03-Motion in A St. Line (32-63)

MOTION IN A STRAIGHT LINE JR.
IPE PHYSICS VOL-1
MOTION IN A STRAIGHT LINE

VERY SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS
1. The states of motion and rest are relative. Explain.
Ans: A body is said to be at rest if its position does not change with time with respect to its surroundings.
A body is said to be in motion if its position changes with time with respect to its surroundings.
Therefore the states of motion and rest are relative.
Example : The driver in a moving bus is at rest with respect to a person sitting inside the bus
and he is in motion with respect to a person outside the bus.
2. How is average velocity different from instantaneous velocity?
Ans: Average velocity: It is the ratio of the total displacement to the total time interval in which the
displacement occurs.

Total displacement  Δ x
vavg  ; v avg 
Total time Δt
Instantaneous velocity: It is the velocity of the particle at any instant of time .
 
 x d x
Instantaneous velocity v  Lt 
t  0 t dt
Average velocity belongs to entire motion of the body.
Instantaneous velocity belongs to particular instant of time.
In uniform motion the instantaneous velocity is equal to the average velocity.
3. Give an example where the velocity of an object is zero but its acceleration is not zero.
Ans: Ex.1. A body projected vertically upward has zero velocity at the highest point where the body
comes to rest for very short interval of time. But its acceleration is not zero and is equal to
acceleration due to gravity.
Ex.2. At the extreme point of an object executing simple harmonic motion , velocity is zero but
acceleration is not zero.
4. A vehicle travels half the distance L with speed v 1 and the other half with speed v 2 . What
is the average speed?
L L
Ans: 2 2
V1 V2
L L

Total distance 2 2
Average speed = 
Total time t1  t 2
L L L
Vavg   
t1  t2 L / 2  L / 2  L   1 1 
V1 V2    
 2   V1 V2 
2V1V2
Vave 
V1  V2
NARAYANA Page.No. 32
JR.IPE PHYSICS VOL-1 MOTION IN A STRAIGHT LINE
5. A lift coming down is just about to reach the ground floor. Taking the ground floor as origin and
positive direction upwards for all quantities, which one of the following is correct
a) x < 0, v < 0, a > 0
b) x > 0, v < 0, a < 0
c) x > 0, v < 0, a > 0
d) x > 0, V > 0, a > 0
Ans: As the lift coming down the value of x decreases hence it is negative i.e, x < 0
Velocity is downward hence it is negative i.e, v < 0
Just before reaching the ground lift is retarded i.e, acceleration is upward hence a > 0
 x < 0, v < 0, a > 0
6. A uniformly moving cricket ball is hit with a bat for a very short time and is turned back.
Show the variation of its acceleration with time taking the acceleration in the backward
direction as positive.
Ans :
7. Give an example of one-dimensional motion where a particle moving along the positive
x-direction comes to rest periodically and moves forward.
Ans: Oscillation of a simple harmonic oscillator is the example for the particle comes to rest periodically.
8. An object falling through a fluid is observed to have an acceleration given by a= g-bv

where g is the gravitational acceleration and b is a constant. After a long time it is
observed to fall with a constant velocity. What would be the value of this constant velocity?
Ans: As velocity is constant, acceleration must be zero.
g
a = g – bv = 0.  v
b
9. A spring with one end attached to a mass and the other to a rigid support is stretched and
released. When is the magnitude of acceleration maximum?
Ans: In simple harmonic motion acceleration is directly proportional to displacement.At extreme position
displacement is maximum so acceleration is maximum.
ADDITIONAL SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS

1. Can a body have uniform speed and still variable velocity?
Ans. Yes, in case of uniform circular motion, the magnitude of velocity is constant, but its direction changes from
point to point.So velocity is said to be variable in this case.
2. Can an object accelerate if its velocity is constant?
Ans. No, If the velocity is constant, there is no change in the velocity hence acceleration is zero.
3. Can a projectile have a constant velocity and varying speed?
Ans. No, if velocity is constant, the magnitude of the instantaneous velocity, i.e. speed is constant.
MOTION IN A STRAIGHT LINE JR.IPE PHYSICS VOL-1
4. What is the nature of velocity-time graph for a body projected vertically upwards?
Y
Velocity
X
Ans. Time
A straight line with negative slope.

The net area bounded by the curve is zero. i.e, the net displacement is zero.
5. When is the average velocity of a body equal to its instantaneous velocity?
Ans. When a body moves with uniform velocity then any instantaneous velocity is equals to average velocity
6. What is the velocity of the projectile at its maximum height?
Ans. Velocity of the projectile at its maximum height  u cos 
SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS

1. Can the equations of kinematics be used when the acceleration varies with time? If not,
what form would these equations take?
Ans. No.
(i) Acceleration as a function of time, a = f(t)
dv
To calculate velocity after time t , instantaneous acceleration is a 
dt
 dv  a dt
v t
 dv  a dt , where v 0 is velocity at time t  0
v0 0
t t t
v  v0   a dt ; v  v0   a dt  v  v0   f  t  dt
0 0 0
(ii) acceleration as a function of displacement a = f(x)
To calculate the velocity at a position ' x ' ,
dv dv  dx  dv
instantaneous acceleration is a     v
dt dx  dt  dx
 vdv  a dx
v x
 v dv   a dx , where v 0 is velocity at the position x 0
v0 x0
xf xf xf
v 2 v02
   a dx ; v 2  v02  2  a dx  v 2  v02  2  f ( x) dx
2 2
xi xi xi
(iii) acceleration as a function of velocity a = f(v)
If we take the time derivative of x , then
dx dx  dv  dx
v    a  vdv  adx
dt dv  dt  dv
v x
Then  v dv   a dx
v0 x0
xf v
v dv
v
 v  dv
 dx   a
 xf  xi   f v
xi v0 v0
**2. A particle moves in a straight line with uniform acceleration. Its velocity at time t = 0 is
V 1 and at time t = t is ‘V 2 ’. The average velocity of the particle in this time
interval is (V 1+V 2 )/2. Is this correct? Substantiate your answer.
Ans. Yes, it is correct.
Consider a particle moving with uniform acceleration ‘a’ along a straight line (say x-axis). Its
velocity is ‘V 1’ at time t = 0 at origin and it reaches a position ‘ x ’ in a time ‘t’ and its velocity
became ‘V2’. Then, average velocity over time interval ‘t’ is
x x  0 x
V avg    ................(1)
t t  0 t
The displacement of the particle in this time interval ‘t’ is
1
x  V1t  at 2
2
x 1 V2  V 1
 V1  at ; but a 
t 2 t
x 1  V  V1 
 V1   2 t
t 2 t 
x 1 V V1 2V  V2 V1
 V1   V2  V1  = V1  2  1
t 2 2 2
x  V1  V 2 
 .................(2)
t 2
V1  V 2
From equation (1) and (2) average velocity of the particle equal to
2
*3. Can the velocity of an object be in a direction other than the direction of
acceleration of the object? If so, give an example.
Ans. Yes , it is possible for the body to have velocity in a direction other than direction of its acceleration.
Example:- For a body projected vertically upwards the velocity is in upward direction till it reaches the
highest point. But acceleration due to gravity is always in vertically downwards.Thus, velocity and accelera-
tion are in opposite directions till the body reaches the highest point.
**4. A parachutist flying in an aeroplane jumps when it is at a height of 3 km above the ground. He
opens his parachute when he is at about 1 km above the ground. Describe his motion. (TS-Mar-17)
Ans. Motion before opening the parachute :

