STOICHIOMETRY

Q1.(specimen paper-2023)

In a titration, a student added 25.0 cm3 of 0.200 mol / dm3 aqueous sodium hydroxide to a conical

flask. The student then added a few drops of methyl orange to the solution in the conical flask

Dilute sulfuric acid is then added from a burette to the conical flask. The volume of dilute sulfuric
acid needed to neutralise the aqueous sodium hydroxide was 20.0 cm3 .

The reaction is shown by the equation.

2NaOH + H2SO4 → Na2SO4 + 2H2O

(i) State the colour of methyl orange in aqueous sodium hydroxide (1)

(ii) Determine the concentration of the dilute sulfuric acid in g / dm3 using the following steps.

 Calculate the number of moles of aqueous sodium hydroxide added to the conical flask
 Calculate the number of moles of dilute sulfuric acid added from the burette
 Calculate the concentration of the dilute sulfuric acid in mol / dm3
 Calculate the concentration of the dilute sulfuric acid in g / dm3

Q2. (specimen paper 2020)

5.95g of cobalt(II) carbonate were added to 40cm3 of hydrochloric acid, concentration 2.0mol/dm3 .

Calculate the maximum yield of cobalt(II) chloride-6-water and show that the cobalt(II) carbonate
was in excess.

CoCO3 + 2HCl → CoCl2 + CO2 + H2O

CoCl2 + 6H2O → CoCl2.6H2O

maximum yield:
number of moles of HCl used =

number of moles of CoCl2 formed =

number of moles of CoCl2.6H2O formed =

mass of one mole of CoCl2.6H2O = 238g

maximum yield of CoCl2.6H2O =

to show that cobalt(II) carbonate is in excess:

number of moles of HCl used =

mass of one mole of CoCO3 = 119g

number of moles of CoCO3 in 5.95g of cobalt(II) carbonate =

(ii) Explain how these calculations show that cobalt(II) carbonate is in excess.

Q3.(Past paper 4(1)Nov 2021)

When solid copper(II) nitrate is heated copper(II) oxide, nitrogen dioxide and oxygen are formed.
2Cu(NO3)2 → 2CuO + 4NO2 + O2

Calculate the volume of nitrogen dioxide formed at room temperature and pressure when 4.7g of
Cu(NO3)2 is heated.

Use the following steps:

calculate the mass of one mole of Cu(NO3)2

calculate the number of moles of Cu(NO3)2 used

determine the number of moles of nitrogen dioxide formed

calculate the volume of nitrogen dioxide formed at room temperature and pressure.

Write the chemical equation to show the action of heat on sodium nitrate, NaNO3.

Q4. .(Past paper 4(2) Nov 2021)

The equation for the reaction between powdered zinc carbonate and dilute nitric acid is shown.

ZnCO3....... + 2HNO3....... → Zn(NO3)2....... + H2O....... + CO2......

(i) Complete the equation by adding state symbols.

(ii) A student found that 2.5g of zinc carbonate required 20cm3 of dilute nitric acid to react
completely. Calculate the concentration of dilute nitric acid using the following steps:

 calculate the mass of 1 mole of ZnCO3

 calculate the number of moles of ZnCO3 reacting
 determine the number of moles of HNO3 reacting
 calculate the concentration of HNO3

Q5. .(Past paper 4(3) Nov 2021)

Lead is a metallic element in Group IV. One of the ores of lead is galena, which is an impure form of
lead(II) sulfide, PbS.

Lead also occurs in the ore cerussite, which contains lead(II) carbonate, PbCO3.

(a) Calculate the relative formula mass, Mr , of PbCO3.

(b) The Mr of PbS is 239.

Calculate the percentage of lead by mass in PbS.

Q6. .(Past paper 4(1) June 2021)

In an experiment, 1.61g of Na2SO4•xH2O is heated until all the water is given off. The mass of
Na2SO4 remaining is 0.71g.

[Mr : Na2SO4,142; H2O,18]

Determine the value of x using the following steps.

 Calculate the number of moles of Na2SO4 remaining.

