses, NMMT effectively monitor bus cure period to operator to
commercialization of spaces has tried to leverage the operations (24 X 7), which rectify any damages and
at depots and terminals by technical expertise of private has reduced manpower deficiencies in maintenance
leasing the space for ATMs at sector by transferring the requirement. and repair before imposing
terminals and CNG stations responsibility for training and penalty.
at depots. Authority is also capacity development of
transferring entire authority’s staff with respect
advertisement revenue to to charging infrastructure and
operator to safeguard e-bus operations to the
operator from operational operator.
risk.
39
3.10 SURAT CASE Bus Type: PPP Type: Contracted Contract Tender
(GUJARAT) CONTEXT: ICE GCC Buses: Tenure: Dated:
Buses 60 + 6 07 years + 1 2012
(Spare) Extendable
Surat Sitilink Ltd. (SSL), an SPV wholly owned by Surat Municipal Corporation (SMC), is entrusted with the
responsibility of managing both BRT as well as the bus service in the city. Study Area
A SERVICE DELIVERY AGENCY Surat Sitilink Ltd. (SSL)
5.2 1.5
Special Purpose 2014 Surat City Bus 45 City bus,
Vehicle (SPV) under BRTS Modal Share (Motorized Trips)
Surat Municipal
Corporation (SMC)
Bus 4-W
Avg. Daily Ridership: Headway: Fleet Size of the agency: BQS: 164 BRTS
0.14 million 4-10 mins 767 (BRTS- 192, stations
City bus:.0.135 million City Bus – 575) 72% 20%
2-W IPT
BRTS-13, City bus - 43 length: 6.7 kms

Model: by: area: Bus specification
Type Area Operators
Gross Cost Operator Intra city
ICE buses 3 routes on Contract Standard bus: AC, 12m, floor
01
Standard AC Surat BRTS height-900mm, seats - 35
corridor Contract Fleet Composition:
Tenure: Standard AC: 60 + 6 Midi bus: NA
7 years + 1 (Spare)
Extendable NA - Not Applicable
A CAPEX C OPEX
Authority pays fixed fee for operated km to the operator.
FLEET INFRASTRUCTURE
Source Government Depot space 100% No rental

paid Paid by Authority Authority Operator
Funding
Depot Payment type
100% — Fixed Fee Per km Provision
100% — for penalties
ratio
Charging Fleet type & Std AC – 53.4 Rs/km due to
Fleet was funded under NA NA
NURM Infrastructure Rate Euro 3 payment
default/
Std AC – 54.9 Rs/km delay by
B REVENUE SOURCES Euro 4
each party
FARE BOX NON-FARE BOX Subsidy/
Revenue sharing None Dead kms
payment
Ticket Advertisement 90% 10% *in operational
100% — Fee revision Fixed Variable fee-
Revenue fee-Annually Quarterly
plan
Pass NM NM OTHER REVENUE SOURCES

Fuel cost — 100%
Resale of Legend Yes No
excess/ under 0.85 times 0.65 times
Alternate utilized kms rate rate Authority Operator
UTF
sources
NA - Not Applicable
40 OCTOBER 2021


Infrastructure
Infrastructure
Charging NA NA
Branding NA NA
Permits Authority
staff (O&M)
& Permits for NA NA
installing NA – Not applicable,
charging NM- Not Mentioned in RFP
Infrastructure


None
Reward
Provision of ITS based monitoring NM
Extent of coverage
Low High


NM NM
NM NM
1 2 3 4
Sitilink being the agency An Urban Transport Fund The Authority shares risks There is a provision in tender
managing both BRTS and has been instituted which and liabilities with operator which offers flexibility for
bus services enabled better receives funds from land by compensating for adding new buses upto 25%
coordination and integration value capture, parking damages to bus wherever of the total fleet size required
of routes and fare structures charges, etc. which has possible like damage to under the contract without
of both the modes. enabled them provide the interior or exterior of bus due issuance of a new tender.
BRTS services at affordable to advertisements. The
price. authority has robust ITMS,
and they follow transparent
practice of bus monitoring
with the operators which is
vital for success of GCC
model.
41
4
ANNEXURES
42 OCTOBER 2021
ANNEXURE I: KEY INITIATIVE BY GOVT. OF INDIA (GOI) TO PROMOTE