A parachutist has jumped from an aeroplane flying horizontally
at a height of 3 km above the ground. Now he has two dimensional motion.
1) He has horizontal motion, x  vt due to inertia of motion of the aeroplane.Here ‘v’ is velocity of aeroplane
1
2) He has vertical motion downwards due to gravitational force of attraction y  0  gt 2 . So he follows
2
a parabolic path till he opens the parachute at a height 1 km above the ground.
Motion after opening the parachute:

After parachute is opened, air resistance and air buoyancy act on the system in upward direc-
tion along with gravitational force in downward direction. Due to these forces the net acceleration will
become zero after falling through certain height. There after the system attains a constant velocity called
terminal velocity. Further he falls along a straight line downwards with the same terminal velocity till he
reaches the ground.
**5. Explain the terms ‘average velocity’ and ‘instantaneous velocity’. When are they equal?
Ans. Average velocity: Average velocity is the ratio of the total displacement to the total time interval in which
  
 Δ x x 2  x1
the displacement occurs. v avg  
Δt t2  t1
It is independent of path followed by the particle between initial and final positions.
Instantaneous velocity : The velocity of the particle at any instant of time is called instantaneous velocity.
 
 x d x
Instantaneous velocity v  Lt 
t  0 t dt
In uniform motion the instantaneous velocity of a body is equal to the average velocity.
**6. A ball is dropped from the roof of a tall building and simultaneously another ball is thrown
horizontally with some velocity from the same roof. Which ball lands first? Explain your
answer.
Ans. Both the balls reach the ground simultaneously.
1) Consider a ball dropped from the roof of height ‘h’ , the time taken by the ball to reach the
ground is ‘ t 1 ’, then
Initial velocity v 0 = 0, acceleration a = + g , distance travelled x= h and time t = t1
1 2 1 2
From x = v0 t + at ; h   0  t1  gt1
2 2
Roof 2 Horizontal
thrown
1
Freely
falling body
1 2
h gt
2 1
2h
 t1       1
g
2) Consider a ball thrown horizontally with velocity ‘u’ from the same roof, the time taken by
the ball to reach the ground is ‘ t 2 ’ . Here initial vertical velocity, v 0= u cos 90 0  0 .
acceleration a=+g , distance travelled in vertical direction y = h and time t = t 2
1 2 1 2 1 2
From y = v0 t + at ; h   0  t 2  gt 2  gt 2
2 2 2
2h
 t2        2
g
From (1) , (2) it is proved that t1  t 2
Hence both reach the ground at the same instant of time.
7. A ball is dropped from a building and simultaneously another ball is projected upward
with some velocity. Describe the change in relative velocities of the balls as a function
of time.
Ans. Let first ball is dropped from the top edge of building and second ball is projected vertically
upwards with velocity ‘u’ from the same point.
At t  0 , velocity of first ball w.r.t second ball is u 12  0   u   u
After time ‘t’
Velocity of the first ball V1  gt
Velocity of the second ball V2  u  gt
Relative velocity of the first ball with respect to the second ball is
V12  V1   V2 
V12  V1  V2
V12  gt  u  gt
V12  u
Thus the relative velocity of the balls is always constant during their motion. Hence the change in
their relative velocity is zero.
8. A typical raindrop is about 4mm in diameter. If a raindrop falls from a cloud which is at
1 km above the ground, estimate its momentum when it hits the ground.
Ans. The momentum of rain drop just before reaching the ground is
P  m ass  velo city = m v
4 3
Mass m = volume × density  πr  and velocity v  2 gh
3
4 3
 P πr  2 gh
3
4mm
Given that r   2mm  2  10 3 m
2
2
  10 3 kg m 3 , g  9.8 ms , h  1 km  10 3 m

P
4 22
 
  2  10 3  10 3  2  9.8  10 3
3 7
4 22
   8  10 6  14  10
3 7
 0.00469 kg ms 1
1
9)***Derive the equation x =V0 t+ at 2 using graphical method Y
2
B
Velocity
where the terms have usual meaning.
Ans :- Consider a body moving with uniform acceleration ‘a’. Let initial V  V0
velocity of the body is ‘ V0 ’ and it gains a velocity ‘V’after ‘t’ A D

seconds. The graph plotted between velocity and time is a straight V
line as shown in the figure.The area under V-t. graph gives the
V0
displacement of the body,
From the diagram, OC = AD = t ; OA = CD = V0 ;
BC = BD + CD  BD = BC - CD  BD = V - V0 ........ (1) O X
t C time
So displacement is area of OABC
x = Area of rectangle ADCO + area of triangle ABD
1
x =  OC   OA  +  AD   BD 
2
1
x = t   V0   t  V  V0  (from (1)) .............. (2)
2
V  V0
But a   V  V0  at
t
Substituting this value in equation – (2)
1 1
 t  at   x  V0t  at 2
x  V0t 
2 2
10. A man runs across the roof of a tall building and jumps horizontally on to the (locus) roof of
an adjacent building. If his speed is 9mts. and the horizontal distance between the building
is 10mts. and the height difference between the roofs is 9mts. Will he be able to land on
the next building? (Ts-Mar-18)

h
Building
-d-
Ans. (fake g=10 m )
s2
Height velocity = 9 m s
Height difference h = 9m
Acceleration due to gravity (g) = 10 m s 2
Distance between the buildings d=10m
2h
Horizontal Range (R) =  
g
NARAYANA N Page.No. 38
29
R= 9
10
R= 9 1 .8  R  1 2 .0 7 4 m
Horizontal range is greater than distance between the two buildings. Hence man able to land on the next
building safely.
SOLVED PROBLEMS
1) A car is moving along a straight line. Say OP in below figure
It moves from O to P in 18 s and returns from P to Q in 6.0 s. What are the average
velocity and average speed of the car in going (a) from O to P? and (b) from O to P and
back to Q?
R O Q P
160 120 80 40 0 40 80 120 160 200 240 280 320 360 400 m
x +x
x-axis, origin and positions of a car at different times.
displacement
Ans: (a) Average velocity =
time interval
  360 m
v   20 ms 1
18 s
length of the path 360 m
Average speed =   20 ms 1
time interval 18 s
Thus, in this case the average speed is equal to the magnitude of the average velocity.
displacement  240 1
(b) In this case Average velocity = time interval  18  6.0  s  10 ms
path length OP  PQ  360  120  m  20 ms 1

Average speed = time interval  t

24 s
2) The position of an object moving along x - axis is given by x  a  bt 2 where a  8.5 m,
b  2.5 ms 2 and t is measured in seconds. What is its velocity at t  0 s and t  2.0 s.
What is the average velocity between t  2.0 s and t  4.0 s ?
Ans: In notation of differential calculus, the velocity is
dx d
v   a  bt 2   2bt  5.0 t ms 1
dt dt
At t  0 s, v  0 ms 1 and at t  2.0 s, v  10 ms 1
x2  x1  a  b (4)  ( a  b (2)  a  16 b  a  4b
2 2
Average velocity     6.0  b  6.0  2.5  15ms 1

t 2  t1 4.0  2.0 2.0
3) Obtain equations of motion for constant acceleration using method of calculus.
dv
Ans: By definition a   dv  a dt
dt
v t t
Integrating both sides  dv   a dt  a  dt (a is constant)

v0 0 0
v  v0  at  v  v0  at
dx
Further, v   dx  v dt
dt
When t = 0, x = x 0 and when t = t, x = x
x t t
Integrating both sides  dx   v dt    v0  at  dt

x0 0 0
1 1
x  x0  v0 t  at 2  x  x0  v0t  at 2
2 2
dv  dv   dx  dv
we can write a       v or v dv  a dx
dt  dx   dt  dx
v x
Integrating both sides,  v dv   a dx

