B. M. S.

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, BENGALURU – 560019

Autonomous college, affiliated to VTU
DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS
UNIT 4: NUMERICAL METHODS-1

Course Title:MATHEMATICAL FOUNDATION FOR COMPUTER SCIENCE

STREAM – II / ELECTRICAL STREAM – II/ CIVIL ENGINEERING STREAM – II /
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING STREAM – II
Course Code: 22MA2BSMCS/ 22MA2BSMES/ 22MA2BSMCV/ 22MA2BSMME
Solution of Algebraic and transcendental equations:
An expression of the form f ( x ) = a0 x n + a1 x n −1 + ... + an −1 x + an , a0  0 is called a polynomial of
degree ' n ' and the polynomial f ( x ) = 0 is called an algebraic equation of nth degree. If f ( x )
contains trigonometric, logarithmic or exponential functions, then f ( x ) = 0 is called a transcendental
equation. For example, x2 + 2sin x + e x = 0 is a transcendental equation.

➢ Intermediate Value Theorem:

If f is a function which is continuous at every point of the interval  a , b  with f ( a ) and
f ( b ) having opposite signs, then there exists at least one root between ‘ a ’ and ‘ b ’.

➢ Newton-Raphson method

Figure 2: Typical iteration of NR method. (Differs from problem to problem)

f ( xn )
The iterative formula is xn+1 = xn − .
f  ( xn )
If a root exists in the interval ( a, b ) then x0 = a or x0 = b or x0 = any point between a and b or
a+b
x0 = could be taken as the initial approximation.
2
f (x0 )
For n = 1, x1 = x0 − 1st approximation/iteration
f ' (x0 )

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 Unit 4: Numerical Methods-1

f ( x1 )
For n = 2 , x2 = x1 − 2nd approximation/iteration
f ' ( x1 )

The iterations can be continued like this until desired accuracy.

1. Find the roots of the following equations by Newton-Raphson method

a. x3 − 3x + 1 = 0 near a) x = 0.5 . Ans: 0.347 b) x = 2 Ans: 1.532

b. x log10 x = 1.2 in ( 2,3) correct to 4 decimal places. Ans: 2.7406

c. 3x = cos x + 1 in the interval ( 0,1) correct to 4 decimal places. Ans: 0.6071

d. xe x − 2 = 0 near x = 0.5 Ans: 0.853

e. 3sin x − 2 x + 5 = 0 near x = 3 . Ans: 0.684
f. x sin x + cos x = 0 near x =  . Ans: 2.7985
2. Find the fourth root of 32 using Newton-Raphson method. (Hint: x4 − 32 = 0 ). Ans: 2.3784

Finite differences and interpolation for equal intervals

Forward difference yn+1 = yn+1 − yn .
Backward difference yn = yn − yn−1 .
k th forward difference  k yn+1 =  k −1 yn +1 −  k −1 yn .
k th backward difference k yn = k −1 yn − k −1 yn−1 .

1. The following table gives a set of values of x and the corresponding values of y = f ( x )

x 10 15 20 25 30 35
y 19.97 21.51 22.47 23.52 24.65 25.89

Form the forward difference table and write down the values of f (10), 2 f (10), 3 f (15) and
4 f (15) .
2. Given u0 = 3 , u1 = 12 , u2 = 81 , u3 = 200 , u4 = 100 and u5 = 8 find 5 y0 .

3. Construct a finite difference table for the function f ( x ) = x3 + x + 1 where x takes the values 0,
1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6. Identify the leading forward differences.
4. Form a table difference for the function f ( x) = x3 + 5x − 7 for x = −1 , 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5. Show
that the third differences are constant. Continue the table to obtain f ( 6) .
5. Identify the missing value from the following table:
x 0 1 2 3 4
y 1 3 9 ? 81

Interpolation: Newton’s forward and backward interpolation:

➢ Newton’s Forward Interpolation Formula
p ( p − 1) 2 p ( p − 1)( p − 2 ) 3 p ( p − 1)( p − 2 )( p − 3) 4
y ( x ) = y0 + p y0 +  y0 +  y0 +  y0 + ..... .
2! 3! 4!

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 Unit 4: Numerical Methods-1

Where x = x0 + ph .
➢ Newton’s Backward Interpolation Formula
q ( q + 1) 2 q ( q + 1)( q + 2 ) 3 q ( q + 1)( q + 2 )( q + 3) 4
y = yn + q yn +  yn +  yn +  yn + ...... .
2! 3! 4!
Where x = xn + qh .
1. The following data gives the melting point of an alloy of lead and zinc, where t is the
temperature in C and p is the percentage of lead in the alloy.
p ( % ) 60 70 80 90
t 226 250 276 304
Find the melting point of the alloy containing 84% of lead, using Newton’s interpolation
formula. Ans: f ( 84 ) = 286.96 .