 Calculate the mass of H2O given off.
 Calculate the number of moles of H2O given off.
  Determine the value of x.

.Q7. (Past paper 4(2) June 2021)Sodium hydrogencarbonate is found in baking powder

When sodium hydrogencarbonate is heated it forms three products.

2NaHCO3 → Na2CO3 + H2O + CO2

Calculate the volume of carbon dioxide formed at room temperature and pressure when 12.6g of
NaHCO3 is heated using the following steps:

 determine the mass of one mole of NaHCO3

 calculate the number of moles of NaHCO3 used
 determine the number of moles of carbon dioxide formed
 determine the number of moles of carbon dioxide formed

Q8. (Past paper 4(3) June 2021)

In an experiment, 4.88g of BaCl 2•xH2O is heated until all the water is given off. The mass of BaCl 2
remaining is 4.16g.

[Mr : BaCl 2, 208; H2O, 18]

Determine the value of x using the following steps.

 Calculate the number of moles of BaCl2 remaining.

 Calculate the mass of H2O given off.
 Calculate the number of moles of H2O given off.
 Determine the value of x.

Q9. (Past paper 4(2)Mar 2021)

Some salts can be made by titration.

In a titration experiment, 20.0cm3 of aqueous sodium hydroxide reacts exactly with 25.0cm3 of
0.100mol/dm3 dilute sulfuric acid to make sodium sulfate.

2NaOH(aq) + H2SO4(aq) → Na2SO4(aq) + 2H2O(l)

(i) Circle the name of the type of reaction that takes place.

decomposition neutralisation precipitation reduction

(ii) Calculate the concentration of the aqueous sodium hydroxide in g/dm3 using the following steps.

 Calculate the number of moles of dilute sulfuric acid used.

 Determine the number of moles of sodium hydroxide which react with the dilute sulfuric
acid.
 Calculate the concentration of the aqueous sodium hydroxide in mol/dm3 .
 Calculate the concentration of the aqueous sodium hydroxide in g/dm3 .
Q10. (Past paper 4(1)Nov 2020)

(a) Aqueous ammonium sulfate, (NH4)2SO4, is warmed with aqueous sodium hydroxide. The
pungent-smelling gas ammonia, NH3, is produced. Balance the equation for this reaction.

(NH4)2SO4 + ......NaOH → ......NH3 + ......H2O + Na2SO4

(b) A 2.8g sample of impure ammonium sulfate is found to contain 0.7g of impurities.

Calculate the percentage of ammonium sulfate in this sample.

Q11. (Past paper 4(2)Nov 2020)

(a)On analysing the crystals, the student found that one mole of the hydrated iron(II) sulfate crystals,
FeSO4•xH2O, had a mass of 278g.

Determine the value of x using the following steps:

● calculate the mass of one mole of FeSO4

● calculate the mass of H2O present in one mole of FeSO4•xH2O

● determine the value of x.

(b) Sodium chloride is an ionic salt.

It can be made by reacting sodium with chlorine gas.

The equation for this reaction is shown.

2Na(s) + Cl 2(g) → 2NaCl(s)

Calculate the volume of chlorine gas, in cm3 , that reacts to form 2.34g of NaCl.

The reaction takes place at room temperature and pressure

Q12. (Past paper 4(3)Nov 2020)

(a)Ammonium nitrate, NH4NO3, is a fertiliser.

Calculate the percentage by mass of nitrogen in ammonium nitrate

(b)In an experiment, all the water was removed from 1.23g of MgSO4•xH2O.

The mass of MgSO4 remaining was 0.60g.

Mr : MgSO4 = 120; Mr : H2O = 18

Determine the value of x using the following steps.

● Calculate the number of moles of MgSO4 remaining.

● Calculate the mass of H2O given off.

● Calculate the moles of H2O given off.

● Determine the value of x.

Q13. (Past paper 4(1)June 2020)

Aqueous sodium hydroxide, NaOH(aq), is a strong alkali that reacts with dilute sulfuric acid
exothermically.

(a) Complete the equation for the reaction between aqueous sodium hydroxide and dilute sulfuric
acid.

