EE 313: Signals and Systems

Course Instructor: Prof. Dr. Haroon Rasheed

Teaching Assistant: TBA

Contact Information: Instructor:

Office: F01 Liaquat Block
sydhr@yahoo.com
(+92) 344-2889746

URL: https://www.bahria.edu.pk/bukc/ee/index.php/prof-dr-haroon-rasheed/

Text: A. V. Oppenheim and A. S. Willsky with S. H. Nawab, Signals and

Systems, NY: Prentice Hall, 1997.

Class Schedule: TMTW 11:00 − 13:00 (EE 109)

Assessment: Assignment : 20%

Quiz: 10%
Mid-term: 20%
Final: 50%

Office Hours: Instructor: F01 Liaqut Block, TR 10:00 – 11:00 TA: TBA
Course Objectives

‰ Introduce CT and DT signals and systems in terms of physical phenomena

‰ Review elementary signals and see how these can be represented in domains other than time
‰ Understand different transforms (Fourier, Laplace, Z) used to analyze signals
‰ Complete analysis of a linear time invariant (LTI) systems in time and other domains
‰ Design filters (systems) to process a signal for different applications
‰ Present state-of-art technologies used in communication systems
‰ Use computers for digital signal processing
‰ Demystify terminology !!!!!!

2
What is a Signal?
‰ Signal is a waveform that contains information
‰ System is a model for physical phenomena that generates, processes, or receive signals.

Speech Waveform
x(t): Continuous Time
3
Examples of Signals

Image
I[m,n]: 2D DT signal
(a) 1D CT signal x(t)
(b) 1D DT signal x[n]

Activity 1: For each of the representations: (a) z[m,n,k] (b) I(x,y,z,t), establish if the signal is CT or DT.
Specify the independent and dependent variables. Also, think of an example from the real world that will
have the same mathematical representation. 4
Power vs. Energy Signals (1)
Energy: ⎧∞
∫
⎪ | x(t ) | dt for CT Signals
2
⎪
E∞ = ⎨−∞∞
⎪ | x[n] |2 for DT Signals
⎪
⎩ −∞
∑

Power: ⎧ lim 1 T
⎪T → ∞
⎪ 2T −T ∫
| x(t ) |2 dt for CT Signals
P∞ = ⎨ N
⎪ lim
∑
1 2
| x[ n ] | for DT Signals
⎪N → ∞ 2N + 1
⎩ −N

Activity 2:
a. Consider the sinusoidal signal x(t) = cos(0.5πt). Choosing T = 4, determine the average power of x(t).
b. Consider the signal x(t) = 5 sin(2πt) for the interval −1 <= t <= 1 and is 0 elsewhere. Calculate the energy
of x(t).
c. Calculate the energy of the signal x[n] = (0.8)n for n >= 0 and is 0 elsewhere.
5
Power vs. Energy Signals (2)
1. Energy Signals: have finite total energy for the entire duration of the signal. As a consequence, total
power in an energy signal is 0.
2. Power Signals: have non-zero power over the entire duration of the signal. As a consequence, the total
energy in a power signal is infinite.

Activity 3:
Classify the signals defined in Activity 2 as a power or an energy signal.

6
Linear Transformations
There are two types of linear transformations that we will consider
1. Time Shifting: y (t ) = x(t − t o )

2. Scaling: y (t ) = x( at )

7
Linear Transformations (2)
Scaling for DT Signals: y[n] = x[n − no ]

Note that y[n] = x[n/2] is not completely defined

8
Linear Transformations (3)
Precedence Rule: y (t ) = x(at + b)
1. Establishes the order of shifting and scaling in relationships involving both shifting and scaling
operations.
2. Time-shifting takes precedence over time-scaling. In the above representation, the time shift b is
performed first on x(t), resulting in an intermediate signal v(t) defined by
v(t) = x(t + b)
followed by time-scaling by a factor of a, that is,
y(t) = v(at) = x(at + b).
3. Example: Sketch y(t) = x(2t + 3) for x(t) given in (a)

9
Linear Transformations (4)
For the DT signal x[n] illustrated below:

Activity 4: Draw the following:

(a) x[−n]; (b) x[2n]; (c) x[n + 3 ]; (d) x[2n + 3]

10
 Periodic Signals
1. Periodic signals: A periodic signal x(t) is a function of time that satisfies the condition
x(t) = x(t + T) for all t
where T is a positive constant number and is referred to as the fundamental period of the signal.

Fundamental frequency (f) is the inverse of the period of the signal. It is measured in Hertz (Hz =1/s).
2. Nonperiodic (Aperiodic) signals: are those that do not repeat themselves.

Activity 5: For the sinusoidal signals (a) x[n] = sin (5πn) (b) y[n] = sin(πn/3), determine the fundamental
period N of the DT signals.
11
 Even vs. Odd Signals (1)

1. Even Signal: A CT signal x(t) is said to be an even signal if it satisfies the condition
x(−t) = x(t) for all t.

2. Odd Signal: The CT signal x(t) is said to be an odd signal if it satisfies the condition
x(−t) = −x(t) for all t.

3. Even signals are symmetric about the vertical axis or time origin.
4. Odd signals are antisymmetric (or asymmetric) about the time origin.
12
 Even vs. Odd Signals (2)

5. Signals that satisfy neither the even property nor the odd property can be divided into even and
odd components based on the following equations:

Even component of x(t) = 1/2 [ x(t) + x(−t) ]

Odd component of x(t) = 1/2 [ x(t) − x(−t) ]

Activity 6: For the signal

1− | t − 1 | for 0 ≤ t ≤ 2
x(t ) = ⎧⎨
⎩0 elsewhere

do the following:
(a) sketch the signal
(b) evaluate the odd part of the signal
(c) evaluate the even part of the signal.

