Competitive KIE
Competitive KIE
Competitive KIE
Intermolecular
Compe//on:
measure
in
same
flask
using
two
isotopomeric
substrates
Intramolecular
Compe//on:
measure
in
same
flask
using
one
substrate
that
can
choose
between
two
isotopes
The
methods
are
more
accurate
but
the
results
must
be
interpreted
cau&ously.
References:
Hartwig
ACIE
2012
51
3066;
Sierra
Chem.
Rev.
2011,
4857;
Singleton
JACS
1995
117
9357,
JACS
1999
121
9455;
Saunders
Reac&on
Rates
of
Isotopic
Molecules
Wiley,
1981
Intermolecular
Compe&&on
kH At
low
conversions,
the
ra&o
of
product
isotopomers
will
SMH ⎯⎯
→ PH reflect
the
KIE.
kD
SMD ⎯⎯
→ PD At
high
conversions,
the
product
ra&o
will
equal
the
star&ng
! material
distribu&on.
Simula&on for kH = 0.05 s-‐1 and kD = 0.01 s-‐1 (KIE = 5.0):
SMD ⎯⎯
→ PD
kD
R
R0
(
= 1− F1 ) ⎜ −1⎟
⎝ kH ⎠
! !
R
and
R0:
star&ng
material
ra&os
[SMD]/[SMH]
at
the
end
and
beginning
of
the
reac&on,
respec&vely.
F1:
[SMH]/[SMH]0
such
that
1-‐F1
is
the
conversion
of
the
pro&ated
star&ng
material
This
equa&on
is
o`en
simplified
to:
KIE =
ln 1− F ( )
!
(
ln ⎡⎣ 1− F R / R0 ⎤⎦ )
That
is,
the
overall
conversion
1-‐F
is
assumed
to
be
equal
to
1-‐F1.
This
is
dangerous
for
H/
D
isotope
experiments
where
KIEs
are
large
and
this
can
be
significantly
violated.
Intramolecular
Compe&&on
kD kH
In
an
intramolecular
compe&&on
PD ←⎯
⎯ D − SM − H ⎯⎯
→ PH experiment,
only
the
product
ra&o
is
! available.
This
ra&o
always
reflects
the
KIE
directly.
( )
dP = kH [SM]0 exp ⎡⎣ − kH + kD t ⎤⎦ dt
! H
Scenario
1:
The
Trivial
Case
kH
SMH ⎯⎯
→ PH In
a
one-‐step
reac&on,
whether
the
KIE
is
measured
from
absolute
rates
or
intermolecular
compe&&on,
the
result
will
kD
SMD ⎯⎯
→ PD be
the
same.
!
k
preCAT ⎯⎯
1
→ CAT The
catalyst
concentra&on
(black)
is
very
low
kH for
the
reac&on,
yet
a
post-‐rate-‐determining
CAT + SMH ⎯⎯
→ CAT + PH KIE
(red)
is
being
observed!
k
CAT + SMD ⎯⎯
D
→ CAT + PD
!
Scenario
3:
Rate-‐Determining
Substrate
Ac&va&on
What
if
the
rate-‐determining
step
involves
the
substrate,
but
does
not
involve
C-‐H
cleavage?
This
could
be
pi-‐complexa&on
to
the
catalyst,
or
perhaps
oxida&ve
addi&on
to
a
C-‐X
bond
in
the
substrate.
Absolute
Rates:
No
KIE
because
C-‐H
cleavage
is
not
in
the
rate
law.
Intermolecular
Compe//on:
No
KIE
because
substrate
ac&va&on
is
also
product-‐
determining,
which
is
isotopically
insensi&ve.
Intramolecular
Compe//on:
KIE
observed!
The
product
determining
step
in
this
experiment
is
now
the
C-‐H
cleavage
step.
k
preSM ⎯→
⎯ D − SM − H
kD kH
P ←⎯
⎯ D − SM − H ⎯⎯
→ PH
!D
Scenario
4:
Pre-‐Equilibrium
Cleavage
What
if
C-‐H
cleavage
occurs
before
the
rate-‐
determining
step?
Assuming
pre-‐equilibrium
kine&cs,
the
rate
law
in
this
situa&on
is:
vH
=
k2[BH]
=
KH
k2H
[AH]
vD
=
k2[BD]
=
KD
k2D
[AD]
Measuring
the
KIE
amounts
to
measuring
(KH/KD)
(k2H/k2D)
which
is
the
product
of
the
equilibrium
isotope
effect
(EIE)
and
KIEs.
Regardless
of
how
the
KIE
is
measured,
the
isotope
effect
will
be
much
smaller
because
EIE
<<
KIE.
Absolute
rates
will
show
the
effect
because
it
is
in
the
rate
law.
Rela&ve
rates
will
show
the
effect
because
the
reac&on
is
commiied
to
an
isotope
at
the
rds.
If
both
steps
1
and
2
are
isotopically
sensi&ve,
the
two
isotope
effects
will
be
superimposed.
Scenario
5:
Post-‐Rate-‐Determining
Equilibrium
Cleavage
If
equilibrium
C-‐H
cleavage
occurs
a@er
the
rate-‐determining
step,
the
rate
law
cannot
be
affected.
Absolute
rates:
No
KIE.
Compe//on:
EIE.
However,
compe&&on
experiments
can
show
an
EIE
because
it
can
perturb
the
rate
of
the
product-‐determining
step.
In
this
diagram,
the
product
is
commiied
to
an
isotope
in
step
k2.
This
rate
of
this
step
depends
on
[B],
which
is
affected
by
the
EIE.
Example
1
This
means
that
C-‐H
cleavage
is
not
rate-‐determining.
In
fact,
oxida&ve
addi&on
to
the
C-‐
Cl
bond
is
rate-‐limi&ng.
In
experiment
a),
the
substrate
is
not
commiied
to
an
isotope
at
this
stage,
so
an
intramolecular
KIE
can
be
observed.
In
experiment
b),
the
substrate
is
commiied
to
an
isotope
during
C-‐Cl
oxida&ve
addi&on,
so
an
intermolecular
KIE
cannot
be
observed.
Geary
Eur.
JOC
2010
5563
Example
2
The
same
arguments
apply
to
this
reac&on.
C-‐H
cleavage
cannot
be
rate-‐limi&ng.
The
observed
result
in
a)
could
be
an
EIE
or
a
secondary
isotope
effect
from
a
different
step.
Stahl
JOC
2011
76
1031
Example
3
The
observa&on
of
an
absolute
KIE
indicates
rate-‐determining
C-‐H
cleavage.
Fagnou
JOC
2010
75
8180
In
general,
the
observa&on
of
a
compe&&ve
KIE
establishes
that
there
might
be
rate-‐
determining
C–H
cleavage.
Conversely,
the
lack
of
a
compe&&ve
KIE
establishes
that
C–H
cleavage
cannot
be
rate-‐determining.
In
the
former
case,
absolute
rate
studies
should
be
performed.
That
is,
if
one
wishes
to
establish
whether
C–H
cleavage
is
rate-‐determining,
then
one
must
measure
the
actual
rate
of
the
reac&on
(with
both
isotopes).
None
of
this
means
that
compe&&ve
KIEs
are
useless,
however.
They
can
s&ll
provide
a
wealth
of
other
informa&on
(see
Chem.
Rev.).