2. The current in a wire is measured with great precision as a function of time:

t 0 0.1250 0.25 0.375 0.5
i 0 6.24 7.75 4.85 0

Determine i at t = 0.23s .
3. Using Newton’s forward formula, compute the pressure of the steam at temperature 1420 from
the following steam table.
Temperature 140 150 160 170 180
Pr essure 3.685 4.854 6.302 8.076 10.225

Ans: f (142 ) = 3.899kgfcm −2

4. The following table give the values of tan x for 0.10  x  0.30 . Find tan ( 0.26 ) .

x 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30

tan x 0.1003 0.1511 0.2027 0.2553 0.3093

5. The area of a circle (A) corresponding to diameter (D) is given below:

D 80 85 90 95 100
A 5026 5674 6362 7088 7854
Find the area corresponding to diameter 105 using an appropriate interpolation formula.
6. Find u0.5 from the data, u1 = 238 , u2 = 320 , u3 = 340 .
7. Distance in nautical miles of the visible horizon for given heights in metres above the surface
of the earth are given by the following table:
x ( heights ) 100 150 200 250 300 350 400
y ( dis tan ce ) 12 16 21 27 36 50 72
Find the value of y when x = 225 metres. Ans: f ( 225 ) = 23.71
8. Extrapolate for 25.4 given the data
x 19 20 21 22 23
y 91 100.25 110 120.25 131

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 Unit 4: Numerical Methods-1

9. Given f ( 40 ) = 184 , f ( 50 ) = 204 , f ( 60 ) = 226 , f ( 70 ) = 250 , f ( 80 ) = 276 ,

f ( 90 ) = 304 , find f ( 38 ) and f ( 85 ) using suitable interpolation formulae.
10. Given sin450 = 0.7071, sin 500 = 0.7660, sin 550 = 0.8192, sin 600 = 0.8660, find sin 570 using
an appropriate interpolation formula.
11. From the following table find the number of students who obtained less than 45 marks. Also,
estimate the number of students scoring marks more than 40 but less than 45.
Marks 30 − 40 40 − 50 50 − 60 60 − 70 70 − 80
No. of Students 31 42 51 35 31

12. If the number of persons earning below 1000 is 6000, estimate the number of persons having
incomes between 2000 and 2500 from the following data:
Income 1000 − 2000 2000 − 3000 3000 − 4000 4000 − 5000
No. of Persons 4250 3600 1500 650
13. A survey conducted in a slum locality reveals the following information as classified below.
Income per day ( Rs ) under 10 10 − 20 20 − 30 30 − 40 40 − 50
No. of Students 20 45 115 210 115
Estimate the probable number of persons in the income group 20 to 25.
14. Compute u14.2 from the following table by applying Newton’s backward interpolation
formula.
x 10 12 14 16 18
ux 0.24 0.281 0.381 0.352 0.384
15. Use Newton’s forward interpolation formula to find y35 given y20 = 512 , y30 = 439 , y40 = 346
, and y50 = 243 .
16. Find the missing term in the following table using appropriate interpolation formula:
x 0 2 4 6 8
y 14 15 5 ? 9
17. Find f ( 2.5) by using Newton’s backward interpolation formula given that f ( 0) = 7.4720 ,
f (1) = 7.5854 , f ( 2) = 7.6922 , f ( 3) = 7.8119 , f ( 4) = 7.9252 .
18. Apply Newton’s backward formula to find the cubic polynomial satisfying f ( −4) = −25 ,
f ( −2) = 1 , f ( 0) = 3 , f ( 2) = 29 , f ( 4) = 127 and hence find f ( 3) and f ( 5) .
19. Compute f (1.22) with the help of forward difference table for the following data.
x 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4
f ( x ) 0.841 0.891 0.932 0.963 0.985

20. From the following data estimate the numbers of students who have scored less than 70
marks.
Marks 0 − 20 20 − 40 40 − 60 60 − 80 80 − 100
No. of Students 41 62 65 50 17

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 Unit 4: Numerical Methods-1