v0 x0
 b
 x n 1  
b
v 2  v02  a x dx   n  1 
n
  a  x  x0 
2  a
 v  v0  2a  x  x0 
2 2
4) A ball is thrown vertically upwards with a velocity of 20ms–1 from the top of a multistorey
building. The height of the point from where the ball is thrown is 25.0 m from the ground.
(a) How high will the ball rise? and (b) how long will it be before the ball hits the ground?
Take g  10 ms 2 . (actual value is 9.8 ms 2 ) (TS-May-16)
Ans: (a) Let us take the y-axis in the vertically upward direction with zero at the ground.
Now, v0   20 ms 1 , a   g  10 ms 2 , v  0 ms 1
If the ball rises to height “y” from the point of launch, then using the equation
v 2  v02  2a  y  y0  we get 0   20   2  10  y  y0 
2
Solving, we get  y  y0   20 m.
v02 20  20
or h    20m
2g 2  10
(b) We can solve this part of the problem as follows
The total time taken can be calculated by using the equation
1
h  v0t  gt 2
2
put h = 25m,v 0 = 20 m/s, g  10m / s 2
1
25  20t  10t 2 or, 5t 2  20 t  25  0
2
Solving this quadratic equation for t, we get t  5s
5) Discuss the motion of an object under free fall. Neglect air resistance.
Ans: An object released near the surface of the earth is accelerated downward under the influence of
the force of gravity. The magnitude of acceleration due to gravity is represented by g. If air
resistance is neglected, the object is said to be in free fall. If the height through which the object
falls is small compared to the earth’s radius, g can be taken to be constant, equal to 9.8 ms 2 .
Free fall is thus a case of motion with uniform acceleration. We assume that the motion is in
Y-direction, more correctly in -Y direction because we choose upward direction as positive.
Since the acceleration due to gravity is always downward, it is in the negative direction and we
have a   g  9.8 ms 2
The object is released from rest at y  0. Therefore, v0  0 and the equations of motion be-
come.
1 2
v  0  g t  9.8 t ms 1 , y  0  gt   4.9 t m , v 2  0  2 gy  19.6 y m 2 s 2
2
2
These equations give the velocity and the distance travelled as a function of time and also the
variation of velocity with distance. The variation of acceleration, velocity and distance with time
have been plotted as shown in fig (a) , (b) and (c)
1 2 t(s) t(s)
0 0
1 2 3 4 5
-5 -10
-20
-10
-9.8 m/s 2
-30
a v -40
(m/s2) (m/s) -50
(a)
(b)
t(s)
0
-10 1 2 3 4
-20
-30
-40
-50
-60
-70
y -80
(m/s) -90
(C)
6) Galileo’s law of odd numbers. The distances traversed, during equal intervals of time,
by a body falling from rest, stand to one another in the same ratio as the odd numbers
begining with unity. [namely 1:3:5:7:..........] prove it
Distance
y in terms of Ratio of
traversed in
t y distances
y0   1/ 2  g  2  successive
traversed
intervals
0 0 0
  1/ 2 g  2 y0 y0 1
2 4  1/ 2  g  2 4 y0 3 y0 3
3 9  1/ 2  g  2 9 y0 5 y0 5
4 16 1/ 2 g  2 16 y0 7 y0 7
5 25 1/ 2 g  2 25 y0 9 y0 9
6 36 1/ 2 g  2 36 y0 11 y0 11
Ans: Let us divide the time interval of motion of an object under free fall into many equal intervals 
and find out the distances traversed during successive intervals of time.
1 2
Since initial velocity is zero, we have y  gt
2
Using this equation, we can calculate the position of the object after different time intervals,
 1  2
0, , 2,3...... which are given in second column of table as shown. If we take   g  as y0 
 2 
the position coordinate after first time interval , then third column gives the positions in the unit
of y0 . The fourth column gives the distances traversed in successive  s. We find that the dis-
tances are in the simple ratio 1: 3 : 5 : 7 : 9 :11.... as shown. This law was established by Galileo
Galilei (1564-1642) who was the first to make quantitative studies of free fall.
7) Stopping distance of vehicles: When brakes are applied to a moving vehicle, the dis-
tance it travels before stopping is called stopping distance. It is an important factor for
road safely and depends on the initial velocity (v 0 ) and the braking capacity or decelera-
tion, –a that is caused by the braking. Derive an expression for stopping distance of a
vehicle in terms of v 0 and a
Ans: Let the distance travelled by the vehicle before it stops be d s . Then, using equation of motion
v02
v 2  v02  2ax, and noting that v  0, we have the stopping distance d s 
2a
Thus, the stopping distance is proportional to the square of the initial velocity. Doubling the initial
velocity increases the stopping distance by a factor of 4 (for the same deceleration).
8) Reaction time: When a situation demands our immediate action, it takes some time be-
fore we really respond. Reaction time is the time a person takes to observe, think and
act. For example, if a person is driving and suddenly a boy appears on the road, then the
time elapsed before he slams the brakes of the car is the reaction time. Reaction time
depends on complexity of the situation and on an individual. You can measure your reac-
tion time by a simple experiment. Take a ruler and ask your friend to drop it vertically
through the gap between your thumb and forefinger. After you catch it, find the distance
d travelled by the ruler. In a particular case. d was found to be 21.0 cm. Estimate reac-
tion time.
Ans: The ruler drops under free fall. Therefore, v0  0 and a   g  9.8 ms 2 . The distance travelled
1 2 2d
d and the reaction time tr are related by d  gt r or,, tr  s
2 g
2  0.21
Given d  21.0 cm and g  9.8 ms 2 the reaction time is tr  s  0.2 s
9.8
9) Two parallel rail tracks run north - south. Train A moves north with a speed of 54 kmph
and train B moves south with a speed of 90 kmph. What is the (a) velocity of B with
respect to A? (b) Velocity of ground with respect V1 to B? and (c)V2 Velocity of aVmonkey
3
running on the roof of the train A against its motion (with a velocity of 18 kmph with
respect to the train A) as observed by a man standingS/3 on the ground?
S/3 S/3
t
Ans: Choose the positive direction of x-axis to be from south to north.
1 t 2 t3
Then, v A   54 km h 1  15 ms 1
vB   90 km h 1  25 ms 1
Relative velocity of B with respect to A  vB  v A   40 ms 1 , i.e. the train B appears to A to
move with a speed of 40 ms 1 from north to south. Relative velocity of ground with respect to
B  0  vB  25 ms 1
In (c) let the velocity of the monkey with respect to ground be vM . Relative velocity of the
monkey with respect to A.
vMA  vM  v A  18 km h 1  5 ms 1. Therefore, vM  15  5  ms  10 ms
1 1
PROBLEMS
1. A man walks on a straight road from his home to a market 2.5 km away with a speed of
5 km h 1 . Finding the market closed, he instantly turns and walks back home with a speed
of 7.5 km h 1 . What is the (a) magnitude of average velocity and (b) average speed of the
man over the time interval 0 to 50 min.
Ans.
home 2.5 Km(v1) market
2.5 Km(v2)
S 2.5 1
Time taken to go from home to market is t1  V  5  t1  hr = 30min
1 2
s 2.5 1
time taken by him to get back from market to home is t2    hr
V2 7.5 3 =20 min we have to
find average velocity and average speed over time interval 50 min which is equal to to and fro
time of journey
total displacement 0
(a ) magnitude of average velocity   0
total time 50
total dis tan ce 2.5  2.5
(b ) average speed    6 kmph
total time 1 1
   S2
N
 2 3
2 A car travels the first third of a distance with a speed of 10 kmph, the second third at 20
W
kmph and the last third at 60 kmph. What is its mean speed over the entire E
distance?
Ans. given V1  10kmph, V2  20kmph and V3  60kmph S1 (Mar-18)
S
3V1V2V3
Vavg 
V1V2  V2V3  V3V1
3 10  20  60 
Vavg 
10  20    20  60    60 10 
36, 000
Vavg 
2000
A
Vavg  18kmph
3. hA t 3.5 cm before
A bullet moving with a speed of 150 ms 1 strikes a tree and penetrates
stopping. What is the magnitude of its retardation in the tree and the time taken for it to
stop after striking the tree?
Ans. Initial speed u  150m / s
Final speed v  0 hB t
u
distance travelled s  3.5 102 m
Let magnitude of retardation is ‘a’ then acceleration  a B
use v2  u 2  2  a  s
2
02  150   2   a   3.5 102
150  150
 a   3, 2 1 4 .2 8  1 0 2
2  3 .5  1 0  2  3.214 105 m / s 2
let the time taken for it to stop is ‘t’
from, v  u   a  t  0  150  3.214 105 t  3.214 105 t  150
150
t 5
 4.667 10 4 s
3.214 10
4. A motorist drives north for 30 min at 85 km/h and then stops for 15min. He continues
travelling north and covers 130 km in 2 hours. What is his total displacement and aver-
age velocity?
Ans. distance travelled in first case along north is S1  v1t1
30
 85 
km  42.5 km
60
distance travelled in second case along north is S2  130km
from figure his magnitude of total displacement is S  S1  S 2   42.5  130  km
 172.5 km
30 15
total time he spend t   2
60 60
1 1  11
    2  hr = hr = 2hr 45min
2 4  4
net displacement
magnitude of average velocity  total time
172.5 172.5
 
