VTU-ETR

Electronics and Communication (Weightage 50%) (Subject Specific)

Unit 1
Networks: Network theorems; Superposition, Thevenin's and Norton’s, maximum
power transfer; Wye‐Delta transformation; Steady state sinusoidal analysis; Time
domain analysis of simple linear circuits; Transients, Resonance – Series and
Parallel Resonance Solution of network equations using Laplace transform;
Frequency domain analysis of RLC circuits; Linear 2‐port network parameters:
driving point and transfer functions; State equations for networks.

Unit 2
Signals and Systems: Continuous-time signals; Fourier series and Fourier
transform representations, sampling theorem and applications; Discrete-time
signals: Various types, discrete-time Fourier transform (DTFT), DFT, FFT, Z-
transform, interpolation of discrete-time signals; LTI systems: definition and
properties, causality, stability, impulse response, convolution, poles and zeros,
parallel and cascade structure, frequency response, group delay, phase delay,
digital filter design techniques.

Unit 3
Electronic Devices: Energy bands in intrinsic and extrinsic silicon; Carrier
transport: diffusion current, drift current, mobility and resistivity; Generation and
recombination of carriers; Poisson and continuity equations; P-N junction, Zener
diode, BJT, MOS Capacitor, MOSFET, SCR, IGBT, LED, photo diode and solar
cell; Integrated circuit fabrication process: oxidation, diffusion, ion implantation,
photolithography and twin-tub CMOS process.Thick and thin film techniques.

Unit 4
Analog Circuits: Small signal equivalent circuits of diodes, BJTs and MOSFETs;
Simple diode circuits: clipping, clamping and rectifiers; Single-stage BJT and
MOSFET amplifiers: biasing, bias stability, mid-frequency small signal analysis
and frequency response; BJT and MOSFET amplifiers: multi-stage, differential,
feedback, power and operational; Simple op-amp circuits; Active filters;
Sinusoidal oscillators: criterion for oscillation, single-transistor and op- amp
configurations; Function generators, wave-shaping circuits and 555 timers; Voltage
reference circuits; Power supplies: ripple removal andregulation. Voltage
Regulators.

Unit 5
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Digital Circuits: Number systems; Combinatorial circuits: Boolean algebra,

minimization of functions using Boolean identities and Karnaugh map, Logic
Families. logic gates, CMOS implementations, Logic gates, code converters,
multiplexers, decoders and PLAs; Sequential circuits: latches and flip‐flops,
counters, shift‐registers and finite state machines; Data converters: sample and
hold circuits, ADCs and DACs; Semiconductor memories: ROM, SRAM and
DRAM. Cache Memories. Sensors, Transducers – Display Devices – LED and
LCDs.

Unit 6 Control Systems: Basic control system components; Feedback principle;

Transfer function; Block diagram representation; Signal flow graph; Transient and
steady-state analysis of LTI systems; error coefficient, steady state error,
Frequency response; Routh-Hurwitz and Nyquist stability criteria; Bode and root-
locus plots; Lag, lead and lag-lead compensation; State variable model and
solution of state equation of LTI systems, Closed loop response - M & N Circles,
Nichols Chart. Basics of Non Linear controls, Industrial Automation and Robotics.

Unit 7
Communications: Random processes: autocorrelation and power spectral density,
properties of white noise, filtering of random signals through LTI systems;
Analog communications: amplitude modulation and demodulation, angle
modulation and demodulation, spectra of AM and FM, super heterodyne receivers,
circuits for analog communications; Information theory: entropy, mutual
information and channel capacity theorem;
Digital communications: PCM, DPCM, digital modulation schemes, amplitude,
phase and frequency shift keying (ASK, PSK, FSK), QAM, MAP and ML
decoding, calculation of bandwidth, SNR and BER for digital modulation;
Fundamentals of error detection correction and Hamming code; Basics of Spread
spectrum communications,TDMA, FDMA, CDMA and OFDM.
CCN: Basics, Ethernet, Internet Relevant Protocols Services.

Unit 8
Electromagnetics: Electrostatics; Maxwell’s equations: differential and integral
forms and their interpretation, boundary conditions, wave equation, Pointing
vector; Plane waves and properties: reflection and refraction, polarization, phase
and group velocity, propagation through various media, skin depth; Transmission
lines: equations, characteristic impedance, impedance matching, impedance
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transformation, S-parameters, Smith chart; Waveguides: modes, boundary

conditions, cut-off frequencies, dispersion relations; Antennas: antenna types,
radiation pattern, gain and directivity, return loss, antenna arrays; Basics of radar;
Light propagation in optical fibers, Dipole and Yagi antennas

Unit 9
Computer Organization: Organization and architecture. Computer components and
functions. Various generations of computers. Addressing—Zero, single, two and
three address machines. Hardwired and microprogramming. Arithmetic Circuits-
Binary adder, subtractor, multiplier and divider circuits. Fast adder. BCD adder,
Floating point representation and arithmetic operations.
I/O devices. RISC, CISC machines, Parallel computing and organization.