INTERPOLATION FOR UNEQUAL/EQUAL INTERVALS

➢ Lagrange’s Interpolation:
If y = f (x ) takes the values y0 , y1 ,..., y n corresponding to x = x0 , x1 ,..., xn , then the Lagrange’s
interpolation formula is as follows:

y=
( x − x1 )( x − x2 ) ... ( x − xn ) y + ( x − x0 )( x − x2 ) ... ( x − xn ) y
( x0 − x1 )( x0 − x2 ) ... ( x0 − xn ) 0 ( x1 − x0 )( x1 − x2 ) ... ( x1 − xn ) 1
.
+ ... +
( x − x0 )( x − x1 ) ... ( x − xn −1 )
y
( xn − x0 )( xn − x1 ) ... ( xn − xn−1 ) n

x 5 7 11 13 17
1. Given the values evaluate f ( 9 ) using Lagrange’s
f ( x ) 150 392 1452 2366 5202
interpolation formula Ans: f ( 9 ) = 810
x 5 6 9 11
2. Use Lagrange’s interpolation formula to find y at x = 10 given
y 12 13 14 16
Ans: f (10 ) = 19.5
3. The following table gives the viscosity of an oil as a function of temperature. Use Lagrange’s
formula to find viscosity of oil at a temperature of 140 .

Ans: f (140 ) = 7.03

Temp 110 130 160 190
Vis cos ity 10.8 8.1 5.5 4.8
4. Given log10 654 = 2.8156 , log10 658 = 2.8182 , log10 659 = 2.8189 , log10 661 = 2.8202 , find by
using Lagrange’s formula, the value of log10 656. Ans: log10 656 = 2.8168
5. If y (1) = −3, y (3) = 9, y (4 ) = 30, y (6) = 132, find the Lagrange’s interpolation polynomial
that takes the same values as y at the given points. Ans: y = x3 − 3x2 + 5x − 6
6. Certain corresponding values of x and log10 x are: (300, 2.4771), (304, 2.4829), (305, 2.4843)
and (307, 2.4871). Find log10 301 by using Lagrange’s interpolation formula
Ans: log10 301 = 2.4786
7. Using Newton’s divided difference formula, find f ( x ) from the following data:
x 0 1 2 4 5 6
Ans: f ( x ) = x 3 − 9 x 2 + 21x + 1
f ( x ) 1 14 15 5 6 19
8. The following are the measurements T made on a curve recorded by oscillograph representing
a change of current I due to a change in the conditions of an electric current.
T 1.2 2.0 2.5 3.0
I 1.36 0.58 0.34 0.20
Using Lagrange’s formula, find I at T = 1.6 .
9. Find the distance moved by a particle and its acceleration at the end of 4 seconds, if the time
verses velocity data is as follows:
t 0 1 3 4
v 21 15 12 10
10. A curve passes through the point (0, 18), (1, 10), (3, -18) and (6, 90). Find the slope of the curve
at x = 2 .
11. Using Lagrange’s interpolation, calculate the profit in the year 2000 from the following data:

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 Unit 4: Numerical Methods-1

Year 1997 1999 2001 2002

Profit in Lakh of Rupees 43 65 159 248

➢ Lagrange’s Inverse Interpolation:

Lagrange’s formula is a relation between two variables either of which may be taken as the
independent variable. Therefore, on interchanging x and y in the Lagrange’s formula, we
obtain
x=
( y − y1 )( y − y2 ) ... ( y − yn ) x + ( y − y0 )( y − y2 ) ... ( y − yn ) x + ... +
( y0 − y1 )( y0 − y2 ) ... ( y0 − yn ) 0 ( y1 − y0 )( y1 − y2 ) ... ( y1 − yn ) 1
( y − y0 )( y − y1 ) ... ( y − yn−1 ) x
( yn − y0 )( yn − y1 ) ...( yn − yn−1 ) n
1. Applying Lagrange’s formula inversely to find x when y = 6 given the data
x 20 30 40
y 2 4.4 7.9
2. Use Lagrange’s inverse interpolation formula to find the value of x for y = 100 given y(3) = 6,
y(5) = 24, y(7) = 58, y(9) = 108, y(11) = 174.
3. Compute the value of x, when y = 8 by inverse interpolation using Lagrange’s formula
x -2 -1 1 2
y -7 2 0 11
4. The following table gives the values of x and y :
x 1.2 2.1 2.8 4.1 4.9 6.2
y 4.2 6.8 9.8 13.4 15.5 19.6
Find the value of x corresponding to y = 12 , using Lagrange’s interpolation formula.
5. Apply Lagrange’s interpolation formula to obtain a root of the equation f ( x ) = 0 , given that
f (30) = −30, f (34) = −13, f (38) = 3 and f (42) = 18 .
6. Apply Lagrange’s interpolation to find the value of x when f (x ) = 15 from the given data:
x 5 6 9 11
f ( x ) 12 13 14 16
7. Obtain the value of t when A = 85 from the following table using Lagrange’s interpolation.
t 2 5 8 14
A 94.8 87.9 81.3 68.7

