Mathematics Formulae IX to XI

Types of Numbers SPHERE

1. Natural Numbers (N) : 1, 2, 3, 4, ... 4
Volume = r3 S.A. = 4r2
2. Prime Numbers (P) : 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, ... 3
 The smallest prime number is 2. 2 = 1.414... 5 = 2.236...
22
 Except 2, all other prime numbers are odd. = = 3.14 (app.)
7 3 = 1.732...
a
3. Rational numbers (Q) : Form 0 2
b =0; = x2 = 16  x = 16 = 4


4. Real numbers (R) : The collection of all rational 2 0
numbers and irrational numbers. Trigonometry
Algebraic Identities Perpendicular 1
2 2 2 sin  = Hypotenuse cosec  =
 (a + b) = a + 2ab + b sin 
 (a – b)2 = a2 –2ab + b2 Base
cos  = Hypotenuse sec  =
1
cos
 a2 – b2 = (a – b) (a + b)
Perpendicular 1
 a3 + b3 = (a + b) (a2 –ab + b2) tan  =
Base
cot  =
tan 
 a3 – b3 = (a – b) (a2 + ab + b2) sin cos 
tan  =  cot =
 (a + b+c)2 = a2 + b2 + c2 + 2ab + 2bc + 2ca cos sin 
 (a + b)3 = a3 + b3 + 3ab (a + b) sin  = cos (90o – ) cosec (90o – ) = sec 
 (a – b)3 = a3 – b3 – 3ab (a – b) o
cos  = sin (90 – ) sec (90o – ) = cosec 
o
 a3 + b3 + c3 – 3abc tan (90 – ) = cot  cot (90o – ) = tan 
2 2
(i) sin  + cos  = 1
= (a + b + c) (a2 + b2 + c2 – ab – bc – ca)
 1– cos2  = sin2  and 1– sin2  = cos2 
 If a + b + c = 0, then a3 + b3 + c3 = 3abc
(ii) 1+tan2  = sec2 
Quadratic Equations  sec2  – 1 = tan2  and sec2  – tan2  = 1
Quadratic Equation : ax2 + bx + c = 0, where a  0. (iii) 1+cot2  = cosec2 
 cosec2  – 1 = cot2  and cosec2  – cot2  = 1
b2  4 ac
b
Roots are x  where, b2 – 4ac is  sin (–) = – sin   cos (–) = cos 
2a
called Discriminant (D). sin 0o = 0 cos 0o = 1 tan 0o = 0