BUS TRANSPORT
1. URBAN TRANSPORT FUNDING OF BUSES UNDER NURM (2008-09)
• Objective: In 2009, GoI provided cities • Coverage: Financing pattern for bus
and states financial support for bus procurement
augmentation to plan and manage
organized public transport in urban areas. City Central State ULBs/ Loans
The scheme was also accompanied Population Assistance Assistance from FI
by additional reforms of urban bus More than 4 35 per cent 15 per cent 50 per cent
specifications and detail project report for million
financial assistance of buses to ensure the 1-4 million 50 per cent 20 per cent 30 per cent
public transport service quality.
Less than1 80 per cent 10 per cent 10 per cent
million
• Link: https://mohua.gov.in/cms/JNNURM.php
2. SETTING UP OF UMTA & UTF (2016)
• Objective: UMTA envisioned to establish an agency to undertake unified planning of urban

transport with the objective of providing sustainable and seamless mobility to people., UTF is
set up to finance the transport initiatives.
• Coverage: The UMTA acts as an umbrella body that regulates overall performance of the
transport system and ensures establishment of comprehensive transport system. The various
provisions of bus services are managed by sperate agencies in city and UMTA focus on
providing integrated services through multimodal integration. To support establishment and
management of dedicated Urban Transport Funds for urban transport projects, it also captures
innovative funding sources that can be tapped to make agencies self sustainable.
• Link: https://mohua.gov.in/cms/UrbanAuthority.php
3. FAME SCHEME (2015)
• Objective: With an aim to support the electrification of passenger kilometers, India announced

the FAME Scheme starting 2015, with a significant focus on public transport. FAME-I gave
the incentives on outright purchase of the e-buses and FAME II provided incentives to city
authorities on e-bus procurement under OPEX model.
• Coverage: DHI received sanctioned 5,595 e-buses to 64 cities in 2019. The scheme provided
financial support to the cities in boosting the adoption of e-buses in the existing fleet. It aided
the transition process which was restrained by the high capital expenditure involved in case
of e-buses. City authorities have been able to leverage private sector expertise by sharing
responsibilities with them. The deployment of buses under the scheme helped operators
and city agencies to better understand the challenges involved in the new technology and
accordingly share the risk based on their investment appetite.
• Link: https://dhi.nic.in/UserView/index?mid=2418
43
4. GUIDELINES AND MODAL CONTRACT FOR CITY BUS PRIVATE OPERATIONS (2016)
• Objective: A guidelines document aimed to developed strategies to choose the appropriate

business model and contract type for city bus private operations, to increase participation of
private sector in O&M of bus services based on transparent contracts with clearly defined
service standards, payment terms and sharing of risk.
• Coverage: The document covers the key features and contractual terms (Payment terms and
fee revision, Damages and penalties estimation mechanism, Option for transfer of buses at the
end of tenure, Monitoring of the Operator performance using ITS, Provision of Escrow account
to ensure timely payment etc.) to engage private sector in bus operations to improve service
performance and wider public objectives. The model contract agreements developed by the
Ministry for City Bus Private Operation covers Net cost, Net cost hybrid, Gross cost and Gross
cost hybrid.
• Link: https://mohua.gov.in/cms/guidelines-citybus.php
5. STANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURES (SOPS) FOR SPVS OPERATING CITY BUSES

PREPARED FOR CRUT, BHUBANESWAR, UNDER SMART-SUT PROJECT (2019)
• Objective: A guidebook document for CRUT, Bhubaneswar, under SMART-SUT initiative

aimed at developing standard operating procedures for comprehensive functions performed
at bus transport agencies.
• Coverage: The document cover the key features and functions in bus ecosystem and briefs
on the daily tasks a public transport organization in overseeing the planning and provision of
bus services to ensure efficient operations. The tools and guidelines for city bus operations is
developed in three parts as below:
▪ Part 1: Organizational Structure and Processes
▪ Part 2: Planning, Scheduling and Monitoring
▪ Part 3: Training and Capacity Building
• Link: https://www.transformative-mobility.org/assets/publications/CRUT-Tools-and-Guidelines-for-city-bus-
operations-part-1.pdf
• https://www.transformative-mobility.org/assets/publications/CRUT-Tools-and-Guidelines-for-city-bus-
• https://www.transformative-mobility.org/assets/publications/CRUT-Tools-and-Guidelines-for-city-bus-
6. REVIEW OF REGULATORY, INSTITUTIONAL & FISCAL POLICIES (2019)
• Objective: MoHUA, under this project, desires preparation of options and recommendations
on regulatory, institutional and fiscal constraints in providing Efficient and Sustainable City Bus
Services. It will aim to promote bus based public transportation in the country.
• Coverage: The focus is to review the urban bus sector in India and provide an outline of the
country wide industry and operator structure; legislative and regulatory framework governing
the urban bus sector; existing institutional arrangements supporting the industry; prevailing
fiscal arrangements for the sector; and undertakes identification of the gaps and constraints in
these areas.
• Link: https://mohua.gov.in/upload/uploadfiles/files/PC1_ESCBS_Domestic_Review_Report_(09_Jun_19).pdf
44 OCTOBER 2021
7. DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT OF TRAINING PROGRAMME FOR CITY TRANSPORT

