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    Introduction To Signals and Systems-A

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    harold cooper
    The document introduces signals and their classification. It discusses analog vs digital signals, continuous vs discrete time signals, deterministic vs random signals, periodic vs aperiodic signals, causal vs non-causal vs anti-causal signals, energy vs power signals, and even vs odd signals. It then describes some common signal functions including unit ramp, unit step, unit impulse, unit pulse, parabolic, sinusoidal, sinc, signum, exponential, and complex exponential signals.

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    Introduction To Signals and Systems-A

    Uploaded by

    harold cooper
    47 views8 pages
    The document introduces signals and their classification. It discusses analog vs digital signals, continuous vs discrete time signals, deterministic vs random signals, periodic vs aperiodic signals, causal vs non-causal vs anti-causal signals, energy vs power signals, and even vs odd signals. It then describes some common signal functions including unit ramp, unit step, unit impulse, unit pulse, parabolic, sinusoidal, sinc, signum, exponential, and complex exponential signals.

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    an indepth analysis of signal processing.

    Original Title

    Introduction to Signals and Systems-A

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    The document introduces signals and their classification. It discusses analog vs digital signals, continuous vs discrete time signals, deterministic vs random signals, periodic vs aperiodic signals, causal vs non-causal vs anti-causal signals, energy vs power signals, and even vs odd signals. It then describes some common signal functions including unit ramp, unit step, unit impulse, unit pulse, parabolic, sinusoidal, sinc, signum, exponential, and complex exponential signals.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    47 views8 pages

    Introduction To Signals and Systems-A

    Uploaded by

    harold cooper
    The document introduces signals and their classification. It discusses analog vs digital signals, continuous vs discrete time signals, deterministic vs random signals, periodic vs aperiodic signals, causal vs non-causal vs anti-causal signals, energy vs power signals, and even vs odd signals. It then describes some common signal functions including unit ramp, unit step, unit impulse, unit pulse, parabolic, sinusoidal, sinc, signum, exponential, and complex exponential signals.

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    Introduction to Signal and Systems

    A. Signals
    A signal carries information and is defined as a physical quantity that varies
    with one or more independent variables.
    1. Classification of Signals

    Signals are classified into the following categories:


    ● Analogue and Digital
    ● Continuous Time and Discrete Time Signals
    ● Deterministic and Non-deterministic Signals
    ● Periodic and Aperiodic Signals
    ● Causal , non-causal and anti-causal
    ● Energy and Power Signals
    ● Even and Odd Signals
    1.1 Analogue vs digital
    Analog signal:
    A signal that is defined for every instants of time is known as analog signal. Analog
    signals are continuous in amplitude and continuous in time. It is denoted by x(t). It is also called
    as Continuous time signal. Example for Continuous time signal is shown below

    Digital signal:
    The signals that are discrete in time and quantized in amplitude is called digital signal

    1.2 Continuous-time vs Discrete-time signals


    Continuous-time signals
    x(t) where t can take any real value
    x(t) may be 0 for range of values of t

    Discrete-time signals
    x[n] where n ∈ {...-3,-2,-1,0,1,2,3...}
    n is sample index
    Amplitude value may be real or complex.

    1.3 Deterministic vs Random signal


    Deterministic signal can be mathematically described
    e.g. x(t) = cos(2πf0 t)

    Random amplitudes
    Cannot be predicted exactly or described by a formula
    Distribution of amplitude values can be defined
    1.4 Periodic vs non periodic
    A signal has period T if x (t + T) = x(t) for all t
    Smallest positive period is called the fundamental period
    Example of periodic signal is the sinusoid
    Mathematical form: A cos (wt + 𝛷)
    A is amplitude/magnitude
    w is frequency in rad/s where w= 2 π f0
    and f0 is in cycles/s or Hz
    𝛷 is phase shift in radians
    Smallest period: T = 1 / f0
    1.5 Causal vs Non-causal. vs Anti-causal signal
    Causal signal:
    A signal is said to be causal, if it is defined for n≥0.
    𝑖. 𝑒[𝑛] = 0 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑛 < 0
    Non-causal signal:
    A signal is said to be non-causal, if it is defined for n< 0
    or for both n < 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑛 ≥ 0
    𝑖. 𝑒[𝑛] ≠ 0 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑛 < 0
    When a non-causal signal is defined only for n<0, it is called as anti-causal signal