2NaOH + H2SO4 → ......................... + .........................

(b) A student wanted to find the concentration of some dilute sulfuric acid by titration.

The student found that 25.0cm3 of 0.0400mol/dm3 NaOH(aq) reacted exactly with 20.0cm3 of
H2SO4(aq).

Name a suitable indicator to use in this titration.

Calculate the concentration of the H2SO4(aq) in mol/dm3 using the following steps.

● Calculate the number of moles of NaOH in 25.0cm3.

● Deduce the number of moles of H2SO4 that reacted with the 25.0cm3 of NaOH(aq).

● Calculate the concentration of H2SO4(aq) in mol/dm3.

● Calculate the concentration of the 0.0400mol/dm3 NaOH(aq) in g/dm3.

Q14. (Past paper 4(2)June 2020)

As per IUPAC
The STP value of temperature and pressure for gas is 273.15 K(00C) and 0.987 atm
respectively.
The NTP value of temperature and pressure is 293.15 K(200C) and 1atm.
The molar volume of an ideal gas at NTP is 22.4 dm3/mol at NTP.

The RTP value of temperature and pressure is 25oC/298K and 1 atm

The molar volume of an any gas at RTP is 24 dm3/mol at r.t.p

The equation for the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide is shown

2H2O2(aq) → 2H2O(l) + O2(g)

25.0cm3 of aqueous hydrogen peroxide forms 48.0cm3 of oxygen at room temperature and
pressure (r.t.p.).

Calculate the concentration of aqueous hydrogen peroxide at the start of the experiment using the
following steps.

● Calculate the number of moles of oxygen formed.

● Deduce the number of moles of hydrogen peroxide that decomposed.

● Calculate the concentration of hydrogen peroxide in mol/dm3.

Q15. (Past paper 4(3)June 2020)

4NO2 + 2H2O + O2 → 4HNO3

Calculate the volume of O2 gas, at room temperature and pressure (r.t.p.), needed to produce 1260g
of HNO3. Use the following steps.

● Calculate the number of moles of HNO3.

● Deduce the number of moles of O2 that reacted.

● Calculate the volume of O2 gas that reacts at room temperature and pressure (r.t.p.).

Q16. (Past paper 4(2)Mar 2020)

PCl5 reacts with lithium fluoride, LiF, to form LiPF6.

PCl5 + 6LiF → LiPF6 + 5LiCl

Calculate the mass of LiF needed to form 3.04g of LiPF6 using the following steps.

● Calculate the number of moles of LiPF6 formed. [Mr : LiPF6, 152]

● Deduce the number of moles of LiF needed.

● Calculate the mass of LiF needed.

Q17. (Past paper 4(1)Nov 2019)

Sulfur dioxide reacts with aqueous sodium sulfite to produce a compound with the following
composition by mass: 29.1% Na, 40.5% S and 30.4% O.

Calculate the empirical formula of this compound.

Q18. (Past paper 4(2)Nov 2019)

As per IUPAC
The STP value of temperature and pressure for gas is 273.15 K(00C) and 0.987 atm
respectively.
The NTP value of temperature and pressure is 293.15 K(200C) and 1atm.
The molar volume of an ideal gas at NTP is 22.4 dm3/mol at NTP.

The RTP value of temperature and pressure is 25oC/298K and 1 atm

The molar volume of an any gas at RTP is 24 dm3/mol at r.t.p

Ammonia reacts with oxygen as shown.

4NH3(g) + 5O2(g) →4NO(g) + 6H2O(g)

Calculate the volume of oxygen at room temperature and pressure, in dm3 , that reacts with
4.80dm3 of ammonia.

Q19. (Past paper 4(3)Nov 2019)

(a)Phosphorus forms another compound with hydrogen with the following composition by mass: P,
93.94%; H, 6.06%
(i) Calculate the empirical formula of the compound

(ii) The compound has a relative molecular mass of 66. Deduce the molecular formula of the
compound.

(b) Nitrates such as ammonium nitrate are used as fertilisers.

The final stage in the production of ammonium nitrate is shown in the equation.

