01 Introduction of Signal and

Systems

Assoc. Prof. Ir. Ts. Dr Kismet Anak Hong Ping

Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering
Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak
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SIGNALS

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Deterministic and Random Signals
Deterministic Signals:
Deterministic signals are those
signals whose values are
completely specified for any
Signals whose values are
given time.
completely specified

Random Signals:
Random signals are those
signals that take random values
at any given time and must be
characterized statistically. Signals whose values are
unpredictable
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 Energy Signals

For a continuous signal x(t), For a discrete signal x[n], its

its normalized energy content normalized energy content E
E of x(t) is: ∞ of x[n] is : ∞
𝐸𝐸 = � 2
𝑥𝑥(𝑡𝑡) 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 2
𝐸𝐸 = � 𝑥𝑥[𝑛𝑛]
−∞
−∞

Its normalized power content P: Its normalized power content P:

lim 1 T / 2 2 lim 1
N
2
∫ N → ∞ 2 N + 1 n =∫− N
P= x(t ) dt P= x[ n ]
T → ∞ T −T / 2
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 Analog and Digital Signal
Analog signal:
Continuous time signal x(t) Analog signals

which can take any value

within interval (a,b) where a
may be - ∞ and b may be + ∞ Time

Digital signals
Digital signal:
Discrete time signal x[n]
which can only take finite
Time
number of distinct values.5
 Real and Complex Signals
Real Signals Complex Signals
A signal is a real signal if A signal is a complex
its value is a real number signal if its value is a
complex number

Example: x(t ) = x1 (t ) + jx2 (t )

Where j = −1
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 Exponential Signals
at
x=e

a<0 a>0
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 Complex exponential signals
x (t)

May consist of combination of few signals 8

 Sinusoidal signals
Continuous-time sinusoidal signal:

x(t ) = A cos(ωt + φ )

Discrete-time sinusoidal signal:

x[n] = A cos(Ωn + φ )

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 Question

How do we measure signals?

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 Unit Step Function
The unit step function
𝑢𝑢(𝑡𝑡) also known as Heaviside
𝑢𝑢(𝑡𝑡)
unit function is defined as:

1 t > 0
u (t ) = 
0 t < 0 1

𝑡𝑡

Note that it is discontinuous at 0

𝑡𝑡 = 0 and that the value at

Unit step function
𝑡𝑡 = 0 is undefined.

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 Unit Step Function
𝑢𝑢(𝑡𝑡)
The shifted unit step function is
defined as:
1 𝑡𝑡 ≥ 𝑡𝑡0 1
𝑢𝑢 𝑡𝑡 − 𝑡𝑡0 = �
0 𝑡𝑡 < 𝑡𝑡0
𝑡𝑡

0 𝑡𝑡0
Note that the value 𝑢𝑢[𝑡𝑡] at 𝑡𝑡0 = 0
is defined and equals unity.
Shifted unit step function

Similarly the shifted unit step sequence 𝑢𝑢[𝑡𝑡 + 𝑘𝑘] is defined

as:
1 𝑡𝑡 ≥ 𝑡𝑡0
𝑢𝑢 𝑡𝑡 + 𝑡𝑡0 = �
0 𝑡𝑡 < 𝑡𝑡0
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 Unit Step Sequence
x(t) x[n]

t n
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
Continuous Discrete

u(t) = 1 t>0 u[n] = 1 n>0

0 t<0 0 n<0
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 Unit Step Sequence
u[n] u[n]

1 1

n n

0 0 k

(a) Unit step (b) Shifted unit step

sequence sequence

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 Example 1a: Unit Step Sequence
• Sketch the following signals.
a) 𝑢𝑢(𝑡𝑡) g) −𝑢𝑢(𝑡𝑡)
b) 𝑢𝑢(𝑡𝑡 + 1) h) −𝑢𝑢(𝑡𝑡 + 1)
c) 𝑢𝑢(𝑡𝑡 − 1) i) −𝑢𝑢(𝑡𝑡 − 1)
d) 𝑢𝑢(−𝑡𝑡)
e) 𝑢𝑢(−𝑡𝑡 + 1)
f) 𝑢𝑢(−𝑡𝑡 − 1)

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 Example 1a: Unit Step Sequence
• Sketch the following signals.
a) 𝑢𝑢(𝑡𝑡)
b) 𝑢𝑢(𝑡𝑡 + 1)
c) 𝑢𝑢(𝑡𝑡 − 1)

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 : Unit Step Sequence
• Sketch the following signals.
a) 𝑢𝑢(𝑡𝑡) 𝑢𝑢(𝑡𝑡)
b) 𝑢𝑢(𝑡𝑡 + 1)
c) 𝑢𝑢(𝑡𝑡 − 1)
1