Numerical Integration
b x0 + nh

I =  y dx =
a
 f (x ) dx
x0

where f ( x ) takes the values y0 , y1 ,..., y n corresponding to x = x0 , x1 ,..., xn , then

rd
➢ Simpson’s 1 3 Rule (n is multiple of 2)
x0 + nh
h
 f ( x ) dx = ( y0 + yn ) + 2 ( y2 + y4 + ... + yn −2 ) + 4 ( y1 + y3 + ... + yn −1 )  .
x0
3
th
➢ Simpson’s 3 8 Rule (n is multiple of 3)

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 Unit 4: Numerical Methods-1

x0 + nh
3h
 f ( x ) dx = ( y0 + yn ) + 3 ( y1 + y2 + ... + yn −1 ) + 2 ( y3 + y6 + ... + yn −3 )  .
x0
8 

➢ Weddle’s Rule (n is multiple of 6 )

x6
3h
 f ( x ) dx = 10  y0 + 5 y1 + y2 + 6 y3 + y4 + 5 y5 + y6  .
x0

▪ When n = 12
x0 + nh

 f (x ) dx = 10  y + 5 y1 + y 2 + 6 y 3 + y 4 + 5 y 5 + 2 y 6 + 5 y 7 + y8 + 6 y 9 + y10 + 5 y11 + y12 

3h
0
x0
1
dx
1. Evaluate 1+ x
0
2
using

(i) Simpson’s 1/3rd rule taking four equal strips

(ii) Simpson’s 3/8th rule taking six equal strips
hence compute an approximate value of  in each case. Ans 0.7854,  = 3.14156

 (sin x − log x + e )dx using Simpson’s 3/8th rule.

1.4
x
2. Compute the value of
0.2
1
dx
3. Evaluate 1+ x
0
taking seven ordinates by applying Simpson’s 3/8th rule. Hence deduce the

value of loge 2 . Ans: 0.6932 loge 2 = 0.6932

4

e
th 1/ x
4. Use Simpson’s 3/8 rule to evaluate dx . Ans 4.9257
1

1
xdx
 1+ x
th
5. Evaluate 2
by Simpson’s 1 3 rule (or 3 8 ) taking seven ordinates and hence find
0

loge 2.
 /2
6. Find the approximate value of  cos  d by Simpson’s 1/3rd rule by dividing 0,   into 6
 2
0
equal parts. Ans: 1.1873
 /2
7. By using Simpson’s 3/8th rule, evaluate  0
esin  d . Ans:3.1028
8
dx
8. Use Simpson’s 1/3 rule with seven ordinates to evaluate
rd
 log
2 10 x
Ans: 9.7203
0.6

 e − x dx by taking 6 sub-intervals.
2
9. Use Simpson’s 1/3 rule to find rd
Ans: 0.5351
0
10. Given that
x 4 4.2 4.4 4.6 4.8 5 5.2
y = log e x 1.3863 1.4351 1.4816 1.5261 1.5686 1.6094 1.6487
5.2

Evaluate I =  log xdx by

4
a) Simpson’s 1/3rd rule, b) Simpson’s 3/8th rule.

Also compare it with exact value.

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 Unit 4: Numerical Methods-1

Ans: a)1.8278472, b) 1.8278470, Exact: 1.827822556

6
sin x th
11. Evaluate 0 x dx using Simpson’s 1 rule (or 3 ).
3 8 Ans: 1.42479

x2 −1
12. By using Simpson’s 3/8th rule with h= 0.2 find the approximate area under the curve y =
x2 + 1
between the ordinates x = 1 and x = 2.8. Compare the result with the exact result.
Ans: 0.9152 Exact: 0.9152
13. Find the distance travelled by a train between 8.20 AM and 9 AM from the following data.
Time 8.20 am 8.30 am 8.40 am 8.50 am 9 am
Speed (miles/hour) 24.2 35 41.3 42.8 39.4
Ans: 25.411 miles
14. A plane area is bounded by a curve, the x – axis and two extreme ordinates. The area is divided
into six figures by equidistant ordinates 2 inches apart, the heights of the ordinates being 21.65,
21.04, 20.35, 19.61, 18.75, 17.80 and 16.75 respectively. Find the approximate value of the areas
by numerical integration. ` Ans: 233.616 sq. inches
15. Use Simpson’s rule to compute the area bounded by the curve y = f(x), x – axis and the extreme
ordinates from the following table.
x 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Ans:11.49sq units
y 0 2 2.5 2.3 2 1.7 1.5
16. A solid of revolution is formed by rotating about the x – axis the area between the x – axis, the
lines x = 0 and x = 1 and a curve through the points with the following co-ordinates.
x 0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1
y 1 0.9896 0.9589 0.9089 0.8415
Using the Simpson’s rule, find the volume of the solid formed. Ans: (0.897395)𝝅
17. A river is 80 feet wide. The depth d in feet at a distance ‘x’ foot from one bank is given by
x 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
d 0 4 7 9 12 15 14 8 3
Find approximately the area of cross section of the river. Ans: 710 sq. feet
18. The velocity ‘ v ’ of a particle at distance ‘ s ’ from a point on its path is given by the table:
s ( ft ) 0 10 20 30 40 50 60
(
v fts −1
) 47 58 64 65 61 52 38