Ca(NO3)2 + 2NH3 + CO2 + H2O 2NH4NO3 + CaCO3

Calculate the maximum mass of ammonium nitrate that can be produced from 820g of calcium
nitrate, Ca(NO3)2, using the following steps.

The relative formula mass, Mr , of calcium nitrate, Ca(NO3)2, = 164.

● Calculate the number of moles of Ca(NO3)2 in 820g.

● Deduce the number of moles of NH4NO3 produced.

● Calculate the maximum mass of ammonium nitrate produced.

● Calculate the Mr of NH4NO3.

(c) Dilute sulfuric acid and aqueous sodium hydroxide are used to make aqueous sodium sulfate,
Na2SO4(aq), or aqueous sodium hydrogen sulfate, NaHSO4(aq).

The method includes use of the following apparatus.

25.0cm3 of aqueous sodium hydroxide of concentration 0.100mol/dm3 was neutralised by 25.0cm3

of dilute sulfuric acid of concentration 0.0500mol/dm3 . The equation for the reaction is shown. This
is reaction 1.

2NaOH(aq) + H2SO4(aq) Na2SO4(aq) + 2H2O(l)

The same technique and the same solutions can be used to make aqueous sodium hydrogen sulfate.
The equation for the reaction is shown. This is reaction 2.
NaOH(aq) + H2SO4(aq) NaHSO4(aq) + H2O(l)

Complete the table to calculate the volume of dilute sulfuric acid that reacts with 25.0cm3 of
aqueous sodium hydroxide in reaction 2.

volume of 0.0500mol/dm3 volume of 0.100mol/dm3

dilute sulfuric acid in cm3 aqueous sodium hydroxide in
cm3
reaction 1 25.0 25.0
reaction 2 25.0

Q20. (Past paper 4(1)June 2019)

Hydrochloric acid produces salts called chlorides.

Magnesium carbonate reacts with hydrochloric acid to produce magnesium chloride.

MgCO3 + 2HCl MgCl 2 + H2O + CO2

A student used 50.00cm3 of 2.00mol/dm3 hydrochloric acid in an experiment to produce

magnesium chloride

Calculate the mass, in g, of magnesium carbonate needed to react exactly with 50.00cm3 of
2.00mol/dm3 hydrochloric acid using the following steps.

● Calculate the number of moles of HCl present in 50.00cm3 of 2.00mol/dm3 HCl

● Determine the number of moles of MgCO3 which would react with 50.00cm3 of 2.00mol/dm3 HCl.

● Calculate the relative formula mass, Mr , of MgCO3

● Calculate the mass of MgCO3 needed to react exactly with 50.00cm3 of 2.00mol/dm3 HCl.

Q21. (Past paper 4(2)June 2019)

Copper(II) sulfate crystals, CuSO4.5H2O, are hydrated.

Copper(II) sulfate crystals are made by reacting copper(II) carbonate with dilute sulfuric acid.

The equation for the overall process is shown.

CuCO3 + H2SO4 + 4H2O CuSO4.5H2O + CO2

Powdered solid copper(II) carbonate is added to 50.0cm3 of 0.05mol/dm3 sulfuric acid until the
copper(II) carbonate is in excess

Calculate the maximum mass of the copper(II) sulfate crystals, CuSO4.5H2O, that can form using the
following steps.

● Calculate the number of moles of H2SO4 in 50.0cm3 of 0.05mol/dm3 H2SO4.

● Determine the number of moles of CuSO4.5H2O that can form

● The Mr of CuSO4.5H2O is 250. Calculate the maximum mass of CuSO4.5H2O that can form.
Q22. (Past paper 4(3)June 2019)

(a)Some car airbags contain sodium azide. When a car airbag is used the sodium azide, NaN3,
decomposes. The products are nitrogen and sodium.

The equation for the decomposition of sodium azide is shown.

2NaN3(s) 2Na(l) + 3N2(g)

Calculate the mass, in g, of sodium azide needed to produce 144dm3 of nitrogen using the following
steps.

