LESSON 1: INTRODUCTION TO MICROBIOLOGY Francesco Redi

- In 1668, he demonstrated that maggots do

MICROBIOLOGY not arise spontaneously from decaying meat
- His results were a serious blow to the long-
- Study of organisms that individually are too held belief that large forms of life could arise
small to be seen by the naked eye. from non-life.
- Study of microorganisms, a large and diverse John Needham
group of microscopic organisms that exist as - He observed that boiled mutton broth (tightly
single cells or cell clusters; it also includes sealed) eventually became cloudy with
viruses, which are microscopic but not cellular. microorganisms.
- Study about bacteria, fungi, viruses, and - He proposed that organic matter possessed a
parasite that can be seen under the vital force that could give rise to life.
microscope. These microorganisms cause
disease to humans while some do not cause
any harm even when inside the body.

DISCOVERY OF MICROORGANISMS

Roman Philosopher
Lucretius and Girolamo
Fracastoro

- They suggested that a

disease was caused by
Lazzaro Spallanzi
“invisible living
- He improved the previous experiments of
creatures”
Needham by using sealed boiled water and
seeds
- He observed that no growth took place as
Francesco Stelluti
long as the flasks remained sealed.
- He made the earliest
microscopic
observations on bees BIOGENESIS
and weevils using a - Living cells can rise only from preexisting
microscope probably living cells.
supplied by Galileo
Rudolf Virchow
Anton van Leeuwenhoek - He challenged
- The first true microbiologist spontaneous
- The first person to observe and describe generation with the
microorganisms concept of biogenesis
accurately
- He discovered
animalcules
- He used his self- Theodore Schwann
made single lens - He observed that no
microscope with 50-300x magnification growth occurred in a
flask containing
SPONTANEOUS GENERATION nutrient solution after
Aristotle allowing air to pass
- Simpler invertebrates could arise from through a red-hot
spontaneous generation tube.
Goerg Friedrich Schroder
and Theodore von Dusch
- Observed that no growth occurred after allowing consecutive days.
air to pass through sterile cotton wool placed in a
flask of heat-sterilized medium.
 Theodore Schwann, Goerg Friedrich and
Theodore von Dusch observed in their
experiments that upon application of heat,
there is no presence of bacteria. Thus, they
believed that heat can be a good sterilizing
agent as it kills bacteria.

Let's Answer!
Who introduce the concept of aseptic technique?
A. Robert Koch
B. Louis Pasteur
C. Edward Jenner
D. Rudolf Virchow

Louis Pasteur
- He resolved the issue of spontaneous generation
- He stated that microorganisms are indeed present
in the air and can
contaminate
seemingly sterile
solutions, however
the air itself does
not create microbes.
- He showed that
microorganisms can
be present in non-
living matter.
- He started that
microbial life can be destroyed by heat (basis of
the aseptic technique)
- He provided evidence that microorganisms cannot
originate from mystical forces present in nonliving
material

Let's Answer!
Based on the experiment of Cohn, which cellular
structures are heat-resistant?

A. Endospores
B. Yeast
C. Maggots
D. Animacules

Explanation: Cohn’s experiment proved that bacteria

can survive heat through the presence of endospore in
their cellular structure.
John Tyndall
- He showed that dust carry germs which
contaminates sterile broth.
- “Tyndallization” - form of sterilization for three
 FERMENTATION AND PASTEURIZATION
Robert Koch
Theodore Schwann - He established the first proof that bacteria indeed
- Stated that yeast cells were responsible for the cause disease
conversion of sugars to alcohol, however he said - He discovered Bacillus anthracis - causative agent of
that fermentation was not due to microorganisms anthrax
but to a chemical instability that converted - He discovered Mycobacterium tuberculosis
sugars to alcohol. - He was the first to culture bacteria on boiled
Pasteur - described that certain microorganisms potatoes, gelatin and used meat extracts and protein
known as “yeast” converts sugar to alcohol in the digests for cultivation.
absence of air (Fermentation) - He developed culture media for observing growth of
bacteria isolated from human body.
Difference between Theodore Schwann’s and Pasteur’s
experiments: In Pasteur’s experiment, there is no air Koch’s Postulates:
present in the fermentation. 1. The microorganisms must be present in every case of
the disease but absent from healthy organisms.
Souring and spoilage are caused by different
microorganisms called bacteria 2. The suspected microorganisms must be isolated and
grown in a pure culture.
In the presence of air, bacteria change the alcohol in
the beverage into vinegar (acetic acid) 3. The same disease must result when the isolated
microorganisms is inoculated into healthy host.
Heating the beer and wine just enough to kill most of
the bacteria (pasteurization) 4. The same organisms must be isolated again from the
diseased host
Pasteur’s Contribution to Science:
1. He disproved the theory of spontaneous Collaboration of Koch:
generation 1. Fannie Eilshemius Hesse - suggested the use of
2. He developed vaccines against anthrax (1881) agar as a solidifying agent
and rabies (1885).
3. He improved the wine industry (theory of 2. Richard Petri - developed the petri dish (plate)
fermentation)
3. Martinus Beijernick and Sergie Winogradsky -
developed the enrichment-culture technique and
Charles Chamberland
the use of selective media
- Created a porcelain bacterial filter (1884) and
developed anthrax vaccine together with
Let's Answer!
Pasteur
Who introduce the concept of vaccination?
THE GERM THEORY OF DISEASE
- Microorganisms might cause the disease A. Howard Florey
B. Edward Jenner
Jospeh Lister C. Louis Pasteur
- He developed the antiseptic system of surgery D. Antoine-Laurent de Lavoisier
- He demonstrated the used of phenol for
treating surgical wounds and also sprayed
phenol over the surgical area.
 IMMUNOLOGICAL STUDIES – VACCINATION Other Notable Person:

Edward Jenner Emil Von Behring

- Experimented on how people can - Prepared antitoxins for diphtheria and
be protected against small pox tetanus
- He collected scrapings from
cowpox blisters and inoculated a
healthy volunteer with the Paul Ehrlich
cowpox material by scratching - Discovered salvarsan (arsphenamine) for
the person’s arm with a pox- treatment of syphilis
contaminated needle
Pasteur Alexander Fleming
- Used the term “vaccine” - for - Accidentally discovered (Penicillium notanum)
culture of avirulent
microorganisms use for Howard Florey and Ernst Chain
preventive inoculation - Made the purification process for penicillin
- He used attenuated culture
known as vaccine (Latin “vacca” -
cow)
-
Modern Therapy
Chemotherapy
- Is the treatment of disease by
using chemical substances
- It also refers to chemical
treatment of noninfectious
diseases, such as cancer.

a. Synthetic drugs - prepared from

chemicals in the laboratory

b. Antibiotics - produced naturally by

bacteria and fungi to act against
microorganisms

Let's Answer!
Which antibiotic did Alexander Fleming discover?

A. Salvarsan-
B. Bacitracin
C. Penicillin
D. Erythromycin
 Let's Answer!
Who introduce the concept of aseptic technique?
A. Robert Koch
B. Louis Pasteur
C. Edward Jenner
D. Rudolf Virchow
Based on the experiment of Cohn, which cellular structures are heat-resistant?

A. Endospores
B. Yeast
C. Maggots
D. Animacules

Who introduce the concept of vaccination?

A. Howard Florey
B. Edward Jenner
C. Louis Pasteur
D. Antoine-Laurent de Lavoisier

Which antibiotic did Alexander Fleming discover?

A. Salvarsan-
B. Bacitracin
C. Penicillin
D. Erythromycin