Estimate the time taken to travel 60 ft by using Simpson’s 1 3 rd rule. Ans: 1.062s

19. The velocity v(km/min) of a moped which starts from rest, is given at fixed intervals of time
t(min) as follows:
t 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
v 10 18 25 29 32 20 11 5 2 0
Estimate approximately the distance covered in 20 minutes. Ans: 309.33km
6
dx
20. Find the value of 
th
by Simpson’s 1 3 rule (or 3 8 ), Hence obtain approximate value of
2
x
loge 2 . Ans: 0.693
21. A curve is drawn to pass through the points given by the following table:

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 Unit 4: Numerical Methods-1

x 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4

y 2 2.4 2.7 2.8 3 2.6 2.1
th
Apply Simpson’s 1 3 rule (or 3 8 ), estimate the area bounded by the curve, the x-axis and the
lines x = 1, x = 4 . Ans: 3.032
22. A body is in the form of a solid of revolution. The diameter D in cms of its sections at distances
x cm from one end are given below. Estimate the volume of the solid. Ans: 1.063sec
x 0 2.5 5 7.5 10 12.5 15
D 5 5.5 6 6.75 6.25 5.5 4
23. The following table gives the velocity v of a particle at time t :
t ( sec ) 0 2 4 6 8 10 12
v ( m / sec ) 4 6 16 34 60 94 136
find the distance moved by the particle in 12 seconds and also the acceleration at t = 2sec .
Ans: 30.87m/sec
24. A rocket is launched from the ground. Its acceleration is registered during the first 80 seconds
and is given in the table below. Using Simpson’s 1/3rd rule, find the velocity of the rocket at
t = 80seconds .
t ( sec ) 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
f ( cm / sec2 ) 30 31.63 33.34 35.47 37.75 40.33 43.25 46.69 50.67
Ans: 29 minutes
25. A reservoir discharging water through sluices at a depth h below the water surface has a surface
area A for various values of h as given below:

h ( ft ) 10 11 12 13 14
A ( sq. ft.) 950 1070 1200 1350 1530
dh −48h
If t denotes time in minutes, the rate of fall of the surface is given by = .Estimate the
dt A
time taken for the water level to fall from 14 to 10ft above the sluices.

2 𝑡 2⁄ )
26. The growth rate of a certain tree (in feet) is given by 𝑦 = + 𝑒 −( 2 ,
1+𝑡

where 𝑡 is time in years. Estimate the growth of the tree at the end of the second year by
applying Simpson’s 1 3 rule of integration by dividing time interval in to four equal
subintervals. Present your answer after rounding to the nearest hundredth.
27. The vertical distance covered by a rocket from t = 0 and t = 4 seconds is given by an
4 14
integral ∫0 (2 𝑙𝑜𝑔 ( ) − 9.8𝑡) 𝑑𝑡 using Simpson’s 3/8th rule of integration for step
14−2𝑡
size ℎ = 2 and ℎ = 1.
28. Given that
x 4 4.2 4.4 4.6 4.8 5 5.2
y = log e x 1.3863 1.4351 1.4816 1.5261 1.5686 1.6094 1.6487

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 Unit 4: Numerical Methods-1

5.2

Evaluate I =  log xdx by Weddle’s rule.

4
Ans: 1.8278

29. A curve is drawn to pass through the points given by the following table:
x 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4
y 2 2.4 2.7 2.8 3 2.6 2.1
Apply Weddle’s rule, estimate the area bounded by the curve, the x-axis and the lines
x = 1, x = 4 . Ans: 3.032
6
dx
30. Evaluate 1+ x
0
2
by using Weddle’s rule. Ans: 1.4056

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