● Calculate the number of moles in 144dm3 of N2 measured at room temperature and pressure

● Determine the number of moles of NaN3 needed to produce this number of moles of N2.

● Calculate the relative formula mass, Mr , of NaN3.

● Calculate the mass of NaN3 needed to produce 144dm3 of N2.

(b) An organic compound made from sodium azide has the composition by mass: 49.5% carbon,
7.2% hydrogen and 43.3% nitrogen

Calculate the empirical formula of the organic compound.

Q23. (Past paper 4(2)Mar 2019)

Calculate the volume of chlorine gas, Cl 2(g), at room temperature and pressure, that reacts
completely with 400g of TiO2(s) using the following steps.

TiO2(s) + 2Cl 2(g) + 2C(s) TiCl 4(g) + 2CO(g)

● Calculate the relative formula mass, Mr , of TiO2.

● Calculate the number of moles in 400g of TiO2.

● Determine the number of moles of Cl 2 that react with 400g of TiO2.

● Calculate the volume of Cl 2 that reacts with 400g of TiO2

Q24. (Past paper 4(1)Nov 2018)

(a) Complete the chemical equation for the reaction.

2Cu(NO3)2 O2 + ......NO2 + ......................

A teacher heated 18.8g of copper(II) nitrate.

● Calculate the number of moles of copper(II) nitrate present in the 18.8g.

● Calculate the maximum number of moles of oxygen that can be made by heating 18.8g of
copper(II) nitrate.

● Calculate the maximum volume of oxygen at room temperature and pressure, in cm3 , that can be
made by heating 18.8g of copper(II) nitrate.

(b) Dilute sulfuric acid reacts with aqueous sodium hydrogencarbonate in a neutralisation reaction.
H2SO4(aq) + 2NaHCO3(aq) Na2SO4(aq) + 2H2O(l) + 2CO2(g)
In a titration, 0.200mol/dm3 aqueous sodium hydrogencarbonate was used to neutralise 20.0cm3 of
dilute sulfuric acid of concentration 0.150mol/dm3 .

(i) Calculate the number of moles of dilute sulfuric acid used in the titration.

(ii) Calculate the number of moles of sodium hydrogencarbonate needed to neutralise the dilute
sulfuric acid.

(iii) Calculate the volume, in cm3 , of 0.200mol/dm3 aqueous sodium hydrogencarbonate needed to
neutralise the dilute sulfuric acid.

Q25. (Past paper 4(1)June 2018)

(a) A 0.095g sample of gaseous element Y occupies 60.0cm3 at room temperature and pressure.

● Determine the number of moles of element Y in 60.0cm3 .

● Calculate the relative molecular mass of element Y and hence suggest the identity of element Y.

(b) A 1.68g sample of phosphorus was burned and formed 3.87g of an oxide of phosphorus.

Calculate the empirical formula of this oxide of phosphorus.

(c) Another oxide of phosphorus has the empirical formula P2O3.

One molecule of this oxide of phosphorus contains four atoms of phosphorus.

Calculate the mass of one mole of this oxide of phosphorus

Q26. (Past paper 4(1)Mar 2018)

(a) Silver chloride can be made by reacting aqueous sodium chloride with aqueous silver nitrate. The
other product of the reaction is sodium nitrate. The chemical equation for the reaction is shown.

NaCl(aq) + AgNO3(aq) AgCl(s) + NaNO3(aq)

The student started with 20cm3 of 0.20mol/dm3 NaCl(aq).

● Determine the amount of NaCl(aq) used

The yield of NaNO3 crystals was 90%.

● Calculate the mass of NaNO3 crystals made.

(b) Forsterite is another rock which contains a magnesium compound.

A sample of forsterite has the following composition by mass: Mg, 2.73g; Si, 1.58g; O, 3.60g.

Calculate the empirical formula of forsterite.

(c) Ammonia reacts with chlorine. The chemical equation is shown.

2NH3(g) + 3Cl 2(g) N2(g) + 6HCl(g)

Calculate the volume of chlorine, measured at room temperature and pressure, needed to react
completely with 0.68g of ammonia.