PROFESSIONALS (2020)
• Objective: One of the key activities essential for improving the public bus transport system in
Indian cities is capacity building of the professionals involved in the system. MoHUA through
“Design and development of training programme for City Transport Professionals” intended to
address the capacity needs of cities.
• Coverage: This includes development of a comprehensive capacity building programme for
the nascent urban bus sector including training programs, knowledge and exchange events
for sharing of best practices and experience among public and private stakeholders. It also
envisaged creating awareness and sensitization among city transport professionals about the
need to establish public bus transport as a preferred mode of public transport.
• Link: https://mohua.gov.in/cms/pc2.php
8. MANUAL FOR PLANNING, DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF CITY BUS DEPOTS (2020)
• Objective: MoHUA has developed manual to support SPVs and other bus fleet operators to plan,
design and create depot infrastructure. The in existing scenario, there is lack of appropriate
infrastructure in the shape of depots which are essential for efficiently coordinated deployment
of well-maintained and reliable rolling stock.
• Coverage: The document covers overall ecosystem of bus depots mentioned below:
▪ Planning process, Site selection and Workflow in a bus depot
▪ Design considerations for bus movement areas, Staff movement areas and inventory and
material movement area.
▪ Safety and security, utilities and environment.
• Link:http://mohua.gov.in/upload/uploadfiles/files/PC4_Manual%20for%20Planning%2C%20Design%20
and%20Implementation%20of%20City%20Bus%20Depots_compressed.pdf
9. MANUAL FOR PLANNING, DESIGNING, IMPLEMENTING AND EVALUATING ITS AND MIS
PROJECTS (2020)
• Objective: The objective of the Manual is to provide a basic understanding of all aspects of ITS
and MIS for Urban Bus Service related to improving both the internal efficiency of PT Agencies
and the commuter services.
• Coverage: The support to public transport agencies for better understanding of
▪ The basic characteristics of ITS and MIS
▪ Evaluation and need assessment of public transport planning, management and operations
functions for implementation of ITS and MIS
▪ ITS and MIS systems requirements like data, information processing, Networks,
communications, system architecture and reporting requirements
▪ Analysis of possible business models for implementation of ITS/MIS Project. Estimation of
overall cost including implementation and O&M costs.
• Link: http://mohua.gov.in/upload/uploadfiles/files/PC3-How%20to%20use%20the%20Manual_Training%20
Session%201%20-%204.pdf
45
10. OPERATIONS DOCUMENT FOR TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT AND INFORMATION CONTROL
CENTRE (TMICC), (2016)
• Objective: The main objectives of the TMICC

▪ Traffic Enforcement
▪ Monitoring and Management of Traffic
▪ Dissemination of Traffic Information to Public
▪ Data Repository and Data Mining
• Coverage: The document captures the details of the various TMICC applications/activities. It
covers TMICC project management aspects such as Project Planning, TMICC Implementation
Process, Project Monitoring and Control, Risk Management, TMICC maintenance procedures
etc. It also covers performance monitoring aspects of TMICC.
• Link: http://mohua.gov.in/upload/uploadfiles/files/OPERATIONS_TMICC.pdf
ANNEXURE II: SOURCES

A. OVERVIEW OF THE BUS TRANSPORT LANDSCAPE
1. Report on Review of Regulatory, Institutional & Fiscal Policies (Indian), Efficient and
Sustainable City Bus Services (ESCBS) project by Mohua/World Bank, 2019.
2. Govt intends to have EV sales penetration of 30% for private cars by 2030, Times of India
(October 8 2021)
3. Bus terminal design guidelines, Shakti Foundation, 2017
4. Scheme: National Urban Renewal Mission Phase 1, MoHUA (2008)
5. Scheme: National Urban Renewal Mission Phase 2, MoHUA (2014)
B. CITY ASSESSMENT
Case study: Ahmedabad