𝑡𝑡

unit step function

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 Example 1a: Unit Step Sequence
• Sketch the following signals.
a) 𝑢𝑢(𝑡𝑡)
𝑢𝑢(𝑡𝑡 + 1)
b) 𝑢𝑢(𝑡𝑡 + 1)
c) 𝑢𝑢(𝑡𝑡 − 1) 1

𝑡𝑡

-1 0

Shifted unit step function

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 Example 1a: Unit Step Sequence
• Sketch the following signals.
a) 𝑢𝑢(𝑡𝑡) 𝑢𝑢(𝑡𝑡 − 1)
b) 𝑢𝑢(𝑡𝑡 + 1)
c) 𝑢𝑢(𝑡𝑡 − 1) 1

𝑡𝑡

0 1

Shifted unit step function

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 Example 1a: Unit Step Sequence
• Sketch the following signals.
d) 𝑢𝑢(−𝑡𝑡)
𝑢𝑢(−𝑡𝑡)
e) 𝑢𝑢(−𝑡𝑡 + 1)
f) 𝑢𝑢(−𝑡𝑡 − 1)
1

𝑡𝑡
0
Shifted unit step function

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 Example 1a: Unit Step Sequence
• Sketch the following signals.
d) 𝑢𝑢(−𝑡𝑡)
𝑢𝑢(−𝑡𝑡 + 1)
e) 𝑢𝑢(−𝑡𝑡 + 1)
f) 𝑢𝑢(−𝑡𝑡 − 1)
1

𝑡𝑡
0 1
Shifted unit step function

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 Example 1a: Unit Step Sequence
• Sketch the following signals.
d) 𝑢𝑢(−𝑡𝑡)
𝑢𝑢(−𝑡𝑡 − 1)
e) 𝑢𝑢(−𝑡𝑡 + 1)
f) 𝑢𝑢(−𝑡𝑡 − 1)
1

𝑡𝑡
-1 0
Shifted unit step function

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 Example 1a: Unit Step Sequence
• Sketch the following signals.
g) −𝑢𝑢(𝑡𝑡)
h) −𝑢𝑢(𝑡𝑡 + 1)
i) −𝑢𝑢(𝑡𝑡 − 1) −𝑢𝑢(𝑡𝑡)
𝑡𝑡

-1

unit step function

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 Example 1a: Unit Step Sequence
• Sketch the following signals.
g) −𝑢𝑢(𝑡𝑡)
h) −𝑢𝑢(𝑡𝑡 + 1)
i) −𝑢𝑢(𝑡𝑡 − 1) −𝑢𝑢(𝑡𝑡)
𝑡𝑡
-1
0

-1

Shifted unit step function

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 Example 1a: Unit Step Sequence
• Sketch the following signals.
g) −𝑢𝑢(𝑡𝑡)
h) −𝑢𝑢(𝑡𝑡 + 1)
i) −𝑢𝑢(𝑡𝑡 − 1) −𝑢𝑢(𝑡𝑡)
𝑡𝑡
-1 -1
0

-1

Shifted unit step function

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 Exercise 2a: Unit Step Sequence
• Sketch the following signals.
a) 𝑢𝑢[𝑛𝑛] a) −𝑢𝑢[𝑛𝑛]
b) 𝑢𝑢[𝑛𝑛 + 1] b) −𝑢𝑢[𝑛𝑛 + 1]
c) 𝑢𝑢[𝑛𝑛 − 1] c) −𝑢𝑢[𝑛𝑛 − 1]
d) 𝑢𝑢[−𝑛𝑛]
e) 𝑢𝑢[−𝑛𝑛 + 1]
f) 𝑢𝑢[−𝑛𝑛 − 1] Submit in the link provided in eLeap.

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 Unit Impulse Function
The unit impulse function δ(t) also
known as Dirac delta function, 𝛿𝛿(𝑡𝑡)
plays a central role in system
analysis.
0 t ≠ 0 1
δ (t ) = 
∞ t = 0 𝑡𝑡

0
But an ordinary function which is
everywhere 0 except at a single Impulse function
point must have an integral 0. Thus
δ(t) cannot be an ordinary function.

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 Unit Impulse
x(t) x[n]

t n
0 0
Continuous Discrete
δ (t ) = 0 t ≠0 δ [n] = 1 n=0
∞ t=0 0 n ≠0

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 Unit Impulse Sequence
𝛿𝛿[𝑛𝑛]
The unit impulse sequence
δ[n] is defined as: 1

1 n = 0 𝑛𝑛
δ [ n] =  0
0 n ≠ 0 Unit Impulse function

The shifted unit impulse

sequence is defined as: 𝛿𝛿[𝑛𝑛 − 𝑘𝑘]
1
1 n = k
δ [n − k ] =  𝑛𝑛
0 n ≠ k 0 k
Shifted Impulse function
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 Unit Impulse Sequence
δ[n] δ[n-k]