Unit 10
Microprocessor and Microcontrollers: Microprocessor family. Evolution, advances
in architecture.8086 processor—Architecture, pin details, functions, Instruction set,
assembler directives, Simple programs. Interrupts and interrupt handling.
I/O and memory interfacing. Buses—RS232 and USB.
Microcontroller—8051, architectural details, Instruction sets, Interrupts,
Programming Arm Processor-Basics. Embedded system

Research methodology
(Common to Engineering Programmes, MCA, MBA and Basic Sciences)
(Weightage 50%)
UNIT - 1
Research Methodology: Introduction, Meaning of Research, Objectives of
Research, Types of Research, Research Approaches, Significance of Research,
Research Methods versus Methodology, Research and Scientific Method, Research
Process, Criteria of Good Research, Problems Encountered by Researchers in
India. Defining the Research Problem: Research Problem, Selecting the Problem,
Necessity of Defining the Problem, Technique Involved in Defining a Problem.

UNIT - 2
Reviewing the literature: Place of the literature review in research, Bringing clarity
and focus to research problem, Improving research methodology, Broadening
knowledge base in research area, Enabling contextual findings, Review of the
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literature, searching the existing literature, reviewing the selected literature,

Developing a theoretical framework, Developing a conceptual framework, Writing
about the literature reviewed. Research Design: Meaning of Research Design,
Need for Research Design, Features of a Good Design, Important Concepts
Relating to Research Design, Different Research Designs, Basic Principles of
Experimental Designs, Important Experimental Designs.

UNIT - 3
Design of Sample Surveys: Design of Sampling: Introduction, Sample Design,
Sampling and Non-sampling Errors, Sample Survey versus Census Survey, Types
of Sampling Designs. Measurement and Scaling: Qualitative and Quantitative
Data, Classifications of Measurement Scales, Goodness of Measurement Scales,
Sources of Error in Measurement, Techniques of Developing Measurement Tools,
Scaling, Scale Classification Bases, Scaling Technics, Multidimensional Scaling,
Deciding the Scale. Data Collection: Introduction, Experimental and Surveys,
Collection of Primary Data, Collection of Secondary Data, Selection of
Appropriate Method for Data Collection, Case Study Method.

UNIT – 4
Data Preparation: Data Preparation Process, Some Problems in Preparation
Process, Missing Values and Outliers, Types of Analysis, Statistics in Research.
Descriptive Statistics: Measures of Central Tendency, Measures of Dispersion,
Measures of Skegness, Kurtosis, Measures of Relationship, Association in case of
Attributes, Other Measures.

UNIT - 5
Sampling and Statistical Inference: Parameters and Statistic, Sampling and Non-
Sampling Errors, Sampling Distribution, Degree of Freedom, Standard Error,
Central Limit Theorem, Finite Population Correction, Statistical Inference.

UNIT - 6
Testing of Hypotheses: Hypothesis, Basic Concepts Concerning Testing of
Hypotheses, Testing of Hypothesis, Test Statistics and Critical Region, Critical
Value and Decision Rule, Procedure for Hypothesis Testing, Hypothesis Testing
for Mean, Proportion, Variance, for Difference of Two Mean, for Difference of
Two Proportions, for Difference of Two Variances, P-Value approach, Power of
Test, Limitations of the Tests of Hypothesis. Chi-square Test: Test of Difference of
more than Two Proportions, Test of Independence of Attributes, Test of Goodness
of Fit, Caution in Using Chi Square Tests.
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UNIT – 7
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Analysis of Variance (ANOVA): The ANOVA Technique, Basic Principle of

ANOVA, One way ANOVA, Two way ANOVA, Latin – square Design, Analysis
of Co- Variance, Assumptions in Co-Variance. UNIT – 8 Linear Regression
Analysis: Dependent and Independent Variables, Simple Linear Regression Model,
Multiple Linear Regression Model, Problem of Multicolinearity, Qualitative
Explanatory Variables. Factor Analysis: The Mathematical Basis, Important
Methods of Factor Analysis, Rotation in Factor Analysis, R – Type and Q – Type
Factor Analysis, Merits and Demerits of Factor Analysis.

UNIT – 9
Probability: Random Experiments, Sample Spaces, Events, The Concept of
Probability, The Axiomsof Probability, Theorems on Probability, Assignment of
Probabilities, Conditional Probability, Theorems on Conditional Probability,
Independent Events, Bayes’Theorem. Random Variables, Discrete Probability
Distributions, Distribution Functions for RandomVariables, Distribution Functions
for Discrete Random Variables, Continuous Random Variables, Graphical
Interpretations, Joint Distributions Independent Random Variables, Change of
Variables, Probability Distributions of Functions of Random Variables,
Convolutions, Conditional Distributions.

UNIT - 10
The Binomial Distribution, Properties of the Binomial Distribution, The Normal
Distribution, Properties of the Normal Distribution, Relation Between Binomial
and Normal Distributions, The Poisson Distribution, Properties of the Poisson
Distribution, Relation Between the Binomial andPoisson Distributions, Relation
Between the Poisson and Normal Distributions, The Hypergeometric Distribution.