13
CT Exponential
. Signals (1)

CT exponential signals are of the form

x(t ) = Ce at

where C and a can both be complex numbers.

Characteristic C a
Real Exponential Signals real real
Periodic Complex
real imaginary
Exponential
General Complex
complex complex
Exponential

14
CT Exponential
. Signals: Real (2)

Real CT exponential signals:

x(t ) = Ce at
where C and a are both positive numbers.

15
CT Exponential
. Signals: Periodic Complex (3)

1. Periodic complex exponential signals:

x(t ) = Ce at
where C is a positive number but (a = j ωo) is an imaginary number.

2. Difficult to draw. Magnitude and phase are drawn separately.

Activity 7: Show that the periodic complex signal x(t) = C exp(jωot) has a fundamental period given by:

T = 2π
ωο

16
 CT Exponential
. Signals: Sinusoidal (4)

1. Sinusoidal Signals:
x(t ) = RE{Ce at } or x(t ) = IM{Ce at }
where C is real and a is complex.
2. Types of Sinusoidal Signals:

⎧C cos(ωοt + φ) Cosine wave

x(t ) = ⎨
⎩C sin(ωοt + φ) Sine wave

17
CT Exponential
. Signals: Sinusoidal (5)

Activity 8: Sketch the following sinusoidal signal

x(t ) = 6 sin(10πt + π / 2)

What is the value of the magnitude, fundamental frequency, fundamental phase, and power for the
sinusoidal signal.

Activity 9: Show that the power of a sinusoidal signal

x(t ) = A sin(2πf οt )
is given by A2 / 2.

18
 CT Exponential
. Signals: Complex (6)

1. General Complex Exponential signals:

x(t ) = Ce at
where C and a are both complex numbers.
2. By substituting C = |C|ejθ and a = (r + jωo), the magnitude and phase of x(t) can be expressed as

Magnitude : | x(t ) |=| C | e rt

Phase : p x(t ) = (ωοt + φ)

19
CT Exponential
. Signals (7)

Activity 10: Derive and plot the magnitude and phase of the composite signal

x(t ) = e j 2.5t + e j 3t

20
DT Exponential
. Signals (1)

DT exponential signals are of the form

x[n] = Cα n

where C and α can both be complex numbers.

Characteristic C α
Real Exponential Signals Real Real

Sinusoidal Signals Real Imaginary (α = jω)

General Complex
Complex Complex
Exponential

21
 DT Exponential
. Signals: Real (2)

1. For real exponential signals, C and α are both real

x[n] = Cβ n

2. Depending upon the value of a, a different waveform is produced.

¾ α > 1 gives a rising exponential
¾ α = 1 gives a constant line
¾ 0 < α < 1 gives a decaying exponential
¾ −1 < α < 0 gives an alternating sign decaying exponential
¾ α < −1 gives an alternating sign rising exponential

22
 DT Exponential
. Signals: Sinusoidal (3)

1. Sinusoidal Signals:
x[n] = RE{Cα n } or x(t ) = IM{Cα n }
where C is real and α is complex.
2. Types of Sinusoidal Signals:

⎧C cos(ωο n + φ) Cosine wave

x[n] = ⎨
⎩C sin(ωο n + φ) Sine wave
3. Not all DT sinusoidal signals are periodic

23
 DT Exponential
. Signals: Sinusoidal (4)

4. Condition for periodicity: A DT sinusoidal signal

⎧C cos(ωο n + φ) Cosine wave

x[n] = ⎨
⎩C sin(ωο n + φ) Sine wave
is periodic if (ωo / 2π) is a rational number with the period given by

N = 2πm
ωο

Activity 11: Consider the signal

x[n] =cos(πn/3) sin(πn/6).

Determine if the signal is periodic. If yes, calculate the period N.

24
Unit Step Function

‰ DT domain:

1 n≥0
U [n] = ⎧⎨
⎩0 n <0

‰ CT domain

1 t≥0
U (t ) = ⎧⎨
⎩0 t <0

Activity: For the discrete time signal

1 for − 5 ≤ n ≤ 10
x[n] = ⎧⎨
⎩ 0 elsewhere
Describe x[n] as a function of two step functions. Ans: U[n + 5] − U[n − 10] 25
Unit Sample (Impulse) Function

‰ DT domain:

1 n=0
δ[n] = ⎧⎨
⎩0 n ≠ 0

‰ CT domain: Impulse function is defined as

∞
1. ∫−∞ δ(t )dt = 1
2. δ(at ) = 1 δ(t )
|a|
3. x(t )δ(t − t ο ) = x(t ο )δ(t − t ο )
∞
4. ∫−∞ x(t )δ(t − t ο )dt = x(t ο ) 26
Gate Function

‰ DT domain:

⎧1 n ≥ N / 2
Π[n] = ⎨
⎩0 elsewhere

‰ CT domain

⎧1 t < T
Π (t ) = ⎨
⎩0 elsewhere

27
Ramp Function

‰ DT domain:

n n≥0
r[n] = ⎧⎨
⎩ 0 elsewhere

‰ CT domain

t t≥0
r (t ) = ⎧⎨
⎩ 0 elsewhere

28