 1 1   11   172.5  4 =62.72 kmph
   2    11
2 4  4
5. A ball A is dropped from the top of a building and at the same time an identical ball B is
thrown vertically upward from the ground. When the balls collide the speed of A is twice
that of B. At what fraction of the height of the building did the collision occur?
Ans: Let ‘t’ be the time after which they collide
Let hA is distance travelled by A before they collide
Let hB is the distance travelled by B before they collide
Let v A and vB be the speed of A and B at time of collision
Let u be the initial speed of B.
Apply   u  at for both A and B
for A   A  0  gt  A  gt     1
for B  B  u  gt     2 
But given  A  2 B
2u
gt  2  u  gt   gt  2u  2 gt  3 gt  2u  t  3 g   3 
1 2
To find hA and hB use s  ut  at
2
1 2 1 2
For A  hA  0  t   gt  gt ___  4 
2 2
1 2
For B  hB  u  t   gt     5 
2
1 2
ut 
gt
hB 2

The fraction of the height of the building where collision occur is hA  hB 1 2  1 
gt   ut  gt 2 
2  2 
1 2
ut  gt 1 gt
 2  1
ut 2 u
X
2u
But t so, required f r ac t i o n Q
3g
P
1 g  2u   1  2
 1    1 
2 u  3 g   3  3
A
6 Drops of water fall at regular intervals from the roof of a B
building of height 16m. The first drop strikes the ground at O t
the same moment as the fifth drop leaves the roof. Find the
distances between successive drops.
Ans:
X
Q
5th O P
x
Displacement of 4th drop w.r.t 5th drop A
th
4 O B
3x
Displacement of 3rd drop w.r.t 5th drop O t
h = 16m
rd
3 O
5x Displacement of 2nd drop w.r.t 5th drop
2nd O
7x
Displacement of 1st drop w.r.t 5th drop
1st O
As all the drops fall freely from the building,
Let the distance between 5 th and 4 th drops be ‘x’ meters.
Then the distance between 4 th and 3 rd, 3 rd and 2 nd , 2 nd and 1 st are 3x, 5x and 7x respectively
Since the height of the building is 16m.
x+3x+5x+7x = 16
 x=1
 The gaps between the drops are as follows
(i) gap between 5 th and 4 th drop is x = 1m
(ii) gap between 4 th and 3 rd drop is 3x = 3m 5
(iii) gap between 3 and 2 drop is 5x = 5m
rd nd
4
(iv) gap between 2 nd and 1 st drop is 7x = 7m
3
ADDITIONAL PROBLEMS
x(km)
2
1. In which of the following examples of mo- 1
tion, can the body be considered approxi-
mately a point object:
9.00 am
9.30 am
10.00 am
12.00 am
1.00 am
2.00 am
3.00 am
4.00 am
5.00 am
5.06 am
6.00 am
11.00 am
a) a railway carriage moving without jerks