    1.6 Energy vs power signal


    Energy signals:
    Signals which have finite energy and zero average power are called energy signals. The
    i.e., For energy signal, 0 < 𝐸 < ∞ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑃 = 0
    Non periodic signals are energy signals.
    T
    2
    For continuous signal Energy E=∫ | x| dx
    −T

    N
    2
    For discrete signals Energy E=∑ |x|
    −N

    Power signals:
    Signals which have finite average power and infinite energy are called power signals.
    i.e., For power signal, 0 < 𝑃 < ∞ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐸 = ∞
    Periodic signals are power signals.
    T
    1 2
    For continuous signals Average Power P= ∫ |x| dx
    2 T −T
    N
    2
    For discrete signals Average power P=∑ |x|
    −N

    1.7 Even vs odd


    Even signal:
    A signal that exhibits symmetry with respect to t=0 is called even signal
    Even signal satisfies the condition 𝑥(𝑡) = 𝑥(−𝑡)
    Example: 𝑥(𝑡) = 𝑡2
    Odd signal:
    A signal that exhibits anti-symmetry with respect to t=0 is called odd signal
    Odd signal satisfies the condition 𝑥(𝑡) = −𝑥(−𝑡)

    2 Some Common signal functions


    Below are some common signal functions:
    2.1 Unit ramp function
    A signal whose magnitude increases same as time. It can be obtained by integrating unit step.
    Its defined as: r ( 𝑡) = 𝑡 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑡 ≥ 0
    = 0 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑡 < 0

    r[ 𝑛 ]= 𝑛 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑛 ≥ 0
    = 0 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑛 < 0

     A discrete unit ramp function can be defined as −


    .
    2.2 Unit Step function

    u(t)= 1 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑡 ≥ 0
    = 0 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑡 < 0
    Unit step function is denoted by u (t ) and is defined as:

    Discrete Unit step is defined as: u[n]= 1 𝑓𝑜𝑟 n ≥ 0


    = 0 𝑓𝑜𝑟 n < 0

    2.3 Unit Impulse function (Dirac delta function)


    ∞
    The unit impulse signal is defined as: δ (t)=0 for t ≠ 0 and ∫ ∂ ( t ) dt=1
    −∞

    Properties of the impulse signal

    Property 1: ∫ x ( t ) ∂ ( t ) dt =x (0)
    −∞

    ∞
    Property 2: ∫ x ( t ) ∂ ( t−t o ) dt=x (t o)
    −∞

    In the discrete time domain δ(n) is defined as;


    δ(n) =1, for n=0 and δ(n)= 0 for n ≠0

    2.4 Unit pulse function

    1 1
    Unit Pulse signal is defined as: rect(t)= 1 𝑓𝑜𝑟 ≤t≤ and 0 elsewhere
    2 2
    Rectangular pulse function rect[ 𝑛 ]= 1 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑛1 ≤ 𝑛 ≤ 𝑛2 and 0 elsewhere
    .

    2.5 Parabolic function

    Unit parabolic:
    A signal whose magnitude increases with the square of time. It can be obtained by
    integrating unit ramp.

    t2
    It is defined as; p(t) = for t ≥ 0
    2
    =0 for t<0

    2.6 Sinusoidal function

    Mathematical form: A cos (wt + 𝛷)


    A is amplitude/magnitude
    w is frequency in rad/s where w= 2 π f0
    and f0 is in cycles/s or Hz
    𝛷 is phase shift in radians
    Smallest period: T = 1 / f0

    2.7 Sinc Function


    It is denoted as sinc(t) and it is defined as sinc(t)=sint/t
    =0 for t=±1, ±2, ±3.

    2.8 Signum Function

    Signum function is denoted as sgn(t). It is defined as; sgn(t) = 1 for t >0
    = 0 for t =0
    =1 for t <0

    .
    2.9 Exponential Signal

    An exponential signal is given by x(t)= Ae at

    When a= 0 x(t) is a Dc signal

    a¿ 0 x(t) is an exponentially growing signal

    a¿ 0 x(t) is an exponentially decaying signal

    2.10 Complex Exponential Signal


    A complex exponential signal is given by x(t)= Ae (σ + jω ) t = Ae σt (cosωt + i sinωt)
    .

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