1. RFP/ Agreement
• Request for proposal (RFP) for selection of bus operator for procurement, operation and
maintenance of 300 (Nos) Midi AC fully built pure electric buses for Ahmedabad urban
bus service on gross cost contract basis under FAME-II. Volume 1 (https://dhi.nic.in/
writereaddata/UploadFile/Bidder_300_AJL_FAME%20%20II.pdf) & Volume 2 (https://dhi.
nic.in/writereaddata/UploadFile/Bus%20Operator%20agreementFS%202.pdf)
2. City Data
• Census 2011
• MOUD: Link http://utbenchmark.in/UsersidePages/CityProfile.aspx?City=1
3. Public Transport Data
• AJL website: Link http://www.ahmedabadbrts.org/
• Workshop on Electrification of Public Transport, 2019, Ahmedabad Janmarg Ltd.,
Deployment of Electric Buses by Janmarg: Opportunities and Challenges
46 OCTOBER 2021
Case study: Amritsar

1. RFP/ Agreement
• “Selection of bus operator for operation and maintenance of buses on gross cost contract
basis for Amritsar BRTS Project”. Link http://www.pidb.org/Tender/rfp_bus_operator_brts_
asr_23052016.pdf
2. City Data
• Census 2011
• Urban Mobility India Conference (2019), General Manager (Projects & Finance) PIDB &
UMTC Team, Technical Session 3 –Problems for Small and Medium Towns and Introduction
of public transport systems, Amritsar Metro Bus -A new journey begins.
• The Punjab Urban Transport Fund Act 2019, Punjab Act No. 13 of 2019, Regd. No.
CHD/0092/2018-2020. Link: https://punjabxp.com/wp-content/uploads/urban-transport-
fund-act-2019.pdf
Case study: Bhopal

1. RFP/ Agreement
• ”Request for Proposal for “Selection of Bus operator for Bus Operations under Public
Transport in Bhopal on Own, Operate, Maintain & Transfer Basis with Inter-City Bus
Operations”. Link: https://docplayer.net/95914490-Request-for-proposal-for.html
2. City Data
• Census 2011
• BCLL website: Link: https://mybusbhopal.in/
• Urban Mobility India Conference (2018), CEPT, Assessment of contracting models a case
study of Bhopal.
Case study: Bhubaneswar

1. RFP/ Agreement
• Bus Operators Agreement for Package 1 to procure, operate and maintain Package 1
comprising 50 Standard AC and 50 Standard non-AC Euro IV Diesel buses 2018.
2. City Data
• Census 2011
• CRUT website: Link: https://www.google.com/search?q=crut&rlz=1C1GCEA_
enIN942IN942&oq=crut&aqs=chrome.0.69i59j0i271j69i61.1453j0j9&sourceid=-
chrome&ie=UTF-8
• Bhubaneswar City Bus Modernization Plan, 2017
47
Case study: Delhi
1. RFP/ Agreement
• “Request for Qualification and Proposal For Cluster No. 16B Operation of Private Stage
Carriage Services, Issued by Transport Department Government of National Capital
Territory of Delhi 2018”. Link: https://transport.delhi.gov.in/sites/default/files/All-PDF/RFQP-
Cluster%2B16B.pdf
2. City Data
• Census 2011
• Delhi website: Link: https://transport.delhi.gov.in/home/transport-department
• DIMTs Website: Link: https://www.dimts.in/default.aspx
• Article on Delhi transport corporation places order for 1,000 low-floor buses (The Times of
India)
• Baseline report Transport, Master Plan for Delhi 2041 as an Strategic Plan, 2020
• Article on Delhi’s Urban Transportation System – Challenges Galore (IGLUS)
Case study: Goa

1. RFP/ Agreement
• Request For Proposal (RFP) for selection of bus lessor for procurement and maintenance of
ac fully built electric buses and allied electrical & civil infrastructure on fixed lease rate basis
for 500 nos. electric buses”. Link: https://goaenivida.gov.in/ProductGOA/nitParameterView
2. City Data
• Census 2011
• KTCL website: Link: https://ktclgoa.com/
• Comprehensive Mobility Plan (CMP) for Goa, UMTC.
• Urban Transport (Non-Motorised, Ferries, Waterways), Goa
Case study: Indore