between two stations.
b) a monkey sitting on top of a man cycling
smoothly on a circular track. Time
c) a spinning cricket ball that turns sharply
on hitting the ground.
d) a tumbling beaker that has slipped off the edge of a table.
Ans: (a), (b)
(a) The size of a carriage is very small as compared to the distance between two stations.
Therefore, the carriage can be treated as a point sized object.
(b) The size of a monkey is very small as compared to the size of a circular track. Therefore,
the monkey can be considered as a point sized object on the track.
(c) The size of a spinning cricket ball is comparable to the distance through which it turns
sharply on hitting the ground. Hence, the cricket ball cannot be considered as a point
object.
(d) the size of beaker is comparable to the height of the table from which it slipped. Hence, the
beaker cannot be considered as a point object.
2. The position - time (x-t) graphs for two children A and B returning from their school O to
their homes P and Q respectively are shown in fig. Choose the correct entries in the
brackets below;
a) (A/B) lives closer to the school than (B/A)
b) (A/B) starts from the school earlier than (B/A)
c) (A/B) walks faster than (B/A)
d) A and B reach home at the (same/different) time
e) (A/B) overtakes (B/A) on the road (once/twice).
Ans. a) A lives closer to school than B.
b) A starts from school earlier than B.
c) B walks faster than A.
d) A and B reach home at the same time.
e) B overtakes A once on the road.
Explanation:
a) I n t h e gi v e n x - t gr ap h , i t c a n b e o b s e r ve d t h a t d i s t a n c e
OP < OQ. Hence, the distance of school from the A’s home is less than that from B’s
home.
b) In the given graph, it can be observed that for x  0, t  0 for A, whereas for x  0 t has
some finite value for B. Thus, A starts his journey from school earlier than B.
c) In the given x  t graph, it can be observed that the slope of B is greater than that of A.
since the slope of x  t graph gives the speed, a greater slope means that the speed of B is
greater than the speed A.
d) It is clear from the given graph that both A and B reach their respective homes at the same
time.
e) B moves later than A and his / her speed is greater that that of A. From the graph, it is clear
that B overtakes A only once on the road.
3. A woman starts from her home at 9.00 am, walks with a speed of 5 kmh –1 on a straight
road upto her office 2.5 km away, stays at the office upto 5.00 pm, and returns home by
an auto with a speed of 25 kmh –1 . Choose suitable scales and plot the x-t graph of her
motion.
Ans. Speed of the woman = 5 kmh–1
Distance between her office and home = 2.5 km
Distance 2.5
Time taken    0.5h  30 min
Speed 5
It is given that she covers the same distance in the evening by an auto.
Now, speed of the auto = 25 kmh –1
Distance 2.5 1
Time taken   
Speed 25 10
 0.1 h  6 min
The woman reaches the office at 9.30 a.m and returns home at 5.06 p.m.
The suitable x-t graph of the motion of the woman is shown in the given figure.
4. A drunkard walking in a narrow lane takes 5 steps forward and 3 steps backward, fol-
lowed again by 5 steps forward and 3 steps backward, and so on. Each step is 1 m long
and r equi r es 1 s. Pl ot t he x-t gr aph of his mot ion. Determine graphically and otherwise
how long the drunkard takes to fall in a pit 13 m away from the start.
Ans. Distance covered with 1 step = 1m
Time taken = 1 s
Time taken to move first 5 m forward = 5 s
Time taken to move 3 m backward = 3 s
Net distance covered = 5-3=2m
Net time taken to cover 2m = 8 s
Drunkard covers 2 m in 8 s.
Drunkard covered 4 m in 16 s
Drunkard covered 6m in 24 s
Drunkard covered 8 m in 32 s.
In the next 5 s, the drunkard will cover a distance of 5 m and a total distance of 13 m and falls
into the pit.
Net time taken by the drunkard to cover 13 m  32  5  37 s
The x-t graph of the drunkard’s motion can be shown as:
x(m)
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
5 8 10 13 1516 2021 2425 2930 32 35 37 40 t(s)
5 A jet airplane travelling at the speed of 500 kmh –1 ejects its products of combustion at
the speed of 1500 kmh –1 relative to the jet plane. What is the speed of the latter with
respect to an observer on ground?
Ans: Speed of the jet airplane, v jet  500kmh1
Relative speed of its products of combustion with respect to the plane,
vsmoke  1500kmh 1
Speed of its products of combustion with respect to the ground = v 'smoke
Relative speed of its products of combustion with respect to the airplane,
vsmoke  v 'smoke  v jet  1500  v 'smoke  500
v’ smoke = –1000kmh –1
The negative sign indicates that the direction of its products of combustion is opposite to the
direction of motion of the jet airplane.
6 A car moving along a straight highway with a speed of 126kmh 1 is brought to a stop
within a distance of 200 m. What is the retardation of the car (assumed uniform), and
how long does it take for the car to stop ?
Ans. Initial velocity of the car, u =126 kmh –1 = 35m/s
Final velocity of the car, v = 0
Distance covered by the car before coming to rest, s = 200 m
retardation produced in the car = a
From third equation of motion, a can be calculated as: v 2  u 2  2as
 0 2   352  2  a  200
35  35
a  3.06m / s 2
2  200
From first equation of motion, time (t) taken by the car to stop can be obtained as: v  u  at
v u 35
t   11.44 s
a 3.06
7 Two trains A and B of length 400m each are moving on two parallel tracks with a uniform
speed of 72kmh 1 in the same direction, with A ahead of B. The driver of B decides to
overtake A and accelerates by 1m / s 2 . If after 50s, the guard of B just brushes past the
driver of A, what was the original distance between them?
Ans: For Train A:
Initial velocity, u  72km / h  20m / s
Time, t = 50s
Acceleration, a1 = 0 (Since it is moving with a uniform velocity)
From second equation of motion, distance (s 1) covered by train A can be obtained as:
1
s1  ut  a1t 2
2
 20  50  0  1000m
For train B:
Initial velocity, u  72km / h  20m / s
Acceleration, a = 1m/s 2
Time, t = 50 s
From second equation of motion, distance (s II) covered by train B can be obtained as:
1
sII  ut  at 2
2
1
 20  50   1  50   2250m
2
2
Hence, the original distance between the driver of train A and the guard of train B is
2250  1000  1250 m
8 On a two - lane road, car A is travelling with a speed of 36kmh –1 . Two cars B and C
approach car A in opposite directions with a speed of 54kmh –1 each. At a certain instant,
when the distance AB is equal to AC, both being 1 km, B decides to overtake A before C
does. What minimum acceleration of car B is required to avoid an accident?
5
Ans. Velocity of car A, V A= 36kmh –1 = 36× = 10m/s
18
5
Velocity of car B, V B= 54kmh –1 = 54× = 15m/s
18
5
Velocity of car C, V C= 54kmh –1 = 54× = 15m/s
18
Relative velocity of car B with respect to car A,
V BA= V B – V A = 15 – 10 = 5m/s
Relative velocity of car C with respect to car A,
V CA= V C – V A = 15 – (–10) = 15 + 10 = 25m/s
At a certain instance, both cars B and C are at the same distance from car A i.e.,
s  1km  1000m
1000
Time taken (t) by car C to cover 1000m   40 s
25
Hence, to avoid an accident, car B must cover the same distance in a maximum of 40 s.
From second equation of motion, minimum acceleration (a) produced by car B can be obtained
as:
1
s  ut  at 2
2
1
1000  5  40   a   40 
2
2
1600
a  1m / s 2
1600
9 Two towns A and B are connected by a regular bus service with a bus leaving in either
direction every T minutes. A man cycling with a speed of 20kmh 1 in the direction A to B
notices that a bus goes past him every 18 min in the direction of his motion, and every 6
min in the opposite direction. What is the period T of the bus service and with what
speed (assumed constant) do the buses ply on the road?
Ans: Let V be the speed of the bus running between towns A and B.
Speed of the cyclist, v = 20 km/h
Relative speed of the bus moving in the direction of the cyclist  V  v  V  20  km / h
18
The bus went past the cyclist every 18 min i.e., h (when he moves in the direction of the bus).
60
18
Distance covered by the bus  V  20  km..........  i 
60
Since one bus leaves after every T minutes, the distance travelled by the bus will be equal to
T
V .........  ii 
60
Both equations (i) and (ii) are equal.
18 VT
V  20    ...........  iii 
60 60
Relative speed of the bus moving in the opposite direction of the cyclist  V  20  km / h
6
Time taken by the bus to go past the cyclist  6 min  h
60
6 VT
 V  20   ..........  iv 
60 60
6 18
From equations (iii) and (iv), we get V  20    V  20  
60 60
V  20  3V  60  2V  80  V  40km / h
Substituting the value of V in equation (iv), we get
6 40T 360
 40  20     T
 9 min
60 60 40
10. A player throws a ball upwards with an initial speed of 29.4ms –1 .
a) What is the direction of acceleration during the upward motion of the ball?
b) What are the velocity and acceleration of the ball at the highest point of its motion ?
c) Choose the x = 0m and t = 0s to be the location and time of the ball at its highest
point, vertically downward direction to be the positive direction of x-axis, and give
the signs of position, velocity and acceleration of the ball during its upward, and
downward motion.
d) To what height does the ball rise and after how long does the ball return to the
player’s hands ? (Take g = 9.8ms –2 and neglect air resistance).
Ans: a) Downward
b) Velocity = 0, acceleration = 9.8m/s 2
c) x > 0 for both up and down motion, v < 0 for up
and v > 0 for down motion, a > 0 through the
motion 42
d) 44.1m, 6 s
40
Explanation:
a) Irrespective of the direction of the motion of the 38
speed(m/s)
ball, acceleration (which is actually acceleration