1 1

n n

0 0 k

(a) Unit impulse (b) Shifted unit impulse

sequence sequence

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 Example 1b: Unit Step Sequence
• Sketch the following signals.
a) 𝛿𝛿(𝑡𝑡) g) −𝛿𝛿(𝑡𝑡)
b) 𝛿𝛿(𝑡𝑡 + 1) h) −𝛿𝛿(𝑡𝑡 + 1)
c) 𝛿𝛿(𝑡𝑡 − 1) i) −𝛿𝛿(𝑡𝑡 − 1)
d) 𝛿𝛿(−𝑡𝑡)
e) 𝛿𝛿(−𝑡𝑡 + 1)
f) 𝛿𝛿(−𝑡𝑡 − 1)

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 Exercise 2b: Unit Step Sequence
• Sketch the following signals.
a) 𝛿𝛿[𝑛𝑛] a) −𝛿𝛿[𝑛𝑛]
b) 𝛿𝛿[𝑛𝑛 + 1] b) −𝛿𝛿[𝑛𝑛 + 1]
c) 𝛿𝛿[𝑛𝑛 − 1] c) −𝛿𝛿[𝑛𝑛 − 1]
d) 𝛿𝛿[−𝑛𝑛]
e) 𝛿𝛿[−𝑛𝑛 + 1]
f) 𝛿𝛿[−𝑛𝑛 − 1] Submit in the link provided in eLeap.

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 Transformations of variables

Can we change signals?

How do we change them?

What will happen to the signals?

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 Transformations of variables
Modifications on the independent variables will transform
signals, leading to :
Shift
Reflection
Scaling
Original signal

x (t)

Shifted Reflected Scaled

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Example 1c: Expansion of signals
𝑥𝑥[𝑛𝑛]
x [n]
1.5 1.6
1.2
0.5

𝑛𝑛n
- 0.5
- 1.0

𝑥𝑥[𝑛𝑛] = 1.5𝛿𝛿[𝑛𝑛 + 2] − 1.0𝛿𝛿[𝑛𝑛 + 1] + 1.2𝛿𝛿[𝑛𝑛]

– 0.5𝛿𝛿[𝑛𝑛 − 1] + 0.5𝛿𝛿[𝑛𝑛 − 2] + 1.6𝛿𝛿[𝑛𝑛 − 3]
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Example: expansion of signals
Thus, x[n] can also be expressed as:
∞
x[n] = ∑ x[k ]δ [n − k ]
k = −∞

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 Quiz 2a
Express the expansion of discrete-time signal
below:
𝑥𝑥[𝑛𝑛]
3

1 1

𝑛𝑛

-1 -2
-2
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Example 1d: Signal Modification
A continuous time signal 𝑥𝑥(𝑡𝑡) is shown below.
Sketch and label each of the following signals:
𝑥𝑥(𝑡𝑡)
a) 𝑥𝑥(𝑡𝑡 − 2)
b) 𝑥𝑥 2𝑡𝑡
3
c) 𝑥𝑥(𝑡𝑡/2)
2
d) 𝑥𝑥(−𝑡𝑡) 1
e) 2𝑥𝑥(𝑡𝑡) 𝑡𝑡
0 1 2 3 4 5

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Example 1d: Signal Modification
(a) 𝑥𝑥(𝑡𝑡 − 2) Original signal

𝑥𝑥(𝑡𝑡 − 2)
Time shifting
3
2
1
𝑡𝑡
0 1 2 3 4 5 6

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 Example 1(b)
(b) 𝑥𝑥(2𝑡𝑡) Original signal

𝑥𝑥(2𝑡𝑡)

Time scaling
3
2
1
𝑡𝑡
0 1 2 3 4 5

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 Example 1(c)
(c) 𝑥𝑥(𝑡𝑡/2) Original signal

𝑥𝑥(𝑡𝑡/2)

Time scaling
3
2
1
𝑡𝑡
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

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 Example 1(d)
(d) 𝑥𝑥(−𝑡𝑡) Original signal

𝑥𝑥(−𝑡𝑡)

Reflection
3
2
1
𝑡𝑡
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5

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 Example 1(d)
(e) 2𝑥𝑥(𝑡𝑡) Original signal

2𝑥𝑥(𝑡𝑡)
6
Amplitude scaling 5
4
3
2
1
t
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5

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 Quiz 2b
Sketch and label the following for the discrete time signal
below:

(a) 𝑥𝑥[𝑛𝑛 − 3] 𝑥𝑥[𝑛𝑛]

(b) 𝑥𝑥[2𝑛𝑛]
(c) 𝑥𝑥[−𝑛𝑛] 3
(d) 𝑥𝑥[−𝑛𝑛 + 4] 2
(e) −𝑥𝑥[𝑛𝑛 + 2] 1 𝑛𝑛
(f) −𝑥𝑥[−𝑛𝑛 + 1]
-2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5
(g) 2𝑥𝑥[𝑛𝑛 + 2] -1

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Thank You

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