Mensuration 1 3 1
SQUARE sin 30o = cos 30o = tan 30o =
2 2 3
Area = (side)2
Perimeter = 4 × side 1 1
RECTANGLE sin 45o = cos 45o = tan 45o = 1
Area = l × b 2 2
Perimeter = 2(l + b)
3 1
EQUILATERAL TRIANGLE sin 60o = cos 60o = tan 60o = 3
3 2 2
Perimeter = 3 × side Area = (side)2 sin 90o = 1 cos 90o = 0 tan 90o = 
4
CUBOID
S.A. = 2(lb + bh + hl) II
Volume = l × b × h I
Surface Area of a Cuboidal Tank/ sin /
Rectangular Tank opened at top cosec  + All +
= lb + 2bh + 2hl (90°+)/ (90°–)
Surface Area of a Rectangular Tank with square base (180°–)
(length = breadth = x, height = y)
Closed: S = 2x2 + 4xy Open: S = x2 + 4xy tan /cot  + cos /sec  +
90°/270°  Change;
CUBE (180º+)/ (270°+)/
S.A. = 6x2 Volume = x3 (270°–) (360°–) 180°/360°  No change
CIRCLE
Diameter = 2 radius = 2 r III IV
Area = r2
Circumference/Perimeter = 2r  sin (A + B) = sin A. cos B + cos A. sin B
SEMI-CIRCLE  sin (A – B) = sin A. cos B – cos A. sin B
Area = ½r2  cos (A + B) = cos A. cos B – sin A. sin B
Circumference = r  cos (A – B) = cos A. cos B + sin A. sin B
RIGHT CIRCULAR CYLINDER tan A  tan B
Volume = r2h  tan (A + B) =
Curved S.A. = 2rh 1  tan A. tan B
Total S.A. Closed: S = 2rh + 2r2 Open: S = 2rh + r2 tan A  tan B
RIGHT CIRCULAR CONE  tan (A – B) =
1  tan A.tan B
1 cot B.cot A  1
Volume = r2h  cot (A + B) =
3
cot B  cot A
Curved S.A. = rl = r r 2  h2 cot B.cot A  1
Total S.A. = rl + r2  cot (A – B) =
1 cot B  cot A
  sin 2A = 2 sin A.cos A Sequence and Series
A A  If a, b, c are in A.P., then 2b = a + c
 sin A = 2 sin . cos
2 2 If a, b, c are in G.P., then b2 = ac
 cos 2A = cos2A – sin2A  G.P. a, ar, ar2, ..., a rn–1
= 2 cos2A – 1 = 1 – 2 sin2A nth term an = a rn–1
  a (r n  1)
 1 + cos  = 2cos2 1 – cos = 2 sin2 Sn = ; if r > 1
2 2 r 1
2 1  cos 2 x 2 1  cos 2 x a
 cos x = sin x =
2 2 Sum of G.P. upto infinity : S =
 1r
2 tan  2 tan 2 n (n–1)
 sin 2 =  sin  = 1 + 2 + 3 + ... (n – 1) terms =
1  tan 2  1  tan 2 2 2
n (n–1) (2n–1)
1  tan 2 2 12 + 22 + 32 + ... (n – 1) terms =
1  tan 2  6
 cos 2 =  cos  = n (n–1) 2
1  tan 2  1  tan 2 2 13 + 23 + 33 + ... (n – 1) terms =
2
2 tan A
 tan 2A = Introduction to Three-Dimensional
1  tan 2 A Geometry
 sin 3A= 3 sin A – 4 sin3 A  A point in the plane is P (x, y, z)
 cos 3A = 4 cos3 A – 3 cos A — Any point on x-axis is of the form (x, 0, 0).
— Any point on y-axis is of the form (0, y, 0).
3 tan A  tan 3 A — Any point on z-axis is of the form (0, 0, z)
 tan 3A =
1  3 tan 2 A — Coordinates of origin O (0, 0, 0)
 Distance between two points P (x1, y1, z1) and
 sin (A + B) + sin (A – B) = 2sin A.cos B
 sin (A + B) – sin (A – B) = 2cos A.sin B
 cos (A + B) + cos (A – B) = 2cos A.cos B
b g b
Q (x2, y2, z2) = x 2  x1 2  y2  y1 2  z 2  z1 2 g b g
 Coordinates of points in the XY plane are (x, y, 0).
 cos (A + B) – cos (A – B) = –2sin A.sin B Coordinates of points in the YZ plane are (0, y, z).
or Coordinates of points in the XZ plane are (x, 0, z).
cos (A – B) – cos (A + B) = 2sin A.sin B
AB FG IJ
AB FG IJ Conic Sections
 sin A + sin B = 2sin
2 H
. cos
2K H K Circle
Equation of circle with centre (h, k) and radius r is
AB FG AB IJ FG IJ (x – h)2 + (y – k)2 = r2
 sin A – sin B = 2cos
2 H
. sin
2 K H K  If centre is at (0, 0), then equation is
x2 + y2 = r2
AB FG IJ
AB FG IJ 2
x = 4ay Y

H K H K
2
 cos A + cos B = 2cos . cos Parabola y = 4ax
2 2
AB FG AB IJ FG IJ (A) Standard Forms
 cos A – cos B = –2sin
2 H
. sin
2 K H K –X
O X

Complex Numbers (B) Parabola whose axis of

symmetry is coordinate
2 axis but vertex is not at
1 = i (iota)  i = –1 –Y
origin :
Permutations and Combinations 2
y =x–2
n! n!  (y – 0)2 = x – 2

n
Pr  
n
Cr   Y2 = X where
(n  r ) ! r ! (n  r ) ! X = x – 2 and Y = y – 0
Straight Lines This is the equation of a parabola with
 Slope of a line joining (x1, y1) and (x2, y2) is given by vertex (2, 0) and axis along x-axis.
y2  y1 x2 y2 Y
m=
x 2  x1 Ellipse:  1
2 2 (0,b) Latus

 If two non-vertical lines are parallel, their slopes a 2

b 2
Rectum

Case I : If a > b (c,0) (a,0)

are equal m1 = m2
 If two lines are perpendicular than the product of e.g., 4x2 + 9y2 = 36 X' X

 Dividing both sides by

their slopes is –1.
m1 . m2 = –1 x 2 y2 Y'

 Two point form of equation of line 36 we get   1.

9 42 Y
y2  y1 Here, a2 = 9 and b = 4 (0,3)

y – y1 = x  x (x – x1)
2 1
Case II : If a2 < b2
 General Equation of a Line
e.g., 9x2 + 4y2 = 36. Dividing both
(2,0)

Ax + By = C X' O X

–A ( coefficient of x ) x 2 y2
Its slope = = sides by 36 we get   1.
B coefficient of y 4 9
Perpendicular distance of a point p(x1, y1) from a Here, a2 = 4 and b2 = 9 Y'

line Ax + By = C Hyperbola
Ax 1  B y 1  C
x2 y2
d=  1
A2  B 2 a2 b2
2