due to gravity) always acts in the downward di- 36
rection towards the centre of the Earth. 34
b) At maximum height, velocity of the ball becomes
zero. Acceleration due to gravity at a given place O
4 8 12 16 20
is constant and acts on the ball at all points (in-
cluding the highest point) with a constant value i.e., Time (s)
9.8 m/s 2
c) During upward motion, the sign of position is positive, sign of velocity is negative, and sign
of acceleration is positive. During downward motion, the signs of position, velocity and
acceleration are all positive.
d) Initial velocity of the ball, u = 29.4m/s
Final velocity of the ball, v = 0 (At maximum height, the velocity of the ball becomes zero)
Acceleration, a = –g = – 9.8m/s 2
From third equation of motion, height (s) and be calculated as:
u 2  0    29.4 
2 2
v2  u 2
2 2
v  u  2 gs  s   h    44.1m
2   9.8 
max
2g 2g
From first equation of motion, time of ascent (t) is given as:
v  u 29.4
v  u  at  t    3s
a 9.8
Time of ascent = time of descent  T  ta  td
Hence, the total time taken by the ball to return to the player’s hands  3  3  6s
11. Read each statement below carefully and state with reasons and examples, if it is true or
false;
A particle in one - dimensional motion
a) with zero speed at an instant may have non - zero acceleration at that instant
b) with zero speed may have non - zero velocity,
c) with constant speed must have zero acceleration,
d) with positive value of acceleration must be speeding up.
Ans: a) True b) False c) True d) False
Explanation:
a) When an object is thrown vertically up in the air, its speed becomes zero at maximum
height. However, it has acceleration equal to the acceleration due to gravity (g) that acts
in the downward direction at that point.
b) Speed is the magnitude of velocity. When speed is zero, the magnitude of velocity along
with the velocity is zero.
c) A car moving on a straight highway with constant speed will have constant velocity. Since
acceleration is defined as the rate of change of velocity, acceleration of the car is also zero.
d) This statement is false in the situation when acceleration is positive and velocity is negative
at the instant time taken as origin. Then, for all the time before velocity becomes zero,
there is slowing down of the particle. Such a case happens when a particle is projected
upwards.
This statement is true when both velocity and acceleration are positive, at the instant time
taken as origin. Such a case happens when a particle is moving with positive acceleration
or falling vertically downwards from a height.
12. A ball is dropped from a height of 90 m on a floor. At each collision with the floor, the
ball loses one tenth of its speed. Plot the speed - time graph of its motion between t =0
to 12 s.
Ans: Ball is dropped from a height, s = 90 m
Initial velocity of the ball, u = 0
Acceleration, a = g = 9.8m/s 2
Final velocity of the ball = v
From second equation of motion, time (t) taken by the ball to hit the ground can be obtained as:
1 1
s  ut  at 2  90  0   9.8t 2
2 2
 t  18.38  4.29 s
From first equation of motion, final velocity is given as:
v = u + at = 0 + (9.8 × 4.29) = 42.04 m/s
9 9
Rebound velocity of the ball, ur  v 42.04  37.84 m / s
10 10
Time (t) taken by the ball to reach maximum height is obtained with the help of first equation of
motion as:
37.84
v  u r  at '  0  37.84   9.8  t  t 
'
'  3.86 s
9.8
Total time taken by the ball  t  t '  4.29  3.86  8.15s
As the time of ascent is equal to the time of descent, the ball takes 3.86 s to strike back on the
floor for the second time.
9
The velocity with which the ball rebounds from the floor   37.84  34.05m / s
10
Total time taken by the ball for second rebound  8.15  3.86  12.01s
The speed - time graph of the ball is represented in the given figure as:
13. Explain clearly, with examples, the distinction between :
(a) magnitude of displacement (sometimes called distance) over an interval of time,
and the total length of path covered by a particle over the same interval;
(b) magnitude of average velocity over an interval of time, and the average speed over
the same interval. [Average speed of a particle over an interval of time is defined
as the total path length divided by the time interval]. Show in both (a) and
(b) that the second quantity is either greater than or equal to the first.
When is the equality sign true? [For simplicity, consider one-dimensional motion
only].
Ans: (a) The magnitude of displacement over an interval of time is the shortest distance (which is a
straight line) between the initial and final positions of the particle.
The total path length of a particle is the actual path length covered by the particle in a given
interval of time.
For example, suppose a particle moves from point A to point B and then, comes back to a
point, C taking a total time t, as shown below. Then, the magnitude of displacement of the
particle = AC.
A C B
Whereas, total path length = AB + BC
It is also important to note that the magnitude of displacement can never be greater than the
total path length. However, in some cases, both quantities are equal to each other.
Magnitude of displacement
(b) Magnitude of average velocity 
Time intervel
For the given particle,
AC
Average velocity 
t
Total path length AB  BC

Average speed =  
Time interval t
Since(AB + BC) > AC, average speed is greater than the magnitude of average velocity.
The two quantities will be equal if the particle continues to move along a straight line.
14. A man walks on a straight road from his home to market 2.5 km away with a speed of 5
kmph. Finding the market closed, he instantly turns and walks back home with a speed
of 7.5 kmph. What is the
(a) magnitude of average velocity, and
(b) average speed of the man over the interval of time (i) 0 to 30 min, (ii) 0 to 50 min,
(iii) 0 to 40 min ?
2.5 1
Ans: Time taken by the man to reach the market from home, t1   h  30 min
5 2
2.5 1
Time taken by the man to reach home from the market, t2   h  20 min
7.5 3
Total time taken in the whole journey  30  20  50 min
(a) for 0 to 30 min
Displacement 2.5
Average velocity    5km / h
Time 1
 
2
Distance 2.5
Average speed    5km / h
Time 1
 
2
(b) for 0 to 50 min
5
Time  50 min  h
6
Net displacement = 0
Total distance  2.5  2.5  5km
Displacement
Average velocity  0
Time
Distance 5
Average speed    6km / h
Time 5
 
6
(c) for 0 to 40 min x
Speed of the man while coming back to home is 7.5 km h1
Distance travelled in first 30 min = 2.5 km
Distance travelled by the man (from market to home) in the next
10 min
t
O
10
 7.5   1.25km
60
Net displacement = 2.5 - 1.25 = 1.25 km
Total distance travelled = 2.5 + 1.25 = 3.75 km
1.25 1.25  3
Average velocity    1.875km / h
 40  2
 
 60 
3.75
Average speed   5.625km / h
 40 
 
 60 
15. In Exercises 13 and 14, we have carefully distinguished between average speed and
magnitude of average velocity. No such distinction is necessary when we consider
instantaneous speed and magnitude of velocity. The instantaneous speed is always equal
to the magnitude of instantaneous velocity. Why ?
dx
Ans: Instantaneous velocity is given by the first derivative of distance with respect to time i.e., vi n 
dt
Here, the time interval dt is so small that it is assumed that the particle does not change its
direction of motion. As a result, both the total path length and magnitude of displacement
become equal is this interval of time.
Therefore, instantaneous speed is always equal to instantaneous velocity.
16. Look at the graphs (a) to (d) (Fig.) carefully and state, with reasons, which of these
cannot possibly represent one-dimensional motion of a particle.
x v
t t
(a) (b)
Speed
Total path length
x
t
(c) (d)
t
Ans: (a) The given x - t graph, shown in (a) , does not t
-2 -1 0 1 2 3
represent one-dimensional motion of the par-
ticle. This is because a particle cannot have
two positions at the same instant of time
(b) The given v-t graph, shown in (b) , does not represent one-dimensional motion of the
particle. This is because a particle can never have two values of velocity at the same instant
of time.
(c) The given v-t graph, shown in (c), does not represent one-dimensional motion of the
particle. This is because speed being a scalar quantity cannot be negative.
(d) The given v-t graph , shown in (d), does not represent one-dimensional motion of the
particle. This is because the total path length travelled by the particle cannot decrease with
time.
17. Figure shows the x-t plot of one-dimensional motion of a particle. Is it correct to say
from the graph that the particle moves in a straight line for t < 0 and on a parabolic path
for t > 0 ? If not, suggest a suitable physical context for this graph.
Ans : No
The x-t graph of a particle moving in a straight line for t < 0 and on a parabolic path for t > 0
cannot be shown as the given graph. This is because, the given particle does not follow the
t r a j e c t o r y o f p at h f o l l o w e d b y t h e p a r t i c l e a s x
t = 0 , x = 0.A physical situation that resembles the above graph
is of a freely falling body held for sometime at a height
18. A police van moving on a highway with a speed of 30 kmh –
1
fires a bullet at a thief’s car speeding away in the same
direction with a speed of 192 kmh –1 . If the muzzle speed of 3 t
the bullet is 150ms , with what speed does the bullet hit
–1 1 2
the thief’s car ? (Note : Obtain that speed which is relevant
for damaging the thief’s car).
Ans: Speed of the police van, v p  30km / h  8.33 m / s
Muzzle speed of the bullet, vb  150 m / s
Speed of the thief’s car, vt  192 km / h  53.33 m / s
Since the bullet is fired from a moving van, its resultant
speed can be obtained as:
D
 150  8.33  158.33m / s B
Speed
Since both the vehicles are moving in the same direction,