1. RFP/ Agreement
• “Engagement of Bus Operating Agency to Operate and Maintain Electric City bus (Provided
by AICTSL) along with the Indore – Bhopal Multi-axle (Supply, Operate & Maintain) SKYBUS
Bus – (On Cluster Basis)” – 2nd Call. Link: http://www.citybusindore.com/images/tender/
RFP%20for%20Culster%20Route%20indore%20to%20bopal%20and%20electric%20bus.
pdf
2. City Data
• Census 2011
• AICTSL website: Link: http://www.citybusindore.com/index.php?page=home
• Urban Mobility India Conference (2019), CEPT, Continuity & Change In Urban Transport
Development Arena-a Case Of Indore.
• Urban Mobility India Conference (2017), Route rationalization plan for bus operations for
Atal Indore City Transport Services Limited (AICTSL), Indore.
48 OCTOBER 2021
Case study: Nagpur

1. RFP/ Agreement
• Request for proposal, Nagpur Municipal Corporation Competitive Bidding for Procurement,
Operation & Maintenance of Diesel Buses in 3 Packages for Nagpur Urban Region.
2. City Data
• Census 2011
• NMC website: Link: https://www.nmc.org.in/
• Comprehensive Mobility Plan for Nagpur 2018
• Urban Mobility India Conference (2018), Nagpur Metro, Multi-Modal Integration, First & Last
Mile Connectivity Plan for Maha Metro
Case study: Navi Mumbai

1. RFP/ Agreement
• “Request for proposal (RFP) for Selection of bus operator for supply, operation and
maintenance of electric buses on Gross Cost Contract basis in Navi Mumbai”. Link: https://
dhi.nic.in/writereaddata/UploadFile/Electric%20Bus%20GCC%20RFP%20Final.pdf
2. City Data
• Census 2011
• NMMT website: Link: https://www.nmmc.gov.in/nmmt
• Comprehensive Mobility Plan (CMP) for Greater Mumbai, 2016.
• Improving Bus Transit along a Corridor in Navi Mumbai, India
Case study: Surat

1. RFP/ Agreement
• “Request for proposal (RFP) procurement, operation and management of BRTS buses on
specified routes in bus rapid transit system (BRTS) at Surat in the state of Gujarat”
2. City Data
• Census 2011
• SSL website. Link: https://www.suratmunicipal.gov.in/Departments/BRTSCellIntroduction
• VREF Research Synthesis Project Governance of Metropolitan Transport Background
Paper, BRT governance and challenges a case of Indian cities, Shalini Sinha 2019
• Urban Mobility India Conference (2019), CEPT, Users’ perception on integrated public
transport systems
49
PERSONS CONTACTED FOR SOURCE BOOK
SR. NO CITY / STATE NAME CONTACT PERSON
1 Ahmedabad General Manager, Operation, AJL
2 Amritsar Manager Projects at PBMS
3 Bhopal Manager Administration, BCLL
4 Bhubaneswar General Manager, Personnel, CRUT
5 Delhi Senior Manager, Road Transport, DMITS
6 Goa -
7 Indore Manager Technical and Operations, AICTSL
8 Nagpur -
9 Navi Mumbai Transport Manager, NMMT
10 Surat Assistant Manger Operations, SSL
50 OCTOBER 2021
ANNEXURE III: ABBREVIATIONS
AICTSL- Atal Indore City Transport Services Limited

AJL- Ahmedabad Janmarg Limited
AMC- Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation
BCLL- Bhopal City Link Limited
BDA- Bhubaneswar Development Authority
BMC- Bhopal Municipal Corporation
CRUT- Capital Region Urban Transport
GNCTD - Government of National Capital Territory, Delhi
DIMMTS - Delhi Integrated Multi-Modal Transit System Ltd.
GoI- Government of India
GoP- Government of Punjab
GRTU- Goa Road Transport Undertaking
ICE- Internal Combustion Engine
IDA- Indore Development Authority
IMC- Indore Municipal Corporation
KTCL- Kadamba Transport Corporation Limited
MC – Municipal Corporation
MTU- Municipal Transport Undertaking
NMC- Nagpur Municipal Corporation City
NMC- Navi Mumbai Municipal Corporation
NMMT- Navi Mumbai Municipal Transport
PBMS- Punjab Bus Metro Society
RP- Royalty Premium
RS – Revenue Sharing
SL- Standard Luxury bus
SSL - Surat Sitilink Limited
SMC - Surat Municipal Corporation
SPV- Special Purpose Vehicle
TC- Transport Committee
UTF- Urban Transport Fund
VGF- Viability Gap Funding
51
Implemented by
As part of the Indo-German bilateral coopera-