the velocity with which the bullet hits the thief’s car can
be obtained as : A
C
vbt  vb  vt = 158.33 - 53.33 = 105m/s t
19. Suggest a suitable physical for each of the following 1 2 3
graphs (Fig) :
x v a
A
a) t b) t c) t
Ans: (a)
The given x-t graph shows that initially a body was at rest. Then, its velocity increases with
time and attains an instantaneous constant value. The velocity then reduces to zero with an
increase in time. Then, its velocity increases with time in the opposite direction and
acquires a constant value. A similar physical situation arises when a football (initially kept
at rest ) is kicked and gets rebound from a rigid wall so that its speed gets reduced. Then,
it passes from the player who has kicked it and ultimately gets stopped after sometime.
(b) In the given v-t graph, the sign of velocity changes and its magnitude decreases with a
passage of time. A similar situation arises when a ball is dropped on the hard floor from a
height. It strikes the floor with some velocity and upon rebound, its velocity decreases by
a factor. This continues till the velocity of the ball eventually becomes zero.
(c) The given a-t graph reveals that initially the body is moving with a certain uniform velocity.
Its acceleration increases for a short interval of time, which again drops to zero. This
indicates that the body again starts moving with the same constant velocity. A similar
physical situation arises when a hammer moving with a uniform velocity strikes a nail.
20. Figure gives the x-t plot of a particle executing one-dimensional simple harmonic mo-
tion. Give the signs of position , velocity and acceleration variables of the particle at t =
0.3 s, 1.2 s, -1.2s.
Ans: Negative, Negative, Positive (at t = 0.3 s)
Positive, Positive, Negative (at t = 1.2 s)
Negative, Positive, Positive (at t = -1.2 s)
For simple harmonic motion (SHM) of a particle, acceleration (a) is given by the relation:
a   2  x wherer  is angular frequency ....(i )
Case(i) t = 0.3s
In this time interval, x is negative. Thus, the slope of the x-t plot will also be negative . Therefore,
both position and velocity are negative. However, using equation (i), acceleration of the particle
will be positive.
Case(ii) t   1.2 s
In this time interval, x is positive. Thus, the slope of the x-t plot will also be positive. Therefore,
both position and velocity are positive. However, using equation (i),
acceleration of the particle comes to be negative.
Case(iii) t  1.2 s
In this time interval, x is negative. Thus, the slope of the x-t plot will also be negative. Since both
x and t are negative, the velocity comes to be positive . From equation (i),
it can be inferred that the acceleration of the particle will be positive.
21. Figure gives the x-t plot of a particle in one-dimensional motion. Three different equal
intervals of time are shown. In which intervals is the average speed greatest, and in
which is it the least ? Give the sign of average velocity for each interval.
Ans: Interval 3 (Greatest), Interval 2 (Least) Positive (Intervals 1 & 2), Negative (Interval 3)
T h e a v e r a g e s p ee d o f a p a r t i c l e s h o w n i n t h e x - t gr a p h i s
obtained from the slope of the graph in a particular interval of time. It is clear from the graph that,
the slope is maximum and minimum in intervals 3 and 2 respectively. Therefore, the
average speed of the particle is the greatest in interval 3 and is the least in interval 2. The sign of
average velocity is positive in both intervals 1 and 2 as the slope is positive in these intervals.
However, it is negative in interval 3 because the slope is negative in this interval.
22. Figure gives a speed-time graph of a particle in motion along a constant direction. Three
equal intervals of time are shown.In which interval is the average acceleration greatest
in magnitude ? In which interval is the average speed greatest ? Choosing the positive
direction as the constant direction of motion, give the signs of v and a in three intervals.
What are the acceleration at the points A, B, C and D ?
Ans: Average acceleration is greatest in interval 2
Average speed is greatest in interval 3
v is positive in intervals 1,2, and 3
a is positive in intervals 1 and 3 and negative in interval 2
a = 0 at A, B, C, D
Acceleration is given by the slope of the speed-time graph. In the given case, it is given by the
slope of the speed-time graph within the given interval of time.
Since the slope of the given speed-time graph is maximum in interval 2 , average acceleration will
be the greatest in this interval.
Height of the curve from the time-axis gives the average speed of the particle. It is clear that the
height is the greatest in interval 3. Hence, average speed of the particle is the greatest in interval
3.
In interval 1 :
The slope of the speed-time graph is positive. Hence , acceleration is positive.
Similarly, the speed of the particle is positive in this interval.
In interval 2 :
The slope of the speed-time graph is negative. Hence, acceleration is negative in this interval.
However, speed is positive because it is a scalar quantity.
In interval 3 :
The slope of the speed-time graph is zero. Hence, acceleration is zero in this interval. However,
here the particle acquires some uniform speed. It is positive in this interval.
Points A, B, C and D are all parallel to the time -axis. Hence, the slope is zero at these points.
Therefore, at points A,B,C,and D, acceleration of the particle is zero.
23. A three-wheeler starts from rest, accelerates uniformly with 1 ms-2 on a straight road
for 10 s , and then moves with uniform velocity. Plot the distance covered by the vehicle
during the nth second (n = 1,2,3,.....) versus n. What do you expect this plot to be during
accelerated motion : a straight line or a parabola?
Ans: Straight line
Distance covered by a body in nth second is given by the relation
a
Dn  u   2 n  1 .....  i 
2
Where, u = Initial velocity , a = Acceleration, n = Time = 1, 2, 3, ......., n
In the given case, u = 0 and a = 1m/s 2
1
D n =  2n -1 ....  ii 
2
Now , substituting different values of n in equation (iii), we get the following table:
n 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Dn 0.5 1.5 2.5 3.5 4.5 5.5 6.5 7.5 8.5 9.5
The plot between n and Dn will be a straight line as shown:
8
9
8
7
6
Dn(m)
5
4
3
2
1
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
n(s)
Since the given three-wheeler acquires uniform velocity after 10 s, the line will be parallel to the
time-axis after n = 10 s.
24. A boy standing on a stationary lift (open from above) throws a ball upwards with the
maximum initial speed he can, equal to 49 m/s. How much time does the ball take to
return to his hands? If the lift starts moving up with120 a uniform speed of 5 m/s and they
boy again throws the ball up with the maximum speed100 he can, how long does the ball take
to return to his hands ? x2 - x1(m)
80
Ans: Initial velocity of the ball, u = 49 m/s , Acceleration, a   g  9.8m / s 2
60
Case I : When the lift was stationary, the boy throws the ball.
40
Taking upward motion of the ball, Final velocity, v of the ball becomes zero at the highest point.
20 v  u  at
From first equation of motion, time of ascent (t) is given as:
v  u 49 2 4 6 8 10
t   5s
a 9.8 t(s)
But, the time of ascent is equal to the time of descent.
Hence, the total time taken by the ball to return to the boy’s hand = 5 + 5 = 10s
Case II: The lift was moving up with a uniform velocity of 5 m/s. In this case, the relative
velocity of the ball with respect to the boy remains the same i.e.., 49 m/s.
Therefore, in this case also, the ball will return back to the boy’s hand after 10s.
25. On a long horizontally moving belt, a child runs to and fro with a speed 9kmh 1 (with
respect to the belt) between his father and mother located 50m apart on the moving belt.
The belt moves with a speed of 4kmh 1 . For an observer on a stationary platform out-
side, what is the
a) speed of the child running in the direction of motion of the belt ?
b) speed of the child running opposite to the direction of motion of the belt ?
c) time taken by the child in (a) and (b) ?
Which of the answers alter if motion is viewed by one of the parents ?
Moving belt 4 km/h
F Child M
Stationary observer
Ans: a) Speed of the belt, vB  4km / h
Speed of the boy, vb  9km / h
Since the boy is running in the same direction of the motion of the belt, his speed (as
observed by the stationary observer) can be obtained as:
vbB  vb  vB  9  4  13km / h
b) Since the boy is running in the direction opposite to the direction of the motion of the belt,
his speed (as observed by the stationary observer) can be obtained as:
vbB  vb   vB   9  4  5km / h
c) Distance between the child’s parents  50m
As both parents are standing on the moving belt, the speed of the child in either direction as
observed by the parents will remain the same i.e., 9km / h  2.5m / s.
50
Hence, the time taken by the child to move towards one of his parents is  20 s
2.5
d) If the motion is viewed by any one of the parents, answers obtained in (a) and (b) get
altered. This is because the child and his parents are standing on the same belt and hence,
are equally affected by the motion of the belt. Therefore, for both parents (irrespective of
the direction of motion) the speed of the child remains the same i.e., 9 km/h.
For this reason, it can be conducted that the time taken by the child to reach any one of his
parents remains unaltered.
26. Two stones are thrown up simultaneously from the edge of
a cliff 200m high with initial speeds of 15 m/s and 30 m/s.
12
Speed (ms1)
Verify that the graph shown in fig. correctly represents

the time variation of the relative position of the second stone
with respect to the first. Neglect air resistance and assume
that the stones do not rebound after hitting the ground. Take
g = 10m/s 2 . Give the equations for the linear and curved
t
parts of the plot. 0 5 10
Ans: For first stone:
Initial velocity, u 1 = 15 m/s
Acceleration, a   g  10m / s 2
Using the relation,
1
x1  x0  u1t  at 2
2
Where, height of the cliff, x0  200m
x1  200  15t  5t 2
When this stone hits the ground, x1  0
5t 2  15t  200  0

t 2  3t  40  0
t 2  8t  5t  40  0
t  t  8  5  t  8   0
t  8s or t  5s
Since the stone was projected at time t = 0, the negative sign before time is meaningless.
t = 8s
For second stone:
Initial velocity, uII = 30 m/s
Acceleration, a   g  10m / s 2
Using the relation,
1
x2  x0  u11t  at 2
2
 200  30t  5t 2 ....  ii 
At the moment when this stone hits the ground; x2  0
5t 2  30t  200  0

t 2  6t  40  0
t 2  10t  4t  40  0
t  t  10   4  t  10   0
 t  10  t  4   0
t  10s or t  4s
Here again, the negative sign is meaningless.
t  10s v
Subtracting equation (i) and (ii), we get
  
x2  x1  200  30t  5t 2  200  15t  5t 2 
x2  x1  15t..........  iii 
Equation (iii) represents the linear path of both stones. Due
to this linear relation between  x2  x1  and t, the path re-
mains a straight line till 8 s.
Maximum separation between the two stones is at t = 8 s
t
 x2  x1 max  15  8  120m 0 t1 t2
This is in accordance with the given graph.
After 8 s, only second stone is in motion whose variation with time is given by the quadratic
equation:
x2  x1  200  30t  5t 2
Hence, the equation of linear and curved path is given by
x2  x1  15t  Linear path 
x2  x1  200  30t  5t 2  Curved path 

27. The speed - time graph of a particle moving along a fixed direction is shown in figure.
Obtain the distance traversed by the particle between (a) t  0 s to10 s (b) t  2s to 6 s .
What is the average speed of the particle over the intervals in (a) and (b) ?
Ans: a) Distance travelled by the particle = Area under the given graph
1
  10  0   12  0   60m
2
Distance 60
Average speed = = =6m/s
Time 10
b) Let s 1 and s 2 be the distance covered by the particle between time
t = 2s to 5s and t = 5s to 6s respectively..
total distance (s) covered by the particle in time t = 2s to 6s
s = s 1 + s 2 ...... (i)
For distance s 1 :
Let ‘v’ be the velocity of the particle after 2s and a’ be the acceleration of the particle in
t  0 to 5  5s .
Since the particle undergoes uniform acceleration in the interval t  0 to t  5s, from first equa-
tion of motion, acceleration can be obtained as:
v  u  at
Where,
v= Final velocity of the particle
12  0  a ' 5
12
a'   2.4 m / s 2
5
Again, from first equation of motion, we have
v  u  at  0  2.4  2  4.8m / s
Distance travelled by the particle between time 2s and 5s i.e., in 3 s
1 1
s1  u ' t  a ' t 2  4.8  3   2.4   3
2
 25.2 m..  ii 
2 2
For distance s 2:
Let ‘a’ be the acceleration of the particle between time t = 5 s and t = 10 s
From first equation of motion,
v  u  at (where v = 0 as the particle finally comes to rest)
12
0  12  a '' 5  a ''  2
5  2.4m / s
Distance travelled by the particle in 1s (i.e., between t = 5 s and t = 6 s)
1 1
s2  u '' t  at 2  12  1   2.4   12  12  1.2  10.8m............  iii 
2 2
From equation (i), (ii) and (iii), we get
s  25.2  10.8  36m
36
 Average speed   9m / s
4
28. The velocity - time graph of a particle in one - dimensional motion is shown in fig
Which of the following formulae are correct for describing the motion of the particle
over the time - interval t 2 to t 1 ?
1
a) x  t2   x  t1   v  t1  t2  t1     a  t2  t1 
2
2
b) v  t2   v  t1   a  t2  t1 
c) a Average   v  t2   v  t1   /  t2  t1 
d) V Average   v  t2   v  t1   /  t2  t1 
1 2
e) x  t2   x  t1   VAverage  t2  t1     a Average  t2  t1 
2
f) x  t2   x  t1   area under the v-t curve bounded by the t-axis and the dotted line shown.
Ans: The correct formulae describing the motion of the particle are (c), (d) and, (f)
The given graph has a non-uniform slope. Hence, the formulae given in (a), (b), and (e) cannot
describe the motion of the particle. Only relations given in (c), (d), and (f) are correct equations
of motion.
***

03-Motion in A St. Line (32-63)

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

03-Motion in A St. Line (32-63)

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

03-Motion in A St. Line (32-63)

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

MOTION IN A STRAIGHT LINE JR.

IPE PHYSICS VOL-1

MOTION IN A STRAIGHT LINE

8. An object falling through a fluid is observed to have an acceleration given by a= g-bv

ADDITIONAL SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS

A straight line with negative slope.

SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS

Ans. Motion before opening the parachute :

Motion after opening the parachute:

velocity of the body is ‘ V0 ’ and it gains a velocity ‘V’after ‘t’ A D

path length OP  PQ  360  120  m  20 ms 1

Average velocity     6.0  b  6.0  2.5  15ms 1

Integrating both sides  dv   a dt  a  dt (a is constant)

Integrating both sides  dx   v dt    v0  at  dt

Integrating both sides,  v dv   a dx

a) a railway carriage moving without jerks

ball, acceleration (which is actually acceleration

Total path length AB  BC

Since both the vehicles are moving in the same direction,

The plot between n and Dn will be a straight line as shown:

Moving belt 4 km/h

Verify that the graph shown in fig. correctly represents

Where, height of the cliff, x0  200m

5t 2  15t  200  0

5t 2  30t  200  0

x2  x1  200  30t  5t 2  Curved path 

You might also like