tion, both countries have agreed upon a stra-
tegic partnership - Green Urban Mobility Part-
nership (GUMP) between Ministry of Housing
and Urban Affairs (MoHUA) and Federal Minis-
try for Economic Cooperation and Development
(BMZ). Within the framework of the partnership
of technical and financial cooperation, the Ger-
man government will support improvements of
green urban mobility infrastructure and ser-
vices, strengthen capacities of national, state,
and local institutions to design and imple-
ment sustainable, inclusive, and smart mobility
solutions in Indian cities. As part of the GUMP
partnership, Germany will also be supporting in
expanding the public transport infrastructure,
multimodal integration, using low-emission
or zero-emission technologies, and promoting
non-motorised transport in India. Through this
strategic partnership, India and Germany intend
to jointly achieve effective international contri-
butions to fight climate change.
Contact person -
Ms. Rana A. Amani
Technical Expert
Green Urban Mobility Partnership, GIZ
Mail: rana.anwaramani@giz.de
52 OCTOBER 2021

Urban Transport in India PPP Arrangement

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PPP ARRANGEMENTS FOR

3.1 Ahmedabad 3.2 Amritsar 3.3 Bhopal 3.4 Bhubaneswar

3.5 Delhi 3.6 Goa 3.7 Indore 3.8 Nagpur

3.9 Navi Mumbai 3.10 Surat

OVERVIEW OF THE BUS TRANSPORT LANDSCAPE

A BUS TRANSPORT IS ATTRACTIVE TRAVEL OPTION FOR COMMUTERS

B THERE IS A NEED TO ENHANCE BUS SERVICE LEVELS

3. GOVERNMENT IMPETUS TOWARDS BUILDING A CONDUCIVE ENVIRONMENT FOR BUS OPERATIONS

1950 1981 2006 2008 2012

2019 2016 2015 2013

National Transit Model FAME II Scheme

2017 2018 2019

2. UNDERSTANDING THE ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES ACROSS VARIOUS PPP MODELS

Operational plan (route

Degree of monitoring &

Source: Deloitte Analysis Legend Authority Operator

3. EVOLUTION OF PPP MODELS IN INDIA

Cities/ States have been eager to elicit stronger private

Bhubaneswar Bhopal Amritsar Bhopal

Indore Surat Jalandhar Ahmedabad Delhi Jaipur Nagpur Bhubaneswar

Source: Deloitte Analysis Legend GCC Hybrid NCC Hybrid

PPP BUS OPERATIONS IN INDIA

A KEY ASSESSMENT AREAS OF THE PPP B CITY SELECTION PARAMETERS

2. PREVIEW OF SELECTED CITY/ STATE CONTRACTS

SURAT SITILINK LTD. (SSL) CAPITAL REGION URBAN TRANSPORT

Contract Type: GCC Contract Type: GCC

AHMEDABAD JANMARG LIMITED (AJL) BHOPAL CITY LINK LIMITED

Contract Type: GCC Contract Type: Hybrid NCC

NAGPUR MUNICIPAL CORPORATION KADAMBA TRANSPORT

Contract Type: Hybrid GCC Contract Type: GCC (Lease Model)*

Contract Type: GCC

This indicates RfP/ contract under study pertains to e-buses.

A CITY ASSESSMENT B INSTITUTIONAL SETUP C OPERATIONAL DETAILS

Bhubaneswar SPV formed Housing &

Goa 1.45 0.8 8.00 km KTCL STU established Government of 565 --

Navi Mumbai (GCC)

Nagpur (Hybrid GCC)

Goa (GCC Lease)

Indore (Hybrid NCC) Extension upto 03 years

Amritsar BRTS (GCC) Extension upto 01 year

3. ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITY ALLOCATION

Surat BRTS GCC

4. FUNDING AND PAYMENT MECHANISM

VGF Fleet Innovations Revenue Performance

Delhi 100% Fixed Fee (CYP) Confidential 100%

City / State Degree of Service Extent of ITS Provision of Customer feedback

Bhopal *The assessment is a

Navi Mumbai Low High

6. KEY LEARNINGS FROM CASE STUDIES

OPERATIONS COST AND PAYMENT STRUCTURE

ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES

OTHER CONTRACTUAL CONDITIONS

1. CITY BUS ORGANISATION

B OPERATIONAL INDICATORS C ROLLING STOCK & CIVIL INFRA 23% 15%

Avg. Daily Headway: 6 to 10 Fleet Size of the BQS: 163 BRT

A CONTRACT DETAILS B CONTRACT FEATURES C TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS

Fleet Driving range: 200km/bus

3. FUNDING AND PAYMENT

4. ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES