S E C R E T S O C I E TI E S

OF ALL AGES AND COUNTRIES

A C o mp r e h en s i v e Acc ou n t o f u
p w ard s of O n e H u nd r e d
an d S i x t y Se cr e t O rg an i s at i o n s — R e l i g i o us P o l i t i c a l , ,

a n d S o c i a l — fr o m t h e m o s t R e m o t e A e s
g
d o wn t o the P r es en t T i m e
E mb rac i g th
n e Mys teri e s o f A n cient I di n C hi J p E gypt M xico
a, na, a a n, , e ,

P er u G
, re e c e, a nd S candi na vi th C b b li t E arly C hri ti
a, e a a s s, s a ns ,

Hereti c s A ssa s si ns , Thugs T e mp lars th e Vehm and

, , ,

I n quisitio n M ys ti c s R osic ruc ia ns , I lluminati F ree

, , ,

i i C b i Nihili t
ma s ons , S k0 p z i , C amorr s t , ar o na r , s s,

F i F h S p i sh
e n a ns , re nc , an ,

And o t h er M ys t e r i o u s Se c t s

C HAR L E S W I LL I AM HE C K E THO RN

I N TWO VO L U ME S
V OL . II

N E W E DI TI ON

THO R O UGHL Y RE VI S ED AND GR EATL Y E NL AR GE D

L O N DO N

GE O R GE R E D WAY
1 89 7
 AN A L Y T I C A L T A BL E OF C ONT ENTS

VO L . II .

Th e n umbers p r eced i ng a na ly ti ca l h ea di ngs re er f to the s ecti ons .

PA ES G
A UT H II O R T ES CO N S U LTE D

B OOK XI
FRE E MASO NRY
I THE L E G NDE or THE TE M P LE .
— 3 83 . An c e t r s y of H i ra m Ab i fi .

u
.

3 84 H . i mra , So l om o n , and th e Q ee n of Sh b e a .
3 85 . M u rd e r of

H ra m i
II IGIN
. ORT —3 86 Th F i s t M s s
AND 3 87 P i ds f RAD I TI O N s . . e r a on . . er o o

F m s y 3 88 F m s y d iv d f m m y S u s 3 89
re e a on r . . re e a on r er e ro an o rc e .

T u H is t y f M sr y e or o a on r

I I I RI . C M —39 L is t f R i t s
TE S AN D39 M s i C us t m s U S TO 8 . 0 . o e . 1 . a on c o

s i Al p h b t
39 2 . Ma on c a e

IV TH L DG —3 9 3 I t i A g m t f L dg 3 94 M d
. E O E . n e r or r ra n e en o o e . . o ern

L dg 395 oO f
fi e s .
39 6 O p i g t
. h L d g cer . 6 — 8 . en n e o e 1 1

V G N IN E SP U I M A N Y — 3 9 7 Dist i t i b tw G ui
E AN D U R OUS SO R . . nc on e een en ne

i us M s y 39 8 S m R i t s ly d s v S p i l
.

d Sp an ur o a on r . . o e e on e er e ec a

M ti en on

VI C M NI I N I TI A I N — 3 9 9 C m i s f I i ti t i — Th ‘

. O
E RE O ES F T O . . e re on e o n a on e

Ap p ti 4 C
re n m ce i s . f I i t i t i
00 — .Th F ll w C ft e re on e o n a on e e o - ra

u
.

4 C m
01 y . f I i t i t i
e re d S t on y f H i
o m s M d — Th
n a on an or o ra
’
r er e

M st M s a 4 er Th L g d E x p l i d
a on .
4 3 Th R isi g
02 . f e e en a ne . 0 . e a n o

O si is 4 4 T h r B l . i g S t 0 . e az n — 9 ar 21 2

V I I TH H Y R Y A A CH —4 5 O ffi s 4 6 C m i s 4 7 P ss
. E OL O L R 0 . ce r . 0 . e re on e . 0 . a

i g t h V ils n e e

V I I I G AN D M A A H T — 4 8 C m i l
. R S TE R BC I EOI ‘
’
. 0 . e re on a

I X G AN D E CT K I GH o K AD H — 4 9 Th T m K d b 4
. R LE N T r OS . 0 . e er a os . Io .

R p ti i t th D g
e ce on 4 T h M ys t i
n o s L dd
e 4e Th re e . 1 1 . e e r ou a e r. 12 . e

S v St ps e en e
3 7 39
-
vi C ON TE N TS
PAG ES

X . PR I NC E OF R O S E -C R0 1 x .
— 4 I 3 D is t i n c t . f ro m Ro si u i cr c an , a nd h as
v i us Nar o a me s .
4 1 4 O fi ce r . f s an d L o ge d s .
41 5 R
.
p ti e ce on i n th e F i st r

A p a rt m e n t .
416 . S e co n d Ap a rt me n t .
41 7 . R p ti
e ce i on n th e Th i d r

Ap a rtm e n t -
4 43
0

XI . I
THE R TE S o r M I S RAI M AND M E M S — 4 1 8 A n om a e o f th e R te o f PH I . . li s i
M i s ra i m 4 1 9 O rg a n a t o n
. is y
4 20 H to r a n d C o n t t t on
.
42 1 is i . . siui .

i s is
R te a n d C e re m on e i
4 2 2 R te o f M e mp his . .

XI I M D N K N I GH
. O T MP ER S —4 3 O i gi 4 4 R viv l TS f th E L AR . 2 . r n. 2 . e a o e

d m i s i i i —
O 4 5 Th L
r i
e r.t i 4 6 C 2 . f I te t 47 5
ev co n . 2 . er e on e o n a on 0

X I I I F MA ON Y N E NG AND AND S C T AN D — 4 7 F m s y i
. REE S R I L O L 2 . re e a on r n

E gl d 4 8
n F an m s y i S tl d 4 9 M d
. 2 . F ree a on r n co an . 2 . o er n ree

m s y a on r

XI V F MA O N Y
. N F ANC — 4 3
RE E S I t du t iR i t F I 43 1 R E 0 . n ro c on n o ra n ce . .

Ch v li R ms y e a 43 P hil s p hi l R i t
er a 433 a Th .Duk 2 . o o ca e . . e e

d Ch t s e a r re

XV TH C H AP o C M NT AND TH S T I CT O V —434
. E TE R r LE R O E R RS E R AN OE

J su i t i l I fl u
e 4 3 5 Th S t i t O b s v
ca n en ce . . e r c er a n ce

XV I TH R AX D O. E AN —43 6 O g is t i
EL E f R l x d Ob BS E RV OE . . r an a on o e a e s er

v 4 3 7 D is p u t s i
a n ce . G m L dg s .
438 R i t f Zi d f e n er an o e . . e o n ze n or

4 3 9 Af i A hi t ts
. r ca n rc ec

XVI I TH C NG o W H M AD —44 V i us C g ss s 44
. E O RE S S r IL EL SB . 0 . ar o on re e . 1 .

Dis ussi s t I Vi l h l m b d
c on 44 R su l ta f C v ti 44 3 e s a . 2 . e o on en on .

F d i k Willi m I I I
re er c d th M s s a . an e a on

XVI I I MA N Y A D NA O M —444 M y p t t d b y N p l
. SO R N PO LE N IB . . a s on r ro e c e a o e on .

44 5 S p d f F m s y 4 46 Th C l v L v s 447 O b
. rea o re e a on r . . e o er ea e . . se

q i fF m s
u o u s n es s o y 4 48 A t i N p l i F m s y re e a on r . . n - a o e on c re e a on r

X IX F MA N Y TH R TO A O N AND H S OND E MP I —449

. R EE SO R , E ES R TI T E EO RE .

Th S i ty f F t d P i s tly O p p si t i
“ ”
e R g
oc e 45 o ra n ce t e e n e ra e . 0 . r e o on o

M s y 4 5 P li ti l I i g i fi
a on r . f M s 1 . y 45 F o ca ns n ca n ce o a on r . 2 . re e

m s y d N p l I I I 4 5 3 J i ti l M
a onr an v s
a o eo n . . esu ca a n oe u re

XX F MA O N Y N I A Y — 4 5 4 Whi msi l M s i S i ti s 45 5
. REE S R I T L . . ca a on c oc e e . .

I llu m i ti i I t ly 45 6 F m s y t N p l s 4 5 7 D t ils f
na n a . . re e a on r a a e . . e a o

D um t 45 8 F
oc m s en y t V
. i 45 9 Ab t m t u d
. re e a onr a e n ce . . a e en n er

Np l 46 a Th Fo e on . m s y f th P s t i I t l 4 6 R
0 . e re e a onr o e re e n n a v . 1 . e

f m dd or n ee e

XX I C AG I . AND E G Y PTI AN M A
L O S TRO N Y — 46 2 L i f f C gli s t SO R . . e o a o ro.

4 6 3 Th E g y p t i Ri t H yd m n y 4 6 5 L d g s ’
.
46 4 C g li t
e an e . . a os ro s ro a c . . o e

f u d d b y C gli st
o n e a o ro

XXI I A D P I MA N Y — 466 H ist i l N ti 46 7 O g is ti

. O T VE SO R . . or c a o ce . . r an a on

46 8 J s i t D g . s e u e re e

XXI I I A ND O G Y N M A N Y —46 9 O i g i d T d y 470 E li s t

. R O US SO R . . r n an en en c . . ar e

A d gy us S i t i s n ro 47 no O th A d g y u s S i ti soc e 47 e . 1 . er n ro no oc e e . 2 .

V i us th A d g y u s S i ti s 473 K i g h t s d Ny m p hs f
ar o o er n ro no oc e e . . n an o

th R s 4 74 G m
e O d
o e. f th R s 4 7 5 P t d d O b j ts
. er an r er o e o e. . re e n e ec

f th O do 4 76 O d e fH m y
r e r. 4 77 M s s D ugh t. r er o ar on . . a on
’
a er
 C ON TE NTS vii

G
PA E S

XXI V S O HI BMATI O R TE S AN D S EC Ts —4 7 8 S c
. m at c R te a n d S ect I . . his i i s s .

4 7 9 F a rm as s on i
.
4 80 Th e Gor mo g on es 4 8 1 Th e o ac
. te , or . . . N hi s
N oa c h i d se 482 Arg on a t 4 83 Th e G ra n
. O r e n t a n d At e m
. us . . d i h is
udi us D g 484 . L c ro e re e

XXV DI FF I N . US O OF THE O RDE R — 485 . F re e m a s onr y in Spa i n a nd

P tu g l 4 86 F ors y i R ussi 487 F m s y i S w i t

a . . re e ma on r n a . . ree a on r n ze r

l d 4 88 F m s y i S w d
an . d P l d 4 89 F. m s y r ee a on r n e en an o an . . re e a onr

i H ll d d G mn y 49 F m s y i Tu k y Asi Af i
o an an er an . 0 . re e a on r n r e , a, r ca ,

d O i 4 9 F m s y i Am i
an cea n a . 1 . ree a on r n e r ca

XXV I P C TI ON o F MA N Y — 49 C us s f P s uti
. E RS E U S r REE SO R . 2 . a e o er e c on

4 93 I s t s f P s u t i .
49 4 An t i -M s i P ub li ti s
a n ce o er e c on . . n a on c ca on

XXVI I F TI I TY M D N F . MA O N Y — 49 5
U V i P t si s
L or O ER RE E S R . . a n r e en on

f M d F om s y 4 9 6 V i ty f M s i C m i l
o e rn re e a on r . . an o a on c ere on a .

49 7 M s y di ff s s K wl dg 49 8 D y f F m s y
. a on r u e no no e e. . eca o re e a on r .

4 99 M s i Op i i s f M s . y 5 M s i L i t tu
a on c n on o a on r . 00 . a on c era re .

5 Th Q u tu Coo a t i L dg . e 6a or oron a o e 10 -1 10

B OOK XI I
I NTE RNAT I O N AL N E AN D ANAR C HI S TS , COM MU ,

50 1 . I n t ro du t y R m ks 5
c or S i lis t i S h m s
e
5 3 H is t y f t h
ar . 02 . oc a c c e e . 0 . or o e

I n t ern a ti l 5 4 O b j ts d A i m s f I t t i l 5 5 Th
on a . 0 . ec an o n e rn a on a . 0 . e

I nt e rn a ti l i E gl d
on a
5 6 Th I t n ti l Ab d 5 7 Th
n an . 0 . e n e rn a on a ro a . 0 . e

I n t ern a ti l d t h E mp i
on a
5 8 Th I tan ti l d th W e re . 0 . e n e rn a on a an e ar .

50 9 . Th I t t i l d th C mmu
e n e rn a 5 B dg t f th on a an e o ne 10 . u e o e

l 5 Att m p t t R viv th I t ti l 5
.

I n te r n a ti on a . 1 1 . e o e e e n e rn a on a . 12

A n a rc his ts

B OOK XI I I
P OL T C AL I I S E C RE T S O C E T E S I I
I . C H IN ES E CI
S O ETI E S — SI 3 E a r e t S e c re t C . . li s hi s S i ti s
ne e oc e e .
5 1 4 M ore .

rec e n t S oc e t e
5 1 5 L o ge i is
5 1 6 Go . . d s . . v m t 5 7
e rn en . 1 . S ea l of th e
u
H n g L e a g ue 5 1 8 Th e K O l a o Hu i . . 1 2 8—1 3 8

II . Th e C O M U N E RO S ks . is 5 1 9 I n tro ct or R em a r
. du
5 20 E arl e t S ec re t y . .

S i ti s i S p i
oc e e n s i a n. 5 2 1 F r e e m a on ry i n S p a n , t h e F oreru n n er of th e
.

C muo s 5 n ero u s . l i l i is
22 . Th e C om n e ro 5 3
2 C e r c a S oc e t e 1 —
3 9 1 42 . .

I II . TH H E I I A — 5 4 O i g i 5 5 Th H t i i f 8 5 6 Th
ETA R . 2 . r n . 2 . e e a r a o 1 1 2. 2 . e

H t i i
e a r a f 8 4 5 7 Sig s o d P ss w ds
1 5 8 Sh t C
1 . f 2 . n an a or . 2 . or a re e r o

G l t is P di s f th G d A h 5 3 I p i l ti P ’
a a
5 9 .
g 2 . roce e n o e ra n rc . 0 . s an s ro

5 3 I p i l t i Blu d s 5 3 P g ss f t h I su ti
’
cee di g n s. 1 . s an s n er . 2 . ro re o e n rre c on .

5 3 3 I p i l ti A p p hi g F ll 5 34 Adv f th Tu ks
’
. s an s
535 roa c n a . . a n ce O e r .

I p i l ti Di ffi ul t i s 5 3 6 I p i l ti F ll 5 3 7 I p i l ti M i f st
.

’ ’ ’
s an s c e . . s an s a . . s an s an e o.

5 3 8 I p i l t i I m p is m t d D th f t h H t i is ts
’
. s an
5 39 F t
s r on en an ea . . a e o e e a r .

D th 5 4 F m k i D th 54 F i l Su ss f
’
54 G g ki
’
0 . e or a s ea . 1 . ar a s ea . 2 . na c ce o

th H t i i
e e a r a 43
—
56 1 1
v i iI C ON TEN TS
G
PA ES

THE C ARBO AR N I —5 43 His t y f th

A o c a t on 5 44 Re a O r gi n o f
. . or o e ss i i . . l i
t h e C a rb on er a e en i 5 45 Th V di t
a or L o g e
5 46 R t a o f I n t a t on
. . d . . iul ii i .

5 4 7 F r t D e gr e e
. is 5 4 8 Th e S econ De gre e 5 49 Th e De gre e of . . d . .

Gra n E ec t d l
5 5 0 De g re e o f Gra n M a t er Gra n E e c t
.
5 5 1 S ig . d s d l .

ul i s
.

n i fica t i o n o f th e S m b o 5 5 2 O t e r C e re mon e a n d Re g a t on y ls . . h is
us i u li
.

5 5 3 Th e A on a n R e p b c
.
5 5 4 Mo t S e c re t C a r b on a ro De g ree . . s .

5 5 5 De . t t , B o g ra p caWi ot c e o f i
5 5 6 C a r b o n a ro C a rt e r p ro hi l N i . . h
po e sd
to E n g a n 5 5 7 C a rb on a r m a n d M ra t l d 5 5 8 Tr a o f . . is u . . i l
C a rb on a ri 5 5 9 C a rb on a r m a n d t h e Bo rb on
.
5 60 Th e K n g
. is u s . . i s ’

Re en g e v 5 6 1 Re a o f C a rb on a r m
.
5 6 2 C a rb o n ar m a n d t h e
. viv l is . . is
C rc hu h 5 6 3 C ar b o n a r m i n
. o rt er n I t a
.
5 6 4 C a rb on a ri s m i n is N h ly . .

F ra n ce 5 6 5 C a rb on a ri s m i n G erm a n
.
5 6 6 C a rb on ar m i n S p a n
. y . . is i
i di i
5 6 7 G a r n ere
.

V M C AN
. IS I A AN S C ETI
E LL 5 6 8 Gu lp hi
EO U S K i g h tsT LI
5 69 O I ES . . e c n

Gu l p hs
. .

ed C b i 5 7 Th L t i i 5 7 Th C t s 5 7
an ar o na r . 0 . e a n . 1 . e e n re 2

L i tté t u s
. .

I t li a an 5 73 S i t i s i C l b i ra e d th Ab i 5 74
r . . oc e e n a a r a an e ru zz . .

Ci A roi hi i 5 7 5 C t i fi t s f t h D isi 5 7 6 Th C l d
nn c a r c o. i . er ca e o e ec . . e a era r .

5 7 7 Th I d p d t s.
5 78 Th D lp hi P i s th d
e n e en 5 79 E g y p t ien . . e e c r e oo . . an

L dg s o
58 Am i
e . Hu t s 58 0 S .t I t li S i ty i e r ca n n er . 1 . e c re a an oc e n

L d on 58 S t I t li
on . S i t i s i P is 2 .
5 83 M i i d
e c re a an oc e e n ar . . a zz n an

Y u g I t ly 5 84 M i i t h E vil G i us f I t ly 5 85 A i
o n a . . a zz n , e en O a . . ss ass

ti na i R ssi on o
5 86 S i ili S i ti s o 5 8 7 Th C . i t i l 5 88 . c an oc e e . . e o n s s or a s . .

Th R m e C t h li Ap s t li C g g t i
o an 8
5 9
a S f dis toi 78 —
c 95 o o c on re a on . . an e 1 1

VI NA . N I C A D ANT N AP N I C S OC I TI
P O L EO 5 90 Th
N P hil I - O LEO E ES . . e a

d lp h i e 59 Th R ys
an s .
59 S t L gu i 1 Ti l
.
593 e a . 2 . e c re ea e n ro .

S i ti s i F v u 5 9 4 Th I llum i t i 59 5 V i s
.

oc e fN p l
e n a o r o a o e on . . e na . . a r ou

th oS i ti ser 5 9 6 Th A
oc e lt ll t i e . 6
9 20
— . e cc o e a or 1 1

VII F . NCH S C I TI S — 5 9 7 V i u s S i ti s ft th R s t ti
RE O E E . ar o oc e e a er e e o ra on .

5 9 8 T h A t
. i g C m p ye 5 99 C m m u
c is t i Sn i t i s 6 C us s o an . . o n c oc e e . 00 . a e

fS o t S i ti s i F
ec re oc e e n — 6 ra n c e 20 2 20

V I I I P I H S C I TI — 6 P lish P t i t ism 6 V i us R l
. OL S O E ES 01. o a r o . 02 . ar o evo u

ti y S
on a rt s 6 3 S t N t i
ec l G v m. t 0 7
.
— 9 e c re a on a o e rn en 20 20

I X THE O ML ADI NA — 6O 4 Th e P a n s l a v i s t s 2 1 0, 2 1 1

I H CI I — Y u k y 6 6 Am i S i ty
. . .

X T U R K S S O ET E S
. 60 5 o n g Tu r e . . . 0 . r en a n oc e 2 1 2, 2 1 3
X I TH UN I N S F Y —6 7 H is t i l S k t h f th S i y
. E O
4
— OF A ET . o . or ca e c o e oc e t . 21 216

X I I T N I H I I — 6 8 M i g f th t m Nihil is 6 9 F d s
. HE L S TS . 0 . ea n n o e er t . 0 . oun er

of Nihilism 6 S g i N h y fi 6 G i g m g t h P p l . 10 . er e ec a e . 11 . o n a on e eo e.

6 12 Nihilism b m s Ag g ssiv 6 3 S p hi B d i
. d th e co e re e. 1 . o a ar na s
’
an o er

T i ls
r a 6 4 Th P t y f T
. 6 5 V
1 Z . li 6 6 Ofi i l e ar o e r ro r . 1 . e ra a s su c. 1 . c a s

K i ll d Th te d b y th Nihilis ts 6 7 F i s t Att mp ts g i s t th
or re a e n e e . 1 . r e a a n e

E mp s L if 6 8 Num us E x ut i s 6 9 Th M s w At t mp t
e ro r
’
e . 1 . e ro ec o n . 1 . e o co e

a g i s t th E mp
a n 6 V i us Nihilis t T i ls 6 E x p l si i
e e ro r . 20 . ar o r a . 21 . o on n

t h Wi te P l 6 Ass ssi ti
n er f t h E mp 6 3 Th M i
a a ce . 22 . a na on o e e ror . 2 . e ne

in G d St art 6 4 C s ti tuti s id t h v b G t d by
en re e . 2 . on on a o a e een ra n e

l t E mp
a e 6 5 Th Nihilis t P ero r.l m ti 6 6 Th E mp s 2 . e ro c a a on . 2 . e e ror
'

R p ly t h
e t 6 7 At t m p t g i s t G
e re o . l T h i 6 8 T i ls 2 . e a a n e n era c e re v n . 2 . r a

an d th E v ts i
o 88 er6 9 C ti d C u s s f Nihi l is t i
en n 1 2 . 2 . o ron a on , a n a e o c
 C ON TE N TS ix

G
PA ES

ivi ty 6 3 C l l S d iki sh t b y Nihilis ts 6 3 Att mp t

I n a ct 0 . o on e u e u o . 1 . e

u
.

g i
a s t t ha n E m p t G t hi e 6 3 T i l f t h F t 633
e ro r a a s na . 2 . r a o e o r ee n . .

R st t i f t h Nihilis t P ty 6 34 E x t si f Nihil is m
e co n r uc on o e ar . . en on o .

6 3 5 D li f Nihilis m ec 6 3 6 Nihilis t i P
ne o di g s i 887 6 3 7 . . c roce e n n 1 .

Nihilism i 888 63 8 S l ug h t f S i b i E xil s d Hu g

. .

n 1 . a er o er a n e ,
an n er

6 39 O u s f m
.

S t ik s r e . s i 89 6 4 O . cct rr e n c e n 1 0 . 0 . c c u r re n c e ro o

P s t D t re e n 64 Nihilis t i F i a s 6 4 Th S t P ss
e . 1 . c n a n ce . 2 . e e c re re .

6 4 3 Nihilis t i . M su s f S f ty 6 44 Th Nihilis t s i P is c ea re o a e . . e n r on .

6 4 5 Nihilis ti E m i g
. ts 6 46 Nihilist i L i t c tu 6 4 7 T i ls f ra n . . c era re . . r a o

Nihil is ts —
7 56 21 2

XI I I G MAN S C I
. ER — 6 48 Th M s l C lub O 6 49 G m F li g
ETIE S . . e o e . . er an ee n

g i st N p l
a a n 65 F m ti a d S p
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D ivisi s m g M mb s on f T g db
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T g db d u en 6 5 3 H s t ili ty f G v
un m t s g i s t T g db d
. .
—
57 6 o o o e rn en a a n u en un 2 2 2

XI V TH BA I — 6 54 B b t h F d 6 5 5 P g ss f B b is m
. E B S . . a , e o un e r. . ro re o a .

656 B b i D t i . 65 7 R
a t H is t y f B b is m
oc r n e 6 3 69
. . e ce n or o a 2 -2

XV I I H S
. R S —6 5 8 Th Whi t B ys 6 5 9 R i g h t B ys d O k
O OI E I I E S
’ ‘
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B ys 66 o H t s - i S t l Th sh s B
. 0 . k fD yB y D f d s
ear O - ee , re er ,
re a -o - a - o s ,
e en er ,

U i t d I ish mn e Ri b b m r 66 S i t P t i k B ys en 66 Th
, on en . 1 . a n a r c o . 2 . e

O g mra n 66 3 M lly M g i s
e e n. 66 4 A i t O d f Hi b . i s o a u re . . n c en r er o e rn a n .

665 O igi . d O g r is t i f F i is m 6 66 O i g i f N m
n an r an a on o en an . . r n o a e

i L i t y 6 6 8 E v ts f m 86 5 t 87 6 6 9 Th S i
.

66 7 F . e n an an . . en ro 1 o 1 1 . . e o

di t G sa n l Cl t 67 Ph
e n era ix P k M u d s d G s us e r e . 0 . oen ar r er , an on e

q 67
u e n c es Dy m i t O t g s . 67 1Th N t i
. lL g 6 73 na e u ra e . 2 . e a on a ea ue .

i is m 6 74 E v ts f m 888 t 89 6 6 75
.

C m i A sp ts f F
o c ec o en a n . . en ro 1 o 1 . .

M st R o t R v l ti s
ec e n e e a7
— 87 on 2 0 2

B OOK XJ V
'

I
M S C E L L A E O US S OC E T E S N I I
6 76 . Th e A B C F r li s 6 7 8 A d m y f t h A i ts i dsen . 6 7 7 Ab e te . . . ca e o e nc en .

6 7 9 Al m u s s e ri
. 68 A y m s S i ty 6 8 A ti M s i P t . 0 . n on ou oc e . 1 . n - a on c ar y .

68 A ti M s s
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.

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7 02 H m . L p ds 7 3 H t s th
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e . 0 . us a n a e r. 0

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7 9 M gi O d
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M el a n e si a n S o c i e t i e s .
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7 24 . O dd F e ll w s
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72 6 P a n t e t 7 2 7 P a t r o t c O r e r S on o
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Am e r c a 7 2i8 P h i.
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73 3 P t a , K n g t . .
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c .
74 S d b
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th 7 45 T b
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ADDE N DA E T C ORRI G EN DA
V OL I .

P a g e 3 6—Buddh s Im Work ddhist li i i h

’
Bu Re g ; Bu dd a B rt
’
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ly dis v d
p a c e rec e n t l co e re

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—Te m p e o f Ha t
l h or

P age 4 1 — F m ily f W ld
2 a o a o

P age 6 8— V h m L i d s w k th ’
1 e ,
n ner or on e

P a ge 6 9— B t i P li — J h
1 ea fP m ao o n o ar a

P age 9 8
1— As t l g i l S i ty i L d
ro o ca oc e n on on

P age 2 o
3 — M st P i d t h R si u i s
a er a n c o an e o cr c an

P ag e 23
— Asi t i B t h
1 d t h i C u s t di
a c f A hiv s
re re n a n e r o an o rc e

P age 25 8 — M i g ft m G d e an n o er ar un a

P age 7 2 — Th C m
0 L w s g i st th
e a o rra
,
a a a n e

P age —
7 3 Th C m G t s St i s f N pl s d th C a m or ra
’
2 e a orra , ra n or e o a e an e

P age —
3 5 Th G m
1 U i e B h dt erd his m ys t i u s
an n on a r an er o c o rre sp d on en t s

V OL . II .

P ag e 6 o— A fi
r ca n h i s ti s
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P ag e I3 —T pi g w ae -
g t h C hi s A tis t
2 n - an e ne e r a
,

39 Eu p ft th C g ss f V i
P a ge 1 — ro e a er e on re o en n a

P gea 1 —
5 9 Th C b e i th ut h f Th M m s f t h S r t
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S i t i s f t h S u t h f I t ly p t i ul ly th C b
oc e e o i e o o a ,
ar c ar e ar on a r

P age 7 P lish P t i t is m C u i e s p i i
— th f ’
20 o a r o o rr re o n on e re o

P ag e 2 59
— B S t i
a ro n v o n t h T g d b d d s t s i t
e n on i s —B e u en un an e cre oc e e a ro n

St i P ivy C u ill
v on t th C u t P l t i
e n, f C l g
r o nc or o e o n a a ne o o o ne

P a ge 6 —Th T g d bw d
2 0 e d th G m
u en isi g n an e er an r n

P age 2 7 8— F i s O L en an y R ll ti s f F i s d F i is m
’
ea r
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s eco ec on o en a n an en a n

P age 2 99 — H u m L p ds w
anh y ll d — m ys
eo t s i ti s
ar W st s o ca e an e c re oc e e on e

s t f Af i c oa o r ca

P a ge 3 01— I di ( N t h Am i
n an ) S i t i s th l g d f M
or b k e r ca n oc e e : e e en o ana oz o

an d C h i b i a b os
 AU T H O R I T I E S C O N S U L T E D

N B — Th e books to th e ti tles f w h i ch i s p refixed i n th e a uth or s

’
. .
o an a re

ow n li bra ry .

C AR BO N AR I .

* WR I G H TS O N ,
R . H . H is tor y of Mod ern I ta l y . L on d on , 1 8 5 5 .

*
CA N U T ,
C . II C on c il i t i
a ore e C a rb o n a r M i . il a n o, 1 87 8 .

* Me mo is
r of th e S e cre t S i ti s oc e e of th e S o t uh of I t lya , p ar ti u l ly th
c ar e
C arb on ar i . L on d on , 1 8 2 1 .

S AI N TE stituti d C b i P i s 8
DME . C on on es ar on a r . ar , 1 21 .

* DE WI L S i étés s
TT et s d F
. t d It l i es oc ecr e e ra n ce e
’
a e . Pa r is , 1 83 0 .

O RLO FF Mé m i s
. l y um d N p l s o re s ur e ro a e e a e .

C O LLE TTA St i d l m di N p li
. or a e rea e a o .

L E BL AN C L Hi s toi re d e Di x An s
’
. .

G RO S . De D di er et i a ut s re con sp i t u s s us l
ra e r o a Re st u ti a ra on . Par is ,

1 84 1 .

*
SAN INI L C T St i sull O i gi d ll C b i s u i f sti en n o or c o
’
r ns e a ar on e r a e o a

ll p v i i N p l t ( Th i s w k w sp i ll y
.
,

ne e MS 1 88 ro nc e a o e an e . 1 or as ec a
w itt f S t S i ti s b y I ta l i g tl m w ll
. .

”
r en or ecre oc e e an an en e an e

qu i t d with th s u bj t )
ac a n e e ec .

* C A R N H R K A T u th ugh th S uth
VE ,
P
on i s f . . . o r ro e o ern rov n ce o
N p l s 4t Pl t s L d
a e 8 . o . a e . on on , 1 21 .

*
PEP E G R l ti , d Ev e m ts P l iti qu s t Mi l it i s a N p l s
e a on es ne en o e e a re a e

is
.

en 1 82 0 et 1 82 1 . Pa r , 1 82 2 .

F R E E M AS O NS .

* BA RR U E L L Ab b é . is y
Th e H tor of J a cob i n i s m Tra n sl t d f
a e ro m th e
h
u v ls
, .

F r en c . Fo r o L on on , 1 7 9 7
. d .

BAZ O T . T b l u hi st i q u
a ea or e, p hi l s p h iqu o o e, et m ora l d e l a Ma con n eri e
en F r a n ce .

BE DARRI DE De l Ord r e m a gon n i q ue d e Mi s ra i m

.
’
. P ar is , 1 84 5 .

Vi e d e h i
J os ep Balsa mo Pa r s 1 7 9 1 .
,
.

Mém i s uth ti q u s p u s
o re i a l Hi t i a en e o r er v r
’
s o re d e C ag l i st
o ro . S t ra s
b u g 7 86 r , 1 .

*
C I M u l fF m s
A RL L E y L d . an a o ree a on r . on on , 1 84 5 .

C G L B Hi s i
L AV E L , Pi tt squ d l F . . . t o re ore e e a ra n c - Maconn eri e . Par is ,

1 844 .
x ii A U TH O RI TI E S C ON S U LTE D
DE L A T E R C E I
H s o re d es Fra n c -Ma con 1 74 5 . iti s s . .

DE RM O TT Th e A man Rezon . hi .

C
* E KE R T E E
, Ve r ur th e i l u n
g d e s F r e m a u re r -O r d e n i s T h re e v ls
o
h ffh us
. . . .

Sc a
’
a en , 1 86 3 .

E YB E R T . L es t
Ma r y rs d e l a Fra n c -Ma con n e ri e en s
E p a gn e . Par is ,

1 854 .

*
FE L LO WS . yst i s f F M er e o re e m a on r s y . L on do n, 1 86 0 .

*
F IN DE L , J G Hi s t y f F or o re e m a on r s y Wi th Preface b y D Mu rray
y
. . . .

L on . L on d on , 1 87 1 .

*
F o x , TH O S L F ree m a on r s y Ac co u n t of Ear ly H i st y or of Free
y
. . .

ma s on r i n E ng a n L on l d . d on , 1 8 7 0 .

*
Free m a s s on
’
Q ua r terly Rev i ew . L on d on .

* F r e e m a on r s y ,
R t iu l a o f, i l ud i
nc n
g Ac co u t f Mu d n o r er of Wi ll ia m
Morga n . By a Tra v lle er in th e U it d St t s
n e a e . E n g ra vi gsn .

De v on 1 83 5 , .

HU TCH N S O N I
S p r o f F ree m a on r . i it s y .

HE L DM AN N L es t ro s p l a n c en Mo n m e n
. i us i s u ts d e l a C on f rate rni té
ll d
'

m acon m q ue e ma n
'

a e .

Le Mon d e Ma gonn i q u e ( p e ri od i ca l p ub l i ca ti on ) . 1 8 59- 7 9 .

P roced ures d e l I n q ui s i ti on d e Por ga ’

tu l con tre l e s F ra n c s - Mason s . 1 7 40 .

JU GE L e G ob e ; Arc e g n ér a e l hi v s é l s d es S oc i é té s s e c re e ts n on po li
ti qu s is
.
,

e Pa r . .

LE N N ING E y l . nc c o
p ae di c i u i
d e r Fre m a r e re .

LE N O I L F R . a ra n c - Ma con n e r i du a e r en e sa v eri ta b l e Or g ii ne .

L I NND E R, W . Ma c-Ben a c h L ip si 8 9
. e c, 1 1 .

* MAC K E Y . Le xi c on o f F re e m s y L d a on r . on on , 1 86 7 .

*F
a tti ed Argo men ti i t n o rn o a ll a Ma s s on e r i a . Gen o v a , 1 86 2 .

Mas on r y th s e a m e al l o . v er th e World . Bo ton , s 83 0 1 .

*
Or g ii
d e l a Magon n eri e Ad on h i ra m i te
ne 1 7 87 . I l e l y op ol i s , .

MO U E R NI
De l I n fl u e n ce a r b e a u x P
’
o op e , a u x F ra n c tt i u é hi l s h s s
ll u i s s
.

M aqon s e t a ux l m n e s ur l a Rev ol u ti on d e F ra n ce Pari

’

.
,

1 80 1 .

L es p lus s ecre ts Myst s d ‘

e re e la F ran c -Ma gon n eri e . J usal

er em ( Pari s ) ,

1 7 74
* O L VE R I i s t y f I i ti t i s L d
. H 84 or o n a on . on on , 1 1 .

T h eocra ti Phi l s p hy f F
c m s y L d o o o r ee a on r . on on , 1 840 .

Prog ra m m M ss i d tt t d ll M ss i
a a on co a o a o a a a on er a I t lia an s R i cos ti tuta .

1 86 3 .

* RA GO N Co r u s p hi l s p hi qu o o e d es I n iti ti s a on a n c en n e i s et mo d e rn e s .

is
.

Pa r ,
1 84 1 .

Ma n u e l C o m p l et d e l a Ma gon n e r i e d es Da m es . Pa r is ,
1 86 0 .

*
R AG O N J M L a F ra n cm agon n e r i e
,
. Pa ri s . .
,
N O . .

*
WE I S S E J A Th e O b e l i sk of F ree ma s on r y a cc o r di ng to th e Di s
i
, . .
,

c o v e r i es of Be zon P l . l ts a e . Ne w Y k or , 1 8 80 .

* WA DZ E H F L eb e n un d Sc hi ks l c a e v on F M Gros s i ng e r
. . . F ra n k
fu
, .

r t, 1 7 89 .

* F anc -
r s M c s LO d a on ,
’
r re d es , t hira et l s S ec re t d es Mop ss e r ev lé'

Pl t s Am s t d m
a e . er a , 1 745 .
 A U TH OR I TI E S C O N S U LTE D xii i
* S a rs e
V l l k mm B u m ist L i p ig 86
na o d er d er o o en e a e er . e z , 1 0 .

*W f fF
a r a re om s y g i s t C h u h d S t t Th S t T s
r ee a on r a a n rc an a e, e e cr e ran
l t d f m th G m
.

a e L dro 87 5 e er an . on on , 1 .

*
Z H HH H G s m m l t S h i ft
SC O E, Th i ty si x v l s A
. u 85 e a e e c r en . r - o . a ra
, 1 0 .

*R BI O J P fs f C s p i y g i t l l th R li gi s d
S O N, r oo o a on ra c a a ns a e e on an
m ts f E u p d di ti
.

G v o e rn S en L d 79 7 o ro e . e co n e on . on on , 1 .

*
S F E X Av tu s d C gl i s t
AI N T~ LI P is
. 854 en re e a o ro . ar ,
1 .

S I N VI C L V i M c i d Ad p ti L d
’
A T- TO R .
7 79 a ra e a on n e r e 0 on . on on , 1 .

Th S e ts f F m s y R v l d L d
e cre O 7 59 re e a on r e ea e . on on , 1 .

A M st K y t F
a e r- m s y L d e 76 o ree a on r . on on , 1 0 .

*
SP E
R ATT, C st i tu ti s f th U f th G d L dg s i I l d
on on or e se o e ra n o e n r e an
Du b l i
. .

75 n, 1 1 .

VE RN H E S Defe n s e d e l O rd re d e Mi s ra i m
.
’
.

DE WI DE HI N D Ge c c e d er F re ma rere i n De . c s hi ht i u i uts h l d an .

O F F E G, A Der Ha mm e r d er F r e ma rere am K a s ert i u i i h d ron e er Hab s

u i i
.

ger b Am b e rg un d L e p z g , 1 8 80
r . .

* DAL E
N, C VAN K a en er i ii r F re m a re r a u f d a s a r l d i u Jh 1 89 4
i i
. . .

L e p z g, 1 89 4 .

*R
HO D O C AN A K I S , Pr n ce Th e I m p er a C o n a n n an O r er i . il st ti i d of St .

Ge orge 4to L on on , 1 87 0
. . d .

I NTE R NATI ONAL AN D C O M M U NE .

C ont mp y j u l i s m f v i us u t i s
e orar o rn a o ar o co n r e .

M ZZ I I S itti d iti i d iti Mi l

A N . 86 —3 cr e e ne . an , 1 1 .

Hist i d l I t
o re ti l P J qu s P p u l us P is 87
e
’
n e rn a on a e . ar ac e o . ar , 1 1 .

L Fi d B p tism E d P mp y P is
*
a n P a ona 87 ar e . ar . e o er . ar , 1 2 .

*
L C mu
a d i P i gi l 1 8 7 1 P J C tu Mi l
o ne 87 3 ar ne . er . an . an o, 1 .

*
W I G H N R H Hi st y f M d
R TS O I t ly L d
,
85 5
. . or o o e rn a . on on , 1 .

*B C I L mb di
AR O N 1 , ll Gu It li
. 848—9 T i o ar ne e err e a an e, 1 . or n o, 1 85 6 .

*V D E
I L L E TAR Hist i d l I t ti l ,
P is 87. o re e
’
n ern a on a e . ar , 1 2 .

*Y 0
OR KE,S t Hist y f th I t ti l L d 87
. ecre or o e n ern a on a . on on , 1 2 .

I RI S H S OC I E TI E S .

*In
c ip i t en Ir ish Re v l uti
o on : an E x p os e of Fen i ism
an of To-d ay .

L on do n, 1 889 .

*
WATE RS ,
TH O S . Th e R b b on man i or , Th e S ecre t Tr b iu l na . G ls
a

g ow ,
N D . .

*
MO O R E , TH O S . L if e of L or d E dw d Fit ar zgera ld .

*S
p e ec h sf e rom th e Doc k or,
’

P ro t sts e of Ir i sh P t i tism a r o .

C on t mpe orary J ou rna l m is .

RU TH E R F O RD ,
JOH N . Th e S ecre t Hist y or of th e F en i an C on p i rac s y .

L on d o 1 877 n, .
x iv AU TH ORI TI E S C ON S U LTE D

* FR O S T
,
TH O S . Th e S ecre S oc t i ti s
e e of th e E u ro ean
p Re v lu ti
o on .

Tw o v ol s . L on on , 1 87 6 d .

* LE C AR O N , H . Tw en t yfi - ve Y ea r s i n th e S ecre t S er vi ce . L on do n,
1 89 2 .

*
HO P KI N S , T . il i h
K m a n am Me m or e Th e S o r is t y of th e Grea t ste
li i i tu y
.

Po t ca l Cr me o f th e C en r L on on , 1 89 6 . d .

*
DO WS ETT, C F . . S t i k i g E v ts i
r n en n Ir i sh Hist ory . Lon d on ,
1 89 0 .

M I S C E L L AN E O U S .

* BL A G DO N, F . W . Geog ra p hy of A fi r ca . Ma p s an d p l at s e . L on do n .

Der Ab eli t .
4 to . i i
Le p z g , 1 7 46 .

Z uv e rl as s i ge N a h i ht c r c en i i b er S ch On h errs L eb en K o n gs b erg, i 1 83 9 .

( Mu ck er )
.

S CH O O L C R AFT , H R . . H ist y or of th e I ro qu ois . Ne w Y k or , 1 846 .

Ag l i c Re s ea rc hs e . New Y k or , 1 83 9 .

* BE L L
,
H . J . O b ea h Witch craft i n th e West I n d i es . L on do n , 1 89 3 .

BATE MAN , C S L ATR O B Fi st As t f th K s i ; b i g s m E r ce n o e a a e n o e

v i u d th L S t
. . .

Recor ds
o f S er ce L d 889 n er e on e ar . on on , 1 .

* RO V A I GI U NPP C t A i
,
Tw v l s M il 889
SE E . en o nn . o o . a n o, 1 .

WAK E C S M m i s f I t ti l C g ss f A th p l gy e o r o n e rn a on a on re o n ro o o .

C hi g
. .
,

894 ca o, 1 .

R OT H H L Ab i g i s f T s m i L d
, . . 89 or ne o a an a . on on , 1 0 .

Ab ig i s f Hisp i l
or L d 887 ne o an o a . on on , 1 .

MO R G A L H L gu f H d
N, . I q u is R h st r
. ea e o o- e-n o-s a u -n ee , or ro o . oc e e

( N ew Y k) or , 1 85 1 .

DI N AU x A M , . . L es S oc é é Ba i t s d i s Tw v l s P is 86 7 ne . o o . ar , 1 .

K I G
N S L E Y, MAR Y H . T v l s i W st Af i
ra e L d 89 7
n e r ca . on on , 1 .

HE N N E AM R H Y N , OTTO D Bu h d
. Myst i
as L i p ig 89 c er er en . e z ,
1 1 .

POL I TI C AL .

*B
R UC H G h im G s ll s h ft i S p i
K, . M i 88 e e e e e c a en n an en . a n z, 1 1 .

* Ab b é
BAR R UE LL , Th Hist y f J bi i m T sl t d f m th e or o a co n s . ran a e ro e

h F u v ls L d
.

F re n c 797 . o r o . on on , 1 .

*
BL AC E TT,
H H G i b ld i Hi L if d Ti m s I ll ust t d L d
. ar a s e an e . ra e . on on ,

1 882 .

* BO N N E ME R E E
,
ist i d l J q . H o re e a ac u eri e . Pa r is ,
N D
. .

* C t mp
on e y J u li m ora r o r na s .

C N U J d i d i P i gi l M il L emon
’
* A T LI n cen o ar ne 87 1
1 . a n o, 1 87 3
i A Hi t i d l R v luti is v ol s
.
, .

n er, s o re e a e o on d e Pa r . Tw o . Bo r
d u x 87
.

ea , 1 1 .

*
C ARR A T D l l Di f s d i V
NA, i . e a e a en ez a . Gen o va , 1 85 0 .

*
C M m i s f C iti
AUS S I DI E RE e o r o ze n or, S ecre t Hi st ory of th e Rev ol u
ti f 848 Tw v l s L d
.

on o 1 . o o . on on , 1 848 .

GO I A LE p R év l uti ir Pa r is 1 849
* ’
L O VI N E , V N . u ro e o onn a e .
,
.
 AU TH ORITI ES C O N S U LTED xv
*
GAR IB ut b i g p hy
AL D I , G A o o ra Tran sl t d b y Aa e Wern e r T h ree
v ls L d
. . . .

o 889
. on on , 1 .

*
H D
O L d l
DE , G s hi h t d e a e c c e er Ge h im e en Ge s lls h ft
e c a en und d er
p u b l i k is h P t i i F k ih
. .

re an c en ar e n ra n re c v on 1 83 0 —1 84 8 Aus dem
B s l
.

F Oi hra n z s s c 85 en . a e , 1 1
* HO R N E R , S A C e n tur v of De s p o ti s m in N pl s a e an d S i i ly
c E di n
u gh
. .

b r , 1 840 .

*
L AMM O N I E R, A . La Rev ol u ti on d c Pa r is . Bor d au x e , 187 1 .

* MA Y E RS , Rev M . J N t o e -Boo k of th e l a te C ivil W ar in S wi t l d zer a n

( S on d erb u n d War) uih

. .

. L on d on an d Z r c ,
1 848 .

*
M o n th ly M a ga zi n e
’

an d Bri ti s h Regi s ter F tt i ys v - e en v ols F rom

u y 7 9 6 t J u ly
. .

F eb r ar d 1 o 1 82 4 Lon on . .

* P A F I
L Y WI I M Hist y f J b i i m L d
A R, LL A
79 5 . or o a co n s . on on , 1 .

*
DU M A L G i b ldi s
AS , P is
. 868 es ar a en . ar ,
1 .

* B UM
EA V Y Vi m t d His t i d Et ts I t l i s d p ui s l
O N T- AS S co e e o re es a a en e e
C g es d Vi B u x ll s 8 5
.
,

on r e en n e . r e e , 1 1 .

* R CC
O M m i s f th W
A f th F e h i S p i T sl t d
o r o e ar o e r en c n a n ra n a e
by M G h m
. .

L d . 8 5 ra a . on on , 1 1 .

* P e t D m i ll t ut s p év us d
r oc s con re sp i ti t e e rv e e a re r en e con ra on con re
B p t P is
on a IX ar e . ar ,
au .

DA Vt d L I t l i R ug P is
* ’ ’
RLI N C O U RT, 85 e . e . a e o e . ar , 1 0 .

* B N I C I L mb d i ll Gu
AR O ,
It li
. 848—9 T i 85 6 o ar ne e e rre a an e , 1 . or n o, 1 .

* S t S i ti s f th A my f th D st u ti f th G v m t
e cre oc e e o e r or e e r c on o e o ern en
of Bona p ar te . L on d on , 1 81 5 .

*S e j o ur d
’
un O ffic i er F ran ga i s en lb Ca a re . Pa r is , 1 82 0 .

* Di e Ge h im e en De uts h c en Ver bi du g n n en i n d er S c hw i s i t e z e 1 83 3
sl
.

Ba e , 1 847 .

*
MU L L E R , E D . . Po l iti ca S egreta I ta l i a n s . Tor i n o, 1 8 80 .

S CH L E G E L , G . T hi ti E wi (th Hu g L gu ) 4t
an n e n ea e . o . 1 866 .

DO O L I TTL E . S oc i l L if f C hi s L d
a 86 9 e o ne e . on on , 1 .

* WAL TO N W , . Th R v l uti s i S p i
e Tw v l s e o on n a n . o o . L on d on , 1 83 7 .

*S A N TA RO S A - . L a Rev ol u ti on Pi em on ta i s e en 1 82 1 . Par is 8 , 1 22 .

N I E BUH B G R, . U eb er Ge h im V b i d u
e e er n n
gen i m p re ussis h c en S ta a t
i
. .

Berl n , 1 8 1 5 .

* BRO WN E,E G A r ll
T av e e s
I
’
N a ati v rr e to i ll ust t ra e th e E p is d e o of
idg
. .

th e Bab C amb r . e , 1 89 1 .

S E LL , E . Th e Ba
t h an d th e Bab is M d s
. a ra , 1 89 5 .

GO BI N U J A d L R
EA hi s p hi s d s l A i e es e l igi s l on et es P lo o e an
’
s e

C t l P is
. .
, .

e n ra e 86 5 . ar ,
1 .

* P li m t y P p
ar a F u th
en ar C sp d sp ti g A ti a er : r er orr e on en ce re ec n n

F ig Ri ts i C hi
or e M h 89
n F l o n na . a rc , 1 2 . o .

* R v u R t sp ti v
e e A hi v s S
e ro et s d D i G uv m t ec e , ou rc e ec r e u ern er o e rn e en

[d F e] 8 3
— 8 48 4t
ran c e P i s 848 , 1 0 1 . o . ar , 1 .

* T D CH I C
E ES I Mi l si V f Mi l
,
86. an e a en a r o . an o, 1 1 .

* B AR T H K M G s hi ht G i h l d s
OL DY , TW v l s L ip i g
. . e c c e r ec en an . O o . e z ,

1 8 74 .

* KE I L, R . Di e Gr ii n d un g d er d uts h e
e c n B u s h s h ft
r c en c a in J en a .

J ena , 1 883 .
xvi A U TH ORI TI ES C ON S U LTE D
* S TR E TE R
,
I i s Ti l s L i p i g 86
J . St ud i en e n e ro er . e z , 1 2 .

B H Y J L S D K i g d Ty l L dl ut B l i 8
A RT O LD , . . . er r e er ro e r an e e . er n, 1 14
.

I L F
L S E, G s hi ht d p l i ti s h U t s u hu g 8 9
e c c e er o c en n er c n en v on 1 1 -2
7
kfu t 86
. .

d 83 3 —4
un F v on 1 2 . ra n r , 1 0 .

R I P L M t d l Mi i st R ssi R m 848
OS S , . a or e e n ro o . o a, 1 .

S CH C F H R N t s th I qu is A l b y 847
OOL RA T, . . o e on e ro o . an ,
1 .

C D I G
O R H
R N Th M l i s O x f d 89
TO N , . . e e an es a n . or , 1 1 .

F D
E RR E R O M U p p i n d i Lu
E LL A Fi 87 3 AR I N O R A . n oco ce . re n ze , 1 .

TH M OJ Th S t i ts f M l
SO N, L d . 87 5 e ra o a a c ca . on on , 1 .

*
B U A W D L b d F ih
R, .m St i B li 89 as e en es re errn v o e n . er n, 1 1 .

P O L I TI C AL S OC I E TI E S
R U S S I AN .

*D L d
U C, L Russi C t mp. ie . P is 854 a e on e or a n e . ar ,
1 .

LA I G L Hi t i d N ihi l ism Russ P is 8 8

’
* VE NE
,
. s o re u e e . ar , 1 0 .

*R v l ti s f R u ssi i
e e a 846 Tw v l s
on Pl t s o L d 846 a n 1 . o o . a e . on on , 1 .

*Russi Mém i s S e ts l Ru s si l Fi d Reg d o re ec re s ur a e s ur a n u ne e

C th i C l ui d P u l I F u v ls P is 8 4
.

II t a er n e . e s ur e e a . o r o . ar , 1 0 .

M H G Di G h i m W k tatt d P l i s h E h bu g
'

IC ALO F , e e e e er s e er o n c en r e n v on

f Ru s s l d k i h L ip i g
.

83 m i t S t i fii h t
1 0, d F re c ern au an un ran re c . e z ,

1 87 7 .

*
S CH NI Z J H Hist i I ti m d l Russi s us Al x d
T LE R , o re n e e a e o e an re et

N i l s Tw v l s P is 847
. .

co a . o o . ar , 1 .

* S CH J H Di N ih i l ist
E RR, L i p ig 88 5
O . e en . e z , 1 .

*
S PN I
TE L Rus s i S tt
AK Mi l
. 88 a a o erra n ea . a n o, 1 2 .

U d g u d Russi T sl t d f m th I t l i
n e r ro L d n a . ra n a e ro e a an . on on ,

1 8 83 .

*
TH U N , A Ge c c e d er Rev ol uti on aeren Be eg n gen i n R s hi ht w u ussl d an .

i i
.

L e p z g, 1 8 83 .

d ch a u , Ge e m e De n c r
* Deu tsch e R u n s ub er d i e t hi k s h ift N ihi l is is h en c

o U ti
m r eb e v om a r e 1 8 7 5 n e 1 88 1 J h . Ju .

* Uns er e Z ei t, 7 m He t, 1 886
f
f . Russ l a d s i n n n er e Z ust d an e Der N ihil
m is us
u n d d i e Re orm en f .

*
C on t mp
e y J u l ism
ora r o rn a .

*
Cen tur y J u y 888 Russi
,
an ar 1 . an v i ia l P is s
Pr o nc r on .

F b u y 888
e Russi
r ar 1 . an Pol iti l P iso s ca r n .
 BO O K XI
MA S O N R Y
‘

FREE
4 S E C RET S O CI ETIE S

prof e w as th e f th e r of Jab l who first t a ught m e h ow

an ,
a a , n

t o dr e ss c m e ls: ski s ; of J ub l who disc o v e r e d th e h a rp ;

a n a ,

o f N aa m h w h o disc ov e r e d th a rts of sp i
a , i g d w ea v i g ; e nn n an n

o f Tub l -C i w h o first c
a struct d fur c e work d i n
a n, on e a na ,
e

m e t als d d ug subt rr e
, an c v e s i th e m o u t ai s to s v e
e an an a n n n a

h i s r c duri g t h e D l u g
a e b ut it p rish e d e v e rth l e ss
n e d e e n e an

o ly Tub a l —
,

n C i a d his o t h e s ol e s urvivors of th e gl ori o u s

a n n s n,

a d gig
n tic f m ily c m e out l i v
an a Th e w i fe of H m
, a a e . a ,

s e c o d o of N oa h th ought th e s on of Tub l-C ai h d

n s n , a n an

s om e r th th e s o s o f m e
an d h e b ec m e pr og e i tor o f
n n , an a n

N i m rod w h o t aught his br e thren th e a t o f hu ti g d

, r n n , an

f ou d e d B byl
n Ad ir m th e d e sc e d t of Tub l
a on . on a ,
n an a

C i s eem e d c ll e d by God to l ea d th m iliti of th e fr e

a n, a e a e

me co ecti g th e s o s of fi e with th e s o s of tho ught

n, nn n n r n ,

progr e ss a d truth ,
n
—
.

3 84 H i m
. S l m on n d th
ra Q u , of S h b
o o
a B y Hir a m , a e een e

w as e c t d m rv ll u s buildi g t h e T m pl e o f S ol omo
'

re e a a e o n , e n .

H r is e d th e g old
e a thro e f S ol om o mo st b ea uti fully
en n o n,

wr ought d bu ilt m y o th e r gl o ri ou s e dific e s

,
an But an .
,

m e l ch oly m idst a l l his gr e t e ss h e liv d a l o e u d e r

an a a n ,
e n ,
n

st ood d l ov e d by fe w h at ed by m y d m o g oth ers

an , an ,
an a n ,

by S l om o o vi ou s of his g iu s d gl ory N ow th e
n, en en an .

f m e of th e wisd om f S l om o spre d to t h e r em t e st e d s
a o o n a o n

of t h e rth ; a d B lkis th e Q uee of S h eb c m e to J u

ea n a ,
n a, a er

s l m to gr et th e gr e t ki g d b e h old th m rv ls of h i
a e e a n an e a e s

r ign S h e fou d S ol om s t d o a thro e of gilt c d r

e . n on ea e n n e a

w d a rr y e d i cl oth of g ld
oo ,
a th t t first s h e s em ed
n o , so a a e

t o b e h old a st t u f g old with h n ds of iv ory

a e S lo m o
o a . o n

r ec ei v e d h e with e ve ry ki d of fe stive pr ep ar ati o a d led

r n n, n

h er t o b eh old his p a l ce d th e th e gr a d w orks o f t h e

a an n n

t e m pl e d th qu e e w s l ost i d m ir ti o Th e ki g
,
an e n a n a a n . n

w s c a ptiv t e d by h e b e uty
a a d i sh rt t i m e off re d h e
r a ,
an n a o e r

his h n d which th q ue pl e s d t h vi g c qu e r d thi

a ,
e en , a e a a n on e s

pr ou d h e rt a cc ept e d But o g i visiti g th e t m pl

a , . n a a n n e e,

s h e r e p t dly d e sir d t o s e th e a rchit e ct w h o h d wr ought

ea e e e a

such w o drou s thi gs S ol om o d el y d s l o g a s p ossibl e

n n . n a e a n

pr e s e ti g H i r m Abiff t th qu ee but a t l st h e w s
n n a
‘
o e n, a a

oblige d t o d o o Th m yst e ri ou s ti fic e w as brought

s . e ar r

b ef e h or d st o th e qu
e r, a n l ook th t p e etr t d h e
ca n een a a n a e r

v e ry h e rt H vi g r co v e re d h e com p os ur h e qu e sti o d
a . a n e r e, s ne

an d d e fe d e d h i m a g i st th e ill -will a d ris i g j e lo u sy o f

n a n n n a

th ki g Wh s h e wish e d t o s ee th e c ou tl e ss h ost of
e n . en n

w ork m e th t wrought at th t e mpl e S ol omo pr ot e st e d th e

n a e ,
n

i m p ossibility of a ss e m bli g th e m l l a t o c e ; but H i r m n a n a ,

l eapi g o a s to e to b e b ette r s ee with h i s ri ght h d

n n n n, an
 THE L E G END O F THE TEM L E P 5

d e scri be d i th e i th e sy m b olic l Ta u d i mm e di t ely th e

n a r a , an a

m e h st e e d fr m a l l p rts of th e w orks i to t h pr s e c e
n a n o a n e e n

o f th e ir m st r At this th e q uea wo d e r d gr e tly d

e . en n e a , an

s e cr tly r p e t d of th e prom is e h h d giv th e ki g

e en e s e a en n ,

fo s h r f lt h e rs elf i l ov e with th e m ighty rchit ct

e e n a e .

S ol om o t h i m s lf to d e str y th i s ffe cti o

n se a d to pr e p r e
e o a n, n a

h i s riv l s hu m ili ti o a d r u i F o this p u p o s e h e e m

’
a a n n n . r r

pl y ed thr e f ll o w -crafts e vi ou s o f Hir m be c u s e h e h d

o e e , n a ,
a a

r efus ed to r is th em to th e d gr of m ste rs a e cc ou t e ee a on a n

of th eir w t of k owl dg d th eir idl e es s Th y w e r e

an n e e an n . e

F or
an S yri ,
d
a m s o ; Am r u an Phoe ici a d
an a a n ,
a n an n a

c rp t e r ; d Metu l a H br w a d m i er Th e
a en an s ae , e e n a n .

bl ck e vy of th e s e thr proj e cte d th t th e c sti g of th e

a n ee a a n

br z e e which w to r is e th e gl ry of Hir m to its

a n s a, as a o a

u t m o st h ight sh ould tur e ou t f ilur e A y ou g work

, n a a . n

m Be o i disc ov e r d t h pl o t
an , n n d r e v e l d it t o S ol om o
,
e e an a e n,

thi ki g th t s uffici e t Th d y f th ca sti g rriv d

n n a n . e a or e n a e ,

an d B lkis w as pr s t a Th d o rs th a t r e str i e d th e en . e o a n e

m lt o m e t l w e re op e e d
en d t orr ts o f liquid fi e p our e d
a n ,
an en r

i t t h e v a st m ould wh r i th br z e s ea w as t o ssu m e
n o e e n e a n a

i t fo r m
s But t h e bur i g m ss
. ov e r th e edge s of th e n n a ra n

mould a d fl ow e d lik l v ov e r t h e dj c e t pl c e s Th e
,
n e a a a a n a .

t errifi e d crowd fl ed fr m t h e dv ci g str e m of fi e o a an n a r .

Hir m ca l m lik e g od e d v ou r d t o rr e st its a dva c e

a , ,
a ,
n ea e a n

with p o d e ro us colu m s f w te r but without s ucc e ss Th e

n n o a , .

w t r d th e fi m ix d d th e struggl w t rribl e ; th
a e an re e ,
an e as e e

w t r r os i d s e st e m d fe ll d w i th sh p e f
a e e n en a an o n n e a o

fi ry r i spr di g t error d d th Th e dish our d

e a n, ea n an ea . on e

a ti fic e
r d d th sy m p thy of f ithful h e rt ; h e s ought
r n ee e e a a a a

B e n on i but i v i ; th pr oud y uth p rish ed i

,
n a nd a v ur e o e n en e o

i g t o pr v t th e h orribl e c t str oph wh

n e en h e fou d th t a a e en n a

S ol om o h d d e n othi g t hi d r it
n a on n o n e .

H i r m c uld t withdr w hi m s lf fr om th e sc e f his

a o no a e en o

d i com fit
s O ppre ss d with gri f h e h e d e d
ure . ot th e e ,
e n e

d ge r h r em m b r d t th t this oc e of fi m ight
an ,
e e e e no a an re

s p ee d i ly e gu lph h i m ; h e th o ught o f th e Qu e
n of S h b en e a,

w h c m to d m ir
o a d c o gr tul t h i m o
e a gr a t triu m ph
e an n a a e n a e ,

a d wh o s w
n thi g but t e rribl e dis st r S udd ly
a no n a a e . en

h e h rd s tr ge v oi c omi g fr m b ov e d cryi g
ea a an ce n o a ,
an n ,

Hiram Hir m H i r m ! He r is d his ey e s a d b e h eld

, a ,
a
”
a e n

a gig tic hu m a figur Th e pp ri ti o c ti n u ed C m

an n e . a a n on , o e,

my o b with ou t f r I h a v r d r d th ee i c om bu stibl e
s n, e ea , e en e e n

c a st thys elf i t th e fl me s Hir m thr e w hi m s lf i t th e

n o a .
”
a e n o

fur ace a d wh ere oth ers w ou ld h v e fou d d th h e t st e d

n ,
n a n ea , a

i efi b l e d e lights ; c ould h e dr w by a i rre sistibl e

‘

n a o n r ,
a n n
6 S E C RE T S O C I ETI E S

forc e l e v e it a d sk d h i m th a t dre w h i m i to th e byss

, a ,
n a e n a ,

Whith e r d o y ou t k e m e I t th c tre of th e a n o e en

ea rth in t o th s oul of th w orld i t o th ki gd om of gr ea t

,
e e ,
n e n

C i wh e r lib erty r eig s with hi m Th er e th e tyr a ou s

a n, e n . nn

e vy of A d
n ai c s e s ; th e r c w d e spisi g his a ge r
on ea e an e, n n ,

t st e th e fruit of th e tree of k owl e dg e th e r e is th e h om e

a n

o f thy f th rs Wh o th e
a e m I a d w h o a t th ou ?
.
” “
n a ,
n r
”

I m t h f a th e r of thy f th e rs I m th e s o o f L a m e ch I
a e a ,
a n ,

am Tub l C i
”
a - a n .

Tu b l C i i trod uc d Hiram i n t o th e s ctu a ry of fi e

a - a n n e an r ,

wh e r h e e xp o u d e d to hi m th e w ea k e ss of Ad o i a d th e
e n n na n

b s e p ssi o s of th t g od th e em y of his w cre tur

a a n a ,
en o n a e

wh om h e c o dem e d t o t h i e x or bl e l aw of d e th to v e g e
n n e n a a , a n

th b e e fits th e g e i i of fi e h d b e stow e d o
en hi m Hir a m
n r a n .

w as l e d i t o th e pr e s e c e o f th e a u th o r o f hi r c C i
n Th e n s a e, a n .

a g e l o f light th t b g t C i w as r fl ct d i
n t h e b eau ty of this
a e a a n e e e n

so o f l v e wh s e
n o bl e d g e r o u s m i d r ous e d th e e vy
,
o no an en n n

o f Ad o i C i r l t e d to Hir m his e xp eri e c e s suff ri gs

na . a n e a a n , e n ,

a d m isfortu e s br ou ght u p o
n h i m by th e i m pl c bl Ad o a i
n ,
n a a e n .

Pr s tly h e h rd th e v oic e of h i m w h o w th offspri g of

e en ea as e n

Tub l -C i a d his sist r N m h :

a n an A o sh ll b e b o r e aa a
“
s n a n

u to th e wh m th ou sh lt i d e d ot s ee b ut wh s e u m e
n e o a n e n , o n

r ou s d e sc e d ts sh ll p e rp tu t e thy r a c e which sup eri or

n an a e a , ,

t o th a t f Ad m sh al l cquir e th e e m pir o f t h w o rld

o a , for a e e

m y c e turi e s th y sh all c s ecr t e th ir c ur g e

an n e d g e iu s on a e o a an n

t th e s rvic e o f t h
o e e v r u gr t ful r c e of Ad m b ut a t e e - n a e a a ,

l st th e b e st sh ll b e c m th str o g e st d r st or e o th
a a o e e n ,
an e n e

ea rth t h w orship of fi e Th y s o s i vi ibl e i thy n m e

e r . n , n nc n a

sh ll d str y th e p ow e r f ki gs th e m i i st e rs f th Ad o is
a e o o n ,
n o e na

tyr n y Go m y o th g ii f fi
an .
, e with th e e s Hir m
n, e en o r e ar a

w s r st or e d t o t h e ea th
a e Tub l C i b f or e q u itti g h i m r . a - a n e n

ga v e h i m th e h mm r with which h e hi m s lf h d wr ough t a e e a

gr e t thi gs a d s id t o h i m : Th ks to this h m m e r d
a n ,
n a an a an

t h h lp o f t h g e ii of fi e th u sh lt sp dily cc om plish
e e e n r ,
o a ee a

th e w o rk l e ft u fi i sh e d thr u gh m s st upidity a d m lig ’

n n o an n a

n i ty Hir m did ot h e sit t t o t st th e w o d rful effi c cy

.
”
a n a e e n e a

o f th e pr e c i ou s i stru m e t d th e d a w n s w th e gr t
n n , an a ea

m a ss of bro z e c st Th e a rtist f elt th e m o st liv e ly j oy th

n a .
, e

qu e x ult e d
een Th e p e opl e c m e ru .i g up st u d ed t a nn n ,
a o n a

this s e cre t pow e r wh i ch i o e ight h d r e p ir ed e v e ry n n n a a

thi g n

8
3 5 M u d .r f H i a m — O er d y t
e h e qu e eo a cc om p a i e d r n a n, n

by h er m ids w e t b y d Je r us l em a d th er e e c ou t e r d
a ,
n e on a , n n n e

H i r m a l o e a d tho ughtful Th e e c ou t e r w s d ecisiv e

a ,
n n . n n a ,

th e y m ut u lly c o fe ss e d th e ir lov e Had-Had th e bird wh o

a n .
,
 THE LE E G ND OF THE TEM PL E 7

fill e d with th q ue th e offi c e f m ss e ge r f th e ge u f

e en o e n o n o

fi re ,s eei ng Hir m i th e i m k e th sig of th e m ystic T a n a r a e n ,

fl ew a r o u d his h e d n d s e ttl e d o his wrist At th i a an n . s

S r bil th e urs e of th qu e e xcl i m d :

a a ,
n Th e r cl i s e e n, a e
“
o a e

f ulfill e d H d H d r c g is s th husb d which th g e ii

. a - a e o n e e an e n

o f fi e d e sti d fo Balki s wh o s l ov l o e s h e d ar e a cc ept ! ”

r ne r , e e a n

Th e y h e sit t d o l o g r but m utu ally pl dg e d th ir v ows

a e n n e , e e ,

a d d lib r t e d h ow B lkis c o uld r e tr ct t h

n e e a pr m is e giv a a e o en

to th ki g Hir m w t b e th e first to quit J rus l em

e n . a as o e a

th e q u ee i m p ti e t t o r j o i h i m i Ar bi w
n, a t e lud e
n e n n a a, as o

t h vigi l
e ce f th e ki g which s h cc m plish d by with
an o n , e a o e

dr wi g from his fi ge r whil e h w o v r com e with wi e

a n n , e as e n ,

th ri g wh r ewith h e h d plight d h e troth to h i m

e n e s a e r .

S ol om o hi t d t o th e f ll ow cr fts th t t h r e m ov l of h i s
n n e e - a a e a

ri v l w h o r e fus e d to giv th em th m st e r s w ord w o uld b e

a ,
e e a
’

a cc e pt bl u to hi m s lf ; o wh e th a rchit e ct c am i t o
a e n e s n e e n

th e t e m pl e h w s ss il d d sl i by th em B f his
e a a a e an a n . e or e

d th h ow v r h h d ti m e to thr w th e gold t i gl e
ea ,
e e ,
e a o en r an

which h e w or r u d his eck d which w e ogra v en n ,

an on as en n

t h m st r s w ord i t d p w e ll Th ey wr pp d up his
’
e a e ,
n o a ee . a e

bo dy c rri d it to a s lit ry hill d buri d it pl ti g ov e r

, a e o a an e ,
an n

th gr v e S pri g
a f c i
e a o a ac a .

H i r m t h av i g m d his a pp e
a no c e fo s ve d ys n a e a ra n r e n a ,

S l om o a g i st his i li ti o but t o s tisfy th cl m ou r

o n, a n nc na n, a e a

o f t h e p eopl e w s f orc d t o h v h i m s e rch e d fo ,

a Th e a e a r . e

b ody w as fou d by thr e m st ers d th ey s uspe cti g th t

n e a ,
an ,
n a

h h d b ee
e a sl i by th thre fe ll o w-cr fts for r e fu si n g
n a n e e a

th m th e m st r s w rd d t r m i d e v e rth l ss fo gr e t r
e a e
’
o , e e ne n e e r a e

s ecurity t ch g t h w ord a d th a t th first w ord cci

o an e e , n e a

d e t lly utt er e d o r isi g th e b ody sh ould th c fort h b

n a n a n en e e

th e w rd Io th e ac t f r isi g it th e S ki
. n m ff th o a n ,
n ca e o e

body o th t o e of th m st ers xcl i m e d M b h l

, s a n e a e a
“
a e en a e
”

( th e fl e sh is off th e b o s o t h br oth e r is s m itt

“ ” “
d ne , r e en an

this w ord b m e th e s cr d w ord of th e m a st ers d e gr e

ec a a e
’
e .

Th e thr e f ll w cr fts w e r e tr c d but r th r th

e e o f ll i t o
- a a e , a e an a n

th h e ds f th ir pursu ers th ey c om m itt ed suicid

an o e d th ir , e, an e

h ds w r br ught t o S ol om
ea e e Th e tri gl o t h vi n g on . an e no a

b e fou d o th e b ody of Hira m it w as s ought fo a d t

en n n ,
r n a

l st disc ov r d i th e w ll i t o whi ch th e rchit ct h d ca st

a e e n e n a e a

it . Th ki g c us e d it t b e pl c e d o a tri gu l r a lt r
e n a o a n an a a

e r e ct d i ea s cr e t v ult built u d e r th
n em ost r tir e d p rt f a ,
n e e a o

th e t em pl Th e tri gl e w a furth r co c e l e d by a cubic l

e . an s e n a a

s to e o which h d b n i scri b e d th e s acr ed l w Th e

n ,
n a ee n a .

v ult th e e xist c e of which w as o ly k ow t o th e tw e ty

a , en n n n n

s ev e l ect w s th e w ll ed up
n e , a n a .
 O R I G I N AND TR AD I T I O N S

3 86 . Th e F i rs t Ma son s — Al l
ti s ll sta t e s ll c orp or na on , a ,
a a

tio s to i n cre s th ir pow e r d d e d uc e from a b ov e th ir

n ,
a e e an e

a ttri b u t e to th em s e lv e s a v ry ci t origi
’

r a i son d etr e, e an en n .

This wish m u st b e a l l th e str o ge r i a s oci ty lt ogeth e r n n e a

id l a d m or l livi g th e l i fe of pri cipl e s which eeds

ea n a ,
n n , n

r th r to s eem to b e n ot coe va l with but a t eri or a d

a e , , n n

s up e ri or t o a l l oth e rs H e c e th e cl i m s et up by Fr e . n a e

m so ry of b e i g n ot c o t e m p ora ry with th e cr t i o of
a n n , n ea n

m an , but wi th th t o f th e world ; b ec a u s e light w b efore

a as

m an , a d pr e p re d fo hi m
n suit bl e h bit at i a d light is
a r a a a on , n

th e scop e a d sym b ol of Fr eem a so ry L st

n M s o ic n . e n on - a n

r e ders should th i k w e e j ki g a s r g rds M s o ic ss e r

a n ar o n e a a n a

t i o s c o c er i g th e a tiquity of th cra ft w e w i ll q uot e from

n n n n n e ,

t w o M s o ic writ rs a e m o r e th
n c e tury old d e
e ,
on an a n , an on

quit e of r e c e t d at : E dw a rd S pratt i his Book of C

n e ,
n on

s ti t ut i s fo th
on U s e of L dg e s i I r l a d
r e 175 1 m k s o n e n , , a e

Ad m th e first M s
a wh ev e a ft e r his e xpulsi o
a on , from o
“
n n

p a r dis re t i e d gr e t k o wl edge sp eci lly i geom etry

a e a n a n , e a n .
”

D J A W is s e i Th e O b lisk d Fr em a s ry pub “ ”
r. . . e ,
n e an e on ,

l i h ed i
s 1 8 80 s ays Fr e m s o ry c om m ce d from th e
n ,
:
“
e a n en

Cre t i o a d wa n , anst blish e d by th e f m ily of S eth Th e

s e a a .

M s o i c a pr o o rigi t d fr m th e c ov e ri g
a n n pr of figna e o n or a on

l ea v e s d pt ed by Ad m d E e a fte r th e F ll N e d I
,
a o a an v a .
”
e

q uo t m o r ?e e

Now i th e I tr oducti o ( 6 7 ) I h v st t d th t th r e
n n n ,
a e a e a e

w as from th v e ry first pp e r c e of m o th e rth

e a a an an n e a a

highly f v ou re d a d civi lis ed r c e p oss e ssi g full k o w

a n a ,
n a n

l ed ge of th e l ws a d prop e rtie s of n t ure d w h ich k ow

a n a ,
an n

l edge w as m b odi d i m ystic l figur e s a d sch e m e s such s

e e n a n , a

w e r d e m e d appropri t e m bl e m s fo its pr s e rv tio

e e d
a e r e a n an

prop ag ti o Th s e figure s d sch e me s

a n . e pre s e rv e d i an a re n

M s o ry b ut ot i th e ps ud -M s o ry o f th e m aj ori ty
a n ,
n n e o a n

of cra ft m em b rs Th e tru e st M s o s t th e pre s t d ay

e . a n a en

a e fo u d witho ut th e l odg e
r n I s h ll e d e v our i th e se . a n a n
8
 O RI I G N AN D TR ADI TI ON S 9

p ge s m uch
a as p ssibl e to t ch M s s t h re l truths
as o ea a on e a

hidd u d er th e sy m bols a d igm tic l form s which

en n n en a a , ,

with out k ey pp e r but a bsurd d d b si g rites d

,
a a as a an e a n an

c rem o i s Th e ai m of a ll th e s ecret s ci ti e s f which

e n e . o e o

a cc ou ts h v e b e e
n
y t or a will b e giv i n this w ork
as e en n ,

e xc e pt of th o s e which w e r e pur e ly p olitic l ti so i l a or an - c a ,

w a to pre s e rv such k o wl ed g
s still su rviv d o to r
e n e as e , r e

cov r wh a t h d b
e l ost A d si c Fr eem s o ry is o
a een . n n e a n ,
s

to spea k th résu m é of th e t a chi gs f ll th os s oci ti e s

,
e e n o a e e ,

d ogm s i ccord c e with o e or mor e of th os e t ught i

a n a an n a n

th e ci e t m yste ri e s d oth e r a ss oci tio s

an n to b e f u d
an a n a re o n

i Ma s o ry ; h e c e a ls o it is i m p o ssibl e t
n n n ttribut e its origi o a n

to e o on o th e r sp e c i fic s oci ty pr e c edi g it
r Fr em s o ry e n e a n

i s — o r th e r ought t b e— th e c om p e di um of a ll pri m itiv e

.

r a o n

a d n ccu m ul t e d h um k o wl edg
a a an n e .

8
3 7 P i o d .
f F e m er y
— M ss ico wr i t e rs g
r e e e r lly as on r a on n a

divid th e hist ory of th O rd r i t t w o p ri ods th first

e e e n o e , e

c om pri si g th e t i m from its ssu m d f u d ti o to th e b e

n e a e o n a n

gi i g of th e l st tury d u ri g whi h th e O rd r d m itt e d

nn n a ce n ,
n c e a

o ly m s o s i e
n
pa ti e mn s o s
, d
. t
.i fi ce
o er as i so m e w a y v a n an ar r n

c e t ed with rchit e ctu re Th e s c d o pre s e t p e ri od

on n c a . e on r n ,

th ey d e om i t th p eri d o f Sp ecul ti M s o ry wh e
n na e e o a ve a n ,
n

th e O rd r o l o g r ch o s s its m m b rs o ly m o gst J e
e n n e o e e e n a n n n

e ga g e d i
n th r isi g of m t ri l stru ture s but r ec e iv e s
n e a n a e a c ,

i t o its r ks ll w h
n anwilli g to a ssist i b uildi g
a o a re n n n a

S piritu l t em pl th e t m pl o f u iv e rs l h r m
a e, y d k ow
e e n a a on an n

l dg Y et p rs o s ot w orki g ma s o s h d
e e . e n nth b e n n a e re en en

a d m itt d f th r e c ords f l odg t W rri g t

e ,
or e s ld o a e a a n on , a o

a s 1 64 8 t e th d m issi
, no f C ol l M i w ri g d th e
e a on o on e a n a n an

gr t tiq ua ry Ash m ol Ch rl s I Ch rl s I I d J m e s
ea an e . a e .
,
a e .
,
an a

I I ls w e r i iti t d
. a o But fr m wh t h
e n b s id b v e
a e . o a as een a a o ,

i t f ll ws th t tru e M s ry lw ys w
o o a p u l ti d
a on th t a a as s ec a ve, a n a

t o d educ e its o ri gi fr om th a ci t Di ysi c n

y oth r e n en on a or a n e

ki dr ed c ll ge is o ly p rtly c orrect Th e m m s o ic
n o e n a . na e
“
a n

w s d opt d by th s oci e ty
a a e i ts r e c o structi e i th l st on n on n e a

c en tury b ecau s e th br th e rh od f b ild rs w h r e ct d

,
e o o o u e o e e

th e m g ifi e t c th dr ls a n d oth e r buildi gs th t a r o s
c n a e a an n a e

duri g t h e Middl Ag s h d l od ge s d gr s l d m rks

n e e a ,
e ee ,
an a ,

s e cr t sig s e d p ssw rds s u ch n , an th e b u ild rs of t h e

a o ,
as e

t m pl of S olom
e e s a id to h v e m d e u e f Th Fr
on a re a a s o . e ee

m so s h v
a n ls fr eq ue tly b s id to b d e sce d d from
a e a o n een a e n e

th e K ights T m pl rs n d thu s t h v f e th ir obj t t o

a ,
an o a e or e ec

a v e g e t h e d e structi
n of th t O rd e r d o t o b e d g r ou s
on a ,
an s an e

t o Church d S t t ; y t this ss e rtian w s r e p ud i t e d

a e es a on a a a

e rly Ch rt e r of C ol ogn wh r e i th e “
a 1 5 35 i as th e n a e, e n
Io C
S E RE T SO I ETI E S C
M a s on s c ll th e m s elv e s th e Br ethr of S t Joh b e ca us e
.

a en . n,

S t J o h t h e B ptist w
. n th e f or ru e r of th
a L ight Ao as e nn e .

c rd i g to th e s a m e d oc um e t th e a m e of Freem s s w s
o n n ,
n a on a

first give t th e Brethre chi e fly i Fl a d e rs b e ca us e s m e

n o n n n ,
o

o f th e m h d b ee i stru m t l i e r e cti g i th pr vi c
a n n en a n n n e o n e

of H a i ul t h spit ls f p ers s suff ri n g fr m S t Vitu s s ’

na o a or on e o .

d nc e A d th ough s om e e ty m l gists pr t e d th e m e t o
a . n o o e n na

b d riv d fro m m
e e ea club with which th d oork e p r a ss a , , e e e

wa rm d to dri v e a w y u i iti t e d i trud e rs w c

s a e ly a n n a n , e an on

gr t this e ty m l gy o th e pri cipl

an u ci t d by V l
o o n n e en n a e o

t ir e th a t i e ty m l gy v ow ls g fo v ry littl e d c o s o
a ,
n o o e o r e ,
an n

n an ts fo othi g t ll Th e d e riv ti o from m a is on is s

r n n a a . a n a

prob bl e s y oth e r th a t i s ll ged

a a an a e .

r ces — Bu t c on
3 8 8 F r eemas on ry d er i v ed
.
f mrom
an
y S ou

s i d e ri nth t Fr
g a s y is tr
e e m a on r r ts whi h spr d a e e th e oo of c ea

thr ugh
o y s ils it f ll ws th t tr s th r f ust
s o m an o ,
o o a a ce e eo m be
f ou d i n its fr uit ; th t its l gu g
n r tu l sh uld r t i a an a e an d i a o e a n

m uch o f t h e v a ri o us s cts i stit ti s it p ss d e an d n u on h as a e

thr ugh b e for e rrivi g

o th ir pr s t st t a n at e e en a e, an d in
M s o ry w m e t with I di
a n e gypti J wish e Chris n an , E an , e ,
an d

ti id s t r m s d sy m b ols
an ea , e ,
an .

8
3 9 T r u H i s.t y f ( m a n y
— Th e pl i hist ory of F ee
e or so r a n r

m so ry with ou t th e v r ish
a n ,
d ti s l M s ic writ rs a n an n e a on e

h v b diz e e d i t with m ay b su m m ed up f ll ws
a e e n , e as o o

I tiquity th r w r c rp r ti o s of rchit e cts d

n an e e e e o o a n a an

e gi ee rs w h
n n u d rt o k th buildi g f t em pl e s d s t
,
o n e o e n o an a

d i ; th e Di o ysi a cs i Gr
a th e C oll e giu m Mu i u m
n n e ec e , r or

i Rom w e r such
n eTh e y w e r e th e pr ot otyp s f t h
e .ss o e o e a

c i ti
a s of m s o s build e rs c a rp e t e rs w h o i
on a nth M iddl
, , n ,
n e e

Ag e s fl uri sh d chi fly i G e rm y a d E gl d
o e ,
Th s e n an n n an . e e,

s om etim e s um b ri g i to ight hu dr d m em b rs m d e
n e n s x e n e e ,
a

c o tra cts with m o ks ch pt e rs

n d oth e r e ccl e si sti ln ,
a ,
an a ca

a uth riti s f th e re cti o of ca th e drals o church e s E v e

o e or e n r . n

t u lly th y m d e th m s lv s i d p e d e t o f th e Ch u rch
a e a ed e e n e n n , an

i th e thirt e th c e t u ry th y f r m e d
n e n e xt e siv buildi g
n e o an n e n

a ss oci ti o origi ti g t C ol og e
a n, d h a vi g l odge s
na s n a n ,
an n , a

th ey c ll e d th e dire cti g m m b rs t S tr sb o urg Vi e

a n e e ,
a a ,
nn a,

C ol g o d Z uri ch
n e, Th e r e w e r e th r l dge s b ut th e s e
an . o e o ,

w e r e t h m ost i m p ort a t Th e y c a ll d th m s lv s Fr e
e n . e e e e e

m so s a d h ad c e r e m o i s o f i iti ti o
n ,
an Tow rds th e d n e n a n . a en

of t h e s ixt e th c t ury o -O p e ra tiv e ma s o s w r a d m itt e d

e n en n n n e e

i n t o th e fr t e r ity w h o w r c ll d ccept e d M s o s ; “ ”
a n ,
e e a e a a n

th e y i cl ud e d m e d ist i guish e d fo l ea r i g or high p si

n n n r n n o

t i o Thu s th e w ork i th e l odg s b ec m e m ore sy m b olic a l

n . n e a

th O p er tiv Th e re lly w o rki g m s o s a d b ui ld e rs

an a e . a n a n n
 S E C RET S O C IETIE S

ne g tiv e d
a Th e myst e ry o f t h e r itu a l a n d th e spl e n do u r of
.
,

s om e of th e rit e s ga i n e d Fr eem a s on ry man y a dh e ren ts i n

,

Fr a n ce wh e re th e lod ge s w e r e a t l a st u n ite d un d e r a Gra n d

,

L odg e c a ll e d t h e Gr a n d O ri e n t t h e first Gr a n d Ma st e r o f
, ,

which w a s th e Duk e of Ch a rtre s a fte rw a rds Philipp e Ega lité

,
.

N a pol eon wh en i n pow e r a pp oi n t e d his broth e r Jo s e ph

, ,

Gr d an Ma st e r
 R I TE S AN D C U ST OM S

3 90 . Li st o f R i tes .
—An ci e n tly th a t
be for e th e ris e of , i s,
m d r M s o ry t t h e b g i
o e n a i g n l st ce t ury th er e
a e nn n of th e a n ,

w s b ut o e rit e th t f t h e A ci t Fr ee a n d Acc e pt d “
a n ,
a o n en , e

M s o s o bl u or sym bolic M a s o ry ; but v ity fa cy or

”
a n ,
r e n an , n ,

i t r e st soo l ed t o th i trod ucti o of m y e w rit e s o

n e n e n n an n r

m od i fic tio s o f t h e thr e
a n ci t d gre s Th e foll owi g e an en e e . n

are th e m e s of th e rit e s ow pr ctis e d i

na E urop e d n a n an

Am e ric a

I York rit e o Cr a ft M s o ry of which a acc ou t will

.
,
r a n , n n

b e giv e — I Am erica it c o sists of s e v e d egr ee s

n . n n n

Th e fi rst thr e a i this c ou try ; 4 M rk Ma st e r ; 5 P st

e s n n a . a

M st r ; 6 M ost E xc e ll e t M st e r ; 7 H ly Roy a l Arch

a e . n a . o .

All th e s ls o obt i i this co u try ; th R y l Arch b i g

e a a n n n e o a , e n

t h e m ost i m p ort t will b tre t e d of i f ull (40 5 t seq )

an , e a n e .

II Fr . e c h o M o d enr ri t e — I t c o sists of s v e
r d n n e n e

gre s : Th e first thr ee th s am e

e i Cra ft M s o ry e as n a n

4 . E l e ct ; 5 S c tch M st er ; 6
. K ight o of t h e E a st ; R
a o s e . n

Cr ix Th ey
o . ll str o m i l a re a a no ca .

I I I A ci
. t d A ccn e pt d S
enc tch rit e —
an I t w a s o rg a is d e o n e

i its pr e s t f or m i Fr c e rly i th e l a st c tury th o u gh

n en n an e a n en ,

it d e riv e s its titl e from th cl i m f i t fou d th t it w e a o s

'

n ers a as

o ri gi a lly i stitut e d i
n S c tl d
n I t is e xt t o th Y rk
n o an .
,
n e o

rit e th e m ost wid ely di ff us d thr oughout th e Ma s o ic w orld

,
e n .

Th e d m i istr tiv p ow r is v st d i S upre m e Gr d C o u

a n a e e e e n an n

cils d th rit e co sists f thirty-three d egr e s f whi h

, an e n o e , o c

th e 1 2 t h Gr d M st r Archit ct ; th 1 8th Pri c e R os

,
an a e e e , n e

Croi x ; d th 3 oth Gr d E l ct K ight of K d h a e th

an e ,
an e n a os ,
r e

m o st i t r e st i gn e d p rticu l rs of which will b giv e u nd er

n ,
an a a e n

s p r t h e ds
e a a e a .

I V Phil s ophic S c otch r i t e

. o .

V Pr i m itiv S c tch rit pr ctis e d i Belgi u m

. e o e, a n .

VI A ci e t R f r m e d rit e
. n n e o .

VI I F ssl er s rit e
’
. e .

VI I I R it o f th e Gr a d L odg e of th e Three Gl ob s t
. e n e a

B rlie n .
 14 S E C RET S O C I ETI E S

it
I X R e of e e i o n
. P rf ct .

it
X R e of Mi s ra i m ( 4 1 8
.

XI R e it of rd r
t h e O e o f t h e Te m e
. pl .

XI I S e w dish rit
e . .

X II I R e o m ef r d rit
e . .

XI V S chro d r s rit
e e e .
’
.

XV R e it of w d b rg
S e en o
.
( s ee
XVI R e n en o f —
it of Zi z d r Cou Z z d rf physici a
. nt i n en o , n
o f th e E m e o p r r Ch rl s
a e VI n en e i v t d this rit which w
e .
, , as
a mo dific ti of
a on th e I llu i is
m n m of A n on a vig
n to ddi g it th e ,

m yst ri s
e e of S e en ow d b rg His syst c sist d
em on e of s eve .
n
d gr s d v d d
e ee i i e i nt ee o thr s cti s
, e on : 1 B e Ma lu s o ry ; . n

2 R e d Ma o n
. s ry
; 3 a aC pitul r s ry
Ma o n Th e e w as rit . ev r . n e
i tr du d i t o this co u try
n o ce n n .

X VII E cl ctic rit e — This w as e st a blish ed a t Fra kfurt i

. e n n

1 7 8 3 by B r o d e K igg e fo t h e purp o s e o f ch cki g th e

a n n ,
r e n

S pr d of th l utts gr d es o phil os ophic rit e s which w e r e

ea e ia a ,
r
,

i cr si g e xce ssiv ly Ecl ectic Ma so ry ck owl dg d th e

n ea n e . n a n e e

thr e sy m b olic d egr e s ly but p rm itt d ea ch l dg to

e e on , e e o e

s el ct at i ts optio
e
y o f t h high e r d egr ee s
n prov i d e d
an it e
,

did ot i t e rf e r with t h e u ifor m ity of th e first thre e But

n n e n .

t h f u d e r w s dis pp i t d i
e o n his e xp ct ati s — th e high
a a o n e n e on

d egr e s c o ti u e d to fl o urish a d but fe w E cl ectic lodges

e n n ,
n

e v e r e xi st ed .

1 fi l i C u t m — S om e M s o ic p e c uli riti es m a
39 . e s o s as on
y a n a

c on v i e tly b e m e ti e d h r e Fr ee m s o s fre q u tly

en n n on e . a n en

a tt e d i gre t st t e t t h e l yi g of t h f u d ti sto e s
n n a a a a n e o n a on n

o f p ublic build i gs ; th y f ll o w m st r t th e gr v e
n e o a a e o a ,

c loth e d with l l th e p r ph e r li a of th ir r sp e ctiv e d e gr ee s

a a a na e e

th y d at e fr m th e y e r of l i ght Th K ights of th e S u
e o a . e n n,

th 2 8th d gr
e f th S c tch rit e e ck o wl edge
ee o e a but e o ,
a n no r ,

a lw ys w rit e th e ir d t
a with s v en oughts a e N e n ,
0

o e c
n b a d m itt e d i t th e M s o i c rd e r b e f r e t h e g
an e n o a n o o a e

o f tw e ty - e but a
n e xc e pti o
on is m d i this c u try d
,
n n a e n o n an

in Fr c e i f vo ur of th e s o s of M s o s w h o m y b
an n a n a n ,
a e

i it i t d at t h ag of ei ght een S uch p e rs o is c ll d a

n a e e e . a n a e

L wi s i
e E gl d n d a L u tea u i
n an Fra ce Th i s l tte r
,
an o ve n n . a

w ord sig i fi s a y ou g w olf ; d t h e r ad e r will r em m b er

n e n an e e

t h a t i th e m yst e ri e s f I sis th
n did t e w m d e to w r o e can a as a ea

th e m sk o f a w lf s h e d H c e w olf d c a did t i ’

a o a . en a an a n a e n

t h e s m yst ri s w r sy o y m u s M cr obius i
e e e e e his S tur n n o . a , n a

a li s ys th t th e ci e ts p e rc iv e d r el tio sh i p
”
n a, a a an n e a a n

b tw e e t h e u th grea t sy m b ol of th os myst e ri e s a d
e n s n, e e ,
n

a wolf ; f s t h e flocks o f sh or a p d c ttl e disp e rs e a t th e ee an a

s ight of th e w olf s t h e fl ocks of st rs dis pp e r a t th e

,
o a a a
 R ITE S AN D CU STOMS 5

a pproa ch o f th e su s light W h v s i t h e cc u t of n
’
. e a e ee n n a o n

t h Fr
e ch W k m e s U i s ( 3 6 9 ) th t t h s s of S ol omo
en or n
’
n on a e on n

still c ll th m s lv e s w lv s Th d pti of th l u t u
a e e o e . e a o on e o ve ea

i to t h l odg t k e s pl c with
n e e c e m y r e s mbli g th t
a a e a re on e n a

o f b ptis m
a Th t m pl is c v r d with fl w rs i c s is
. e e e o e e o e ,
n en e

bur t d th godf th e r is j oi d t ly t pr vid f

n ,
an e a en ne no on o o e or

t h e b odily w ts f t h w b or m mb r but ls t bri g

an o e ne - n e e ,
a o o n

h i m up i th e sch ol f tr uth
n d justic e Th child r e c i v s
o o an . e e e

a n ew m e g e r lly th t of
na ,
virtu e such s V racity
en a a a , a e ,

D v oti o
e Be efice ce ; t h e g df th e r pro ou c e s fo h i m
n, n n o a n n r

t h o th of ppr
e a tic e i which d gr h is r e c i ve d i t o
a en ,
n e ee e e n

t h e O rd e r which i c s h e sh uld b om a rph n s up

, ,
n a e o ec e n o a ,

p o ts d e st blish s h i m i life I th U it d S t te s th
r an a e n . n e n e a e

rights of a lewi d o ot xist s n e .

M i A l h b t — Th e M s o ic l h b e t '

3 9 2 . c p as on
p p rv a e a n a a re s e es

th e a g ul r ch r
n t r of pri m itive lph b e ts Thi t e
a a ac e a a . r e n

ch r ct rs
a a e c m p s e t h e M s ic syst m of writi g o o a on e n .

H ce ll t h e s ou d s ca
en a ly b r p s t d by m e s f
n n on e e re e n e an o

li e s a d p oi ts i th e f llowi g m e r
n n n ,
n o n an n :

is wri tte _1; th s me sig with a d t i it

Th e l ett e r a n e a n o n ,

m ea n s 6 Th e sig me s. d with a d ot n an a , an v .

M s ic bbr evi ti o s
a on a l w ys i di t d by thr d ots
a n a re a a n ca e ee ,

pl c d tri gul rly ; thu s broth r is bb vi t d B L odg

a e an a , e a re a e e

is writt e L [a n i t h pl ur l L L or
£1 O u n e a or r

c omm lph ab t h s
on a e qu lly si m pl o igi e s w ll a an a e r n, a e as

th e Ar bic u m r ls a th y nl l c o t i d i th e fig u
e a e a re a n a ne n re
 THE L OD GE

39 3 . I n teri or A rr a ng emen t rr a g em e t of f
o L odg e — Th e a n n

th e l odg ri s will v ry cc ordi g t o p eri ods a d d e

e v a e and a a n n

gree s but c e rt i g e r l rul e s a e a lw ys foll o w e d i i t

,
a n en a r a n s
co structi o I
n ci t Fre ch c t e chis m th l odge is
n . n an an en n a e

th us d e scri b e d : Th l dg m u st h a v e a v a ult d c e ili g e o e e n ,

p i t e d blu
a n d c o v e r e d with g old e st a rs t r e pr s e t t h e
e an n , o e n
h ea ve s Th e fl oor is c all e d a m os ic fl oor ; th e t e rm
n . a

m os a ic b i g d riv d fr om Mo s e s i e
e n dra wn from th e
e e ,
. .
“

w a t e r b ec us by i t v ri e g t e d c lours it r e pre s ts th e
,
”
a e s a a o en

ea rth a s cov e r e d with fl w e rs g i ft e r th withdr w a l f o a a n a e a o

t h e w t e rs of th e Nil e
a Th e r e thre e wi d ows—o e e st. a re n n a ,

o e w e st
n d third s outh Th e r m ust a ls o b e t w o or
,
an a . e

thr ee a t ech m b rs s th t th e pro fa e m y c tch o

n a e ,
o a n a a n

gl i mps e of wh t is goi g o i t h e l odge ; d if s om e

a n n n an

str ge r sh o uld n e v rth e l e ss i trud e th e m st r e xcl a i m s

an e n , a e ,

It r i s !
a n d t h e l odg e is ip o f cto diss o lv d
an Th e l odg e s a e .

sh ould b e a lw ys hu g with bl ck ; th br thr e t k e th i r

a n a e e n a e

pl a c e s ccordi g t th ir r k ; th e gr d m a st e r i th e e st
a n o e an an n a ,

t h e m st r i a t h s o uth a d th e ovic s t th e o rth b e c a u s

e n e ,
n n e a n , e

th e y c a ot y t st d th h a t of th e s u which o ly th e i i ti
nn e an e e n, n n

a t ed ca Wh e n . ppre tic e is m d e th e l odg e is brightly

n an a n a ,

i llu m i te d na Th gr d m a st e r s e t e d i n his pl ac e w rs on
. e an ,
a ,
ea

h i s e ck pp e d e d t o
n , l rge ribb
a n sm a ll squ r d c om a a on , a a e an

p a ss e s ; b e fore h i m st ds t bl e o which li e t h G osp e l an a a , n e

o f S t J oh a d
. s m ll h mm r At his sid e e th e tw
n n a a a e . ar o

s te w a rds th e fi rst of wh om w e rs a l e v e l a d th s e c d
,
a n e on

a plu m b of gold o silve r Th e m st rs a d f ll ow-cr fts r . a e n e a

st d ro u d with th ppr tic s a ll w e ri g wh i t e pr s

an a n e a en e , a n a on

o f l a m b s ski d ch c rry i g k e d sw rd O th e
’
n , an ea a n a na o . n

fl oor a e d sig e d figure s r pre s e ti g t h e steps th t l d to

r e n ,
e n n a e

S ol m o s t e m pl d t h e two pill r s J ach i n d Bo z but

’

o n e, an a an a ,

which i r lity sy m b lis e th e s um m e r d w i te r s lst i c s

n ea o an n o e ,

th e pill rs f H rcul e s t h e tw o pill r s o f S e th

a o e Ab ov e a e
,
a . r

s ee th e s u m oo
n d l a rge st r I th e m i d s t f th e
n, n , an a a . n o
1 6
 THE LO D E G I7

fl oor is c ffi i which li e s m a pp a r tly d e d wi th

a o n, n a n a en a ,

his f c tur ed upw a rd d cov re d with his whit e pro

a e n an e a n
s m r d with bl ood o e h d r sti g o h i s bre st d th e
ea e ,
n an e n n a , an

o th r e xt e d e d t ow a rds th k ee I th c r rs of th e
e n e n . n e o ne

r m e subst c s e sily com bustibl e such a s sulphur t

oo ar an e a , , o

ki dl e fi e i st t eously This pp r t u s is s om wh t
n a r n a n an . a a a e a

a lt r d wh e
e e f ell w-cr ft o m a st e r is t o b e m d
n a o a r a a e .

39 4 M d . L od g
— Th m od rn l odge i s a l rg s qu re
o er n e . e e . a e a

h ll lw ays if p ossibl e situ t ed d ue e st d w e st Upo

a , a , ,
a a an . n

a d is a sc d ed by three st eps opp osit to th e d oor of

a en , e

i n gr e ss is s at e d th e w orshipful m st e r ; th e a lt r i pl ce d
,
e a a s a

i th e c tr e o fo ur st e ps
n en A sky -bl ue c a opy d ott e d
n . n ,

with st rs d h vi g b ov e it th e shi i g tri gl e with

a ,
an a n a n n an

th e s cr e d a m e i scrib e d th r ei c ov rs th e thro e To
na n e n, e n .

th el e ft of th c opy is s e th s u a d to th e ri ght e an e n e n, n

th e m oo A th e r or m e t i s th e bl az i g st r
n . no d th e na n n a ,
an

p oi t wi thi
n circl e sym b olisi g th e u o th e u iv rs e
n a ,
n s n r n e .

A ch st or e k a ls o f rm s p rt of th e m so ic f ur iture
ar o a a n n .

I t r epr s e ts t h e e k th t w s c rri d i
n th proce ssi o s
ar a a a e n e n

of ci t E gyp t d c o t i d s e ds of v ri ous pl t s
an en , an n a ne e a an ,

a wi o wi g fa
nn d Osi i d i s p ud d um
n To th
n, w e st
an r en . e ,

at th e sid s of th e d oor f i gr e ss st d two pill rs of

e o n ,
an a

br onz e , wh s c pit ls repr s e t p om egr t es

o e a d be r a e n an a , an a

i g o th e ir fr ts t h e i iti ls J
n n d B ( J chi
on d Bo z ) n a . an . a n an a .

Th s e i or
e d ju i r w rd s sit ea r t h e t w o c l u m s
n an n o a en n o n ,

h vi g b fore th e m tri gul r t bl e c ov r d with m s ic

a n e a an a a , e e a on

e m bl em s Ar u d th lodg e th r e
. e te
o oth e r p i ll r s
n e e ar n a

con n e ct d by rchitr v e with th t w o pi ll rs b v e m e

e an a a e a a o n

tion ed O th . lt r pl ce d Bibl
n squ r e p ir of
e a a are a a e, a a ,
a a

c mp ss s a d sw rds ; thr e c d el br with l o g t p e rs

o a e ,
n o e an a a n a

a re pl ac d e t th e st t th foot f th st ps th e
e ,
on a e a a e o e e ,

s ec d t th w e st e r th first w rd e a d th third t
on a e , n a e a n, n e a

th es uth Th r om is surr u d d with b e ch e s f th

o . e o o n e n or e

m em b rs e I th e l odg s c ll d S c tch
. n d i n E glish a d e a e o ,
an n n

Am e ric l odge s th c py th t c ov rs th m st er s thr o e ’

an , e an o a e e a n

is f cri m s silk I th U it e d S t t s th w rshipful

o on . n e n a e , e o

m st r w e rs
a e c p d r ed with bl ck f th rs a d l rg
a a a a o n a ea e n a a e

co k d of th e s m e l our Th e s e i or d j u n i or w rd s
c a e a co . n an a en

ar e s t e d i i ch e s with fri ge d dr p ry
ea n n d w e r l ik e n a e , an a ,

h e r lds st v e s of e b y s ulptur e d lik e pill rs

a ,
a on c a .

39 5 0 fi . er s — B e sid e s th M
c st r d th
. W rd e s who e a e an e a n ,

ar e figur tiv ly ll d th th e li gh t th l odge h a oth r

a e ca e e re s, e s e

ofli ce — th e O r t r S cr t ry Tr e sur r M st r f th
rs a o , e e a ,
a e ,
a e o e

C er m o i s K e p r of th e S ls Ar hit ct S t w rd C pt ai
e n e , e e ea ,
c e ,
e a ,
a n

of th H ost Pri cip l S oj our e r I r d O ut r G u rd o

e , n a n ,
nne an e a r

VOL I I . . B
 1 8 S E C R E T S O C I E TI E S

T yl er ,
an d o th e rs
v e ry offi ci l cupi s pl c ssig e d
. E a oc e a a e a n

t o hi m d h a s his pr p r j w e ls
, an d b a dg s l i k th e o e e an e , e

E gypt i H e br wan , d Gr k pri e sts e Thu s b sid

, th e
an ee . e e

j w ls lr dy m e ti o d th tre sure r w a rs cross k ys ;

e e a ea n ne , e a e e

t h e s cr e t ry
e r oss p e s ; th e s e i r d c a squ a r e d
a ,
c n n o ea o n , an

c om p ss with a ,
u i th c e tre ; th j u ior d c a
a s n n e n e n ea on ,

squ a r d c om p ss with m oo i th e c tr ; th e st e w rd
e an a ,
a n n en e a ,

a c o r uc pi n ; t h e tyl r cr ss sw ords &

o a Th e mes f e , o ,
c . na o

m st f t h
o offi c e rs s ufli ci tly i dic t e th ei r d uti s ; th o s
e o en n a e e

th t d o ot w ill b e xpl i e d s th ey occur

a n e a n a .

39 6 Op e i .
g th L o d g
—
n n Th e m ee ti gs a e g e r lly h ld
e e n r en a e

at ight Th e w rshipful m st r striki g th e a lt a r wi th

n . o a e ,
n

his m ll e t op s th e l b ours
a ,
“
den ft r h vi g a c a ,
”
an a e a n s er

t i e d th t t h
a n l odge is ty l e d h e tu r s t th j u i r
a e ,
n o e n o

w a rd a d s y : Broth r j u i r w rd y ou r co st t
en n a s
“
e n o a en , n an

pl c i th e l odg ?
a e n I t h e s o uth eWhy y u
” “
n .
” “
a re o

pl c ed th r ?
a T m a rk th
e e
”
u a t its m ridi
“
t o c ll
o e s n e an , a

th breth re fr m l ab our to r e fr e s h m t
e n o d fr om en , an re

fr sh m e t t o l bour th t pr ofit d pl sure m y b th e

e n a ,
a an ea a e

r sult
e Br th r s e i o r w d
.
”
o y ur c st t pl c i
e n ar en , o on an a e n

th l dge ?
e o I th w e st
”
Why
“
y
n ou pl ce d e .
“
a re a

th e re ? To m rk th e s tti g s u ; t cl s th l dg
”
a e n n o o e e o e

by th e c om m a d of th e w rshipful m s t r ft e r s eei g
n o a e , a n

th at v ry o e h his j ust du s
e e n Why is th m st r
as e .
” “
e a e

pl c d i th e st ?
a e n A th ea u ris s i th e st to p en
”
s e s n e n ea O

an d e liv en th d ay
n t h e w rshipful m st e r is pl c e d i
e ,
so o a a n

th e st t o op e
ea d light his l odge t m ploy a d
n an en en ,
o e n

i struct th br thr At wh t h o ur M s s us ” “
n e e en . a a re a on a cc

t om e d t o b e gi th i r l b urs ? Wh t ” ”
n At m i d d y e a o - a .
“
a

h our i s i t br th e r j u i or w rd e ?
,
o I t is m i d d y n a n
” “ - a .
”

S i c e thi s i s th e h o ur
n d l l i s pr v d right d ju st I , an a o e an ,

d ecl r t h e l odge p n Th e pur ly str o om ica l b ri g

a e O e .
”
e a n ea n

o f all th i s i s s lf-e vi d e t b ut wi ll b e m r e fully disc u ss e d

e n ,
o

h er ft e r
ea .
20 S E C RET S O C I ETIE S

h a v e b een disti gui sh e d ith r by a phil s ophic a l

n e or
e o
i n fl ue ti l cti
n o a th e pr og e ss o f m
a on ki d I sh ll sp ea k
n r an n a
a t so m e l gth Th e r ead r will h ow e ve r b ear i n mi n d
en . e , ,

th t th ce re m o i e s v y i di ffe r e t lodg e s d di ffe r e t

a e n ar n n an n

c u tri e s a d th t m uch th t foll ows m u st b e t k e a s

o n , n a a a n

typica l b ei g m odifi e d a cc ordi n g to l oca l a d oth e r co

, n n n

di t i o s a d ci rcu m st a c e s
n n n .
 C ER EM ON I E S OF INI T I A T I O N

THE AP PR E N TI C E ,
F EL L O W-C RAF T, AN D M AS TE R M AS O N

399 . Cer emon i es f I

o n i ti a ti on . T h e A pp r en t i ce — Th e
v c th t is
no i e a i iti t d to
to b e n a e first
in ppr t c
th e or a en i e

d gr is
e ee i t
l e d n o th e o el dg bu ld g by str g r i in a an e , a n d

in troduc d i t
e n o a r t ch b r wh r
em o e am e , l ft l e e he is e a on e

for a few m n e i ut s .th d pr v d

He i s en e t l
i e of a ll m e a h e
has a o b ut him ; his r ght k i s ti s his l ft sid
n e e, a n d om e m e e e,

c vrd
a re un o e e ,
h l
an d t h e his l ft sh
ee of tr dde oe i s o en

d w
o n . h s c r
T e e e e mon i e a re s supp s d by s wr t r
o e om e i e s
on th e cr ft
a J
t o b e of rigi
e s ui ti c a l o d pr v ti
n . Th e e i a on of
me at ls is ty fy
to p i th e p v rty
v o w of b r g
o e , t h e a in o f t h e

br st
ea and k is t d d
n ee pr v t
i n en e t o d issi
e en th e a m on o f

w om en , a n d t h e tr d g d wea i n h l
o n th e sh ee of th e oe t o

remi n d c did t th t g t us
th e a n a e a I na iy l d e L o o a , w h o h ad a
f t th s b g his pilgri g
b a d oo , u e an His y s
ma e . e e a re b a n

d ag e d, a n d h e is i t cl s t
l e d n o th e r fl ctio e wh r
of e e on , e e

he is t ld
o tost y w th t t ki g
a i ou a b d g
n til
off t h e a n a e, un

h rs thr
h e ea cks
ee k n o sig l
At th e
. u c v ri g his
n a , on n o e n

y s
e e b h lds
he e o w lls hu g with bl ck i scriptio
on th e a ,
n a ,
n ns

lik e th e f ll w g
o o in — idl curi sity dr w th
“
If e o th r a e e hi e ,

d p rt
e a !
”
th u
If o fr id
be a a b i g ight d
of e n enl en e c on

c r g thy rr rs it pr fits th
e ni n e o ,
o st y h r
ee n ot t o a e e .
” “
If
th u v l hu
o a ue st cti s
m a n di i n h c h r th y
on , g o en e ; e e e a re

n ot k ow
n n . t r d l p l v r b tw
Af e a ea of a a e b th re ee n t h e ro e

tr d c s
w h o i n o u e th e n o vic st
e a n d th e m a c did t e r , th e an a e,

h vi g his y s g b d g d
a n e e a ai n an a e c rd p ss d r u d
an d a o a e o n

his ckne , i tr duc d i t

is n o e ddl
n o th e mi br thr e of t h e e en ,

hi s guid p i ti g
e o n n k d sw rd
a na e his br st
o to ea . He i s
th q sti d
en ue on e his bj ct
a s to o e g hith r
i n c omi n e , a n d on

an sw ri g th t
e n a c s i iti t d i t
h e om e to b e n a e s cr ts n o th e e e

of s y
Ma onr , h e is l dg b ck g to
l e d ou t of th e o e a n d a a ai n

c fus
on e him . l rg squ r fr
A a e c v r d w th p p r
a e am e o e e i a e ,

such c rc s r d rs
as i u -i e is th br ght f rw rd
u s e, en ou h ld o a an d e
22 S E C RE T S O C I ETI E S

by tw o br e thr Th e g u id e th en sks th e m st r Wh a t
. en a a e :
“

sh ll w e d o with th e prof e ?
a T whi ch th e m a st e r an
”
o

r pli s S hut h i m up i th c v e Tw o br ethr e s ei z e

e e .
“
n e a . n

t h p o st ul a t a d thr w h i m thr u gh th p p r-scre e

e n n i to
o o e a e n n

t h e a r m s o f tw o o th e r br thr e w h st d r ea dy t o r e ce ive e n o an

h im . Th e fold i n g d ors hi th e rt o l ft op e a th e shut

o , e n, re n

wi th gr at n oi s e d by m a s f
e i r o ri g a d b
, an , e n o an n n n a r,

th e cl osi g wi th m ssi v e l ocks is i m it a te d s th t th e

n a
,
o a

c d i d te f ci es him s elf sh ut up i a d u g o
an a an S om e n n e n .

ti m th e l ps s i s pulchra l sil e c e Al l t o c e th
e n e a e n e n . a n e

m a st e r s tri k e a s m a rt bl o w d ord e rs th e c did t e to b e

s ,
an an a

pl c d b es i d e th j u i or w rd e
a e d t o b e m d e t o k ee l
e n a n , an a n .

Th e m as te r th e a ddr e ss es s v r l qu e sti o s t o hi m
n a d e e a n ,
n

i s truct s hi m o h i s duti s t ow rds t h Orde r Th e c di

n n e a e . an

d t e i s th e offe re d a b e v e r ge wi th th i ti m ti o th t if
a n a , e n a n a

an
y tr so eal u rks I his h
n rt t h e dri k will tur nt o p ois ea ,
n n on .

Th e cup c o t i i g it h s t w c m p a rt m e ts th o e h old
n a n n a o o n , e n

i g s w ee t th e th e r bitt e r w t r ; th e c di d t i s th e
n ,
o a e an a e n

t a ught to s ay : I bi d m ys e lf to th e s trict a d ri g r u s
“
n n o o

obs e rv c of th e duti s pre scribe d to Freem a s o s

an e d if e n ,
an

e v e r I vi ol t e m y oa th a h i s guid p u ts t h e sw e e t
”
e

w t e r to hi lips a d h vi g dru k s om e th e c di d t e
a s ,
n a n n , an a

co t i n u e s)— I co s e t th t th s w e et es f thi s dri k

n
“
n n a e n s o n

b e tur d i t o bi tte r e ss a d th a t i t s s l u t ry e ffe ct b e

ne n n , n a a

com e fo m e th a t of s ubtl e p oiso

r Th e c did a t i s a n .
”
an e

th m d e t dri k of th e bitt e r w t e r wh e re up o th
en a o n a ,
n e

m s te r xcl i m s :
a e Wh t d o I s e ? Wh t m e s th e
a
“
a e a an

sudd e l te r ti o of y our f eatur e s ? P e rh ps you r co

n a a n a n

s c i e c e b li s y o u r w rd s ?
n e e Has th e s w e e t dri k a lr e dy o n a

tu rn e d bitte r ? Aw a y wi th th e prof e ! Thi s oa th i an s

o ly a t es t ; th e tr u e o e c om s ft e r Th e c did te
”
n n e a . an a

pe rsi s ti g v rth e l e ss i hi d t e rmi n tio h e i s l ed three

n ne e n s e a n,

tim es rou d th l odge ; th e h e i s dr gge d ov e r brok e

n e n a n

ch a irs stools an d bl ocks of w ood ; this tri a l ov r h e i s told

, ,
e ,

to m ou t th e e dl ss st irs a d h avi n g a h supp os s

n
“
n e a ,
”
n , s e e ,

a tt i d gr ea t h i ght t c st h i m lf d ow wh e h e o ly
a ne a e ,
o a se n, n n

f all a fe w fe et This tri l is cc om p an i e d by gr t i e

s . a a ea no s ,

t h e bre thr strik i g o th ttribut s of th e rd e r th e y

en n n e a e o

ca rry In

A s a fur
h r m l e ss
a

pri ck ed a d a gurgli g oi s b e i g produc e d by o of th e

,
n n n e n ne

bre th r e th e ca did t f ci s th a t h e is l osi g m uch bl ood

n, n a e an e n .

Fi lly h e t k s th oa th th brethr e st di n g a r ou d
na , a e e ,
e n an n

h i m wi th dr w s w o rd s Th e c a did a t e i s th e l e d b e tw e en
a n . n n
 C EREMON I E S OF I NI TIATION 23

th e t w o pill rs d th e br thre pl ac e th ir sw rds g i st

a ,
an e n e o a a n

h i br st
s Th m st r f t h e c e r em i e s l oo s s th b
ea . e a e o on en e an

d ge with ut t ki g it ff A th broth r h lds b f r e

a o a n o . no er e o e o

hi m l m p th at sh ds a bri lli t light Th e m st r

a a e an . a e re

su m s eBr oth e r s i or w rd e
:
“
d m y ou th e c did t e en a n, ee an a

w orthy f for m i g p rt of ou s oci ty ?

o Yen Wh t a r e
“
s .
“
a

L ight Th e l et th r b e
” ”
d o y ou s k fo him ? a r
“
. n e e

li ght ! Th m st r give s thr ee bl ows wi th th m ll et a d

”
e a e e a ,
n

a t t h e th i rd t h b d g is t k ff d th e ca di d a t e
e an a e a en o , an n

be h olds th e light which is t o sy m b lis th t w hi ch is to , o e a

fill h i s u d e rst di g Th br thr drop th ir sw rd s

n an n . e e en e o ,

a d th e c
n did at e is led to th e lt r wh er h e k ee ls whi lst
an a a ,
e n ,

t h e m st r s y s : Gr d Archit ect “
a I eth e m af th n na e o e an

o f th u iv e rs e
e d by i rtu e o f th
n p w rs v e st d i
, an v e o e e n

m I cr eat e a d c o stitut th e m s i c pp
e, n tic d n e e a on a re n e an

m em b r of this l dge Th st iki g thr bl ws with ”

e o . en r n ee o

his m ll t ath bl d e f th sw rd h e r is s th e w
e on e a o e o , a e ne

broth r g irds h i m with th pr

e , f whit e l m b s sk i e a on o a
’
n,

giv s h i m p ir f wh i t e gl v s t o b w or i th l odge
e a a o o e e n n e ,

an d oth r t o b
an giv n t th e l dy h e st e m s m ost
e e e o a e e , a

sy m b li l gift wh i ch e d ot b e fu rth e r e xpl i d He

o ca ne n a ne .

is th e g i l d b tw e th e t w pill ars a d r c iv d by
n a a n e e e n o , n e e e

th br thr
e es o of th e m
en S uch is th e pr o ce di g t h e
a ne . e n

a ppr tic e h t o g o thr ugh ; a f w m or d et i ls m y b e

en as o e e a a

add e d .

O e qu e sti
n put t h i m is : H v e you s ee y our m st e r
on o a n a

t o-d y a Y H w w h cl th e d es I a y ll o w
.
”
o as e o
“
n e

j ack t d bl u p ai r f b e ch s Th xpl ti is : th
e an e o r e e .
”
e e an a on e

m st r is th c m p a ss s t h y e ll o w j k t is th b ss b dy
a e e o e , e ac e e ra o ,

an d t h blu br ch s e t h st l p i ts H is ls
e ee sk e de a re e ee o n . e a o a

H w l d e y ou
o o U d s ve
ar This sw r i mpli s n er e n .
”
an e e

th t h e h s ot p ss d t th f ll w cr fts d gr e s v e y rs
a a n a e o e e o - a e e, e n ea

b i g th e t e rm of appr tic ship i Fr m s ry as it is

e n an en e n ee a on ,

in th e r tr a d e s Th p ssword is Bo z t h S ig h oldi g
o . e a a ,
e n n

th h e d h ori o t lly with t h thu m b tur d up t ow rds t h

an z n a , e ne a e

ri ght t o r e m i d t h e ppr
e ar, tic f hi th t k i g which
n a en e o s oa ,
on a n

h e pr m is e s :
o Th s s e v e r l p i ts [ k eepi g t h s c ts of
“
e e a o n n e e re

th e ord ] I s ol m ly sw r t obs rv e with out v si o

er e n ea o e e a n,

e quiv c ti o a m t l r e s e rv ti
on , or u d r o l ss p e lty en a a on , n e n e a na

o n t h e vi l ti f o a
y f th m th t o h v e m y thro t cut
on o an o e ,
an a a

a cr ss my t gu e tor ut by th r t d my b d y buri d i
o ,
on n o e oo ,
an o e n

th s d of t h Th e grip is giv by di sti ct pr ssur ”

e an e s ea . en a n e e

o f th right h d thu m b
e th fi rst j i t fr om th wrist of
an on e o n e

th e right h d f r fi g r gr spi g th fi g r with th e h d

an o e n e a n e n e an
— Th e
.
,

400 . Cer emoni es f

o I n i ti a ti on . Th e Fellow -C r af t .
 24 S E C RE T S O C I E TI E S

s ec o d degr e e of sy m b olic Fr eem s o ry is th a t of f ll ow cr ft

n a n e - a .

Th e ppre tice w h o a sks fo

a n i crea s of s l ry is
, ot r an n e a a ,
n

co duct e d to th e l dg l ik e th pr f e by a u k ow
n o e e o an n n n n

br th e r o
o hi s e y e s b d g d b e c a us e t h e light w
, n r a re an a e ,
as

m ad fo hi m but m v s t w rds th e l odg e h o ldi g i

e r , his o e o a n n

h d r ul e o e f wh o s e ds h re sts t h e l ft sh ould er
an a ,
n o e n e on e .

H a vi g re ch d th d oo r h giv s th e ppre ti c s k ock

n a e e ,
e e a n e
’
n ,

an d h vi g b a dm itt e d d d l r d th e p u rp os e f which
n e en a an ec a e or

h c m s b fi
e o ti m e s p e r m bul t s th e l odge wh reup
e ,
e ve a a e , e on

h e is t ld by th m st e r t o p e rf r m his l st ppr e tic e s w k

’
o e a o a a n or .

He th pret e ds to squ re th r ugh shl r Aft r a d e l

en n a e o a a . e a

o f i stru ti
n v ry u s l ss d p oi tl e ss h e t k s th e th
c on , e e e an n ,
a e oa ,

i n which h e sw e rs to k e p th s ecr e ts trust e d to hi m

a e e en .

Th e th e r fol l ows s m m o r l ct uri g o t h e p rt f t h

n e o e e e n n a o e

m a st e r chi fly o g o m e try fo whi h M s o s pr o f ss gr t

‘

, e n e ,
r c a n e a ea

r e g rd d t whi h th l e tt e r G s e i th e l dg withi
a ,
an o c e en n o e n an

i rr di ti
a a st r is s id to r e f r
on o r a a e .

Th th o f th fe ll o w r ft is r th e r m or e tr oci ou s th an
e oa e ~
c a a a

th t of th e ppr e tic H sw e rs i ad di ti to his f r m e r

a a n e . e a ,
n on o

o blig ti s to k e p th s cr ets of th cr fts d t d o o

a on ,
e e e e a , an o s

u d e r o l e ss p e lty th t h v his l e ft br a st cut p e

n n a na an o a e e o n,

his h e rt t o r th e r from d giv e t o th e r v ou s bi ds of

a n e an n a en r

th e i d th d e v o u ri g b sts f th e fi ld
a r an e With r e fe re c e n ea o e . n

t o thi s o th t h S ig is giv by pl ci g th e h d with th e

a e n en a n an

th um b t ur d up o h i s br st ; th e p a ssw ord is J chi

ne n ea a n,

s ome ti m e s S hibb l e th Th gri p is giv e by disti ct o . e n a n

pr ssure of th e thu m b of th e right h d b tw th j oi ts

e an e e en e n

o f th first a d m iddl fi g rs f th right b d

e n e n e o e an .

Cer em ony H ra m s Mur eter

’

40 1 .
f I n i ti a ti on a n d S tor y f
o o i .

Th e Mas ter Ma s on — At th e e e r c pti st r l dg

on of a m a e th e o e ,

or
“
iddl ch b r
m e am e dr p d with bl ck w t d th
is a e a i h ea s ,
’

h ds k l to s
ea s e e
,
cr ss b s p t d
n , an d o on e w lls
ai n e on t h e a A .

t p r y ll w
a e of e o pl c d
w ax , a e st d rk l t r
i n th e e a , an d a a an e n

f r d
o me kull h vi g light wit
of a S a n a which shi s f rth
hi n , ne o

thr ugh
o h l s pl c d
th e e y e - o e a e lt r st w rshi
on th e a a o f th e m o ,o p
st r giv j ust
ful m a e , e light r v l
s u fli c i en t wh r i
to e e a a c ofli n , e e n

th e c rps
o r pr s t d ith r by
e is e e en e e e rv g
a la y -fig ur e a se in ,

br th r
o e br th r l st d
or t h e o
,
e a st r
ma e a ma e c is
O n th e offi n .

pl c d prig
a e a S c ci
of a a its h d is sq r
a , at ea a its f t
ua e , an d a t oo ,

tow rdsa st p p ss
th e e a , a n o en c om a s rs cl th d
Th e m a te a re o e .

in bl ck
a w r l rg zur s sh s which r pr s t d
an d ea a ,
e a e a e , on a re e e en e

s ic
m a on bl s
em em s v
th e s u n m oon , an d t rs e en
,
s a Th e , .

obj cte t g s id to
of t h e m ee i n is a fi d g w rd
b e th e n i n of th e o
of st r th t
th e m a e a l i
wa s S a n p stul t
Th e o d s is an for a mi s i on .

tr d c d ft r s
in o u e a e pr li
om e ry c r o i s h v g
e mi n a e em n e , a in his
 C EREMON IE S OF I N ITIATI ON 25

tw o rm s bre sts d k ee s b a r e d b oth h e ls S lipsh d

a , a ,
an n ,
an e o .

He is told th t th e br thre ss m bl d a m u r i g th e n a e e a re o n n e

d th of th ir gr d m st r d sk ed wh e th r p rh ps h e
ea e an a e , an a e e a

w o e of th
as n m urd er rs ; t th s m ti m h is S h w th e
e e a e a e e e o n

b dy o figure i th c offi
o r H vi g d ecl r d his i c ce
n e n . a n a e nno en

of
y h
an r e i th tS cri m a h e is i f o rnm d th t h will
a this e, n e a e on

oc a si c h v e toon ct th p rt o f Hir m
a who w s
en a e a a a

sl i t th e buildi g f S l m o s t m pl
a n a d wh s hist ory
n o o o n
’
e e, an o e

h is b o ut t b t ld
e a Th e br th r o figure i th e coffi
e o . o e or n n

h s i t h e m e ti m e b e
a n r m ov ed s o th t wh th sp i r a t
an en e ,
a en e a n

lo ks t it g i h fi ds it e mpty Th e st ry f th e m urd e r
o a a a n, e n . o o

of Hir m is th a r el t d But th d d is ot en i th e a e . e ee n , as n

L g d of th Te m pl ttribut d to S ol m o s j l ousy ’
e en e e, a e o n ea ,

but si m ply to H i r m s r fu s l t c om m u ic t th e m st e r a
’
e a o n a e a
’
s

w rd to three f ll w cr fts Th e v a ri ou s i cide ts f th

o e o - a . n n o e

st ry a e sc ic lly e ct d th e p stul t
o r en a Hi r m th e na e on o an . a ,

m st r c ti u e s
a e h vi g t e r ed th e t m pl e t
on n ,
“
th e a n en e a n oon ,

thr ss ssi s pl c d th m s lv s at th e st w e st d s outh

ee a a n a e e e e e a , , an

d rs d Hiram r fu si g t r v e l th e w ord h e w h o st d
oo ,
an e n o e a ,
oo

a t th st d o r cut H i r m cross th e thr o t wi th tw e ty

e ea o a a a a n

f ur i ch g uge Hir m fl w t th s uth d o r wh e r e h

o -n a . a e o e o o ,
e

r e c eiv e d S im il r tr t m t d th c t t h
a w st d r ea en , an en e o e e oo ,

wh er e h e w struck th h d with g ve l which o cc

as on e ea a a ,
a

d his d e th pplic t t this p rt f th e r cit al

”
si o ne Th a . e a an ,
a a o e ,

is i form d th t h t m ust u d ergo tri ls d is t t

n e a e oo n a ,
an no o

i k u d r th e i nfl u c of t rr o r th ugh th h d of d th
S n n e en e e , o e an ea

b e up o h i m H is th
n stru k i th f r h e d d throw
. e en c n e o e a an n

d w o d S h am s a d a d m
n , an Th m st r c o ti u s Th ee an . e a e n n e

r ufli rri ed th e b ody ut t th w st d or a d buri d it

a n s ca o a e e o ,
n e

a t t h S id e of
e hill — h e r th p ostul t is pl c d i th e
a e e an a e n

c ofli i a gr v e o which th y st ck
n n aprig f a c ci to
,
n e u a S o a a

m k th e sp ot
ar Hir m t m ki g his pp r c . u su l a no a n a ea a n e as a ,

S l m
o o c u s d s ch to b e m d e f h i m by tw lv trusty
on a e e ar a or e e

f ll w cr fts th t w r e s t ut thr e st thr e w st thr e

e o - a a e en o ,
e ea , e e ,
e

s o uth a d thr e rth O f th thr e w h w t e st e

,
n e no . e e o en a ,
on

b ei g w e ry t d w
n a th br w of
, sa hi ll t r st hi m s e lf
o n on e o a o e ,

an d i risi g ca ught h old o f

n n twig h r twig of th a t a - e e a

pl t is put i t th h d of th spir t lyi g i th e c ffi

an n o e an e a an n n o n
“
which c m i g up sily sh ow e d th t th gr u d h d b e
o n ea ,
a e o n a e n

r c e tly dist urbed d o digg i g h

e n d his c m p i, san n n e an o a n on

fou d t h e body of Hir m A si m il r ccurr c e is r el t d i

n a .
”
a o en a e n

ZE i i ii 2 2 —2 9 wh r e E
n e S, . s i plu ki g up shrub th e
, e n ea ,
n c n a on

S id e f hill dis v rs th m urd e r f P lyd rus H i r m s

o a ,
co e e o o o . a
’

b dy w i a m gl e d c o diti o h vi g l i f ourt d ys
o as n an
‘

n n, a n a n e en a ,

wh er e up o o e f th s pr e s t xcl i m d M b h l which
n n o o e en e a e a e en a c
26 C
S E R E T S O I ETIE S C
m ea n s t h fl e sh is ff th b o s
‘
e t h br oth e r is s m itt
o e ne ,
’
or e en ,
’

an d b c m e t h m st e r s w o d a th f rm r
e a e a w s l o st
’
r ,
s e o e on e a

thr ugh H i r m s de th ; fo th ugh th th r tw m st rs

o a
’
a r o e o e o a e ,

S l o m o a d Hir m k i g o f Ty r k e w it it c o uld o l y b e
o n n a , n e, n ,
n

c om m u ic t e d by th thr gr d m st e rs c nj oi tly Th e
n a e ee an a o n .
”

c ov ri g of th g v b i g g ee mo ss a d turf oth r
e n e ra e e n r n n ,
e

byst d rs xcl i m d M u u d mus D i g ti ! whi ch

an e e a e , sc s o ,
e ra a ,

a cc rdi g t M s ry is Th ks b e u t o G d
o n o a on m st r
, ,
“
an n o ,
ou r a e

m ssy h us ! Th e xcl m ti sh ws th t ”
h as
g t o a o o e e a a on o a

th H br w bu i ld rs f S l om o s t e m pl p ss ss d f m ili r ’
e e e e o o n e o e e a a a

k owl dg f th L ti t o gu e ! Th b dy f Hir m c uld

n e e o e a n n e o o a o

t b e r is d by t h ppr tic s f e ll w cr ft s g ip b ut ’ ’
no a e e a en e or o - a r ,

o ly by t h e m a st e r s o li s grip it i c ll ed Al l
’ ’
n th ,
r e on ,
as s a .

this i th e i m it t d by th m st r isi g th e spi r t i th e

s n a e e a e ra n a an n

coffi w h is th t old th w ord sig s a d grips a d t k s

n, o en e ,
n ,
n ,
n a e

th ea th pr om isi g t o k
o , p th e m s o ic s e cre ts u d e r
n ee a n n no

l e ss p e lty th t o h av e his b dy s v e r d i t w his

a na an o e e n o,

b ow els t or th r eout a d bur t t sh s d th os a sh e s

n e n n o a e ,
an e

s tt e re d to th e f ur c rdi l p oi ts Th gri p is giv by

ca o a na n . e en

a disti t pr ssur f th thu m b b tw ee th e j i ts of th

nc e e o e e n o n e

mi ddl d i g fi g rs Th e p a ssw ord is Tub a l C i “ ”

e an r n n e .
- a n .

Th r e e thr e sig s th e m o st i m p rt t b i g th e p e a l
a re e n ,
o an e n n

S ig n,which is giv e by dr wi g t h h d cr oss th e c tr e n a n e an a en

of t h e b ody dr oppi g t t t h sid

, d th nr a isi g it g i n
i o e e, an en n a a

t o pl th p
a ce t f th th um b o th
e oi n v el Th e grip is
o e n e na .

th efirst f th fi p i ts of fe ll o wship d co sists i

o e ve o n ,
an n n

t a ki g h old f e ch oth r s wrists with th p i ts of th e

n o a e
’
e o n

fi ge rs Th e s e c o d p oi t is pl ci g th right f o t p r ll l
n . n n a n e o a a e

with th e right f t th i sid e ; th e thi d right k t o

oo on e n r ,
n ee

right k e ; th f urth right br e st t right b st ; d

n e e o , a o re a an

th fifth h d v r sh o ulde r supp o rti g t h e b a ck I t i s

e , an o e ,
n .

i this p siti
n d o ly i a whisp e r th t th e w o rd M h
o on , a n n n ,
a a a

bo n e,o M cb e
”
h r is giv e th first m i g th e
“
a n ac , n, e ean n
“

d e th o f a broth
a d th s ec o d th e broth e r i s
er ,
”
an e n
“

s m itt en .

4 0 2 Th L e
.
g d E p l i eed — Ta k lit e r ll y th st ry of
en x a n en a , e o

H i r m w uld ff r th i n g s o e xt rdi a ry s t o d e s rv to
a o o e no ra o n a e e

b e c m m m r t d ft r thr th us d y e rs through out

o e o a e a e ee o an a

th w o rld by s ol m
e it e s d r em o i s Th e d e th of a
e n r an ce n e . a n

a rchit ct is ot s o i m p ort
e t m tt r t h v m or h our
n an a a e as o a e e on

p id t i t th i s h w t th m m ry f o m y phil o
a o an S o n o e e o o s an

s oph rs d l a r d m w h o h v e l ost th ir liv s i th e

e an e ne en a e e n

c us e f hu m p r gr ss But history k ows thi g of

a o an o e . n no n

hi m His m s o ly m e ti o d i th Bibl e a d i t i s
. na e i n n ne n e ,
n

S i m ply sa id of h i m th a t h w a ma of u d e rst di g a d e as n n an n n
28 C
S E RE T S O IETIE S C
c h ae a n s e ct wh o s e follow e rs w e re k ow
, n n as th e so s of n th e
wi d o w ( I
40 3 Th R i si ng f Osi i s
. e A p i n ti g f ou d o a
a o r - a n n n n

E gypti m um my an ow i P ris re pre s e t th e d ea th d , n n a ,

n s an

r surr ctio f O siris d t h e b gi i g pr ogr e ss d e d

e e n o ,
an e nn n , ,
an n

of th i u datio of th Nil e Th e S ig of th e Li o is tr s
e n n n e . n n an

f rm e d i t c ouch up o which O siris is l id ut d e d ;

o n o a ,
n a o as a

u d r th c uch a f ur c pi o j s of v riou s c p citi s

n e e o re o an o r ar a a a e ,

i di c a ti g th e st t e of th e N i l t diffe r t p eri ds Th e
n n a e a en o .

first is t e rm i te d by th h d f S iri us o th Dog S t r

na e ea o ,
r e - a ,

whi ch gi v e s w r i g f th e ppr ch f th e v rfl w of th e
a n n o a oa o o e o

ri v r ; t h s c d by th h e d of th H wk th e sym b ol of
e e e on e a e a ,

th E t si
e wi d which t e ds to sw ll th e w te rs ; th e third
e an n ,
n e a

by th h e d of a H e r o th e S ig f th e s outh wi d which
e a n, n o n ,

c tri but s t pr p e l th w t r i to th e M dit rr e

'

on e o o a d e a e n e e an an n

t h fo urth by th t
e f t h Virgi w hi ch i dic t s th t wh
a o e n, n a e a en

th e s u h d p ss d th t ig
n a t h e i u d ti o w ould h a v e
a e a S n n n a n

n e rly subsid e d
a T th bov is sup r dd d l rg A u bis
. o e a e e a e a a e n ,

w h o with e m ph tic g stur e tur i g t ow rds I sis w h

an h s a e n n a ,
o a

an e m pty thr o h e h d I ti m t s th a t th
on e u by th e n r ea ,
n a e e s n,

a i d of t h e L i h d cl r d t h e difficult p ss o f th e tr pic of
on , a ea e a o

C a c r d w as ow i th ig f th e l att e r ; d a lth ugh

n e , an n n e S n o an o

in a st te f e xh ustia w ould s
o be i c diti t o a on , oon n a on on

pr oc e d o hi s w ay t th e s outh Th e em pty thro e i s

e n o . n

i dic tive of its b i g v c t d by th supp os d d th of

n a e n a a e e e ea

O siris Th e r e s o
. why th e h wk r epr s ts th e orth a n a e en n

w i d is b ec a u s e b ut th e su mm e r s olstice wh th e wi d
n , a o ,
en n

bl ws fro m rth t o s outh th e bird fli e s with th wi d

o no ,
e n

t ow a rd s th e s outh ( Job xxxi x Th e h e r o sig ifi e s . n n

th eouth wi d b e us this bird li i g o th w orm s

s n , ca e ,
v n n e

h tch e d i th m ud of th e Nil foll ws t h e cou rs e f th e

a n e e, o o

ri ve r d o w t o th e s e j ust th e s o uth wi d d oe s To k w
n a, as n . no

th st t e of th Nil e
e a d th r f r th ir w p ers o l
e ,
an e e o e e o n na

pr sp cts th e E gypti s w atch e d th birds ; h e c m o g

o e , an e n e a n

o th e r ti o s w h o did ot k o w th e pri ipl by which t h e

na n , n n nc e

E gypti s w t r s divi an ti o by th flight o f birds

en ,
a o e na n e .
1

0
4 4 T h B l a i
.
g S t —Th r e pr s e t ti o of
e z n bl azi g ar . e e n a n a n

st a r fo u d i e v e ry m s o ic l dge a d which Ma s o s d cl r e
n n a n o ,
n n e a

1 s ys I m b t m d
Ha m l e t ath th- w st wh th wi d i s
a u a n or -n or e en e n
s ut h ly I k w h w k f m h d w Th m s C p ll t h di t f
,
-s a ”
o er no a a ro a an . o a a e , e e or o

O f d di t i f S h k sp h g s h d w t h sh w “ “ ”
th e x or e on o a e e ar e , c an e an -sa o e rn a ,

w hi h c d s t h p ss g i t lli gi b l f h sh w i ly t h
ren er e a m a e n e e or ern a s on a no er na e
for th h e; d H ml t t h u g h f i g i g m d ss y t l i m s s uffi i t
e ron an a e o e n n a ne e c a c en
s i t y t di s t i gu ish h w k f m h sh w w h t h wi d i s s ut h ly
, ,

an o n a a ro a e rn a en e n o er
—t h t i s i th t i m f t h m i g t i t h—
,

a n f t h l tt
e t th e o d wh e ra on o e a er o e n or an en

th f m
,

e i
or t t b s er s no o e een .
 C E REMO N IE S OF I N ITI ATI O N 29

to sig ify pru d

n — th ugh why st r sh u ld h v such a
en ce o a a o a e

m ean n i g th y w uld b t l ss t t ll — is th st r S irius

e o e a a o o e e a ,

th e d g -st r m e ti
o a d b v th e i u d ti o of th N i l e
,
n on e a o e, n n a n e

o ccurri g wh n th su wa u d e r th e st rs f th L i
en e n s n a o e on .

N e r th st rs f th C ce r th ugh pr tty f fr m th
a e a o e an ,
o e ar o e

b d f th e z odi to w rds th e s outh d a f w w ee ks a ft er

an o ac a ,
an e

th e ir risi g th E gypti s s w i th m or i g e of th e
n ,
e an a n e n n on

m st bri lli t st rs i
o an th wh l h v s sc di g th e
a n e o e ea en a en n

h ori z o I t ppe r d littl b f re th risi g f t h e u ;

n . a a e a. e e o e n o s n

th y th r f r pitch d up o this st ar as t h i f ll i bl e ig of
e e e o e e n e n a S n

th e su s p ssi g u d r t h e st rs o f L e o a d t h e b gi i g
’
n a n n e a ,
n e nn n

of th e i n u d ti o n As it thu s s em d to b e o t h e w atch
a n . e e n

d giv e w r i g th e y c ll d it B rk e r A ubis Th ot
” “ ”
an a n n ,
a e a ,
n , ,

n i g th I t H br w S i h o r i Gr k
”
al l m ea n d og e me . s e e na , , n ee

b c m S i i os a d i L ti
e a e
“
e r S i rius
,
I t t ught t h e
n n a n
“
. a

E gypti s th pr u d e c e of r tiri g i t o th high r gr o u ds ;

an e n e n n e e n

an d th u s M s o s ig or t of t h origi of th e sy m b ol y et
a n ,
n an e n ,

giv e i t i ts ori gi n l embl em ti sig ni fic tio

a a c a n .
 THE H O L Y R OYAL AR C H

40 5 0fi cers — Th e m e m e of
. . b rs this d gr f d d bout e ee
( ou n e a

th e y r ea d
1 7 6 6 ) a re i t d c p
e n om n a e
“
s h r
om a ni on
”
T e e are
.

i
n ne o ffi rsce chi f wh
the,
e of om gl d
( i n E Z rubb b l
n an ) i s e a e ,

a c p u d w rd
om o n o i g
m e an n
, bright l rd
“
th e o th e s un
, He .

r b lds
e ui t pl
th e e m e a n d th r f r r pr s ts
, e e o e e e en rs th e s un i e n
g i
a a n . xt f r is J
Th e n e o fic e high pri st
e s h ua t h e third
- e ; th e ,

H gg i
a a pr ph t h s thr c p s
th e
,
o e T e e . ee gr d c u ci
o m o e th e an o n l .

Pr cip ls
in a s
an d r e ni o j i r s ur rs f r
an d un o o o
j ne b s o m th e a e ;

zr N h i h s i r u r scr b s n e o n e a c li
”

E a and e em a en o and ni o i
, j e ,
o

sid j it r
e ; an o tyl r with ut
or e o d r th e c p i s
oo Th e om a n on
.

a ss bl d k up
em e ma e id s rch r pr s t g
th e S e o f t h e a , e e en i n the
pill rs J chi
a a z
n a n d Bo a fr t In on .pri cip ls st ds
of t h e n a an

an a lt r i s rib d with
a n c ,
e s l Hir
t h e n a m e of S o om on k g am,
, in
of T yr e andHir
,
iff
a m Ab .

4 0 6 C
. er em on i es — O n tr g
. en e i n ch pt r th e a e , t h e com

p i s gv
a n on sig
i e th e s rr w
n of o i it ti
o , in ci t
m a o n o f th e a n e n s
ur i g l s
m o n n for th e o s of O i s ris Ni c p i s ust ne . om a n on m be
pr s t
e en p i g
a t th e O e n n r y l rch ch pt r
of a o a a ar e ; n o t m o e n or

l s th thr
e s an p r itt d t k this d gr
e e a re e m e to a e s e e e a t th e ame

ti ,
u b rs ki g up
m e th e t w o n m e ma n tw lv th e u br e e th e n m e
,

of z di c l sig s
o a a n c did t
Th e a n
. pr p r d by ty g
a e s a re e a e in a

b d g v r th ir y s
an a e o e e e e c ili g r p s v ti s
an d o ,
n a o e e en me
r u d
o n b dy
th e o ch which u it s th t g th r with
of e a ,
n e em o e e ,

thr f t
ee ee l ck r p b tw
of S a o e th
e e en h y th p ss
em T e
. en a

u d r
n e l vi g rch which is
th e i n a d by,
ma e c p s
th e o m a n i on

ei th r j i i g th r h ds
e o n n ei an h ldi g th
an d o up n by em or ,

h ld g th r r d
o in ei w rds
o s or s o r s bl
s o a s to G thic
e em e a o

a rch . hi p rt
T s a c r
of th e y us d
e e m on tt d d
e to b e a e n e
l dg s ith d l t f l ry
i n s om e o e w a ea o f om oo e r ugh h rs an d o o e
pl ya . p i w ld dr p d
Th e co m a n on s o u o c dd t
o w n on th e an i a e s ,

who w r blig d
e e o es pp rt th s lv s
to u o em e th ir h d
e on e an s

an d k n ee s ; th y w t
an d i f e ensl wly it
t oo o w a s n ot n u
,

l
u s u a fo r on e or r c p o s
m o e of t h e om an i n t o a pply h rp a S a

p oi n t toth r b di to rg th
ei o es u e r ls s ch
e m on T ia
. u a s th e
,
 THE H O LY RO YAL AR CH 31

c did t s f i iti ti i t th
an a e ori t myst ri s h d t g o
n a on n o e an c en e e a o
thr ugh w e ls i m it t d i th r y l ch B t f w if
o , er a o a e n e o a ar . u e ,

an
y l dg,e s o w
o pr ctis e th s tricks
n fit ly fo Christ m a s e e , on r a

p t m i m e s Th e c did at e s ft r t ki g th
an o . th d an ,
a e a n e oa , e

l re th t th y m i ord r t ssist t t h r ebuildi g f

c a a e co e n e o a a e n o

S ol om s t m pl wh r up th y fur ish d with pi k

’
on e e, e e on e a re n e c

a x s sh v ls
e ,
d r owb rs
o e d r tir ,
Aft r
an whil e c a ,
an e e . e a ,

duri g whi h th y
n supp s d to h a v b
c t w rk a d
e a re o e e een a o n

to h v m ad e dis cov ry th y r etur

a e d st t th t o
a e ,
e n, an a e a n

diggi g fo th n w f u d ti o r th y disc v r d
e ne u d r o n a n e o e e an n e

gr ou d v ult i t which
n a f th m w ,
l t d w
n o d on e o e as e o n an

f ou d scr ll which
n a x m i ti tur s t t b th e
o ,
on e a na on n ou o e

l o g l st b k f th l a w Th y t to w ork g i
n - o oo o d e . e se a a n, an

di sc ov r th r v ult d u d r th t a third Th e s u
e an o e a ,
an n e a . n

h vi g ow g i d hi s m ri di h ight d rts h i r ys t o th
a n n a ne e an e , a s a e

c tren d shi se an whit m bl p d e st l o which i

ne on a e ar e e a ,
n s a

pl t f g ld O thi s pl t is d ubl tri gl a d withi

a e o o . n a e a o e an e, n n

th tri gl s s m w rds th y c
e an e t u d rst d ; th e y
o e o e an n o n e an

th re f r t k th pl t t Z ubb b l Th r th wh le
e o e a e e a e o er a e . e e e o

m yst ery of M s o ry— f "

k w to M s s — is u
a n as ar as no n a on n

v il d ; wh t th M s s h d l g b ee i s r h of is f u d
e e a e a on a on n n ea c o n ,

fo t h m yst e ri o us writi g i
r e tri gul r f m is th l g n n a an a or e on

l o st s cr d w rd of th e M st e r M s whi h S l m
a e o d a a on , c o o on an

Ki g Hir m d ep site d th r
n a w h v s i t h e m st r s
o e e, a s e a e e en n a e
’

d gr e
e e This w ord J b lo = J h + Bel + O H br w a u n a n, e e ,

Assy i d E gypti
r an , m s
an f th e u is th e l g o an na e o s n, o s

o f Pl t d S t J oh
a o th
an m i fic w rd ; but th e b v e
. n ,
e o n o a o

co mpou d m i t d d to b e r th s m i m p ort i s
n na e, n en e a e a e ,

S ubstitut d by m od e r M s s
e I t is m m u ic t e d t o t h e n a on . co n a

c d id t e s i thi s w y Th e thr pri cip ls d a ch thr ee

an a n a ee n a an e

c m p i o s f rm th tri gl e s a d ch of th thr ee t k s
o an n o e an , n ea e a e

his l e ft h d c m p i o by th ri ght h d wrist d his

- an o an n e - an
,
an

right h d c m pa i by th l ft h d wrist f r mi g tw o
- an o n on e e - an , o n

disti ct tri gl e s with th e h ds d tri gl with th i r

n an an , an a an e e

ri ght f t m u ti g t ee ,
tripl tri gl
a o d th e p o
n n o a e an e, an n r

no u c th f ll owi g w ords ch t ki g li i tur

n e e o n , ea a n a ne n n

A w th did
l v ddu i ty
s e r ee r ee,

I p n ea ce , o e, a n

Th s dw dt k p
,

e a c re or o ee ,

S w th d g o e ree o a re e,

I p l v d u ity n eace, o e , an n

Th s dw dt s h
,

e a cr e or o ea r c ,

U ti l w th n e re e,

O th su h w h ll r re e c as e, S a
This y l h h pt t ro a a rc c a er o c os e
32 C
S E R E T S O I ETI E S C
Th e right h ds st i ll j oi d a t i gl e a e ra is d a s high
an , ne as r an ,
r e

a s p o ssibl e a d t h w rd giv
,
t l ow b e th i
n syll bl e s S O
e o en a r a n a ,

th a t ch c om p i o h t pro ou e th wh l e w ord I t
ea an n as o n nc e o .

is ot p e rm itt d to utt r this om i fic w ord b ov th e br e th ;

n e e n a e a

l i k the m J h ov h o O m it w uld S h a k e h a v e
e na e e a r u ,
”
o e n

a d n rth if pr o ou c d l ud Z rubb b e l e xt m a k s th e
ea n n e a o . e a n e

n e w c om p ni s q u i t d with th e fi sign s u s e d i this

a on ac a n e ve n

d gre
e d i v sts th m with th b d g s f Roy l Arch
e, an n e e e a e o a

M s ry— th e pro s sh
a on d j w l aTh e ch r ct r n th e,
a , an e e . a a e on

a pr is th tripl T o e of th m st i t f em bl m s
on e e au, n e o a n c en o e ,

a d M s s c ll it th m bl e m f m bl m s with a d epth “
n a on a e e o e e ,

th t r ch e s to th e crea ti o of th w ld d ll th t is
a ea n e or an a a

th r e ie This tripl e Ta u is
n .
”
c m p ou d figur e of thr e T a o n e
’
s,

ca ll d T u i Gr e k N ow this T u o T is th e figur e of th e
e a n e . a r

ol d E gypti Nil om e t r us d t sce rt a i th e h e ight of th

an e ,
e o a n e

i n u d a tin It w a on p ol cross ed w ith o e o m re tr s

. s a e n r o an

v rs e pi c s AS o th i u d ti d p d e d th e subsist c e
e e e . n e n n a on e en en ,

th e l i fe f th e i h bit o ts th e Nil m ete r b e c m e th e sy m b ol

n a an , o a

of lif h lth d pr osp e ity d w s th o ught t o h v e th

e, ea ,
an r , an a a e

p ow r of a v e rti g vil I t th e ce b e ca m a m ul et d i
e n e . n e n a , an n

this m a e r w s i troduc ed m o g m s o ic sy mb ols

nn a n a n a n .

4 7
0 P as s i
.
g th e V i l — I sonm e ch pt rs t h e ce r m o y e s n a e e n

c ll ed p ssi g th e v ils is om itt d b ut to m k th e

a a n e e , a e

a cc ou t of Roy l Arch M s o ry c m pl et e I a pp d it h er e
n a a n o en .

Th c di d t i i tr oduc d bli df old h i s kn ee s b r e a d

e an a e s n e n , a ,
n

his f e t S lipsh od with c bl e tow r ou d his w ai st Th e

e , a a - n .

high pri e st r eads E xod iii 1 —6 a d 1 3 1 4 a d th e c di

- . .
,
n , , n an

d a te is i form d th t I a m th t I m i th e p ssw ord

n e a
“
a a
”
s a

fr m th e first to th e s co d v e il He is a ls sh o w
o bus h e n . o n a

o n fi e H is th e l e d t o th e s e c d v il which o g i vi g
r . e n on e , ,
n n

th e p ssw ord h e p a ss s a d b h lds th e figur e of

a ,
s e rp t e , n e o a en

a d A ro s rod Th e hi gh -pri e st r ds E xod iv 1 —5 d

’
n a n . ea . .
, an

th e c di d t e is t old to pick u p th od ca st d w b e fore

an a e r o n

h i m th t th e ct is th e S ig of p ssi g th e s e c o d v il a d
,
a a n a n n e ,
n

th t th p ssw ords a
a e
“
a M os e s A r o a d E l z a r He re , a n, n ea .
”

th e p a ss e s th e g u rd of th third v il Th e high pri st

n a e e .
- e

r e ds E x d iv 6 —9 d th e c did t is i form d th at th e
a o . .
,
an an a e n e

l e pr ou s h d d th p o uri g out of th w t e r e th e S ig s
an an e n e a ar n

o f th e third v e il a d th t H ol i e ss to th L ord a e th “
,
n a n e r e

p ssw ords t o th e s a ctu m s a ct oru m H is S h ow th e a k

a n n . e n r

of th e cov e a t th t bl of S h e wbr e d th bur i g i

n n , e a e a , e n n n

ce nse, d t h e c a dl stick with s v

an br ch s Th e n e e en an e . n

foll o w l o g l ctur e s to e xpl i th e w ords d s ym bols b ut

n e a n an ,

th ei r qu ality m ay b e i fe rr d fr m th foll ow i g S p e ci m e n e o e n n

This tri gl is a lso a e m bl e m of g eom e try

an e A d h e re n . n
 THE H OL Y RO YAL AR CH 33

w e fin d t h e st p rfe ct e m bl e m of th sci c of a gri

mo e e en e

cultur e ; t p rti l e lik e th e B i li d

no a a c lcul t d fo
a on as ea n , a a e r

o e p rticul r cli m
n a b ut uni v rs l p oin t e d u t by a p a ir of
a e, e a o

c m p ss s issui g from th e c tr of t h e s u
o a e n d s u sp di g en e n , an en n

a gl b e d
o ti g th e rth a d th r by r pr e s e ti g th e i
en o n ea ,
n e e e n n n

flu c en f th a t l umi
e o ry o ve r th cre ti o d m o ishi g us
na e a n, a n n

t b e c r e fu l to pe rf o r m e v ry op e r ti o i its pr op e r s a s o
o a e a n n e n,

th t w e l os ot th e fruits of o l bour Wh t a f rm r
a e n ur a .
”
a a e

w ould y to o wh t pr fit h e c uld d ri v e from this uni

sa , r a o o e ,

v rs l sci c e of a gricult ur e o wh e th e r h e eeds th e

e a
“
en ,
”
r n

a dm o ishi g sy m bol I am a t l ss t o i m a gi
“ ”
n n Th e ,
a o ne .

t i pl e T u ccordi g to th l cture m e s t mp lum Hi o

r a ,
a n e e ,
an e er s o

ly m ls o l i s d th u u m
ee, a c av ip s p ti a a d s e v r l
a es a r ,
res a re os ,
n e a

o th r thi gs qu lly t u co ti u s th e l ctu r r “ ”

e n But e a r e .
,
n n e e e ,
“
th e s e e all sy m b olica l d e fi ni ti o s of th e sy m b ol wh i ch
ar n ,

i to b
s S i m ply s olv d i t o
e e m bl m of sci c i th e
e n an e en e n

hu m a mi d n d is th m ost
n , ci t sy m b ol of th t
an e an en a

k i d th e pr ot otyp
n , f t h e Cr ss a d th e first o bj ect i
e o o ,
n n

e v e ry r e ligi o hu m a s yst m f w orsh i p Th is i s th e

on r n e o .

gr d s e cr t of M s ry which p ss s by sym b l s fr m
an e a on ,
a e o o

sup rstiti o t o sci c e How f all this i s fr om th e tru e

e n en .
”
ar

m i g of th e cro ss
ea n n d tri pl e T u m y b e s e e by r e fe r
an a a n

e ce to 5 3
n .

VOL . II .
 G R AN D M AS T E R ARC H I T E C T

40 8 . Ceremon i a l — I n h , th e
. t is
tw fth d gr el ci t
e ee of t h e a n en

c ch r t
S ot ch pt r
i e , th e a l dg r pr s ts
e , or o e, e pl
e en t h e Te m e of
l
S o om on i n thr c p rt ee om ats first
m en . Th ew st h g t o th e e ,
un
with whit is e, v stib l
th e e its rth r sid is
u e . On no e n e th e
t b Hr
om of ls wh t
i am, a o s uth st d
i e ; t o th e o rz a n s th e B a e n

S a
e
)
c tr l dg divid d fr
Th e e n e of th e o e , v st bul by
e om t h e e i e

a w t hi e , a n dfr H ly
om t h e H li s by
o of o e curt a red , ai n

r pr s ts
e e en t ri r of
th e i n e o t pl th e e m e fl r . O n i ts oo i s t h e
c tch c rp t h wi g
S o a e , S o thr w lls ro d
n th e ee a t pl to un th e e m e ;
th e n o rth of c rp t t ds
th e a e g ld t bl w th
s an th e o en a e i th e
h wbr d
S e so th
e a , t o th e c dl stick with s v br ch s
u th e a n e e en an e .

lt r i c s is pl c d
Th e a a o f n en e a ec rp t its lf
o n th e a bov
e e , an d a e

h gs
i t an l z g t r str gly illu i t d
th e B a i n S a , on st
m na e . Th e e a
is th e H ly H li s
o of o e c tr
. lt r r is d
I n th e en e i s a n a a , a e on
v
s e en s e t ps lt r r pr s ts
; th e a a e e en c v t
t h e a r k o f th e o e n a n ,

on wh ch i pl c d two ch r bi s s r u t d by
are a e e u m , u mo n e ig th e S n
of th e gl ry of
o c sisti g
God , on tr sp r t disc h v g
n of a an a en ,
a in

c tr
i n i t s en e a tr gl scrib d w th
i an e , i n e i 7 , 7 , 7 4 . T h e p e r

p e t u a holy
l bur s
fi re nv s i n a a ighty
e on th e a r k . E -on e

lights bur st ps wh ch h w v r
n on th e e , light d up y
i , o e e , are e onl

wh en t h e c dd t sh w
an i a e i s t o b e light
o n th e H ly of o f th e o

H li s
o e . st r sits
Th e Ma e ll t bl with
at a s ma a cl th
e, a re d o ,

a nd h v g th s
a in on w rd of
i th e o r r v st t
th e O d e a n d th e e m e n
o f th e c did t
an a e. br thr w r
Th e e en pr ea br id r d
an a on e m o e e

and li d w th
ne i Fro
re d . s sh w r fr
m a a
'

,
r ght
o n om t h e i
h uld r
S o e l f hip
t o th e e t p t g is su sp d d
,
t h e e n a on g ld en e , or a o

d l
m e a , on both d s which
Si e of gr v d a re en rd rs a e th e o e of

a rchit ctur e e
. st r is c ll d
Th e m a e a e st P w rful
“
Th e Mo o e

Gr d rchit ct
an A e ,
two w rd s
”
th e ac ll d
en ci t
a re a e
“
An e n
S cot h Gr d
c an st rs br thr
M a e , a n d th e P rf ct rch
e en
“
e e A i
t e ct s f
’

s l qu sti s
Th e u ua sw rse on op i g
a n d an e a re
p u t a t th e e n n

of l dg H r
th e o e
. th e e a r e a fe w o f em

Wh r do st Pow rf l Gr d rchit ct dw l
e e e s th e Mo e u an A e e l
34
3 6 S E C R ET S O C I ETI E S

th e curt i is dra w up h a dful of p owd er is throw o

a n n , a n n n

th e lt a r of i ce s e a d th e b a d g t k e off th e c
a n n ,
n n a e a n an

e y e s ; th Gra d M st e r m k e s difyi g m r l
’
di d at e s e n a a an e n o a

S p e e ch t h e br e thr e
,
fl urish th eir sw ords d for m i g a
n o , an n

circl e bri n g th em a s m uch possibl e i a p oi t o v r th e as n n e

ew br oth e r s h d w h o i ow d e cl a re d a P rf ct A ci t
’
n ea , s n e e n en

S c otc h Archit ect t uch d with th sw o rd o th e right

,
o e d e n an

l e ft h ould e r th e br e st d th b ck d th sw rd is th e
S ,
a an e a ,
an e o n

h a d e d to h i m by th e Gr d M st e r w h c o lud s with
n an a , o nc e

a oth e r l o g S p ee ch
n n As th e c d i d te a tur a lly e xp e cts to
. an a n

b e l et i t o som e k i d of s cr e t h e i s t ld th t t h e h ly
n n e , o a o

w rd i s Je h ov h which h ow ev e r i s v e r pr o ou c e d out
o
“
a , ne n n

of t h e H ly f H ol i e s
o oTh e r i s a ls o th w o rd G om e r but
. e e ,

its m e i g is ot e xpl i d
an n n a ne .

S uch is outli n e of th tw lfth d egr e e of th e A cie t

an e e n n

S cotch rit e I t r e m i ds m e of wh t L ssi g th c e l ebr at d

. n a e n , e e

G r m a author s ai d a ft e r h e h d b ee ma d e M s o
e n ,
Th a n a a n . e

m a st e r h a vi g e xpr e ss d a h p th t L ssi g h d fou d

n e o e a e n a n

n othi g g i st th st a t e r e ligi
n a a n d m or ls i th e O rd e r
e ,
on , a n a n ,

L e ssi g r pli e d
n e N I wish I h d for th e I sh ould h v e
,
“
o, a ,
n a

f u d t l ea st s om ethi g
o n a n .
 GR AN D E L E C T K N I GH T OF KADOSH

40 9 . T he Ter m K a d os h — T i
h s d gr . th rt th
e e e , th e i ie of th e

an ci ten cc pt d cotch rit c t i s b tif l str

an d a e e S e, on a n a ea u u a o
ll g ry
n omi c a l a e o is pr b bly d r v d fr
, an d
o a gypt
e i e om E . Th e
t re m K a d os h m ea n s h ly “
l ct
o
”
or v ry p rs
“
e e .
”
(E e e on i n

th e E a ,st pr f rr d to p st h
e e e a r c rri d st ff
o of on ou ,
a e a a , to

i d c t th t
n i a e a l ct th t
h e w a s K a d osh o r e e , or p rs a hi s e on w a s
s cr d wh c v tu lly
a e ; en e e e n a c to pp i d
th e n a m e a m e be a l e to
th e st its lf
a ff h c
e , an d d rv t
e n e th e st f
e i a i on o f ca d uceus , t h e a f

of M e rcu y ss g r
r , th e m e g ds
e n e o f th e o.
)
1 0 R ti i t t h h r
D r ee — T e e a r e o
f u r p rt ts m en
4 . ecep o n n o e eg a a

th e ni iti ti t k s pl c
a on a e f urth
a e i n th e h y sy b lis
o . T e m o e th e
s s s
ea o n first p rt t is hu g w t bl ck lit up by
Th e
. a a m en n i h a , a

s lit ry l p tri g l r f r
o a am of an u a su sp d d
o m, an d v ult d
en e to t h e a e

c ili g
e n .c u ic t s ith ki d c v
I t om m n a e w a cl s t
n of a e or o e of

r fl cti c t i g sy bols d struct

e e on , on a ni n m of ed th i on a n d ea .Th e
c did t ft r h vi g b
an a e, a e a l ft th r s
n e en e ti p ss
e e ome me , a es

i t
n o th e s c d p rt t which dr p d with whit
e on a a m en , is a e e ; tw o
lt rs ccupy
a a o c tr is
t h e en e ; o n on e fill d with bur
a n urn e n

ing spirits w of th r br zi r with liv

i n e , o n th e o e a a l
e e c oa , a n d

c s b sid
i n en e e e it c did t
.Th e an fc s a e n ows cr fici g
a e th e a i n

p i st
r e
,
who addr ss s s e w rds
e om e d o it of a mon i on t o h i m , a n d

h vi g bur d s
a n ne i s d r cts
om e n ce n e , i e third p rt
h i m t o th e a a

m en t . is hu g with blu
It n v ult d c li g c v r d
e , a n d th e a e ei n o e e

with st rs a hr y ll w t p rs light up this r

T ee e o
. a e his is oom . T
r p gu s
th e a e o a c d d t h vi g h r giv
. Th e a n i a e, a n r qui
e e e n th e e

s t xpl ti
i e e si c rity his i t ti s
a n a on a s t o t h e n e of n en on an d
p ro
s s
mi e of e e ,s cr cy is tr duc d i t in o f urth p rt t
e n o th e o a a m en ,
h g with
un re d . st
At t h e e a thr sur u t d by
is a on e mo n e a

d bl gl cr w d with utspr d wi gs
ou e ea e, o ne , o h ldi g
ea n an d o n a

sw rdo inhis cl w a this ro In . light d up with tw lv

om , e e e

y ll w t p rs
e o a e ch pt r t k s
, t
he a e titl a e s t
th e e of
“
en a e th e
br thr
e en a r ec ll d k ights
a e
“
n this r ”
. ls st ds
In oom a o an th e
m yst ri u s l dd r
e o a e .

4 1 1 . T h e M y s te r i o u s L a d d s v st ps which
er — .It h a s e en e ,

37
 3s C
S E R ET S O I ETI E S C
sy mb olis e th e s u s progr e ss through th e s v e S ig s o f t h
n
’
e n n e

z di c from A i es t o L i b b oth i clusiv e This t h c di

o a r ra, n . e an

d t sc ds r ec ivi g at ve ry st p th e xpl ti
a e a en , e f its
n e e e an a on o
m ea i g fr om
n n hi e r oph t w h r m i s i vi sibl t o t h
a an ,
o e a n n e e

ca did t e ju st a s i th e
n a , i e t m yst eri e s th i iti ti g n an c n e n a n

pri e st r m i e d c o c l ed d a s Pyth gor s d e liv r e d his

e a n n ea , an a a e

i structi o s fr om b ehi d v il Wh th e c did t e h s

n n n a e . en an a a

a sc e d e d t h e l dd r
n d is t h e l st st p t h e l dd r is
a e ,
an on a e , a e

l ow r e d d h p ss e s v e r it b c us e h e c ot r tir e th e
e an e a o , e a ann e

s me w y
a the su a doe s ot r trogr d e He th r ds
,
as n n e a . en ea

th w o rds a t th e b ott om o f t h e l dd e r N p l us u l t
e Th e a ,
e ra .

l st d gr e m ufa ctur ed is a lw ys th e n p lu ult t i ll

a e e an a o s ra ,

s m eb ody c c octs o e still m r e subli m e which th e is th e

o on n o , n

nep l u u l t till
s it is s up rs e d d by
ra , oth e r Wh t subl i m ity e e an . a

m a s o ic d gr e s wi ll v t tt i
n e a d wh e r e th e y will st op
e oe a a n, n ,
n

o ne c t ell an .

4 1 2 T h e S .ve S t p s — Th m o f th e first st p is
e n e e na e e

I s d ka h which is d e fi e d
e a , right e u s e ss lludi g to th e n
“
o n ,
a n

su i t h e v er l e q ui o x i th m o th o f M rch wh e t h e
n n na n n e n a , n

d ys n d ights r e qu l ll ov e r th w orld d th e s u
a a n a e a a e ,
an n

dispe s e s his f v ours e q u lly t ll

n a a o a .

Th e s c d st ep is S h e on l b whit e o figur at i v e ly or - a an, x .

Thi i s t h e o ly st ep t h e d fi iti
s n of which is lit e r lly tru e e n on a ,

which s it m ight l d to clu e to th e m ea i g of th e my s

,
a ea a n n

te i ou s l dd r is th u s f ls e ly d
r a eom i t d figur tiv T ur us
,
a en na e a e . a ,

t h bull is t h s e c o d ig of th e z odi c i t o which t h s u

e ,
e n S n a ,
n e n

e t e rs
n th 2 1 s t April
on His e try i to this S ig is m rk d
e . n n n a e

by th e s etti g of Ori o w h o i myth l ogi c l l gu ge is

n n, n o a an a

s id t o b e i l ov e with th e Pl i d s ; d by th e risi g of
a n e a e an n

th e l a tt e r .

Th third st e p i s c a ll e d M th oh
e sw eet e ss Th e third a ,
“
n .

S ign i s G mi n i i t which t h e s u
e t rs i th e pl ea s t
,
n o n en e n an

m o th f M y C st th o u hi d e r th e sw e e t i fl u c e s
“
n o a . an n n en

of th e Pl i d s o l oos th e b ds of O ri ? ( J b ) N ow
e a e ,
r e an on
”
o .
,

t h e Pl e i d e s w e r e d a o m i t e d by th Rom s V gi li ce en na e an er ,

fr om th ir f or m e rly risi g wh th e S pri g c m m e c ed d

e n en n o n ,
an

th ir sw ee t i flu e c e s bl ss ed th e y r by th e b gi i g of
e n n e ea e nn n

S pri g n .

Th e f ou rth st ep is E mu a h truth i disguis e Th “

n ,
n . e

fou rth S ig is C i to which th e s u e t e rs i Ju e

n a n cer , n n n n n .

E gypt t this p e ri d is en v lop d i

a clouds a d d ust by
o e e n n ,

which m ea s th e s u wh i ch figur tiv ely m y b e c ll e d tr uth

n n, a a a ,

is obscured o disguis e d r .

Th fifth st e p i s H m l s ggi
e gre t l a bour Th e fifth a a a ,
a .

S i g i s Le
n Th gr e t l b ou r a d d iffic ulti e s to which t h e
o . e a a n
 G R AN D E LE CT KN I GHT or K ADO S H 39

s un supp os d to b subj e ct i p a ssi g this S ign h av e

was e e n n

a lr dy b e a lluded to
ea e n

Th sixth st p is S bb l
e burd e e p ti e c e Th e S ixth a a , n or a n .

S ig through which th e s u p ss e s is Vi g m rk e d by th e
n n a r o, a

t t l dis pp e r ce of th cel e sti l Hydr c ll e d th e Hydr a

o a a a an e a a, a

of L r fr m wh os e h e d spri g u p th Gr t Dog a d
e n a, o a n e ea n

t h e Cr b H ercul e s d e stroys th e Hydra f L er a b ut i s

a . o n ,

an n o y ed by -cr b wh i ch bit s hi m i
a s ea th e f oot Wh e a , e n . n

e v e r H e rcul s l pp e d off o of th e m o st e r s h ds tw o ’
e o ne n ea

o th ers spr g up S O th t h i l b our w ould h v e b ee e dl e ss

an , a s a a n n ,

h d h
a ot o rd e r e d his c om p
e n i o I ol s t o s e r th e blo od an n a a

wi th fi e r .

Th e s e v e th st p is m e d G m u h Bi
n h J bu h
e na e na , na ,
e na ,

“
r etributi i t lli ge c e prud e c on , Th e s e v e th S ign i s
n e n , n e .
”
n

L ib i t o which th e s u
ra , n t ers t th e c omm e c m e t of n en a n e n

a u t um n i dic t e d by th e risi g of t h e c e l e sti a l C

,
n a t a ur th e n en ,

s m th t tr e t d H e rcul e s with h ospit lity Thi s c o st ll

a e a a e a . n e a

ti i s r epr s t e d i th e h e v e s wi th a fl sk full f wi e
on e en n a n a o n

a d a thyrsus o r
n m e t e d with l ea v e s a d gr p s th
, na
y m n n a e , e s

bols of th e produ ts of th s s o s Th u h ow rriv e d c e ea n . e s n as n a

a t th e utu m l q ui x bri gi g i his tr i th e fruits of

a na e no , n n n a n

a rth d r c o mp s is m d e t o th e h u sb d m a i
—

th e e an e en e a an n n

pr p rti o t his pr ud c e d i t lli ge c e

o o n o en an n e n .

Th e l dd r will r m i d t h e r ea d e r of th e l a dd r of th e
a e e n e

I di a m yst e ri e s of t h e l dd r s e by J a c b i his dr e m
n n a e e n o n a

th e pyr m id s with s e v a st ps ; a d th e s v e c v e r s of en e n e n a n

v a ri ous ti s na on

F orm rly — i t m y b e s o ow i s om e l odge s—o e of th e

.

e a n n n

t sts th e spi r t t th i s d gree h d to u d e rgo w s to ki ll

e a an o e a n a

t h e m urd r e r f Hir m with a d gg r t o bri g his h

e o d to a a e ,
n ea

th e lt r a d dri k bl ood out of skull Th e c did t e

a a , n n a . an a ,

b i g bli df ld ed h ad to pl ac h i s h d on th e b e ti g
e n n o , e an a n

h e rt of S h ep th e wo ol r ou d th t p rt h vi g b ee
a a e ,
a n a a a n n

sh v d off d h vi g st bb e d th vi cti m h e w fre d fr m

a e ,
an ,
a n a e , as e o

th e b d g and w ah ow bl di g h e d m de of w a
e , an as S n a ee n a , a x,

which h ow v r w s i mm e di t e ly r m ov e d t o pre ve t h i
, e e , a a e ,
n s

di scov ri g th e d ce pti
e n e on .
 P R I N CE OF R OSE -C R O IX

41 3 . Di s ti nct f rom Ros i cruc i a n , a nd ha s va r i ous N a mes .

T his th e e ight e th d e gr ee of th e a ci t a d a cce pte d

,
en n en n

S o c tch rit e i s o e of th e m ost ge e r lly di ffu s e d of th e

,
n n a

hi gh e r d g ee s of M s o ry I t is oft co fou d e d w i th
e r a n . en n n

th e c a b l istic d a lch m istic s ct of th e Rosi cruci s ; b ut

a an e e an

th e r is gre t disti cti o b etw ee th e two Th e m e is

e a a n n n . na

d eri v e d fr om th e ros e a d th e cross a d h a s o co e cti o n ,

n n nn n

with alch m y ; th e i m port of th e r o s e h a s b

e giv e i ee n n n

a oth e r pl c e
n Th e o rigi of th e d e gr ee i s i v lv e d i th e
a . n n o n

gre ate st m yst e ry s lr a dy poi t e d out Th e d egr e i s,

a a e n . e

k own by v a ri u s am e s such as S ov rei gn Pri c s of

n o n ,
“
e n e

R o s -Cr oi x Pri c e s of Ro s e Croi x d He od e i e th

” “ ”
e n - e r n, e
. .
,

h oly hous e i th e Te m pl e a d s om e ti m e s K ight s of th

,
. e .
, n n e

E a gl e a d P e lic
n I t i s c o sid e r e d th e n e p lus u l t
an . of n ra

Ma so ry w hi ch how e v e r is th e ca s e with s e v e r a l oth e r

n , , ,

d e gr ees .

1
4 4 O
.
fi er s a d L
e od g es — Th e pr e s i di g office r is c ll ed
n n a

E v e r Mo st P e rf e ct S ov e r ign a d th e t w o w rd
“ ”
th e s e ,
n a en

a e styl e d Mo st E xc e ll e t a d P e rf ct Br oth e rs
“ ”
r Th e n n e .

d eg r i s co fe rr e d by a body c a ll e d a Ch pt e r of th e
ee n
“
a

S ov e r e ign Pri ce s of R os e-Cro ix a d i thr e p rt me ts ”

n ,
n n e a a n ,

th e first r e pr e s ti g M ou t C lv a ry th e s e co d th e S it e
en n n a , n

a d sc
n e o f th e R surr e cti o
en d th e th i rd H ll e I t will n , an e .

th u s b e s ee th t i t i s p ure ly Christi d egr ee a d th e re

n a a an ,
n

fore ot g e ui e M s o ry b ut a tte m pt to christi i s e

n n n a n ,
n a an

Fr eem a s o ry Th e first a p rt me t i s h u g w i th bl ck a d
n . a n n a , n

l i ght e d with thi rty thr e lights upo three c dl sticks of - e n an e

e l ve
e bra ch e E ch light i s cl o s ed i a s m ll ti box
n n s . a en n a n ,

a d i ss u es i t s light thr ou gh
n h o l of i ch di a m ete r a e an n .

Th e s e li ght s d e ot e th e ag e o f Christ n I three a gl e s of . n n

t h e r oom orth -ea st s o uth -e st a d s ou th -w e st

,
n a e thr ee
,
a ,
n , r

pi ll rs of th h e ight of a m a o th e s ev er l ch pit ers of

a e n, n a a

wh i ch a e i scri be d th e m es of F i th HOp e a d Ch ri ty
r n na a , ,
n a .

E v e ry lodg e h s i ts p i ct ur e d e scriptiv e f i ts f orm a d o f

a o ,
n
 P RINC E OF R O S E - ROI X C 41

th e prop r pl a c e f i ts offic rs a d m bl em s O th e a st
e o e n e . n e ,

a t th e s uth a d orth o gl s th s u n d m oo n d a sky an e , e n an n an

st udd d with st rs e p i t e d ; th cl uds v e ry d rk A

e a ar a n e o a . n

e gla is s ee b e ti g th i with his wi gs a

e n a e m bl m
n e a r n , s an e

o f t h e supre me p ow r Be sid e s oth r ll e g ric l p i ti gs e . e a o a a n n ,

th er e is ls o e of c ubic sto e swea ti g bl d a d w t r

a o n a n ,
n oo n a e .

O th e st o e is a r o s e a d t h e l tt e r J whi ch m a s t h e
n n ,
n e , e n

e xp i ri g W ord nTh e S p a c e r u d t h e pictur r e pr s e ti g

. o n e, e n n

t h e sq u r e of t h e l odg e i s fill d with d rk e ss t r pr s e t

a ,
e a n , o e e n

wh t h pp e d t th e cr uci fi i o
a a en B l o w it a e a ll th e x n . e ar

a cin t tools f m s ry with th e c olu m s d i vi d ed a d

en o a on , n n

brok i to m y p rts Lo w e r d w n is th e v eil of th e

en n an a . o

t em pl r t i tw i e B for e th e m a t r is
en n littl t bl
a n . e s e a e a e,

lighted by thr lights up o whi h th e G osp l c omp ss e

ee ,
n c e ,
a s,

squ re d tri gl e e pl ce d All th e br thre e cl oth e d

a ,
an an ar a . e n ar

in bl ck with bl ck sc rf fr om th l ft S h ould e r to th e
a ,
a a a e e

ri ght sid e A a pr o whit e b ord ere d with bl ck : o th e

. n n, , a n

fl p a e
a skull d ross b e s b etw thr e ed r os e s ; o
r a an c - on ,
e en e r n

t h e pr a is gl ob e surm ou t e d by s rp e t a d a b ove th e
on a n a e n ,
n

l tt r J Th e m a st r d th oth e r offic rs w a r th e eck

e e . e an e e e on n

a wid ribb o f bl ck m oh i r fr om which h a gs th j e w l

e n o a a , n e e ,

a g old e c om p ss surm u t e d by tripl crow with a

n a , o n a e n,

cr ss b tw
o th l gs i t c e tr e b e i g
e ee n cupi e d by full
e e ,
s n n oc a

bl ow r s ; t th f t f th cross is p lic feedi g its

n o e a e oo o e a e an n

y o u g fr m its bre st ; o th th e r sid e is

n o a gl with
a n e o an e e

wi gs displ y e d Th e gl e is th m bl m f th e u th e
n a . ea e e e o s n,

f right o us ss ; th e p elic urse llud e s to ”

u
s n o of e ne an , co ,
a

Chri st h ddi g His bl o d fo th e hu m a r c e ; th cross

S e n o r n a e

a d th e r o s
n xpl i th em s elv s e e a n e .

4 51 R p ti n.i th F
ecei t A p tm to— T h c d i d
n t e rs ar en e an a e

is l th e d i bl ck d or te d with
c o n e d ribb o
a pro
, ec a a r n , an a n

d ubl d with th s m e c ol o ur d sw ord d sc rf Afte r

o e e a , an a an a .

m uch pr eli m i ry c er m o y h is i tr duc e d i t o t h e a p rt

na e n , e n o n a

m t en d told by th e m a st e r th t t h w o rd th t is l ost
,
an d a e a an

which h s e ks c ot b e giv b e c us e co fusi o r eig s

e e an n en , a n n n

a m o g th em t h e v e il of th t m pl e is r t d a rk e ss c ov rs
n , e e en ,
n e

th e e rth t h t ools
a br ok e & c ; but th t h ee d t
, e a re n, . a e n no

d e sp ir th e y will fi d out th ew l w th t th e r by th y
a , as n e n a ,
a e e

m y r c ov e r th e w ord
a e He is th t ld t o trav e l fo thirty . en o r

thre y rs Th e j u i or w rd th r up c ducts h i m
e ea . n a en e e on on

thirty-thr ti m e s rou d th e l odg p i tin g out t h i m th

ee n e, o n o e

thr olu m s t elli g h i m th e ir m s F ith H p e d

ee c n ,
n na e , a ,
o , an

C h ri ty d biddi g h i m r m em b e r th m
a , an h c forth n e e ,
as en e

th ey m u st b e his guid e s Aft e r littl m r t lk h i s . a e o e a ,

e

m d e to k
a l with his ri ght k e up th G osp l d t k e
n ee ne on e e an a
42 C
S E R ET SO I E TI E S C
the foll o wi g o th I pr om is e by th e s a m e oblig tio s I
n a a n

h a ve t a k e i n th e f r me r d egr s f Ma s o ry e v r t o r v e l
n o ee o n n e e a

th e s cr ts of t h e K ight f th E gl e u d e r th e p lty
e e n o e a ,
n en a

o f be i g fo e v e r d priv d of th tru w rd ; th a t a ri v e r o f
n r e e e e o

blo od d w t e r sh ll issu e c o ti u lly fr m my b ody d

an a a n n a o ,
an ,

u d e r th
n lty f suff e ri gen a guish f s oul o f b e i g n an n
p e o o ,

ste e p e d I vi g r d g ll of h vi g 0 m y h d t h m o st
n ne a an a ,
a n 11 ea e

p i e rc g th r s d f dyi g up o th r ss ; s o h lp m e
in o n ,
an o n n e c o e

t h e Gr a d Archit e ct f th e U iv e rs e
n Th e c did t e th o n . an a en

r e c iv s th pr a d s sh b oth sym b ols of s orro w fo th e

e e
'

e a on n a ,
r

l ss of th w ord A d i l g ue e su e s wh er ei th e h op e of
o e . a o n ,
n

fi di g t h e w o rd is fore sh d ow d ; wh r e upo th e m ste r

n n a e e n a

an d br e thr e pr o c e d t o th s e c o d p rt m e t wh r e th e y
n e e n a a n , e

e xch a ge th e ir bl a ck pr o s d s sh e s t t k e e d e s
n a n an a o a r on .

4 1 6 S e d .A p tmcon t — This p rt m t is hu g
ar w i th en a a en n

t p stry ; three ch d eli e rs with thirty thr lights but

a e an ,
- ee ,

with out th e b x e s ill um i t e i t I t h e e st th r e is

o ,
na . n a e a

cross surro u d e d with gl ory d a cl oud ; u p th e cro ss

n a an on

is a r s e f p r dis i th m iddl f which is th l ett er G

o o a a e, n e e o e .

Be l w o e thr sq u re s i which a e thr ee circl e s h vi g

ar ee a ,
n r ,
a n

thr ee tri a gl e s to form th su m m it which is ll g ric l of

n , e , a e o a

Mou t C lv ry u p o which th e Gr d Archit e t of th e

n a a ,
n an c

U i v e rs e e xpired Up this su m m it is a bl zi g st r w i th
n . on a n a

s v r ys d i th e m iddl f it th e l ett e r G g i
e en a ,
an n Th e o a a n . e

e gla d p e lic
e an a ls o r e pp r h e r B l w is th t om b
an a ea e . e o e .

I t h e l o w r p t f t h e sq u re
n e th e c om p ss e s dr wi g
ar o a a re a ,
a n

b o rd cr w trow e l d sq ua r e Th c ubic st o e h m m e r
a , o , ,
an . e n ,
a ,

a n d o th r t ls a e ls r epr s t ed
e oo r a o e en .

4 7
1 R ecep ti o
. i th T h i d A p tm e n t
n — B u t th e ns e c d e r ar on

p oi t of r e c e p tio t k e s pl c i third p rt m e t which is

n n a a e n a a a n ,

m d a s t rrifyi g
e a ep ossibl e to r epr e s e t th e t or m e ts f
n as ,
n n o

h ell I t h s v ch d li rs with gr y b ur i g fl mb u
. as e en an e e e n n a ea x,

wh o s e m ouths r pr s e t d e th s -h e ds d cross-b o e s Th e
e e n a
’
a an n .

w a lls e h u g with t p e stry p i te d with fl m e s d figur s

ar n a , a n a an e

o f th e d a m e d Th c did a t o pr s ti g hi m s lf as
n . e an e, n e en n e a

s e rch e r of th e l ost w rd h as his s sh d a pro t a k e fr om

a o ,
a an n n

hi m , ot h um bl
as n e o ugh t o qu lify h i m fo t h e t sk e d n a r a ,
an

is c ove r e d with a bl ck l th stre w with d i rty sh e s so th a t a c o n a ,

h ce an
s ee oth i g a d i for m e d th a t h
n will b e l d to th e
n , n n e e

d rk st of pl ce s fro m which t h e w ord m u st c om e f o rth

a e a ,

tri um ph t t t h e glory a d a dv t g of M s o ry I thi s

an o n an a e a n . n

co diti o h e is l ed t
n n st eep d sc t up d d w which o a e en ,
an o n

h e i dire ct e d t o tr v e l
s ft r which h e is c o duct ed to th e a , a e n

d o r a d h as th e bl ack cl oth re m ov e d B for e h i m st d

o ,
n . e an

thr ee fig ure s dre ss ed a d vil s He th e p a r ad e s th e room s e . n

 THE RIT ES OF MIS RAIM AND M E M PH I S

41 8 . An oma li es of th e R i te of Mi s ra i m — An oth e r th os . of e

div rsiti e s which m y b e c ll e d th e c st t tte d ts f

e ,
a a on an a n an o

th e life of v a st ss oci a ti o s i s th e rit e of Mi s i m o

a n ,
“
ra ,
”
s

c ll e d from i ts f ls ely pr e t e di g t tr c e i ts ori gi n b ck

a a n n o a a

t o th e E gypti Ki g Me s o Mi i m Wh t chi efly

an n ne ,
r s ra . a

di sti g uish e s it from oth e r ri t e s a d r d e rs it t ot lly

n ,
n en a

diffe ren t fro m m s o ic i stit uti o s is th supre m p ow e r

a n n n ,
e e

giv e to th e h ea ds wh os i rr em ov a bi lity we h v e s e
n ,
e bol a en a

i h e d i ord e r t o o p e th e lodg e s t o t h e f r m s o f g ui e
s ,
n n o en n

d e m ocr cy This rite is e ss e ti lly ut ocr ti c O e m a

a . n a a a . n n,

w i th t h titl e of Absolute S ve reig n Gr d Ma st r rul s

e
“
o an e
”
e

t h e l odg e s a d is irr e sp o sibl e —

,

,
n xtr ordi n a ry om ly i n an e a an a n

th ebos om of lib e r l socie ty t o b eh ld a m em be r cl i m i g

a a o a n

th t v e ry a bs olut e p ow e r g ai st which Fr eem a s o ry h as

a a n n

b ee fighti g f ce turi e s !
n n or n

4 91 O rg . i ti on — T h e r
a n sai te of M i s a i m w s fou d e d by r a n

C a gli o str o t a t i m e wh e th e r w s lr ady a q u e sti o of

a n e a a e n

ev en furth r r e duci g th e u m b e r of th e S c otch ri t f

e n n e o

th i rt y-three d egre e s pr a ctic lly r e duce d to fiv e Th e r s e ,

a . n a o

th e r t e o f M i i m with
i e ty d g r e s
s ra rr ged i f u r ni n e e ,
a an n o

s e cti o s vi z : l
n , S y m b o lic ; 2 Phi l o s ophic ; 3 Mystica l
. . . .
,

4 C b a l i stic ; wh i ch w r divid e d i t s e v e t ee
. a e ecl a ss e s n o n n .

Th e rit e s e a m e dl e y o f S c ot h rit e s
ar M rti is m d c ,
a n ,
an

Te m pl ri s m a d t h e bs olut e Gr d M st e rs
a , n a r og t e to an a ar a

t h e m s e lv s t h e right o f g v r i g l l m a s
e i c l odg s thr o ugh
o e n n a on e

ou t th e w orld Th e fo u d tio s of this s st m w r e l i d t

. n a n y e e a a

Mi l ani 1 80 5 n by s e v e ra l M s o s w h o h d b e r f us d
,
a n a en e e

a dm issi o i t o th e S upr m e Gra d C ou cil Duri g th e

n n e n n . n

first y e r a d for s om e ti m a ft e r p ostul ts w e r e o ly

a n e an n

a d m itt e d s f a s th
a 87 th d eg r e e ; t h e o th e r thr ee c om
ar e ,

p l e m e t i n
g nt h e syst e m e m br ce d t h e u k w n,
sup e r i o rs a n no .

Je ws a e th e chi f s upport e rs of this rit e To sh o w i ts

r e .

ch r ct e r d e ta i ls of so m e f th e d gr s
a a h er e giv e o e ee are n
—
.
,

4 2 0 H i s tor
.
y d C ons ti tu ti Fr
an m M il a t h e O r d e r on . o n,
44
 THE R ITE S OF M I S R AI M AN D M E M PH I S 45

Sp d i to Dal m ati th I i a I sl ds d th N e p
re a n a, e on n an , an e a o

lit t rritory wh re it pr oduc d t t l r e f rm i a h pt r

an e ,
e e a o a o n c a e

f Rosicru i s t h C c rdi st blish d i th Abr uzzi ”

o c an ,
e on o a, e a e n e .

It w t till 1 8 1 4 th t th e rit e o f M i
as n o im w i tr duc d a s ra as n o e

i to Fr ce wh er th e p m pou s d e om i ati o s of i t dl ss
n an ,
e o n n n s en e

hi r rchy m et with o S light succe ss N e v e r h d such titl s

e a n . a e

b ee h e rd of i M s o ry : S uprem e C m m d e r o f th S t s
n a n a n o an e ar ,

S v e r eig
o o f S ov e r e ig s
n Mo st High d M st P o w rful n ,
an o e

K i ght f th R i b ow S ov r eig Gr d Pri ce Hir m

n o e a n , e n an n a ,

S ov r i g Gr d Pri c s & c
e e n th e s e w e r so me f th e titl s
an n e , . e o e

as su m d by t h e m e m b ers Th e tri ls of i iti ti o w e r e l o g

e . a n a n n

a d difficult
n d fo u d e d o wh t is r e cord d f th e E gypti
, an n n a e o an

an d E l e us i i m yst ri e s n an I th e first t w s cti o s th e e . n o e n

f u d ers f th e rit e s e m to h v e tt em pt e d t o bri g t og eth e r

o n o e a a n

a ll th e cr e ds d pr ctic e s of S cot h M a s o ry c om bi e d
e an a c n n

with th e m yst e ri e s of E gypt ; d i th l a st two s ecti o s all an n e n

th e ch m ic a l e d ca b a listic k owl edg e pr ofe ss e d by th pri e sts

an n e

o f th t c o u try a re se rvi g fo th l a st three d e gr ee s th

n ,
n r e e

supr m e directio f th e Ord e r Att em pts w e re m d e to

e n o . a

i tr duc e it i t Belgi u m S w ed e a d S witz e rl d

n o n o d ,
n, n an , an

a ls i t o I r l d a d l tterly i t E gl d ; but e v rywh e r e

o n e an ,
n a n o n an e

it is i a l gui sh i g c diti o Th e Gra d O ri t of Fr c e

n an n on n . n en an

h as n eve r r c g i se d th ri t e a p rt of M so ry th ough it
e o n e s a a a n ,

h s thr e lodg e s i P ris

a e n a
—
.

4 2 1 R i t . d C m o i
es s Th O rd e r c l e bra t s two
an ere n e e e e

e qui oct i l f stiv ls th e o e c ll e d Th e Re w a k e i g of “

n a e a ,
n a a n n

N a tur a d th e oth r Th e Re p os e of N tur e I th

e,
”
n e ,
“
a . n e

6 9 th d gr ee d sig a t d a
e K ight of Kh uk c ll e d
,
e n e s n an a, a

Hy aroth p rticul r i n structi on s e giv n a s t m s r la

” ’
n ,
a a ar e o an e

tio to th e De ity a d th e c ab l i stic m di ti o f th e g ls

n ,
n a e a n o an e .

Th S upr e m C u cil o f th e 8 7 th d gr e h s thr e e p rt

e e o n e e a a a

m e ts : th e first is dr p d i bl a ck r pre s e ti g ch o s
n d
a e n , e n n a , an

light e d u p with o li ght ly Th s co d p rt m e t h a ne on . e e n a a n s

thr e lights d i t w lls are hu g w ith gr

e ,
an typi fyi g
s a n ee n , n

h p e Th third ap rt m t h s s ev e ty-tw o lights with

o . e a en a n , a

tr sp re cy S h ow i g th e w ord Je hov h ov e r th e thro a d

an a n n a n e, n

a oth r
n i m il r o e o v e r th
e S tr c d o r ll sy m b lisi g
a n e en an e o , a o n

th e z d i c a d th o a u Th ign is r a isi g b th h a ds
n e s n . e S n o n

tow rds h e v ; th grip c sists i crossi g th e h a ds d

a a en e on n n n an

m— We a ; N tu r e— Truth I t h e
,

th p ssw o rds
e a e : I ar a re a . n

8 8th d gr e th h ll of r e c pti
e e i s ov l e d hu g with
a a e on a ,
an n se

gr e Th 89 th d egr ee h th p a ssw rd L u ec t b i s ;
e n . e as e o x e en e r

an d th e 9 0 th d gr h olds i ts m ti gs i circul a r r m
e ee ee n n a oo ,

an d its p a ssw ord is S Op h i o Wisd om ; its s cr d w o rd is a, r a e

I sis t o which th e sw r is O siris I this rit ltog th r '

, an e . n e, a e e
46 C
S E RE T S O I E TI E S C
m od e rn , w e m ee t with g ostic d c b ali sti c words a d n an a n

c o ce its—a ph e om e o which w e r e i m possibl e di d ot

n n n n n

g o stic i d ea s p erm e t e all th e v e i s of th e m a s o ic body

n a n n .

4 2 2 Ri t .
f
o Jl
I m p h i s — eI t is c epy o f th e
. rit e of M i s i m a o ra ,

a n d w a s fo u d e d a t P ris i n 1 8 d ft rw rds e xt e d ed n
n 39 aa a ,
an e

t o Br uss e ls d Ma rs e ill e s I t w a s c om pos e d of n i n e ty -o e

an .
n

d gr e s rr ge d i thre s e ctio s a d s ev e cl ss e s A
e e , a an n e n n n a .

l rg v lu m e pri t e d at P ris with th e am bitiou s ti tl e f

a e o n a ,
o
“
Th e S ctua ry giv e s a a cc ou t of ll th e s e cti on s a d
an ,
”
n n a n

th ir sc op e Th e first s e cti o t e ch e s m or lity a d e xpl i s

e . n a a ,
n a n

th e sy m b ols ; th e s ec o d i n stru cts i phy s ica l s ci e c e th e

n n n ,

phil o s ophy of hi st o ry d e xpl i n s th e po e ti c a l m yths o f

, an a

an tiq uity i ts scope bei g to prom ot e th e study of c a us e s d

, n an

o rigi s Th e thi rd an d l a st e c ti o ex h a u s t th e st o ry of th e
n
’
. s n s

O rd e r a d i s o ccup i e d wi th hi gh phil s o phy studyi g t h

, n o ,
n e

r ligi o us myth at th e di ffe re t e pochs of m k i n d

e n an .
 M OD E R N K N I GHT S TE M PL A R S

423 . Ori gi n — We
r e d th t s ev r l l ords of th e C urt of a a e a o

L ouis XI V i cludi g th e Duk e d e Gr m o t th e M rquis

.
, n n a n , a

o f Bir d C ou t T ll a rd for m d
an , a n s e cr t s oci ty wh os
n a , e a e e , e

o bj ct w pl e sure Th e s oci e ty i e s ed L ouis XI V

e as a . n cr a . .
,

h vi g b
a n m d e a cqu i t d with its st t ut e s b ish e d
e en a a n e a , an

th e m e m b rs of th e O rd e r wh os e d e
e m i ti o w A , no na n as,

l ight R surr e ct i f th e Te mpl rs Phil i p ”

S e I on1 70 5 o a . n ,

Duk e of O rl e s c ll t e d t h rem i i g m m b s f th
an o ec e a n n e er o e

s ci ety th t h d r e ou c e d its first sc p to cult i v t e p li tics

o a a n n o e a o .

A Je s ui t f th r Bo i a l r d r g u f bricat d t h
e ,
n an n ,
a ea n e o e, a e e

fa m o us l i st of supp sititi us Gr d M st rs f th T mpl e o o an a e o e e

i c e M l y b egi i g with his i m m di t e succe ss or L a

S n o a ,
nn n e a ,
r

m i sen n N i m p stur w
. v e r sust i e d with gr t r
o o e as e a n ea e

s a g city Th d ocu m t ff r d l l t h e r equisit ch a a t r

a . e en o e e a e r c e

i s ti c f uth e ticity
s o a d w c l ul t d t d e c ive th e m st
n ,
an as a c a e o e o

e xp e ri c d p l l ogi st I t bj ct w t c e ct th ew
en e a ae o . s o e as o on n e n

i stituti o wi th th
n ci t Tem pl rs T re d e r th e d c p
n e an en a . o n e e

ti m or p e rf ct th e v l um c t i i g th e f ls e list w as
on e e ,
o e on a n n a

fill d with mi ut e s of d lib er ti o s t fictiti u s m ti gs

e n e a n a o ee n

u d e r f ls d t s Tw m m b ers w er e v s t t L isb o
n a e a e . o e e en en o n

to obt i if p ssibl
a n, d cu m e t of l git i m acy from th e
o e a o n e

K i ghts f Chri st
n O rd r f o u d e d
o t h rui s f th, an e n on e n o e

O rd r f th T m pl e Th e d e puti s h w v e r w r u m sk ed
e o e e . e , o e , e e n a ,

an d v ry b dly r e c ei v e d — o e h d t o t k r fug i E gl d
e a n a a e e e n n an ,

th e oth r w tr sp rt ed to Afric wh r h di d
e as an o a, e e e e .

4 42 R i. l f th 0 d
ev v a — But th s ci e ty w
o ot dis
e r er . e o as n

cou ra
g e d ; it gr w d w pr b bly t h s m e th t co c e l d
e ,
an as o a e a a n a e

its lf b ef r th e outbr k f th R v luti u d e r th vu lg r

e o e ea o e e o on n e a

f th S ci e ty of th B ull s H e d d wh s e m e m b e rs
’
na m e o e o e a ,
an o

w re disp rs d i 1 7 9 2 At th t p eri d th e Duk f C ss

e e e n . a o e o o e

B iss c w a Gr d M st e r
r a sWh o his w ay t Ve s ill s
an a . en n o r a e

wi th th r pris o rs th r to u d e rgo th i r tri al h e w

o e ne ,
e e n e , as

m ss cr d
a a d L d u his physici a
e , an obt i e d p o ss e ssi o
e r of ,
n, a n n
47
4s C
S E RE T S O I E TIE S C
the ch rt r of L m eni us a d th M S st atute s of 1 7 0 5
a e ar n e . .

Th e s e docu m ts sugg st e d t h i m t h e id en f r vivi g t h

e o ea o e n e

Ord r ; F bre P l p t a F
e a m o - w s ch s
a a ra Gr d,
r ee as n, a o en an

M st e r E v e ry ff ort w
a . m d e t o cr t e b eli f i th e as a ea e a e n

ge ui e e ss f th e O rd r Th broth rs F b é Ar a l d
n n n o e . e e a r , n ,
an

Le bl o d hu t d up r e li s
n Th e sh ops of a tiqu ri s suppli ed
n e c . n a e

t h e sw ord m itr d h lm et f M l y
, d th e f ithful w re
e, a n e o o a ,
an a e

S how hi s b o s withdr w fr om th e fu e r l pyr e o whi h

n ne ,
a n n a n c

h h d b ee
e a bur ed AS i th e M iddl e Ag s th e soci ty
n n . n e , e

e x a ct e d th t a spir ts h o uld b of n obl bi rth su h a s w r e

a an S e e c e

n ot w er e bl d by th e soci ty Fo urt e h o st citi z s

en n o e e . en ne en

of Tr oy s o o e o cc a si o
e nr c ei ve d p te ts of bil i ty d
n n e a n no an

c o vi ci g coa ts of r m s Duri g th e Re volutio th e O rd e r

n n n a . n n

w as diss olv e d but p rtly r st or d duri g t h e Dir ct o r t e

,
a e e n e a .

Af t r th e e st blish m t f t h e E m p i r e th e m e m b rs e —l e ct e d
e a en o e r e

D F abr ed P l p t ; N p ol e
r . e f v o ur d th e O rd e r b e c us
a a ra a on a e , a e

it pr om ote d c om m u ity b tw e e his ew bi lity d t h n e n n no an e

m e m b rs of th e ld ri st cr a cy U d e r th R e st or ti o th e
e o a o . n e a n

l i b e ra l t e d e ci e s of th Ord e r r e d e r e d i t susp ect d t

n n e n ,
an a

t h e i st i g ti o of th e J e s ui ts th e Gr a d M st e r w as r e p ea te dly
n a n n a

s e t to pri so To r e st or e t h e Ord r t o i ts origi a l purpos

n n . e n e

fig h ti g t h i fid el s — t h e m e m b e rs e d ea v o ur e d t bt ai '

n e n n o o n

an i sl d i th e M e di t e rr a ea n ; S i S id e y S m ith l t r
an n n r n , a e on ,

w t e d to m a k e i t th e m ea s of s uppre ssi g pir a cy l o g th e

an n n a n

Afric coa st
an .

4 52 T h L ev
. i ti co n — Th e s oc i e ty w s a t first c th olic
e a a ,

a p o stol i c R om ,
d r j e cte d Prot e st ts ; b ut F br e sud
an , a n e an a

d e l y g a v e it
n opp o sit e t e d e cy anH avi g cq ui r e d n n . n a a

Gr e k M S of th fift ee th c tury c o ta in i g th e G spe l of

e . e n en , n n o

S t J oh
. with re d i gs s om wh t di ffe ri n g from th r e c ei v d
n, a n e a e e

v ersi o pr c e d ed by a ki d of i troductio o com m e t y

n, e n n n r n ar ,

c ll e d L e i ti c
a b d t e rm i e d t ow a rds 1 8 1 5 t pply
v on , e e n , , o a

its d octri e s to th e s oci e ty gov e r e d by h i m d thus to

n n ,
an

tr s f rm a ss ci tio h i th rt o quite rth od ox i t o

an o n a o a n, e o ,
n a

schis m atic s e ct This Levi ti c o i s othi g but th e w ll

. n n n e

k w w ork with th e s m e titl by th e Gr ee k m on k Nice

no n a e ,

p h o u sr H h . vi g b e i e,iti t e d i t o th e m yst e ri s of th e
a n en n a n e

S ufite w h o t this d y i t h e b o s o m f M h mm e d a is m
s, o a ,
n o o a n

pr s rv th dism l d octri e s of th e I sh m elit s of th l d ge

e e e e a n a e e o

o f C iro a tt m pt ed to i tr oduc e th e s e i d s i t Chris

a e n ea n o

d fo th t purp o s e wr ot e th which “ ”
ti an i ty ,
an r L i ti c o
a e ev n,

b c m e th e Bibl e of s m ll u m b e r of s e ct ri e s ; but p ers

e a a a n a e

c uti o u t e d t o th m an T his si gul

n a r M S w s tr s e n a an
p n . .

l t d i to Fr e ch i 1 8 2 2 d pri t d with m odific ati o s

a e n n n ,
an n e , n

an d i t rp ol a ti o s by P al p t hi m s e lf
n e n Th i s p ubl i c ti o
,
a ra . a n
 MO DERN KNI GHTS TEMP LAR S 49

w a s th e c us e of s his m i th e Ord e r f th e Templ Th os e

a a c n o e .

k i ghts th at ad opt d its d octri e s m d e th m th b si s of

n e n a e e a a

n ew liturgy which th y r d r e d public i 1 8 3 3 i

,
ki d e en e n n a n

o f Joh i te ch urch c ll d th T m pl
ann d co s e cr te d with a e e e e, an n a

gr t p om p ; s oci ty of L di e s of th e Templ e w s lso

ea a e a a a

f orm d t th e s m e ti m e
e a a .

4 2 6 C em. on i of I i
erti ti on — T h e l odg e
ess i n th i s d e gr ee n a

a re c ll e d c m p me ts d th e offic rs t k e th ei
a en a mes n ,
an e a r na

from th os e th t m a ged th e rigi l i stituti o f th e a na o na n n o

K ight T mpl rs Th e p e l sig s e th e chi

n s e a . d b e rd na n ar n an a

S ig d th e s w S i g
n an Th e gr d S ign i i dic t i v e of th e
a n . an s n a

d e th of Christ o th e cross Th e r is w rd a gri p d

a n . e a o , , an

p ssw ords which v ry

a ,
Th e k n i ghts w h o lw ay
a .
, a re a s

a ddre sse d s S i K ights w e r k ni ghtly c st um e ot

a
“
r n ,
a o , n

o m itti g th e sw rd
n Th e c d i d t e fo i st ll ti o . is g ot an a r n a a on
“

a p il gri m with s d ls m a tl e st ff cross scrip

”
up as ,
an a ,
n , a , , ,

an d w ll t b elt o cord rou d his w a ist

a e , a d i n s om e r n , an

e c m p m e ts a burd
n a o n hi b ck w hich is m d e t f ll en n s a , a o a

o ff t t h e sight of th cr o ss
a O hi ppro ch l rm i e . n s a a ,
an a a s

s ou d e d with
n tru m p t d fte r d l of ps ud o-m ilit ry
a e ,
an a a ea e a

p rl ey h e i s d mi tt ed a d a w is ppl i d to h i s for e h d
a a , n sa a e ea

by th e s eco d c pt a i whilst ll th e S i K ights e u d e r

n a n, a r n ar n

a r m s Th e c did t e b ei g pr om pt d by th e m st r of th e
. an a , n e a e

c e rem oni e s d cl re s th t h is a w e ry pilgri m prep red to

,
e a a e a ,
a

d e v ot e his l i f e to th e s e rvi c e of th e p or d ick d to pro o an S ,

an

t ct th e holy s epulchr e
e Aft e r p er m bul ti g th e c m p . a a n e n a

m e t s ev e ti m e s h e r ep ats th o th h avi g first p ut w y

n n e e a ,
n a a

th e pilgri m s st ff a d cr oss d ta ke up sw ord I thi s

’
a n an n a . n

o th h
a sw rs to d e fe d th e s epulchre of ou L ord Je s us
e ea n r

Christ ag i st ll Jews Turks i fid el h th e s d oth e r

a n a , ,
n s, ea n ,
an

opp o s e rs of th e G o sp e l I f e v e r I wilf lly vi l t e thi s “

. u o a

my s ol m c omp ct h c o ti u s Br th r K ight
”
e n s a ,
e n n e ,
a a o e n

Tem pl r m y my skul l b e s w
a ,
a su d e r with r ugh s w a n a n a o a ,

my br i s t k e o ut a n d put i a ch rg r t o b c o su m d
n an n a a e e n e

by th e sc rchi g s u d m y S kull i
o n oth e r ch rg e r i n , an n an a ,
n

comm e m or ti f S t Joh f J rus l m th t first f ithf ul

a on o . n o e a e ,
a a

s oldi er a d m rty r of ou L ord d S v i ur Furth e r mor e

n a r an a o .
,

m y th s o ul th t o c e i h bit e d this kull a pp e r g i st

a e a n n a S a a a n

m e i th d y of j u dgm e t S o h lp m e G d A light d
”
n e a n . e o . e

t p er i ft rwa rds put i t his h d d h e cir um mbul t

a s a e n o an , an c a a es

th e e c m p m e t fi tim e s i s ol em m dit ti “
n a n ve d n n e a on an

th e k e li g d ow is dubb ed k ight by th e gr d c om
n n e n n n an

m a d r w h o s ys
n e , I h e r by i st l y u a m s ic k ight
,
e n a o a a on n

hospi t ll e r f S t J h of J rus l m P l e sti R h d s d

a o . o n e a e ,
a n e, o e ,
an

M lt a d a lso
a, a n K ight Templ r Th e gra d c om m d e r
a n a .
”
n an

VO L I I . . D
( 50 S E C R E T SO C I E TI E S

ne xt cl oth es hi m with th m a tl d i v e st s hi m with th e e n e, a n n

a pr s a sh
on , d j ew l ,
d pr s e ts h i m w i th sw o rd
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p ssw rd d S i g Th m tt f th e K ight Te mpl r i

a o an n . e o o o n a s,

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n oc i I E gl d th e c a m p m t of Ba ldwi
n o v n ces . n n an e n en n,

which w st blish d t Bristol by th T m pl a rs w h e

as e a e a e e o r

tu r d with R ich rd I fr om P l e sti e still c o ti u e s t h ld

ne a . a n ,
n n o o

i ts r gul r m ti gs
e a d is b eli v d t o h v e pr e s e rv e d th
ee n ,
an e e a e

an ci t c ostu m e d c er m o i s of t h e O rd e r Th er is
en an e n e . e

an oth r e c m p m
e t t B th d third t York fr om
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which thr ee e m a t d ll th th r e c m pm e t s i Gr t
an e a e o e n a n n ea

Brit i n a d Am eric
a n I s om e o f th e e c mp m e ts th e
a . n n a n

foll wi g is t h e co cl udi g p rt f th e c r e mo y — O e of
o n n n a o e n n

t h e e qu rri s d r e ss d
e ec k with a whit e ightca p d
e as a oo ,
n an

a pr o a d l rg kitch e k if i his h d s udd ly rush e s

n n a a e n n e n an ,
en

i n,a d k n e li g o
,
nee k b ef r e th e e w S i K ight
n n on n ee o n r n ,

sa ys S i K ight I d m o ish y u t o b e j ust ho ur bl

“
,
r n ,
a n o ,
no a e,

an d f ithful t o th O rd r o I t h e co k will h ck y our s purs

a e e ,
r o , a

from off you r h eel s with my k tch e k i fe 1 n n .

52 S E C R ET S O C IETI E S

Hérédom , a s i t i s c a ll e d i n Fr en ch Th i s He rod en s a y s a n
.
,

o ld M S of t h e a n ci e n t S c o tc h rit e
. is a mo u n t a i n S itu a te d
,

i n th e n o rth -w e st of S cotl a n d wh e r e t h e fugiti v e K n ight s

,

Te m pl a rs f ou n d a s a f e r etre a t ; a n d th e m od e r n O rd e r o f
R os e-Cr o ix cl a i m s t h e kin gd o m of S c otl a n d a n d Abb e y of
Ki lw i n n in g a s h a vi n g on c e b e en its ch i e f s e a t o f g ove rn m en t .

By s o m e writ e rs , h ow e v e r it i s a ss e rt e d th a t th e w o rd Héré
,

d om i s si mply a corrupt i on o f th e La ti n e xpr e ss i on h ce red i u m,

S ign i fyi n g a n h e rit a g e a n d a ll ud e s t o th e c a stl e of S t
“ ”
.
,

G e rm a i n th e r e sid e n c e of Ch a rl e s S tua rt th e Pr e t en d e r,
,

to furth e r wh o s e r e st o r a ti on t h e O rd e r of R o s e Cr oix w a s
i n v e n te d Th e subj e ct is i n a st a te o f i n e xtric a bl e c on fusi on
.
,

but s c a rcely w orth th e tro ubl e of e l ucid a ti on Ki n g Rob e rt .

Br uc e e n d e a v o ur e d lik e oth e r pri n c e s b e fo r e a n d a ft e r h i m ,

,

to s ec ur e for hi m s elf th e supr em e directi on of th os e a sso c i a

ti on s wh i ch th ough n ot h o sti l e to th e r e ign i n g p owe r c ould
, , ,

by th e ir organ i s a ti on b e c om e th e foci of d an ge r I t is th e .

c om m on O pin i on th a t this ki n g r e s erv e d for hi m s elf an d h i s

s ucc e ss or s t h e r a n k o f gr a n d m a st e r of th e wh ol e O rd e r an d ,

e sp e ci a lly o f t h e l odg e o f Hér éd o m , which w a s a ft e rw a rd s

tran sfe rr e d to Edin burgh .

4 2 9 M
. od er n F r eem as o n r
y
— A t th e b e gi n n i n g of th e l a st
cen tu ry th e O p e ra tiv e p e ri od of Ma s on ry m ay b e s a id t o h a ve
c om e t o a n e n d I n 1 7 1 6 th er e b ei n g th en on ly fou r l odge s
.
,

e xisti n g i n Lo n do n a pr op o siti on w as m a d e a n d a gr ee d t o
,

th a t th e privil ege o f Ma s on ry sh ould n o l on g e r b e r e stricte d

to op er a t i ve m a s on s— w e h a v e s ee n th a t it h ad ere th en b een
brok en through ( 3 89 )— but sh ould ext e n d t o m en of v a ri ou s
profe ssi on s pr ovid e d th e y w e r e r egul a rly i n i ti a t e d i n t o th e
,

O rd e r .Th u s b eg a n th e pr e s e n t e ra o f Ma s on ry r e t a i n i n g ,

t h e o ri gi n a l c on stit ut i on s th e a n ci e n t l a n d m a rks sy m b ols ,

, ,

an d c e re m on i e s Th e soci e ty , procl a i m i n g broth erly love

.
,

r eli ef a n d tr u th a s th e i r gu idi n g pri n cipl e s obt a i n e d a wid e r

, ,

fi e ld for th e ir op e rati on s an d m or e free d om i n th e ir m od e of

,

a cti on . But t o wh a t d oe s t h i s a cti o n a m o u n t ? To ea t i n g ,

dri n ki n g a n d m um m e ry Th e r e is n othi n g i n th e hist ory of

, .

m od e r n Ma s on ry i n thi s c o u n try a t l ea st th a t d e s e rve s to

, ,

b e r ec ord e d Th e p e tty squ a bbl e s b e tw een L odg e s a n d

.

O rd e rs m a y h e lp t o fill m a s on ic n e wsp ap e rs b ut for t h e ,

w orld a t l a rge th ey h a v e n o i n t e r e st ; a n d a s to a n y u s e ful

k n owl edge to b e prop aga t e d by Ma s on s th a t is pure d e lusi on , .

Y et c on sid e ri n g th a t t h e O rd e r r e ck on s i t s m em b e rs by
,

hu n dred s of th ou s a n ds , its pre t en sion s a n d pre s en t co n diti on

a n d pr o sp e cts m e ri t s om e c on sid e ra ti on ; an d it m ust b e

a d mitte d th a t its ch a riti e s , i n E n gl a n d a t l eas t, ar e a d mi n i s

F REEMAS ON R Y IN E NG LAN D AND S C OTL AN D 53

t er e d on a s om e wh t a th t r sp e ct
m un i fice n t s a e cl In
. a e

h our is d ue t th e glish cr ft
on o s s t ll
En a . An d Ma on ,
a a

e v ts Fr h M s o s obj e ct t o th e ir ss ci ti b e i g
en en c a n ,
a o a on n

ca ll d e B e v ol e t S ci ty
a
“
en fo wh e i n 1 86 1 M d e
o e , r n n .

P e s i g y qu a lifi e d th e m
r n such th Ma s on s pr t e st d g i st
as , e o e a a n

i t s yi g th t th e ir ch riti s w e r t h e o utc om e a d
, a n a a et th e e , n no

o bj ct e f th ir m e t i gs
, o e M r ov r th ir b
e n v ol e c i s
. o e e , e en e n e

n ot c omm s ur t e with th eir di ffusi o

en a d o th e C o ti t n, an n n n en

is c troll ed by p olitic l c o sid r ti s ; th us t h e l odg

on a n e a on e

Phil d elphi a at Ve rvi e rs i 1 87 4 d e cli d to s ubsc ib e t o

a , ,
n , ne r

th e R e d Cr os s Ass oci atio b ec us e i t h e S p ish wa r th eir

n, a n an

s ucc o ur w o uld b e e xt en d e d to C a rli s ts a s w e ll a s to th e

Co sti t uti on als

n .
 F R EEM A S ON R Y I N F R AN C E

4 30 .I n trod u cti on i n to F r a n ce —
Fr s ry i tr
eem a on w as n o

t Fr
d uc e d i n o byan cep rtis s J sth e a an of a me a n d t h e P re

t d r
en e ,
p ssibl
as a o s r s ti g
e m e an of tu rt f ily
e ea n th e S a am

on t h e E n glish thr s tisfi d with tur i g s ic

on e
. N ot a e n n m a on
rit s u f r s
e to ill giti t s s
n o e ee n a n d e d gr s w r
m a e u e n e w e ee
, e e

add d e th s lr dy xisti g su h
to o e a ea e th s
n , c rishas o e of
“
I
st r
Ma e , ”
P rf ct rish
e e st r
I Puiss t rish
Ma e ,
”
an d
“
an I
st r
Ma e , an d by pr is s om r v l ti
e of th e gr t s cr ts
e e a on o f ea e e ,

an d l di g th
ea n b li v th t Fr
em t o e e e s s w ra e e m a on e e th e

succ ss rs
e o K ights
of th e pl rs
n bi ity
Te m a , t h e n o l of t h e

i gd
k n omw r ttr ct d t w rds
e e a a e ord ra li r lly
th e O e , a n d be a
supp rt d it ith th ir
o e w s e i flu c
m ea n a n d n first l dg en e. Th e o e

est blish d
a e F cin th t
r an e w a s u kirk a of D n d r un e
th e titl e of Fr dship i enFr t r ity an d s c d wh s
a e n .
”
Th e e on , o e

n a m e h a s n ot b h d dd w
ee n an e f u d d P ri
o n , w as o n e in a s in

1 72 5 by rd rw tw t r
Lo De e n a e th r f ll w rs
. O e o o e o f th e P re

t d r st blish d th r l dg s
en e e a e o e which rd rw t
o e , o f a ll Lo De e n
w t r
a e gr d st r til th t bl
w a s th e an ma e , un l st his
a no em a n o

lif e for his d v ti c us

e o on t o t h e tu rts
a e o f th e S a i n 1 7 46 .

43 1 . C h ev a l i e r R a m Ch v li r
s a
y
— Th e s y ls e a e Ra m a ,
a o a

d v t d dh r t
e o e a e en h us of t h e tu rt d v r d r
o e of S a , e
n e a ou e mo e
ff ctu lly
e e a c rry
to a i ws his pr d c ss rs
ou t t h e v e of e e e o , and

tt pt d d
i n I 7 3 0 a em e i n L on on t o l a y t h e a b sis s c of a m a on i

r f r
e o m cc rdi g which
a,
o n to s c l g d r f rr d
t h e m a on i e en e e e to
the vi l t d th Ch rl s whil Cr w ll
o en ea of a e I ,
. his
e om e a nd
p ar
tis s r pr s t d
su e e en e ss ssi s th e a a c d n dto b e on e m n e i n th e
l dg
o e
. th r f r p p s d
He e e o e ro o e t o th e Gr d dg an L o e of E n g
l d
an substit t
to pl c
u e i n th e first thr d gr
a e of t h e ee e ees

th so e of S c o tch s N ic K ight
M a on , ov e a n d n ,
pl o f t h e Te m e,

which pr t d d
he e en e ly tru
t o b e th e on ci t s
e a n d an en on e ,

h vi g th ir d i istr tiv c tr
a n e a m n a e dg
en e in th e Lo e of S t .

dr w
An e a t E i n d burgh . Gr d dg
But t h e o c an Lo e a t n e re
j e c t e d h vi ws wh s bj cts it p rc iv d
i s e , o e o e s yw t
e e e
. R am a en

to P ris wh r
a ,
with gr t cc ss His sy t g v
e e h e m et ea s u e. s em a e
54
 F R E EMAS ON R Y IN F RANC E 55

r is t th os e high e r d gree s which h a v si

e o th e be e e n ce n en

k ow by th e m e of th A ci e t S c t h rit M y f
n n na e n n o c e . an o

th e s e i ov ti s m d up f th ir w t of c sist y with
nn a on a e or e an on en c

m s ic tr diti o s by pl d our f e xt e r l d
a on a n ti d S en o na ec o ra on s an

g rg us ss o f r m i s But th e h ut'g d f th
o eo ne ce e on e . a s ra es o e

Fre ch a d th phil os ophi d gree s f th e A ci e t S cot h

n , n e c e o n n c

rit a e ot i ovati o s but i llustr ti s of pure sy m bolic

e, r n nn n ,
a on

M s o ry
a n .

4 3 2 P hi l op h i l Ri t
. Ph i l s ophy i d d b eg to i
os ca es .
- o n ee an n

si u at e its lf i t M s ry sim plifyi g th e rit s d puri

n e n o a on , n e an

ty i g its d ctri e s
n Am o g th phil o s ophic d gr e th e
o n . n e e e s n

i tr duce d th t of th K ights f t h e S u is ot w orthy

n o ,
a e n o n n e .

I ts d cl r e d S c p e w
e a t o d oc t tur l i O pp sitio t
o as a v a e na a ,
n o n o

re v l d r eligi
ea e Th r i but
, e light i
on .th l dge e e s on n e o ,

which hi e s from b ehi d a gl ob f w t e t r pre s t th e

s n n e o a r, o e en

s un It h
. s m e r s mbl ce to th
as o S ubli m K i ght e e an e
“
e n

E l ct e d
e But o .th th r h a d by th s i ov ti o s
,
n e o e n , e e nn a n

syst e m s m ultipli ed d th O rd e r s rv e d as pr t xt d ,
an e e a e e an

d efe c e of i stituti s h vi g o c ne cti o with M s ry

n n on a n n on n a on .

C b l m gic c j ur ti o divi ati o lch m y d d m o

a a a, a ,
on a n, n n, a e ,
an e n

o l ogy w e r t ught i th e l dge s Th se bus s l e d t o th

e a n o . e a e e

e st blish m t f
a d m i istr tiv e c tr t A r s i 1 7 4 7
en o an a n a en e a r a n .

A oth r w s f o u d d t M rs i ll e i
n e a 1 75 1 Thr e y e rs
n e a a e s n . e a

a ft erw rds th Ch v li r d e B
a vill f u d ed i P ri s
e e a e on n e e o n n a a

c h pt r f th e high d gr s with th e titl ft rw rds b ecom

a e o e ee ,
e, a e a e

f m ous f th Ch pt r of Cl rm t
a , o e d l odg d it i a e e on ,
”
an e n a

su m ptu ou s p l ce built b y h i m i a a suburb of P ris Th e n a a .

syst e m d pt d wa to s m e e xt e t th t of R m s y A oth r
a o e s o n a a a . n e

c h pte r i opp si ti o t his w fou d e d i 1 7 6 2 w i th th

a , n o n o , as n n ,
e

titl f C u cil f th K ights of th e E st I 1 7 6 6

e o
“
o n o e n a . n

t h B ro T h u dy fo u d d t h e O rd r o f th
e a n sc Bl z i g S t r n e e e a n a ,

i
n which i d e s d riv d from th T mpl a d th e J e suits
e e e e e an

w r str gely i t rm i gl e d
e e an n e n .

43 3 Th D .uk d e C h t se— Fr m s ry i Fr c w as
e a r re ee a on n an e

n ot w i th o ut i flu c th R v l utin Th e Duk
en de e on e e o on . e

Ch rtr s h vi g b e e l ct d g d m st r ll th e l odge s
a e a n e n e e ra n a e ,
a

w r u it d u d r th e Gr d O i t ; h c th e im m s
e e n e n e an r en en e en e

i fl u c e h e a ft e rw rds wi ld e d Th m d of his i iti ti o

n en a e . e o e n a n

i s thus r l t e d B f r b c m i g gr d m a st e r h e w s e
e a : e o e e o n an a r

ce vi e d i t t h d e gr n o f K ight o f K d o h
e Fiv brethr ee o n a s . e en

i tr duc d h i m i t
n o h ll r pr s ti g gr tt str w with
e n o a a ,
e e en n a o o e n

hu m b o s d light d up with s pul hr l l mps I o

an ne , an e e c a a . n ne

o f th gl e s w
e an l y figur e ov e r e d with r oy l i s i gn i
as a a c a n a .

Th i tr du ce rs b d hi m li e d w o th gr u d lik e o
e n o a e o n n e o n ne

d ea d n mi n g th e d gr ee through which h e h a d alrea dy

,
a e s
56 C
S E R ET S O IETI ES C
pa ss ed a d r e p ea ti g th e for m e r oaths Afterw a rds th ey
,
n n .
,

e xto ll e d th e d gr e e i t o wh i ch h e w a
e b out to b e r c eived
n s a e .

H a vi n g bidd h i m t o ri s h w s m a d to a sc d h i gh
en e, e a e en a

l dd e r d to thr ow hi m s lf from t h e t op Ha vi g th e
a ,
an e . n n

a rm e d hi m w i th d gge r th ey comm d d h i m to strik

a a ,
an e e

t h e cro w e d fig ur e
n d a liquid r e s em blin g blo od spurt d
,
an e

fro m th e w ou d o ver his h ds d cl oth e s He w a s th e

n an an . n

told to c ut o ff th e h e d of th e figur e Fi n lly h e w s i for m ed

a . a , a n

th a t th e bo s with wh i ch th e c v e w as stre w c m e fr m
ne a n a o

t h e b ody o f J m s M l y Gr a d M st er f th e Ord e r of th e
e o a , an a o

T m pl e a d th t t h e m a wh om h e h d st bb e d w s Philip
e ,
n a n a a a

t h e F i r Ki g o f Fr a c
a ,
n Th e Gra d O ri t w a e st blish e d
n e . n en s a

in a m s i o f o rm erly b el o gi g t o t h J s u its i Pa ri s a d
an n n n e e n , n

b e c am e r v oluti o ry ce tre Th e sh re th e Gra d O ri e t

a e na n . a n n ,

t h e tool of th e Duk e d e Ch a rtre s to o k i th e ev e n ts of t h e , n

Fr e ch Revol uti o i s mat ter of p u bl i c hi s tory

n n .
 THE CHAP TE R OF CLE RMON T AN D THE
S T R IC T OBSE RVAN C E

4 34 . J e s u i ti c a l I C tholic c r
n
f l u en ce — i sa k ow e em on e , u n n n

ci t Fr
i n a n en s ry w r i tr duc d fr
eem a on ,
e e n o e om 1 7 3 5 t o 1 7 40 ,

i n th e Ch pt r Cl r t
a e of c ll d h ur
e m on , s o a eo i i n on o of L u s of

Bo urb Pr c
on , Cl r o t
i n e of ti gr d st r
e m n , a t th e me an m a e of
rd r Fr c Fr th t ti
th e O e i n an e. om i fl c of
a m e , th e n uen e th e
J su ts
e i fr t r ity d its lf r
on t h e a e n ma e or f lt
e m o e an d m e e .

c did
Th e an l gr r c v d
a te w a s n o on e l dg e ei e i n a o e , b ut i n th e
city J rus l
of e d l Jr s l
a e m ; n ot th e i ea cl r c l
e u a e m , b ut a e i a

J rus l
e a em typify g
,
in Rome
. t g w r c ll d
Th e m e e i n s e e a e

Ca i tu l a Ca n on i coru m, a n d a m on
p kish l g g c a n ua e a n d as e

ti ci s mpr v il d th r i
e a e e e n t tut s
. I n th e s a h d e i s s een t h e a n ‘

of J s ame z c d g r l of
L a i n e , th e s e on J s ts
en e a th e e ui , a n d th e
t

ai m a t u iv rs l pir b tr ys its lf
n e a em e e a r c ptio of
e , for a t th e e e n

th e subl k ghts
i me n i l st two ch pt rs
th e a p c lyps
a e o f th e A o a e

r d
a re ea c dd t gl w g p ctur th t u v rs l
t o th e a n i a e— a o in i e of a ni e a

m on a rchy which J suits h p d

th e e st blish o e s ct
to e a . Th e e
s pr d v ry r pidly
ea e a wh , ro H d c
for en Ba P r
n un a m e to a is

r c iv d t h g st J su t d gr
i n 1 7 4 2 , a n d w a s e e e i n o th e i h e e i e ee s

f u d
h e o n on h i s e r tur G r y th t th s d gr w r
n to e m an a o e e e es e e

a lr dy st blish d
ea e a x y
e hur g
i n S a on d r
an d T i n i a , u n e th e
g v r
o e n m en t rsh ll wh s l b r
o f Ma a , u d rt k
o e a ou s h e n e oo to
pr t om o e .

T h S t i t O bFr erv a n ce —
x rt s m t s
t h i f h
43 5 . e r c s . o e e e on o e e

r s
t w o m en a o e t h e t trict bs rv c
“
Ri e o f S c ll d
O e an e , s o a e
”
,

b c us
e a r H d i tr d c d t it p rf ctly
e Ba on un n o u e in o k sh a e e m on i
s b rd t
u o w ch s
i n a i on a n d hi
,
d ls ti i t d d
e em e a o fo r a m e n e n e to
f vo r
a u th etr gic h p s of
a h s
o e t rt rsh ll
th e ou e o f S ua ; for Ma a ,

h vi g sit d P ris
a n vi e a th r t r d t cl s
i n 1 74 1 , e e en e e in o o e c on

n e cti onwith s y th r dh r ts
Ra m a a n d th e o e a xi d e en of th e e le
f ily
am . furth r th s b ct H d ix d
To e i o je , with
un m e up th e
it s Cl r t wh t
r e of e m on k a w asupp s d k w
n own o r s o e to b e no n

o f th est t t s of
a u e pl rs ct g with
t h e Te m a , a n d a i n i n con cert
57
5s S E C R ET S O C I ETIE S

Ma rsh a ll v e rra G e r m a y with a s e ct f ew T m pl rs n ot

, o n n o n e a ,

t o b e co n f ou d e d wit h t h T m pl rs th t ft erw rds j o i e d

n e e a a a a n

th mas
e ic fr t r ity But Hu d s m s ft r ll to h a v e
on a e n . n ee a e a

r e d e re d n o r e l s r ic e s to th S tu rts th ough wh e
n a e v e a n

Ch rl e s E dw rd visit d G e rm y th s e ct ri e s r ece iv e d h i m
a a e an ,
e a

i th m o st g ll t m
n e e r pr om isi g h i m t h e m st e xt
a an an n , n o en

S iv e supp rt d ski g f h i m titl s a d e st t s i a ki gd om

o ,
an a n o e n a e n n

which h h d y et to e qu er Thu s h was br ught to th t

a c on . e o a

s t at ef m o t l i t oxic ti o whi ch ft rw rd s l ed h i m t o
en a n a n a e a

m ak e bsurd e try i t o R om e prec ed d b y h e r lds Wh o

an a n n ,
e a ,

pr cl i m d h i m ki g Hu d s e m s i th e s ad story of th e
o a e n . n e ,
n

S tu rt t o h v e a ct e d th e p rt of
a s, a sp e cul t r ; d th e ri t e a a a o an

o f t h e S trict O bs e rv ce p e m e t d by th e J s ui ti c l l ea v e
an ,
r a e e a n,

h d pr ob bly a
a i m v e ry di ff r en t fr om th e e e st blish m e t
a n a e r - a n

o f t h e pr o scrib d dy sty I t is c e rt a i th t t e ti m
e na . n a a on e

th p o w r o f th e N ew Te m pl a r s w a s v e ry gr eat a d pr e p ar e d
e e ,
n

th e w ay for th e I ll u mi n a t i .
60 S E C RET SO C IETI E S

Ab e rd e en k e w e ve l e ss th an th e ir G erma n fri e ds for th ey

n n n ,

k e w ly th e first thre e d gr ee s S ta rk th ough f u d o ut

n on e .
, o n ,

ot t o b e p u t d w but wrot e a bo ok e t i tl e d Th e “
w s
a n o n, n

C opin g S to e i which h e re pre s te d th S tri ct O bs e rv c e

n ,
”
n en e an

a s h o stil e to r li gi o soc i ty d th e st t e
e n, e ,
an a .

43 8 Ri t
. of Zi ze
e n d f — T h ins w s o t th e first a tt a ck
or a n

m d e o th e syste m of Hu d
a n I 1 7 6 6 C o u t Z i z d o rf n . n ,
n n en ,

chi e f physici i th e Pr uss i an n r m y w h o h d b e e r e c ei v e d an a ,

a n

i n to th e S trict Obs rv c e w s struck fro m th e list of m e m b e rs

e an ,
a

o f t h e l odg e of th Thr e e Gl ob es e I r e v e g e h fou d e d t . n n , e n a

B rl i
e n d P o tsd m l odg s o t h Te m pl r syst e m wh i ch
an a e n e a , ,

h ow v e r h e s oo b a d o ed d co mp os e d a ew ri te i
e ,
n a n n ,
an n ,
n

v e t ed by h i m s e lf a d co si sti g f s e v d e gr e s which
n ,
n n n o en e ,

w a s pr ot e ct d by Fr d rick th e Gr ea t
e Th e ew O rd e r m a d e
e e . n

fi e rce a d s ucc es sfu l war both on th e S tri ct d th e R el x e d

n an a

O b s e rv a c e n .

4 39 A f . i c A r
r hi t ects —
an A b ou t 1
c 7 5 r oth e r Vo K opp e r
6 B ,
n

i stit ut e d i n Pr u ss i
n u d r th e a us pic e s o f Fr e d e ri ck I I th e
a, n e .
,

O rd e r of Afri c Arch i t e ct s w h o o cc upi e d th em s e lv es

”
an ,

wi th h i stori ca l r e s ea rch e m ixi g up th e r e wi th m s o ry a d s, n a n n

c hi va lry Th e o rd e r w a s divi d e d i t o e l e v e d grees Th ey

. n n e .

e r e c te d a v st b u ildi g wh i ch co t a i e d a l a rg e libr a ry
a n , n n , a

m u s e u m o f a t ur a l h i st ory
n d a ch e m ic l l a bor t ory U ti l
, an a a . n

1 7 86 wh e ,
i t w a s d i ss olv d th e s oci ety a w rd e d e v e ry y ea r
n e , a

a g old m e d l w i th fifty duca t s t

a t h e a uthor of t h e b est o

m e m r o th e h i s tor o f M s o ry Th i s w as o e o f th e fe w n
oi n
y a . n

r at i o l m o i c s oc e ti e s Th e Afri ca n Archit ect s did n ot

na as n i . .

e s t ee m d e c or a t i o s pr o s coll a rs j w el s &c I th ir
n ,
a n , , e , . n e

a ss e m bl i e s th e y r ea d ss y s d c omm un ic te d th e r e sults
e a ,
an a

of th ei r res ea rch e s At th ei r sim pl e a d d e corous b a qu ets

. n n ,

i n s tr ucti v e a d s c i e tific di s co u r s e s w e r e d e l i v e r e d
n n Whi l e .

th e ir i iti ti on s w e r gratu i t o us th e y ga ve l i be ra l a ssist a c e

n a e ,
n

to z ea lo us b ut n ee dy brethr e Th ey p ubl i s h e d m an y i m n .

port an t work s on Freemas on ry .

 THE C ON GR E SS OF WIL HEL MS BAD

44 0 Va ri o.u s Cong ress es — To p ut a n e n d to th e n um e ro u s

di s put e s r a g i n g a mon g m a s on ic b odi e s v a ri ous c on g res s e ,

w e r h e lde . co gr e s s w as c o ve ed t L y o s ; i t
In 1 7 7 8, a n n n a n

la s te d a m o th but w a s with o ut r e s ult

~
n ,
I 1 785 oth e r . n , an

w a s h ld t P ri s b ut th e t i m e w s w a st e d i
e a a idl e dis
,
a n

p ute s wit h C gl i str o Th e m ost i m p ort t w s th t which

a o . an a a

a ss em bl e d t Wi l h el m sb d i 1 7 82 u d e r th e pr e sid e cy
a a n , n n

o f th Duk e of Bru swi ck w h o w s

e xi o us t d th e dis
n ,
a an o en

c ord re ig i g m g G e rm a Fr e m s o s I t w a tt e de d
n n a on n e a n . as n

by M s s from E urop e Am eri c

a on d Asi From n ,
a, an a . a

a pproxi m ti ve e sti m t i t pp e r th a t th e re w e r e th
a a e, a a s en

u pw rds of thr e
a m i ll i s of M s o s i th e di ffe r e t p a rts
e on a n n n

of th e gl ob e .

44 1 D i u
. s i o s t W
sc si lh el ms b d — Th e s t a t em e ts c o
n a a n n

D S t rk book Th e C p i g S t e ’ “ ”
t i ed i
a n n r . a s , O n on

c o c rni g th e i fl ue ce f th e J s ui ts i t h m a s o ic b ody
n e n n n o e n e n ,

for m e d e of th e chi f t pics discuss ed S m e of th e chi f

on e o . o e s

o f th S trict Obs e rv c e prod uc e d c o s i d e r bl e c o fusi o by

e an n a n n

b i g u bl e t o gi v i f rm ti o c o c er i g th e s ecr ts of
e n na e n o a n n n n e

t h hi gh d gr e s which th ey h d pr of ss e d t o k o w ; o t o
e e e ,
a e n r

r d r
en e ccou t of l rge su m s th y h d r ec i v d o b eh lf
an a n a e a e e n a

o f th O rd r Th e m i p i t w s t s ettl e wh eth e r M s o ry
e e . a n o n a o a n

w as t b co s i d e r e d
o e c o ti u t i of th e Ord e r of th
n as a n n a on -
e

T m pl rs a d wh eth r th s cr ts of th e s ect w r t o b e
e a ,
n e e e e e e

s ought fo i th m d e r T m pl r d e gr e s Afte r thirty

r n e o n e a e .

S itti gs th e sw e r w s i th e n g tiv e ; th e chi e fs f th e

n , an a n e a o

S trict Obs e rva c w r d f e t d n d th e Duk e o f Bru swick

e e e e a e ,
an n

s usp d d th O rd e r fo thr ee y rs fr om which bl w it

en e e r ea , o

ne v r r ecov er d Th S w e d e s prof ss e d t o p ss s ll th
e e . e e o e s a e

s cr ts th Duk e of Brun swick h st d to Ups l t o l ear

e e e a en e a a n

th em but f u d th at th S w d e s k w o m r th th
, o n e e ne n o e an e

G rm s ; wh e c e ew diss e s i o s a r os e b tw ee t h e M s o s
e an n n n n e n a n

o f th e t w o ti o s na n
—
.

44 2 R s u.l t f C on e
ve n ti on Th e r e s ult of th e co v e t i o
o n n n
62 S E C RET S O C I ETI E S

of Wilh elmsb ad w as th e rete tio n n of three sy mb olic l

th e a

d gr e s with th e a dd i t i o of a
e e , n ne w d gr ee th t o f th e
e , a

K i ghts of Be e fic c w hi h w
n n en e,
”
c as b s d th e pri cipl s
a e on n e

en u i t e d i S t M rti s b k Des E u l d l Ve i te
nc a n . a n
’
oo , r re rs c e a
‘
r
’

an d t h T bl u N tu l e Th f u d ti
a ea f th e w O rd r a re . e o n a on o ne e

w s a ttribut e d to th i flu e c f th e J e suits b c u s th
a e n n e o , e a e e

thr i iti l l e tt rs f Ch li Bi f i s t
ee n a e o ev a er s en a a n s, are

e qu a l t 3 8 2 1 3 S ig ifyi g th l e tte r N m i g N t i
o , , ,
n n e , ea n n os r .

A oth e r r sult w
n l g ue b tw e M s o ry a d t h e
e as a ea e en a n n

I llu m i t i — d i t is still a m tt r o f S p cul ti o wh th r

na an a e e a n e e

th e s l tt r w re ot b eh i d th Jes ui t — br o ught b ut by
e a e e n n e s a o

th e x e rti e s f S p rt c u s o W ish upt w h o h d l

on o g go a a r e a , a on a

disc er e d th i n flu e c e h co uld bta i by th co O p r ti o

n e n e o n e - e a n

o f th e M s o s wh m h e of c ours m pl y d s his u
a n ,
o , e, e o e a n

c o sc i ou s tools But J es i ti c l i flu e c t th t tim w as

n . u a n n e, a a e,

t oo p w rful t o b e ov rc om ; th y s i d d with
o e d thu s e e e e , an

st gth e d th e i fl ue c e f th e d uk ; h e c th O pp si
re n en n n o , e n e e o

ti o o f G er m y t o th pri cipl f th Fr e ch Re v luti

n an e n es o e n o on ,

wh i h br ok e o ut s o a ft er— a O pp osi tio whic h w lik e

c on n n as

disch rgi g a r o k t a g i st a thu d rb olt but which w

a n c e a n n e , as

c rri e d t o its h ight by th e m i f st of th e Duk e f Bru s

a e an e o o n

wi ck s o lo u dly pra i s d by c urtly hist ori s a d f whic h

, e o an ,
n o

th e G e r ma pri c s m d s uch g o d u e to i duce th e

n n e a e o s as n

G er m c o fed r cy t o surr ou d Fr c e w i th fi ry li
an n e a f n an a e ne o

d e l ud e d p tri tis m Fr e m as o ry h d b ee m d e th t ool

a o . e n a n a e

o f pri c d pri st cr ft th o ugh o cc si

n e an lly it tur d e - a ,
a on a ne

t h e t a bl s o th p ri c e e i sta ce f which is r c rd e d
n e n ,
an n n o e o

i th e e xt p r gr ph
n n a a a .

44 3 F d i k
. W i lli m I I
re I n d th M
er ca s o — Th e sudd a . a e ns en

r etr t f th e Ki g f Pr ussi a of th i s m ft r h vi g
ea o n o na e, a e a n

i v a d e d Fr c e i
n 7 9 2 h a s e ve b
an s tisf ct ril y ex n 1 ,
n r ee n a a o

pl i e d D E E E ck r t i his M g zi e f E v id c
a n . r . . . e ,
n
“
a a n o en e

fo t h e C o d e m a ti o of t h e M s o ic O rd r writ s ”
r n n n a n e , e as

foll o ws qu oti g fr m priv t e l tt e r fr m M V

,
n z f o a a e o .
, o

P ris to B o v o S
a ,
z at Vi ar n which h e qu lifi s n , en n a , a e as
“
th or oughly r e li bl e Th e Ki g f Pruss i a h d cr o ss d
a n o a e

o u fr o ti e rs ; h w I b li e v a t V rdu
r n Thi o vill
e as, e e, e n or n e .

O e v i g
n e c o fid ti l tt d t g v h i m th m s o i
en n a n en a a en an a e e a n c

Si g d to k h i m i t o
n , an subt r o v ult wh er h e l ft n a e r a n ea n a ,
e e

him l e By th e light o f t h e l m ps illu m i ti g th

a on . a na n e

r oo m th ki g s w his a ce st or Fr ed rick t h Gr t
,
e n a n , e e ea ,

a pp o ch i g h i m Th e r
r a n uld b o m ist k to his
. e co e n a e as

v o ce d r s g it f e tur s Th e pirit r epr h e d th e k i g

i ,
e s, a ,
a e . S oa c n

with h i s a lli ce with Austri a g i st Fr c an d c m a a n an e, an o

m a ded h i m i m m e dia t e ly to w i thdr a w th e r e fr om

n Y ou .
 THE C ONG RE S S OF WI LHELMS BAD
k ow th t th ki g ct d cc ordi gly to th gr t d i sgu st
n a e n a e a n , e ea

o f his lli s t o wh om h did o t

a e ,
m m u ic t th r s s e n co n a e e ea on

of his withdr w l S m y s ft e rw rdsa a c l br t d

. o e ear a a o ur e e a e

a ctor Fl ury w h cquir d such r put ti by his p

e ,
o a e e a on er

t th Th ed t F ne i i Th e Tw o P g s “ ”
f m
or an c e a e re ra a s n a e ,

i
n which pi ce h e r pr s t d Fr e d eri k th Gre t t p
e e e en e c e a o er

f tiec c fess ed th t h ct ed t h e gh ost wh Fr ed rick

on , on a e a en e

Wi lli m I II w m yst ifi d by
a . pp e r a as which h d e an a a n ce , a

b pl e d by G e r l Dumou i e
ee n an n Dum ou i e w a s a
en a r z . r z

Fr em a s o
e n .
 XVI I I

MA S ON R Y AN D NAP OL E ONI S M

444 . Ma s on ry p rotected by Nap oleon — W i thr e e w e d co ur t n

friv liti es d m ilit ry p omp th e th e trica l spi r i t of M so y

o an a ,
a a nr

r ev i v e d Th i n stituti o s o a cti ve b e f re d duri g th e

. e n, o an n

R e v o l uti o b e c u s it w a gov e r e d by m e wh o rightly

n, a e s n n

u d e rsto o d
n d w o rtt repr s e t e d its pri ci pl s duri g
an e n n e , n

t h e E m p i r e f ll i t o c d m ic p ueriliti e s s e rvil e c om pli

e n a a cee , an ,

an d e dl s squ bbl e s
n e s Th t p e ri od w hi ch m s o ic wri t rs
a . a , a n e ,

a tt ch d t o t h e l tt e r d pl ea s d w i th i ts pp re t spl e
a e a an e a a n n

d ou r c ll th e m st fl uri shi g of Fr e ch M so ry i n th e
,
a o o n n a n ,

e y s of i d ep e d e t j udges a pp ea rs s th e l e st i mp ort a t
e n n n a a n

an d th e l ea st h o ou r bl e for t h e m a s o ic o rd e r
n a N apol e n . on

a t first i t en d e d to s uppr e ss Fr e m s o ry i
n which th e e a n ,
n

dr ea d e d i d olog i ts m ight e s i ly fi d a r fug

e s Th e e a n e e . r

pre s e t ti v e system of th e Gr d Ori t cl sh e d wi th his

n a an en a

m o rchic l pri cipl e s

na a d th e o l i ga rchy of th e S c otch ri te
n , an

a rous d his s uspici o s Th e P ari si a l dge s h ow ve r pr o

e n . n o , e , a

ti ed i
s th e a rt
n f fl a tt e ry prostr t d th e m s e lv es b e for e t h e
o , a e

Fi rst Co sul pro str at e d th em s elve s b for e th e E mp e ror a d

n , e ,
n

s u d foe gr c e Th e s uspi ci s of N apol eo w er e t dis

r a . on n no

s i p t ed ; b ut h e p e rc i v e d t h e p olicy of v o idi g vi l e t
a e a n o n

m ea s u re s a d o f discipli i g
,
n b ody th t m ight tur g i st n n a a n a a n

hi m Th e l odge s w e r e i u d t e d with t h e l o w e st p lice

. n n a o

a g t w h o r api dly a tt i e d th e h i gh e st d egree s a d s iz d

en s , a n ,
n e e

t th e v e ry o uts e t t h e clu e of y p ol i ti c a l i tri gu e wh i ch

'

a an n

m ight b e c o c octe d th e re N p ol eo
n ft r c o side rabl e . a n, a e n

h e si t ati o d e cl ar d i fa vour of th e Gra d O ri e t a d th e

n, e n n n , n

S cotch rite h a d t ss um th e s e co d pl c e A s i gl e word

o a e n a . n

o f N p o l e o n h a d d o e m or e to e st blish p c b tw e th e m
a n a ea e e e n

th an al l fo r m e r m ch i ti o s Th e Gr d O rie t b c m e
a na n . an n e a a

c o urt ofli c e d Ma s o ry a ,
an r m y of emp loyes Th e Gr d n n a . an

Ma ste rship w s off r e d t o J s e ph N p ol e o wh o cc ept e d i t

a e o a n, a ,

th ough e ve r i iti t d i t o Freem s ry with th e c o s e t

n n a e n a on ,
n n

o f h i s broth e r w h o h w e v e r fo gr t r s e c u ri ty i sis te d
, ,
o ,
r ea e ,
n

o n h a vi g hi s trusty a rch -ch c ellor C a mb a c eres ppoi n t ed

n an a
64
 MAS O N R Y AN D NAP OL E ON I S M 65

Gra d M st e r Adj u ct to b i r eality th e o ly h ea d of th e

n a n ,
e n n

O rd r eGr du ally all th e rit e s xi sti g i n Fr ce g v e i

. a e n an a n

th ir dh si o to th i mp e ri l p oli cy l cti g C m bac eres

e a e n e a ,
e e n a as

th ei r chi f dign i t ry s o th t h v t ua lly p ss e ss e d m ore

e a ,
a e e en o

m a s ic titl s th
on a y oth r m n b e for
e an o a ft r h i m I
n e a e r e . n

1 80 5 h w s m ad e Gr d M st r Adj u ct of th Gra d
a e an a e n e n

O ri e t ; i n 1 806 S o v e r i gn Gra d M st r o f th e S upr e m

n ,
e n a e e

Gr d C o u cil ; i th e s m e y e r Gr d M st r O f th e ri t
an n n a a ,
an a e e

of H od er of Kilwi ni g ; i
en 1 80 7 S upr em e H ea d of th e n n n ,

Fr e ch rit e ; i th e s am y r Gr d M st e r of th e Ph i l o
n n e ea , an a

s ophic S cotch rit ; i 1 80 8 Gr d M ste r of th O rd e r of e n ,

an a e

Christ ; i 1 809 N ti a l Gr d M st e r of th K ight s

n ,
a on an a e n

o f t h H oly City ; i th s m y e r Pr ot ecto r of th e High

e n e a e a ,

Phil s ophic De gree s A e ve ry ew l odge st blish e d i

o . S n e a n

Fr a c h ad to p y th e gra d m st e r a h vy f Mas o ry
n e a n a ea ee, n

y i ld e d to h i m a u l r ve u e of tw o m il li o s of fr cs
e an nn a e n n an .

44 5 S p e .d of F m as
r a
y
— B u t m s o ic disput s
r ee so o on r a n e n

ag i a n high Th e rch -ch c e ll or ccu st m d d at

ra n . a an , a o e an

t ch d to th e us g e s
a e d p m ps of c o urts s cr tly g v e th
a an o ,
e e a e

pre f re c to th S c otch rit e wi th its high sou di g titl

e n e e ,
- n n es

an d g org u s c e r m o i e seo Th e Gr d O ri e t c rri d i t s

e n . an n a e

com pl i ts e v e to N apol eo who gr w w ry of th e s e

a n n n, e ea

p ltry f ce — h e w h o pl e d gr d dr m s ; d t o e
a ar S an n an a a an a n

tim h h d d t r m i e d o a b olishi g th O rd e r lt ge th e r
e e a e e n n n e a o ,

but C mb ac er es succ eed ed i rre sti g his pu rp s sh owi g

a n a n o e, n

hi m th e d a g rs th t m ight e su e fr m its s uppr ssi o

n e a n o e n

d g rs which m u st h v e pp ea re d gr t si c N p l eo
an e a a ea , n e a o n,

who eve r h e si t at d h e si t t ed th e
n d ll ow d a oth er
e ,
a n, an a e n

to a lt r hi s vi e ws P e rh ps h e r e c gn is ed th e c ssi ty i
e . a o ne e n

F e ch s oci ety of a body of m e w h o w e r fr ee t l st i

r n n e a ea n

a ppe a r ce of ki d of p oliti ca l s f ty v lv e Th e Fr e ch
an ,
a n a e - a . n

h d ta k e
a liki g to th e ir lodg s wh er e th ey fou d a
n a n e , n

ph a to m of i d ep e d e c e d m ight co sid r th e ms elv es

n n n n ,
an n e

e utr l grou d s o th t m s ic wri t r c o ld s ay “

o n n a n , I a a a on e u n

th e b os om f M s o ry th e r ci rcul t s
o a littl e of th a t vi t l
n e a e a a

e c e ss y to g e ro us m i ds Th e S c otch ri te
”
ai r s o n ar en n .
,

s e cretly prote ct d sprea d throughout th Fren ch d ep a rt

e , .
e

m ts a d f r e ig c o u tri s
en n o d wh i lst th e Gr a d O ri t
n n e ,
an n en

tri ed to s uppre ss It d to pr v t i ova tio s l ect ed a an e en nn n ,

e

Dir ctor f R it e s th e S upr m e Gr a d C ou c il st blish e d

e o , e n n e a

i ts elf t Mil a a a d l ect e d Pri c e E uge e Gr d Ma st r f

n, n e n n an e o

th Gr e d O ri e t of I t ly Th e t w o high e st m s o ic auth o
an n a . a n

r i ti which y et h a d th s m e m ste r i C mb c eres a d

es, e a a n a a ,
n

th s me p tr i N p ol e
e a a c ti ue d t o c om b t e ch
on n a on , on n a a

oth e r with m uch f u ry as w s h ow i

as th struggl b e a S n n e e

VO L II . . E
66 S E C RET S O C IETIE S

tw ee Fr c e a d E gl an d But h vi g o publ i c l i fe o
n an n n . a n n ,
n

p rli m e t ry d eb t s o opp o siti o j our ls th e gr e t e r

a a n a a e , n n na ,
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p a rt of th e p pul a ti o t ok r fug i th l dg e s d e v e ry
o n o e e n e o , an

s m ll t w h d its o wn
a o n I 1 8 1 2 th r
a xist e d e th ous a d . n ,
e e e on n

an d ighty - i e l dg s ll d p di g o th e Gr a d O ri t ;
e n n o e ,
a e en n n n en

th e r m y h d s i xt y i
a d th e l dg w as O p e e d
a -n n e
,
d an o e n an

cl o s d w i th th y Vi l E mp r ur !
e e cr ,
ve
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6 T h C l L — This w s O rd e r fo u d e d i
ea ves a an n n
44 . e ov er

G rm y b ut 1 80 8 by J h d W i tt c ll d V Dorri g
’

e an a o o n e ,
a e on n

m m b r of a l m ost v ry s e c e t s ci ty th
a e e e xist e e r o e en

i g em br ci g so m e of t h e gr t st G e r m
n ,
a n st t e s m e to ea e an a n,

furth e r th pl s f N p ol eo i t h e h op e th t his su cc ss es
e an o a n, n a e

m ight l e d t th e m di t i s ti a o f ll G m st t e s whi ch
e a a on o a er an a , ,

wi th Fr c w r to form but o an e, m pir

e e Th e me w s ne e e . na a

d e ri v e d fr om th e f ct th t thr ee m em b rs ly w ere k o w a a e on n n

t o o oth e r
ne an .

m — N p ol e o u bl
4 47 O b s q u i
. ou s e s of F e e a so y n s d re nr a n, na e an

u willi g t o suppr ss Fr eem s ry e m pl oy d it i th e rm y

n n e a on ,
e n a ,

i th e e wly-occupi e d t rritori s
n n d i such h e i te d d e e , an n as n n e

to occupy Im p e ri l pr s e lytis m tur d th e l odge s i to

. a o ne n

s cho ols f N p ol o i m o B t a e s e cti o e f M s o ry u d e r

n s . u on n o a n ,
n

t h e sh d o w of th a t pr t e cti
a b c m e th v e ry o tr ry o on , e a e c n a ,

a ti N a p l eo ic ;
n - d ot ll th e l dg s cl s d th e i r ccus
o n an n a o e o e a

t om e d l a bours with th Vi I t is
’
f l E mp e ur !
’

y o e cr ve re ,

h ow e v r quit c rt i th t N ap ol eo by m e s of th e m s o ic
e ,
e e a n a n an a n

s ci ety f cilit t d s cur d hi c qu e sts S p i G e r m y

o a a e or e e s on . a n, an ,

a d I t ly w r e c o v e r d with l dg s — a t e ch m b rs
n a e m or e
e o e n a e ,

th a y oth e rs of pr f ct ur s d m i l it y comm a d— p e
an n ,
e e e an ar
‘

n r

S i de d v e r d g v er d by s oldi ers Th high st dig it ri e s

o an o ne . e e n a

o f Ma s ry t th t p e i od w r m a rsh ls k ights f th e
on a a r e e a ,
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L e gi o of H o ur n obl e s of ci t d sc e t s e t ors c o u
no ,
n an en e n ,
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n

c i ll o s ll s f
r ,
d trusty p rs o s ;
a a e st t e th t ob y d th e
an e n a a a e e

ord e rs of C a m b ceres h e ob ey e d th a rd rs o f N p l eo ,
as e o e a o n .

O bs e qui o u s ss c m r t o th e ridicul o us Th e h lf y e rly

ne a e n ea . a - a

w ords f c om m d of th Gr d O ri t r e tra c th e hist ry

o an e an en e o

o f N p o l eo ic pr ogr e ss S ci e c e d P c
”
a I 1 80 0
n ; i . n , n an ea e n

1 80 2 ft e r M r go U ity d S u ss ; i 1 804 ft e r
,
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n an cce
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t h e c oro ti Co t e t m t d Gr t e ss a ft e r th e
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na on , n n en an ea n ,

b ttl e of Fri edl d E m p er r d C fid e c

a an , ft e r th e
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uppre ssio of th e tribu e Fid e l i ty

s n t t h e birth o f th e n ,
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a

Ki g f R om e P st rity a d Joy ; t th e d p rtur f

n o ,
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t h a r m y fo R u ssi
e Vict ory r d Re tur — t rribl e v i ctory
a, an n e ,

a d u f rtu a t
n n or tur ! n e e n

44 8 A n ti -N
p .l o i c F m as y
— a N p ol eo w e h a v e
o e n r ee on r . a n,

s ee m a d e a l eagu e wi th Fr ee m a so ry to ob ta i its s upport

n, n n .
 F R EE MA S ON R Y , THE RE ST OR AT I ON AN D
THE S E C O N D E M PI R E
"

“
44 9 . Th e S oci ety f
o F ra n ce Reg enera ted . Th e Re s tor a
-

tio wh os e bli d e ss w s o ly e qu ll ed by
n, n n a n a its m e diocrity
whi ch u bl e to cr eat e prop os ed t its elf to d e stroy wh t
,
na , o a

e ve ti m e r e sp ects th m em ori e s d gl ori e s of a p eopl e

n , e an

c ould ot pl s e Fr m a s o ry m uch H osti l e to N p o l o

n ea ee n . a e n

i h i l st y e rs it c o uld ot ppr v e of th c o duct of t h e

n s a a ,
n a o e n

ne w g ov e r m en t At a ll e v e ts th e Fr e e ma s o s h e ld l o f
n . n , n a o ,

th o ugh cy ics m ight sugg st th t this w s d o e with vi e w

n e a a n a

o f e x cti g b e tt e r t r m s
a n I t h e m e whil e a s oci e ty w s
e . n an , a

f r m d i P ris w hi ch ss um i g m son ic form s d th

o e n a , , a n a an e

titl e f Fr c e R g e ra t e d b cam e a i stru m t f

o
“
an e en ,
”
e n n en o

e spi o a g e a d r v e g e i
n th e h a ds of th e e w d e sp t
n e n But n n n o .

t h e v e ry g ov e r m e t i wh o s e fa v o ur it a ct d f u d i t n ec
n n n e , o n es

s a ry withi ye r fr om its fou d tio S il e tly to s uppre ss

n a a n a n n

it ; fo it fou d th r bid z ea l of th e s e dh e r e ts to b e m or e
r n e a a n

i j u ri o us to i ts i t e r e sts th
n th e O p e n opp os i ti o of i t s an n n

avow e d em i s en e .

45 0 P r i s t
.l O
y pp o i ti one t o M o y
— Th e Ma so i c p Op a
s as nr n r

ga d h ow e v e r w s ctiv e ly c rri e d o
n a, , Th pri e sts o
a a a n . e , n

t h e ir p rt c o sid ere d th m om t com e for i u g ur ti g

a ,
n e en na a n an

an ti -m so i c cr us ad e U d e r N p ol e o th e pri e stho od co uld

a n . n a n

n ot br th e ; th e c ou rt w s cl os ed g i st i t e xc e pt
ea a a a n ,
on

gr d occa si o s wh e i ts pr e s e c e w a s e d d to a dd ou t
an n , n n n e e

w rd p om p to i m p e ri l su cc e ss e s AS th e m st e rs of c e r
a a . a e

m o i e s th pri e sts h d c e s e d i Fr c e to b e th e c ou ci ll or s
n , e a a n an n

an d co f ss rs of its rul e rs ; but o w th e y r ea ss um d th o s e

n e o n e

f u cti on s a d th Ma so s w e r t o ce re c omm e d e d to th e
n ,
n e n e a n n

h a tre d of th e ki g a d th e m istru st of th e p ublic Th y

n n . e

w e re repr s e t ed s ab ettors of r ati o lis m d r egicid e ;

e n a na an

th e c o s e qu n c w as th t a g e t m y lod g s w e re cl os ed
en e ,
a r a an e ,

th ough o th e oth r h d th rite of Mi s i m w

,
n e st b
an , e ra as e a

li h ed i
s P ri s i 1 8 1 6 wh o s e m oth r lodge w c ll e d th e
n a n ,
e as a

Rai bow a pr e s a g f s e r e ity d c al m wh i ch how e v e r

”
n ,
e o n an , , ,

68
 THE RE S TO RATIO N AN D S E C ON D EMPI RE 69

did n ots a ve th e s ci e ty from p olice p rs e c utio I 1 8 2 1

o e n . n ,

this l dg w s cl os d d ot reop ed till 1 8 3 0 Tow a rds

o e a e , an n en .

th e s m e ti m e w as f u d d th lod g of T i O Op h i ts
a o n e e e
“
r n S s .
”

In 1 8 2 1 th S upr e m e Gr d Cou cil r os e t o th e surf

,
e an n a ce

ag i a n , an d with it th e disput s b e tw e it d th Gr d e e n an e an

O ri t en T e t e r i to th e ir squ a bbl e s w ould b e

. o n n d w a st e a sa

of ti m e a d I th e re fore p ss th em ov r
n a e
—
.
,

45 1 P oli
. ti l I n i g ifi e of M
ca as o y Th Fre m s o s
s n ca n c nr e e a n

are s a id to h ve brought b out th e J uly rev oluti o of 1 83 0

a a n ,

but proofs e w a ti g a d I thi k th e y m y b e bs olve d

ar n n ,
n n a a

from th t h rg e L ouis-Philippe wh o w pl c e d o th e
a c a .
,
as a n

thro e by th t r v oluti t ook t h e O rd r u d r his prot eo

n a e on , e n e

tion , d ppoi te d his s o

an a t h e Duk e of O rl
n s Gr d n, ea n ,
an

M st e r
a O .t h e Duk s d e th n 1 84 2 his br oth r th e
’
a In ,
e , e

Duk e d e N e m ou succ ed e d h m i th dig ity I this

rs, e i n e n . n

l tt r y e r th e di sput e s b e tw
a e a , t h e Gr d O ri t d th e een an en an

S upr m e Gr d C o u cil w e r
e an mic b l y s ttl ed Ag i w e
n e a a e . a n

a e t ld th t
r o t m s o ic c gr ss h ld t S tr sburg th
a a a a n on e e a a e

fou d ti o s o f th e r e voluti
n a n f 1 84 8 w r e l id I t is on o e a .

c e rt a i th t C v ig c L m rti e L d u-Roll i Prudh o

n a a a na ,
a a n , e r n, n,

L ouis Bl c M rr st Vil i an ,
Py t d a g e t u m b er
a a ,
a n, a ,
an r a n

of G erm r e public s tt d ed th t c o gr e ss but fo

an an ,
a en a n , r

this r e s o it a nt strictly b e c ll d m s o ic it w as
c an n o a e a a n ,

r th r a r p ubl i c m e ti g O th e st blish m e t of th e
a e e an , e n . n e a n

Provisi o l G v r m e t ft r th e r ev lutio of 1 84 8 th e
na o e n n a e o n ,

Fr m s o s g v i th ir dh e si o t th t gov e r m t ;
ee a n a e n e a n o a n en

on which cc si s om high fl w sp ch s b out lib erty

o a on e - o n ee e a ,

e qu lity a d fr t e r ity w r m d
,
an a d v e ryb dy c g t u
n e e a e, a n e o on ra

l t d his ighb our th t ow th reig f u ive rs l broth e r

a e ne a n e n o n a

h od h d b gu But th re st orati o of th E m pir which

o a e n . e n e e,

f ll ow d s o fte r sh w e d h w idl ll this or tory h d

o e o n a , o o e a a a

be en , a n d h ow t h e i flu e c e of M s o ry i th e g e t ff irs n n a n n
'

r a a a

of th e w rld r lly is n i l o ea
—
.

45 2 F . e m so y a
re d N p ol aon I I Inr Ag i t h e N n p o a e a n a

l ic ai w v e s ou d th Gr d O ri e t Th eph e w
c on r a ar n e an n . e n

S h o w d hi m s e lf fr om th
e first h ostil e to Freem s ry a s e as a on

his u cl e h d b e ; but th d e cr e pr ohibiti g th Fr e ch

n a en e e n e n

l odg s from o ccupyi g th m s elv e s with p olitic l qu sti o s

e n e a e n ,

u d r p i
n e of th diss oluti of th e O d r d i d t pp r
a n e on r e ,
no a ea

u til t h e
n
7 th S pt m b er 1 8 5 0 I J u ry 1 8 5 2 s om e
e e . n an a ,

s up ri r m m b rs
e o f th e O rd r pr op o s e d t o o ff r th e dig i ty
e e o e e n

of Gr d M st e r t o L uci e M ur t th Pr sid e t s c o usi ’

an a n a ,
e e n n .

Th pr op s a l w s u
e o i m ou sly gr eed t o ; a d o th l gth
a n an a n n e

o f th e s m e m a th th e w Gr d M st r w s ack owl edge d

on ne an a e a n

by ll th e l dg s He h ld th ffic e till 1 86 1 wh e h e w s
a o e . e e o ,
n a
70 S E C RET S OC I ETI E S

o blig d to r sig i co s q ue c e f th m s o ic b d y h a vi g
e e n n n e n o e a n o n

p ss e d a v ot of ce sur u p o h i m fo his expre ssio s i

a e n e n r n n

f vou r f th e t em p r l p ow e r of th e P op e u tte re d
a o o a th , In e

stor my discussi o f th e Fr e ch S at i th e m o th f n o n en e n n o

J u e of th t y e r Th e Gr d Ori e t w g i ll i co
n a a . an n as a a n a n n

fu si o n N p l o I II ow i t e rfe r d e sp i lly s Pri c

. a o e n . n n e ,
ec a a n e

N a p ol e o w s prop s d fo th offic of Gr d M st e r ;
n a o e r e e an a

which e xcit d th e j e l u sy of th Mu ti t wh o publish e d

e a o e ra s s,

p m p h l ts of th e m ost vitup e r t i v e ch a r ct e r g i st th e i r
a e a a a a n

a dve rs a ri e s w h o o th ir sid r epli d with rr e sp o di g

,
n e e e co n n

bitt er e ss N p ol eo i m p os e d sil c on th litig ts p

n . a n en e e an ,
ro

h i bi te d tt d c t l od ge s pr m is e d th t h e h i m s elf
a en an e a ,
o a

w ould pp oi t Gr d M st r d dvi s d his cousi t o

a n a an a e ,
an a e n

u d e rt k
n l o g v oy ge to th U it d S t te s Depriv e d
a e a n a e n e a .

of t h right of e l e cti g i ts ow hi e f th e a uto om y of

e n n c ,
n

Fr ee m so ry b c m e a n illusi o its progr mm u s e l e ss

e a an n, a e ,

an d its m yst e ry f rc e I th e m e whil e th e qu rr e l s

a a . n an ,
a

of t h p rt is s of th e di ff r e t c did te s c al m e d dow ;
e a an e n an a n

Pri c N p ol eo r tur e d from Am e ric ; Mur t r e sign d

n e a n e n a a e

hi m s lf t this d e fe t a s to oth e rs d th e E m p ror f orgot

e o a , ,
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a l l b out F ee m a s o ry
a At l a st i
r J u ry 1 86 2 th e re
n .
,
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a pp e re da d e c re pp i ti g M rsh a l M g
a e to b e a o n n a a n an

Gr d M ste r A M rsh a l ! Th e n eph e w i thi s i st ce

an a . a ,
n n an ,

s i n m a y oth ers h ad t ak e l ea f out of his u cl e s ’

a n , . n a n

book .

453 J s ui ti.ca l M a eoeu r es — N pol eo ic Fr eem s o ry ot n v a n a n ,

n

e tire ly t o l o s
n its p e culi r physi og omy v e tur d to ch ge
e a n ,
n e an

its i stit utio s J e ui ti s m c st l ovi g y e s o it d dr w

n n . s a n e n ,
an e

it t ow a rds its elf s i th e d ys of th e S trict Obs e v c e,

a n a r an .

M ur t thr w out h i s
a et but w s r e m v e d j u st wh e it ne ,
a o n

w as m o st i m p rt a t fo th i t e r e sts of th e J s uits th t
o n r e n e a

h e sh ou ld h v e r m i e d He pr op s e d t o tr sform th e
a e a n . o an

Fr e ch l odg s— f which i 1 8 5 2 th er w e re 3 2 5 whilst

n e o ,
n ,
e ,

i 1 86 1 o ly 2 6 9 c o uld b e f ou d — i t o s oci e ti e s f m u t u l
n n n n o a

s uccour d t o a b do
,
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S ph e r e of m r lity n d h um ity to th e s oci e ty which i

o a a an , n

th e s e l st s i xty y rs h s a lr e dy v rc om e a d i corp r te d
a ea a a o e n n o a

t h e w h ol e Rom cl e rgy o c e its riv ls an d by obliqu e ,

n a ,
an

p th s lso m y of th e c o s e rv tiv e s cts of oth e r cr e ds

a a an n a e e .

M ur t did ot s uccee d but th ers m y ;

a n d th ou gh th e ,
o a an

M s o s s ay th t J e suitis m sh a ll
a n t succ e e d y t h ow i s
a no ,
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Free m so ry th a t profe ss e s to meddl eith e r with politic s

a n ,
e n

n or r eligi o to c ou t e r ct th e p olitic l d r ligio us m chi

n, n a a an e a

n a ti o s of t h e Je suits ?
n A d v if Fr e ma s ry h a d th n e en e on e

s a me w eap o s are th e r e m a mo g th e Ord e r bl to wi eld

n ,
en n a e
 THE RE S TO RATI O N AN D S E C ON D E MPI RE 71

th m with th e bility d f rl ss ss th t disti gui sh th e

e a an ea e ne a n

foll w rs f L y ol
o e oI f r ot o a . ea n .

Be sid s t h M s
e s th ugh th y t lk l udly f fr t r is
,
e a on , o e a o o a e n a

ti d e qu lity wh
on a n driv a t b y b c m t h e st
,
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en en a a e o e an e

co s e rv tiv s wh r f r th I t r ti l t L y o s i th
n a e ,
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n e

y r 1 87 0 s l m ly e xc mm u ic t ed Fr em s ry d i
ea ,
o e n o n a e a on ,
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1 8 80 x ct d fr om ve ry c did t e fo d m issi o to th e
e a e e an a r a n

Soci ty d ecl r ti o th a t h e w s t a M s o
e a a a n a no a n .
 F R EE M AS O N RY I N I T AL Y

Whi ms i ca l Mas on i c
S i ti — We h a v e but fe w
4 54 . oc e es .

n o ti c e s of th e e a rly st a t e of Fr eem a s on ry i n I t aly We .

a re t old th a t i n 1 5 1 2 th e r e w a s f o u n d e d a t Fl or e n ce a soc i e ty

u n d e r th e n a m e o f Th e Tr ow e l co mp os e d o f l ea rn e d a n d
“ ”
,

l i t e r a ry m e n w h o i n d ulg e d i n a ll k i n ds o f whi m sica l fr e a ks ,

,

a n d w h o m ay h a v e s e rv e d a s pr ot otyp e s t o t h e O rd e r of Th e
Mon ks of t h e S cr e w e st a blish e d t ow a rds th e e n d of th e l a st
”
,

c e n t u ry i n I r e l a n d Thu s a t on e ti m e th e y w ould m e e t i n
.

t h e lodge dr e ss e d a s m a s on s a n d l a b ou r e rs a n d b e gi n t o
, ,

e r e ct a n e d i fic e with tr a ys f u ll o f m a c a r on i a n d ch ee s e u si n g ,

S pic e s a n d b on b on s for m ort a r and r olls a n d c a k e s for

,

st on e s a n d bu i l di n g up th e wh ol e with a ll ki n ds of com e s
,

t i bl e s . An d thu s th e y w en t o n un t i l a pr et en d e d r a i n put
a n e n d to th e ir l a b ou rs At a n oth e r t i me it w a s C e r e s who
.
, ,

i n s e a rch of Pr o s e rp i n e , i n vit e d th e Br e thr e n o f t h e Tr o w e l

to a c co m p a n y h e r to t h e i n fe rn a l r egio n s Th ey follow e d .

h e r thr o ugh th e m outh of a s e rp en t i n t o a d a rk r oom , a n d

o n Pl ut o i n viti n g th e m t o th e f ea st lights a pp ea r e d a n d t h e
, ,

t abl e wa s s een t o b e c ove r e d with bl a ck, whilst th e di sh e s

on it w e r e f o ul an d o bsc en e a n i m a ls and bo n e s o f de a d
,

m en s e rv e d by d e v i ls c a rryi n g s h ov e ls
,
Fi n a lly all thi s
.

v a ni sh e d a n d a ch oi c e b a n q u e t foll ow e d This S oci ety of

, .

t h e Tr o w e l w a s i n e xist e n c e i n 1 7 3 7 Th e c l e rgy e n d ea
.

v our e d t o suppr e ss i t , a n d w ou ld n o d o ubt h a v e s ucc e e d ed ,

b ut for t h e a cc e ss i on o f Fr an cis Duk e of Tusc a n y who h a d

, ,

b e en i n iti a t ed i n H oll a n d a n d w h o s e t fr e e al l th e Fre e m a s on s

,

th a t h ad b een i n c a rc er a t e d a n d pr ot ect e d th e O rde r Bu t

, .

t h e r e m e m br a n c e of th a t p e rs e cutio n is pr e s e rv e d i n th e
rit ua ls a n d i n th e d e gre e of Ma gus , th e co st um e i s th a t
,
“ ”

of th e H oly Offic e a s oth e r d egre e s c omm em ora t e th e i n q uisi

,

t ors of Portuga l a n d S p a i n .

I ll mi ti i I t l — T h ct of t h I ll m i t i f
45 5 .u n a n a y e s e e u n a o ,

wh om C oun t Fil i pp o S trozz i wa s a w a rm p a rtis an s oon a fte r ,

s pr e a d through I t a ly a s w e ll a s a n oth e r O rd e r a ffi li a t e d with

, ,
 F R EEMAS ON RY I N I TAL Y 73

th e I ll umi ti mystica l d lch y m i sti c l d i pp ositi o

na ,
an a a , an n o n

t o t h e R osicruci a s ca ll e d t h e I iti t d Br thr f Asi

”
n ,
n a e e en o a,

which h a d b ee fou d e d t Vi I t o ly cc pt e d c
n n a e nn a . n a e an

d i d t es w h h a d p ss d thr ou gh t h first thr

a o d egre e s f
a e e ee o

th York rit L ik e E gypti M s o ry it worshipp e d th e

e e . an a n ,

T tr gr m m to
e a a d c m bi e d th e d eep e st
a n , an d m st ph i l o o n an o

s ophic l id e s with t h e m ost c uri o us sup rstiti o s

a a e n .

6 F m t N l — I th e ki gd m of N pl e s
45 . so y p
r ee s a nr a a e n n o a

t h e M a s o s a m ou t e d to m n y th us ds A d i ct f n an o an . n e o

Ch a rl e s I I I a d oth e r of F rdi a d I V
. n an e n n .

cl s d th e lodge s but i
o e S h rt ti m e t h e e dicts b e c am e
,
n a o

a d e d l e tt e r a d i
a v i did th e m i ist e r T ucc i h ostil e
,
n n a n n ,
an ,

t o th e i st i tuti o s e k to r viv th e m Th e i cid e t f a

n n, e e e . n n o

n e phyt e dyi g a fe w d ys
o ft r h i i iti ti o g v e pr e t e xt
n a a e s n a n a a

fo fr e sh p rs e c uti o
r Th M s s ss m bl d t
e b qu t n . e a on ,
a e e a a an e ,

w er e rre st e d ; a d i v i did L evy l wy r u d rt k e th e ir

a n n a n ,
a a e ,
n e a

d fe c e
e He w
n . xp ll d th e ki gd m ; his b k i f vo ur
as e e e n o oo n a

of th e O rd e r w s publicly b ur t by th e x ecuti r But a n e on e .

Qu ee C r li e h vi g dis m iss e d T ucci g i s cti o d

n a o n ,
a n an ,
a a n an ne

m s o ic m ti gs fo which s h e r c e iv d th th ks f th
a n ee n ,
r e e e an o e

Gr d O ri t of Fr ce I t w uld s e m h w v r th t i
an en an . o e ,
o e e ,
a n a

v ry f w y rs Fr m a s o ry a g i h d t hid its h d f
e e ea ee n a n a o e ea ,
or

i 1 7 6 7 w h r f it
n a e s cr t s oci ty wh s e xist e c
ea o as e e e , o e n e

h s j ust b ee disc ov r d
a Th e d ocu m t which r ec rds this
n e e . en o

disc v ry puts th u m b e r of Fr e m s o s at
o e e whichn e a n

pr b bly is e x gg r ti o still a m o g s e xcit bl e p op u

o a an a e a n ,
n o a a

l ati o s th t of S uth r I t ly s cr et s oci ti e s t ll ti m e s

n a a o e n a , e e a a

fou d pl ty f pr s lyt e s
n en o o e .

D i l D m - Th d u m t r f rr d to s ys
457 t . s of o u t
e a c en . e oc en e e e a

At l st th e gr t m i
a f th e Fr e m s s f N pl s is di
ea ne o e a on o a e s

c v e r e d o f wh m t h e
o ,
m but ot th s e r t w o k w na e, n e c e ,
as no n .

Tw o c i rcu m st c e s ll g d by which th discov ry w

an a re a e e e e as

brought b ut : dyi g m r v l d ll t his co f ss or

a o a n an e ea e a o n e ,

th t h sh uld i f r m th e ki g th r f ; k ight w h h a d
a e o n o n e eo a n , o

b ee k pt i gr t st t e by th s i ty h vi g h d his p
n e n ea a e oc e ,
a n a en

si on withh eld b tr y d th e Gr d M st r f th O rd r t th e
, e a e an a e o e e o

ki g This Gr d M st r w th Duk f S S v ro
n . an a e as e e o an e e .

Th e ki g s r tly s t n c o fid ti l ofli
ec e with thr d en a n en a cer ee ra

g s to th duk s m si o with ord rs t s i z h i m b f r

o on e e
’
an n, e o e e e o e

h h d ti m t sp k t o
e a
ye d
o bri g h i m t thea p l c an on e , a n n o e a a e .

Th e ord r w a c rri d u t ; but

e f w m i ut s fte r
s a fi
e o a e n e a a re

brok e out i th e duk s m si d str yi g his libr a ry th

n e
’
an on , e o n , e

r l obj e ct b i g is supp os d to bur ll writi gs h vi g

ea e n , as e ,
n a n a n

r f r c to F em a s o ry Th e fi e w e xti guish d d
e e en e re n . r as n e ,
an

t h h ou s g u rd d by tr oops
e e Th e duk e h vi g b ee brought
a e . a n n
74 C
S E RE T SO I ETIE S C
b e f r e th k i g op e ly decl e d th obj e cts Syst em s s eals;
o e n ,
n
'

ar e , ,

gov e r m e t a d p oss ssi s f th Ord er He w s s t b ck

n n ,
n e on o e . a en a

to h i p l c s d th e r e gu rd d by tr oops l e st h S h uld b e
a a e , an a e ,
e o

kill d by his for m r c ll gu s F m s o s h v lso b

e e o ea e . re e a n a e a ee n

disc ov r d t Fl or e e d th e P p
a d th E m p er r h v
e n c e, a n o e an e o a e

s e t th i th e r tw ty f ur th e l gi s to put st op t th dis
n en - o o o an a o e

o rd e r Th e ki g cts with t h gr te st m rcy t o w a ds a ll

. n a e ea e r

i mplic t d to v oid th gr t d g rs th t m ight e su e from

a e ,
a e ea an e a n

a c tr ry c ours e H h
on a ls o pp oi t ed four p ers o s of
. e as a a n n

gr t st di g t u s th b e st m s t d e stroy s o b m i bl e
ea an n o e e ea n o a o na

a s e ct ; d h giv e otic t ll th e oth e r s ov r ign s f

an as n n e o a e e o

E urop f his disc v ry a d th

e o b om i bl e m xi m s f th
o e ,
n e a na a o e

s e ct c alli g u p o th e m t ssist i its suppr e ssi o w hi h i t

,
n n o a n n, c

w i ll b e folly i th m t r fu s e t d F th O rd e r d oe s ot
n e o e o o . or e n

cou t its m e m b e rs by th ous ds but by m illi o s e sp ecial ly

n an ,
n ,

a m o g J e ws
n d Pr t st ts Th e ir f ightful m a xi m s a e
an o e an . r r

o ly k o w
n t o t h e m e m b rs f t h e fi fth sixth a d s v e th
n n e o , ,
n e n

l odg s whil th os f th e first thr ee k ow thi g d

e , e e o n no n ,
an

th os e of th e f urth c t with out k wi g wh t th y d o

o a no n ,
a e .

Th y d e ri v e th e ir o rig i from E gl d
e d t h e f o u d e r ofn n an , an n

th e s e ct w th a t i f m o u s Cr m w e ll fi rst bish p d th e
as n a o ,
o , an n

l ov er of A e Bol ey nnd th b e h ea d e d fo his cri m e s

n, an en r ,

c ll e d i his d y th e sc o urge of r ul rs H l ft th O rd r
a n a
“
e .
”
e e e e

a n a u l i c m e of
nn a n st erli g I t i s divid e d i t o
o n . n

s e v e l dg s : th e m em b rs f th e s v th a e c ll d Ass e ss ors ;
n o e e o e en r a e

o f th e sixth Gr d M st rs ; of th e fifth Archit ects ; f th e

, an a e ,
o

fo urth E x ecutors ( h r th s ecr t

, ds ) f th th i rd e e e e en o e ,

R u i co i
r f th s c d a d first N vic s
r o e d Pr o s lyt s
e on n , o e an e e .

Th ei r i f m ou s i d ea is b s ed o t h e ll g ry of th t e m pl e of
n a a n a e o e

S ol om o c o s i d r d i its first S pl e d o ur a d th e ov rth w

n, n e e n n ,
n n e ro n

by th e tyr y of th Assyri s d fi lly r e st r e d— th r

a nn e an ,
an na o e e

by to sig ify th e lib e rty of m ft r th e cr ti o of th e w rld

n an a e ea n o ,

th e tyr y of th e pri e sth ood ki gs d l ws a d th

ann ,
n , an a ,
n e re

e st blish m
a t f th t lib e rty Th foll ow tw e lv e m xi m s
en o a . en a

i which th s e pi i o s
n d im s
e e m or e fully e xp o u d e d
o n n an a ar n ,

from which it pp e rs th t th y w r e ot v ery di ffe r t fro m

a a a e e n en

th o s e f all oth e r r ep ublic a a d dv c d p litici s

o n n a an e o an .

45 8 F m . so n y t
r eeV i e — Th Fr e em s o s w er
a r a t en c e a n e a

first t ol e r t e d t Ve i ce but i 1 6 86 th e g v r m e t s ud
a a n , n o e n n ~

d en l y t o k th e l a r m a d o rd e r e d th e cl o s i g of a l l l odg e s a d
o a ,
n n ,
n

b ni sh e d th m m b rs ; b ut th d e cre w s v e ry l i e tly
a e e e e e a en n

e x ec ut ed a d a l dge of obl e s h vi g r e fuse d to ob y

,
n o n a n e ,

th e m gi str a t e s e t r e d i t a t a t i m e wh e
a nth e y k e w n o
e n n

o e t o b e th e r e
n Th e f u r iture o r a m e ts a d j w e l s w e r e
. n ,
n n , n e

c rri e d out a d publicly bur t o disp ers ed but o e of th e

a n n r , n n
76 S E C RE T S O C I ETI E S

and thou sh alt fi d i us othi g but fa ithful s ubj e cts e v e r

n n n n ,

d e v o te d to thy ug u st p e rs o a n

4 6 0 T h F
. m a s r y f
eo th e P r ee t i I t ly
— V e ry l i
on ttl e r es en n a

n eed o ca
, b e s id a s r eg a rds t h e a ctiv e proc ee di gs o f
r n, a n

I t li
a m a s o i c lodg s of t h e pr e s e t d y th u gh th e y h v e
an n e n a , o a

b ee r e con stitut d d uni t e d u d r o o t w h ea ds But

n e an n e ne r o .

th e ir progra mm e d s e rv e s a tt ti o s poi ti g out th os e e en n, a n n

r efor m s ee d e d ot o ly i n I t ly but v e rywh e re wh e re

,
n n n a ,
e

Freem s o ry e xi sts Th d e cl re d obj e ct th e f I t l i

a n . e a , n, o a an

Fr eema so ry is t h e h i gh e st d e v e l op m t of u ni v e rs l ph i l a
n , en a n

t h op y ; th e i d ep e d
r c e a d u i ty of si gl e tio s a d
n n en n n n na n ,
n

fr t e r ity m o g ea ch th e r ; th e t ol r ti of e v e ry r e ligi o
a n a n o e a on n,

a d a bs o lut e qu lity o f w orship ; th e m or l d m t e ri l

.

n e a a an a a

progre ss of th e m a ss es I t m r e v e r d e cl re s its lf i d ep en . o o a e n

d t of e v e ry gov e r m e t ffir mi g th t I t li Fr e m s o ry
en n n ,
a n a a an e a n

w i ll ot r ec og is
n
y o th e r s ov e reign p w r o e rth b ut
n e an o e n a

ri ght r ea s o a d u iv e rs l c o sci e c n n I t furth e r d cl r e s

n a n n e . e a
— a d this d s e rv s p rticul r tt t i o — th t Fr m s ry
n e e a a a en n a ee a on

is ot to c s i st i a m yst ri us sym b olis m v i c re m o i e s

n on n e o , a n e n ,

or i d e fi it e spi ra ti o s wh i ch c v r th e Ord r with ridic ul e

n n a n , o e e .

Ag i Ma s o ry b i g u iv e rs l e ss e ti lly hu m
a n, n e n it d oe s n a ,
n a an ,

no t o ccupy i ts e lf w i th for m s o f g v e r m e t o w i th tr si o n n ,
n r an

t ry qu e st i o s b ut with such
o n , p er m a e t d ge e r l a s are n n an n a .

In s oc i a l r e fo r m s a bstr ac t th eori s fou d e d o m yst i c l e , n n a

a sp i r t i o s a e to b n a v oid e d
, ar Th e duty f l b ou r b e i g e . o a n

th e m o st ss e ti a l i civil s oci ety Fr ee m s ry is O pp s ed

e n n , a on o

t o i dl e e ss nReligi ou s qu sti s a b ey o d th e p l e of Fr e
. e on re n a e

m a s o ry Hu m n c o sc e c e is i i ts lf i vi ol bl e it h s o
. an n i n n e n a a n

c o ce r with y p ositiv r e ligi b ut r pr s ts r eligio

n n an e on , e e en n

i ts e lf i i ts e ss e c e
n D v t e d to th e pri cipl e of fr t r ity
n . e o n a e n ,

i t prea ch s u iv rs l t l r ti o ; c om pr eh ds i
e n e its rit u l
a o e a n en n a

ma y o f t h e sy m b ls of v ri ou s r ligi o s
n i its sy cr e tis m
o a e n ,
as n n

i t ch oo s e s th e pur e st truths I t cr e d c o s i sts i th w orship . s e n n e

o f th e Div i e wh os high e st c c pti o withdr w fr m

n ,
e on e n, a n o

e v e ry pri e stly sp e cul ti is th t of th Gre t Archit e t f a on , a e a c o

t h e U i v e rs e ; a d i
n f ith i hu m ity th e s ol i t e rpr et e r
n n a n an , e n

o f th e Div i e i t h e w o rld n As t o e xtri sic m d s o f w o

n . n o e r

s hip Fr em s o ry n e ith e r i m p os s o re comm e ds y

,
e a n e n r n an ,

l ea vi g t o e v e ry
n e his fr ch ic u til th e d y p rh ps
on ee o e, n a , e a

n ot f dist a t ”wh
ar l l m e will b c p bl e of w orshippi g
n ,
en a n e a a n

th e I fi it e i n spirit d i truth with ut i t er m di ri e s

n n an n , o n e a

a d o utw a rd for m s
n A d whilst m i his s e cr t r l ti o s
. n an n e e a n

t o th e I fi it e f e c u d t s t h e r e ligi o u s th ou ght h
n n i hi s
n a e , e n

r l a ti o s to th e U i v e rs e fe cu n d t s th e sci tific th ought

e n n a e en .

S ci e c e i s tr uth a d th e m os t a ci t c ult u s of Fr ee m so ry
n ,
n n en a n .
 F RE EMAS ON R Y I N I TAL Y 77

In d et erm i i g th e r el ti s f th e i d i vid ua l to h i
n n a on o n s

e qu ls Fr e m s
a ,
ry d oe s ot r e strict its lf to r c m m e di g
e a on n e e o n n

t d u t
o o th rs wh t w e wish oth ers w o uld d o u t u s
n o o e a n o

but i culc t e s to d o go d Opp s e vil d ot t o s ub m it t

n a o ,
o e , an n o

i justice i wh ts e v e r f r m it pr s ts its lf Fr e m s o ry
n n a o o e en e . e a n

l ooks f rw rd t o th d y wh e th e ir pl t s f th e Moni t
o a e a n on a e o or

an d th M i ma c will b b e t
e err i t o st m pl oughs ; wh e a en n ea - en

m an ,r d eem d by lib rty d sci ce sh ll e j oy th e pur

e e e an en , a n e

pl sur s f i t ellig ce ; wh e p ea ce f rtilis ed by th e

ea e o n en n , e

w lth d str gth ow d v ot ed to w S h all bri g forth

ea an en n e a r, n

th m o st b e utiful fr uit of th e tr ee of life

e a .

4 6 1 R efo
. m d ed — Gr e tly
r th e r e f r
n ee
o e is t h e ca d em ic a , , a

pu rility f rit s to b e r gr ett ed which dr gs b k i to

e o e e , a ac n

th e p st a i sti tuti o th t ought t l u ch f rw rd i t

an n n a o a n o a n o

t h e f tur eu I t is s elf evid e t th t Fr eem s o ry i this st t e

.
- n a a n n a

can n o t l st th t r e form is ec ss ry ; d s De C stro

a ,
a a n e a an a a ,

fr om wh m th e b ov e is t k e thi ks th t it w o uld b e
o a a n, n a an

h our t I t ly to b e t h e l d r i such r for m it w ould

on o a ea e n a e ,

be an h ur to y c ou try th t i iti t d it M s o ry
on o an n a n a e . a n

o ught ot t b
n m bul c e but
o v gu rd I t is m
e an a an , a an a . e

ba s s ed by its e xc e ssiv e b gg g
r ra its sup rflu us sy m b ls a a e, e o o .

Gu a rdi g s cre t s u iv rs lly k ow it c ot e te rt i

n e n e a n n, an n n a n

s crets of gr t r c u t B li e vi g its lf t b t h s l e
e ea e a co n . e n e o e e o

d ep osit ry f wid ly spr d tr uths it d epri v e s its lf d th e

a o e - ea ,
e an

w orld of th r truths I this p rpl e xity a d lt r tiv f

o e . n e n a e na e o

c om m itti g suici d o b ei g b or
n e w wh t will M s o ry
e r n n an , a a n

d ecid e o ? n
 C A GLI O ST R O AND E GYP T I AN M ASON R Y

46 2 . L ife f C a
o g li o s tr o — ls
o e J s ph
discipl
Ba a m o, t h e e
and succ ss re o G
of St i pr t d d
erm a n w h o
. C urt
e en e
, a t th e o

of L o uis h v b
. c t p r ry Ch l s
XV to a e e en th e on e m o a o f ar e V .
,

Fr isan c I , an d
. Christ p ss ss
a n d to ,o lix r lif
e th e e i of e an d

y th r s cr ts
m an o e e e v st r d sig s
,
had a e e l fti r biti
n an d a o e am on

th his t ch r
an ea e , st ctiv g ts
a n d w a s o n e o f th e m o a e a en of
F s ry F c
r e e m a on 1n r st
ra n e a n d th e rpe of E u o e b r He w a s o n .

at P l r
a e mo I n 1 74 3 a n d e duc t d ,
a ec v ts th t city
a t t w o on e n in a ,

wh r e e he a cquir d s e ch ic l k wl dg
om e em a no y u g
e e AS a o n .

f ll
m an h e e i n
,
with r i
a n A m en a n Gr k or p i rd e e , or S a n a
, ,

c ll d
a e Al th ota s a ki d ,
n dv tur r
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e wh o o e e , to
p ss ss
o e th ephil s ph r s st
o o e w th wh
on e
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i r vi g
o m h e l ed a
, o n

lif e for a n m e u b r y rs Wh t b c
of ea a . e am e o f Alth ota s

at l st is
a p sitiv ly k w
n ot o e ls
no n l st f u d
Ba a m o a t a . o n

his w ay t o R o me wh r ,rri d
e e h e ma b ut ful r z
e th e ea i L o en a
wh
Fe li c i a ni , tr t d
om h e b dly th t
ea e SO a sc p d fr
, a she e a e om

him ; but rc v r d
he e o e e cquir d gr t i flu c
h er , a n d a e ea n en e

v r
o e h erby g tic lly p r ti g p
ma ne a O e a n h r is
u on h er T e e no.

d ubt th t
o a h e was a p w rful g tis r
o e ma ne isiti g G r
e V y n e ma n
.
,

i iti t d i t Fr
h e was n a e n o s ry which
e e m a on , isn b g h e oo n e a n
to t k pr i t p rt
a e a om n en a ls ssu d dif r t titl s
He a o a . me fe e n e ,

s ch th t
u as a rquis P ll gri i but
of Ma of e e n is b st
t h e on e h e , e

k w by is th t C u t C gli str
no n a of o n a o by his stut ss
o an d a en e ,

im pud c en e a n d s o m e l uc k y
,
hits pr ph syi g at o cquir d
e n he a e ,

a ur p
E o ea n n o o e t ri ty d
an d y dup s i ludi g
m a e m an e , nc n

p rs s
e on high st r k sp ci lly Fr
o f th e e an e e a ,
wh r
in an c e, e e he

fou d d
n e y s ic l dg s
m an n e w m a on o e uth r
He w a s th e a . o of

a b k c ll d
oo a e
“
it
Th e R e of E gypti s ry which rit
a n Ma on
”
e ,

he e ast blish d first C url

e in o ft rw rds G r y
an d , an d a e a in e man ,

Fr c an e and En
,
gl d an ft r h v g b
A e . b ish d fr
a in e en an e om

Fr c a n e, i nc s qu c
on e his i pli ti
e n e of m ir
c a o n I n th e a ffa of th e

q ue en s ckl c
’
ne driv fr
a e and ,
en gl d by his cr d t rs
om E n an e i o ,

h e was n i duc d by his w f

e w ry
i e w h o w a s ea , w d r of h e r an e

i ng lif x ous c
e, a n d an i r r l ti s v s t
O n e m o e t o s ee h e r e a on to i i ,

78
 C AG L I O S TRO AN D E GYP TI AN MAS ON R Y 79

R om e , wh e r h e w a a rr st ed e th ch rg o f tt mpti g s e on e a e a e n

t o f ou d a m a s n ic l odge
n g i st which p p l bull h d
o ,
a a n a a a a

r c tly b e pr m ulg t d d thr ow i to th C stl e of S t

e en e n o a e ,
an n n e a .

A g lo i
n e 1 7 89
,
H w s c d em e d t o d th but th
n . e a on n ea , e

pu ish m e t w om m ut d to p p tu l i m pris m t His

n n as c e er e a on en .

wife w a shut up i c o v e t d di d soo ft e r H vi g

s n a n n ,
an e n a . a n

b ee n tr sf rr e d t th C stl f S L o h e tt m pt e d t o
an e o e a e o an e ,
a e

str gl th m o k s t t c fes s h i m i th e h op of e sc p
an e e n en o on , n e a

i g i his g o w ; but th e tt m pt f a il d
n n n d it is supp s d a e e , an o e

th t h di d p is o e r i 1 7 9 5
a e e ,
‘

a r n ,
n .

4 36 T h E
.
gyp ti R i t e— Th E gypti rit e i v
an e t d by e e an n n e

C gli ostr is m ixtur f th s cr d d prof

a o a f th e o e a e an an e , o e

s e ri ous d l ugh bl e H vi g disc ov red MS f G eorg

an a a . a n e a . o e

C fto i
on , which w s pr p ou d d si gul r sch m e fo
n a o n e a n a e r

th e r e f r m f Fr e m s o ry i o l ch y m i s ti c a d f t stic
e a on n an a n an a

s s C gli ostro fou d ed th r

en e, a th b s e s f his m a s o ic n e e on e a o n

sys te m t ki g dv t g of hu m c edulity
,
a n a richi g
an a e an r , en n

hi m s lf d t th s m e tim e s c d i g th ctio of oth e r

e , an a e a e on n e a n

s ecr et s o i ti e s He g v e his dup s t u d rst d th t th

c e . a e o n e an a e

sc op e of E gypti a M s o ry w t o c o du t m t o p rf cti o n a n as n c en e e n

by m e s of physi ca l a d m or l r eg e r tio ; ss rti g th t

an n a en a n a e n a

th e for m e r w s i f llibl thr ough th e p i m m t i

a n a d e r a a er a an

th e phil os oph r s st o e which ssur d t m th str gth

’
e n , a e o an e en

of y outh d i mm rt a lity a d th t t h e s ec o d was t o b e

an o ,
n a n

a chi e v e d by t h disc v e ry of p e t go th t w o uld r e st or

e o a n a n a e

m an t his pri m itiv i

o ce ce This rit e i d e d is a tissu e e nno n . n e

of f t u iti e s it w o uld
a ot b w orth whil e t llud e t did it n e o a o,

no t ffe r m a tt r fo study t o th e phil s oph r a d m or list

o e r o e n a .

C gli str pr t d d th t th rit h d b ee first f u d d

a o o e en e a e e a n o n e

by E och re m od ll e d by E li s d fi lly r e stor d by th e

n , e a ,
an na e

Gr d C pt Both m e
an o d w om . w e r a dm itt d i t n an en e e n o

th e l odge s th ough th c er e mo i e s f
,
ch w r e slightly e n or ea e

diffe re t a d th e l dge s f th ei r r ce pti

n ,
n tir ly d i sti ct
o or e on e n e n .

I th e r c pti o of w m
n e e m g th e r f orm a liti e s th e r
n o en , a on o e

w a th t f br a thi g i t th e f c e o f t h
s a o e e phyt n s yi g n o a e n o e, a n ,

I br e a th e u p o y o u this br e a th to c u s t o g rm i t e i
n a e e na n

y o u d gr
an ow i y ou r h e rt th tr u th w pnoss ss ; I br th a e e e ea e

i t i to y ou t str gth e i
n
y ou g o d i t
o tio s d t
en n n o n en n , an o

c o firm y ou i th e f ith of your br th rs a d sist e rs W

n n a o e n . e

c o stitut e y ou l egiti m t e d ught r f tru e E gypti

n a d op a a e o an a

ti on a n d of th i s worshi pful l odg O of t h l odg s w s e .

”
ne e e a

c ll ed S i a i wh er e th e most se cr e t ri t s w e r pe rf rme d ;
a n ,
”
e e o

ano th e r Ar ara t t o symb olis e th e re st re s rv e d f M s s , e or a on

on ly C o cer i g th p e t go C agli ostr t ught th a t i t

. n n n e n a n, o a

would b e gi ve to th e m a st e rs ft e r forty d y s of i n te r
n a a
80 S E C RE T S O C IETI E S

co urs e wi th th e s ev pri mi t i v e ge ls a d th a t i ts pos en an , n

s es o s w ould e j y physic l r ge r ti o for 5 5 5 7 y ears

rs n o a a e ne a n ,

a ft r which th e y w uld thr ough g e tl e sl ee p p ss i t o

e o n a n

he ve a nTh e p t g
. h d a m uch succe ss w i th th e u pp r
en a on a s e

t e th o us
n d of L o d Pa ris a d S t Pe t ersburg s t h e
an n on , , n .
, a

phi l os ph e r s st o v e r e j oy ed ; a d l rge s um s w e r e gi v e
o
’
ne e n n a n

fo r a f w gr i s of th r ej uv
e a n ti g p i ma m t i e en a n r a er a .

4 46 C g l.i o s t s H
a y d om n y
—ro B ut b e sid e m s o i c d e
’
r a c . a n

l us i o s C gli str o m d us e
n ,
a o f th e th e littl u d rsto od
a e o n e n e

w o d rs of m g tis m t ttr ct a dh e r ts ; d s m y
n e a ne o a a en an a an

p e rs o s e s e duc e d by th wi cup o h e m d e d up e s of
n ar e n e- ,
s a

m y by m a s of t h w t e r-b ottl e whi ch d e vi c e

an e n m ight
e a , , as

b e sh o w w a s v ryn, ci e t d co sist d i divi ti o by

e an n , an n e n na n

hydrom cy A ch i ld g e r lly littl e girl

an . d c a ll e d
,
en a a , an

t h e Dov e w s m d e t o l oo k i t o a b ottl e of w a t e r a d s e e
, a a n ,
n

th r ei n e v e ts p ast pr s t d t o c om e ; a d a s C gli o stro

e n , , e en , an n a

w as r lly ea m f bs e rv ti o
a h e m a d e m y shr e wd
an o o a n, an

gu e ss e s t o t h e f utur
as a d s om ti m e s fort u e f v ur e d e, n e n a o

h i m— as i th e c s e o f S ch Op fe ( 2 80
n a of t h e l d rs r r ,
on e ea e

o f th e I llu m i ti w h o r fus d to j i th e E gypti a rit e ; th e

na , e e o n n

littl e girl d e cl r d th a t i l e ss th a m o th S c h Op fe w uld

a e n an n r r o

b pu ish e d
e n Now it s h a pp e d th a t w i thi th t p ri o d
. o en n a e

S ch Op f r c omm itt e d s ui cid e which of c ours ga ve

er im , e an

m e s e l i ft t o C gli o str o
n d his b ottl e
a I this re sp ct an . n e

i d ee d C gli ostro w s a for e ru e r of ou m od er spiri

n a a nn r n

t u li s t ;
a d
s h e di d ot k ee p his occult p ow e r
an as s ecr et n a

fr om ll b ut free ly c om m u ic t d it m gi c l pr ctices w e r e
a , n a e ,
a a a

th u s i trod uc d i to th e l odge s which br ou ght di scredi t

n e n ,

o n t h e i n stituti o A d a ll thi s occurr e d t t h e p ri od of

n . n a e

th e E cycl op dists
n nd th e e v e of m ighty e v e ts
e ,
a on n

46 5 L d g f
. es u d
o d b y C a g li os tr o —He fo u d d th e first
n e o . n e

lodg gorge ously fitt e d up t P ri s i

e, priv t e h ous e a d ,
a a n a a ,
n

an oth e r o e i his w
n h ous e A third w as fou d e d t
n o n . n a

Ly o s for which a sp ci a l gr a d buildi g w

n ,
e r e ct de It n n as e .

w as d e cl r ed th M oth e r L dge a d c ll e d Tri u m ph a t

a e o ,
n a
“
n

Wisdom I ts p at e t .
”
th u s n ran

H u Wi sd m on o r, o

U i
,

n on ,
B fi C mf t en e cen ce, o or .

We Gra n d C opt st r d w e st e rn p a rt s of , in a ll ea e n an

E urop e F ou d r a d Gr d M st r of E gypti
,
n e M s o ry n an a e an a n
,

m a k e k ow t o Al l w h m ay r e d this th t duri g our st y

n n ,
o a , a n a

at L y o s m a y m e m b e rs o f t h e L dge of th e O ri
n n t a d o en n

O rdi a ry Ri t e which h s d opt e d th e dist i g uishi g titl e o f

n ,
a a n n
 C AGL I OS TR O AN D E GYPTI AN MAS ON R Y 81

Wi sd m h v xp r ss d th ir d t wish to pl ce th em
o ,
’
a e e e e e ar en a

s lve u d ou rul t b e e light d i tru e M s y

e s n er r e, o n en e n a onr .

W pl s d t cce d t th ir w ish &c

e a re ea e o a e o e
”
, .

L dg s ls w e e f o u d d t S tr sburg l di s l odg ’
o e a o r n e a a ,
a a e e

a t Th H gu
e ath r t R v r d
e , an o oth r
e t Mit u
a do e e o, a n e a a ,
an

a v e ry gr d an r B sl e i su m ptu ou s t mpl r t d
on e n e a a ,
n a e e, e ec e

f or th purpos Th e g ood citiz e s f B sl e lw ys a p

e e . n o a a a

p orac h d it
e with f ee li gs f w b e c u s th e y i m a gi e d
n o a e, a e n

C gli ostro d e sti e d it to b e h i s tomb

a n .
 A D OP T I VE MA S ON R Y

H i l N i — Acc ordi n g t o on e of th e
fu d
46 6 i s tor ca
. ot ce . n a

m en t a l l a ws of Ma s on ry — a n d a rul e pr ev a ili n g I n th e
gre t r a e

m yst ri e s f tiqu ty w om e c ot b e r cei v d i t th

e
— o an i n an n e e n o e

O rd e r W om c . t k ep s cr ts t l e st Milt s ys
en an n o e e e ,
a a so on a ,

through th e m outh f D lil o a a

Gra n ti n g, a s I d o, i t w a s a w ea n ess k
i id
I n m e , b ut n c e n t to a ll o ur s e x
u i sit i quis iti v tu
,

C r o y, n e , i m p or ne

s ts h wi h ik i
O f ec re t en t lit e n fi rm y

To p b u li sh ht em h f l f u l ts
b o t c ommon em a e a .

But w e a h v e lre dy s th t C gli ostr d m itt e d w m

a a ee n a a o a o en

to t h e E g ypti a rit ; d wh t th b gi i g f th
n e an en a e e nn n o e

ei ght th c e tury s e v e r l ss oci tio s spr g up Fr c

e en n a a a n an in an e,

which th ir e xt e r l sp e ct r s m bl d Fr m s ry but
in e na a e e e ee a on ,

did ot e xclud w m th l di s t u r lly w e l ud i

n e o en , e a e na a er o n

th eir pr is f s uch i stituti s th t t h e m s i br th e r

a e o n on ,
so a a on c o

h ood s i g i t w s b c m i g u p opul r h d r urs t th e

,
ee n a e o n n a , a e co e o

str t g m f e st blishi g d optiv l dg s f w m

a a e o a o n
“
a e
”
o e o o en , s

c ll e d b e c u s e v ry su h l odge h d fi lly t b d pte d by

a a e e c a na o e a o

s m e regul m s ic l dg Th Gr d O ri e t f Fr
o ar a on o e . e an n o a n ce

fr m d l ws f th ir g v r m t d th first l dg f
a e a or e o e n en ,
an e o e o

a d pti w s O p e d i P ris i 1 7 7 5 i which th Duch e ss

o on a en n a n , n e

o f B urb opr sid ed d w s i iti t e d s Gr d Mistr ss f

on e ,
an a n a a an e o

t h rit e
e Th R v oluti o ch e ck e d t h p gre ss of this rit e
. e e n e ro ,

but it w r viv d i 1 80 5 wh e th E m pr ss Jos ephi e

as e e n ,
n e e n

pr id d ov e r th L g I mpéri l d Adop ti d s Fr os
es e e o e a e
’
on e an

Ch v li rs t S tr sburg S i m il a r l dge s spr d v r E ur p

e a e a a . o ea o e o e,

Gre t Brit i xc ept d but th y s o d cli d a d

a a n e t e ,
e on e ne ,
n a re a

pre s t c o fi e d to th pl c of th e ir orig
en n n e a e in .

6 O i ti on — Th rit c sists f th e s m e d g ee s e e on
4 7 g . r a n sa . o a e r

s th s of g ui e s o ry ve ry sist r b ei g a di gmi
o e M E en n
- a n e n
a .
,

t y h s b sid e h
ar ,
a m s o ic broth r h oldi g t h e c orr
e er a a n e n e

s p o di g rn k H e c e th ofli ce s a e Gra d M st e r a d
n an . n e r r a n a n
82
 XXII I

AN DR O GY N O U S M A S ON R Y

46 9 . G ll t y lr dy k s
Ori g i n a n d Ten d en cy — a a n r a e a
. m a e i ts
app r c d ptiv
ea a n e i n A o s y this g ll try which
e M a on r ; and a an ,

y g s
for s o m an a e w a s t h e study Fr c of th r
an e a n d w a s
, e e

r du d
e ce i g i us
to a n n e n o uf ctur d its
a r t m an
, a c u t
e on ow n a c o n

rit s
e an dd gr s th t w
e ee a s ic e r e m a on ly P litics
i n n a m e on . o

w r d thr d by
e e e on e r u s i trigu s
a mo o n u r t rs
e ; a n d th e e n m e a o

of gr t ff ct pru g fr trifli g c u s s ight

ea e e s S n om n this
a e m in
h pt r hist y
c a e of pr fs wh t s p rfi i l
or fin d oo of a a u e c a a n d a cc i

d t l thi g p lit s
en a n o wh
i c a re , g v r d by tiv s
e n n ot o e ne mo e of

high r lity
mo a w t h d by
,
n or a c e i rruptibl t h e n coti l e n a on a

c sci
on e n ce . dr gy u s
An d An o n o s ry did Ma on lw s n ot a a
y
c fi its lf to
on n e e i t h g
an c pli ts
n e rc a n e o f om m en a n d th e

p rsuit pl su
u of ea still re ; rul its l dg s
, as
a e i iti
o , e for t h e n a
ti on o f l s
m a e f l s d f d d by s
a n d e m a e — e en e th ir om e o f e adv o

c t s f u d d
a e as o n e x d x xviii
on E o . x whi sic l f r
8 — a re a
. m a o m

of th t c urt lif whi h

a o e Fr cc in t ly its p ts
an e a n d I a h ad oe

an d r c rs
om a n e whi h r s
; an d cs h d gr
o e to uc a e e e of i m p u

d c
en e an d sc d l utr g
an a a s to o d sty citiz s
a e th e m o e of en an d

p pul vi tu
o ar r is p g
e .It a th t hist ry
a e of p i c ly
a o of r n e

c rupti which
or on , Fr h p pl
th e en c first r d
eo e at with ea of

l ght r th with st ish

au e , en a t fi lly with dig ti
on m en na , in n a on ;

and which i spir d it with th s f li gs which l st f u d

n e o e ee n at a o n

th ir v t
e en xc ss s
i n t h e e e e of t h e g t v luti re a v ry
Re o on . E e
Re ov luti is purit ic l v
on a an at m o e me n si pl a n d th e
, m e an d
ne gl ct d virtu
e e l wl b
e of t h e o v g s its lf up
y - or n a e n e e on t h e

p p u vi
om o s th ir sup i rs
c e s of e er o .

E l i s t A d o n o u s S ci ti e s —
th s w r S m e of
47 0 . a r e n r gy o e o e e e e

f u d d
o n e Fr
in ls wh r by
a n ce a n d e e idl d ri g
e e an e , a n an d
,

co n qu r e in gs ldi ry o e th ir typ
. As e t k e we ma rd r y a e th e O e

of t h e K ights
“
n d s
a n d La i e f u d d with xtr
of J o ,
y
”
o n e e a

o rdi ry suc ss
na P ris
ce at a d r pr t cti
i n 1 6 9 6 u n e th e , o e on of

Ba cc hu s us
a n d Ve n wh s pri t d st t t s
,
a nd o e n e still a u e a re in
x st c
e i en e ; an d th t a di s
of th e
“
J h
L a e of S t J ru . o n of e

s l
a em ,
”
a n d th e di s of
“
La e J St w rd
am es of th e S
. o an d
84
 C l tr v
a a Th y
a as it w r
. s rv d e m od l s to th
,
a e e, e e as e e

c a n on e ss e s wh o till t h ,
d f th l st c tury br o ght
, e en o e a en , u

c ou r tly p m p d m u d o pl su s i t th v ry C l ist rs
an n an e ea re n o e e o e

o f F d m pe ll d ust r m
ra n c e , a n list to e x us it by
co e a e e o ra s c e

s yi g th t it w d t g d t d l
a n a ti as a ns e o e a na on .

47 1 O t h .A d gy u S i
er ti es — I nth O rd e r f t h
ro no s oc e n e o e

C m p i s of P l pe o th P ll di u m f L di s
o a n on en e o ,
r e a a o a e ,
”

wh s st tut s
o e s id t h v b
a e dr w up by Fe el o
a re a o a e ee n a n n n

( w i th h w m uch truth
o is sily i m gi d ) t h tri ls sist ea a ne , e a c on

i n h wi g th c did te th t w rk is th e p ll diu m f
S o n e an a a o a a o

w om ; wh e ce w m y ss ume th pursuits f this s ci ety

en n e a a e o o

to h v b v ry diff r t from t h qu iv c l occup ti o s

a e e en e e en e e o a a n

of th r O d rs Th O rd r f th e M ps s w d its igi
o e r e . e e o o e o e or n

t o a r ligi us scr upl P p Cl em e t XII h vi g i ssu d i

e o e . o e n . a n e , n

1 738 Bull c o d e m i g Fr m s ry Cl m t Augustu s

, a n n n ee a on , e en ,

Duk e of B v ri d E l ec t r f C l g
a a a i stitut ed u d r
an o o o o ne, n , n e

th e bove m ( d riv d fr om th e G r m w ord M p

a na e e e e an o s, a

y u g m stiff th e sy m b l of fid lity) wh t w s pr e t d d t
o n a ,
o e ,
a a en e o

be a w s oci ty b ut wh t w
ne i f ct ly F m s ry
e , a as , n a ,
on ree a on

u d e r oth r m I m m d i t ly fte r th i e st bli sh m t

n an e na e . e a e a e r a en

t h M ps s b c m e
e o e dr gy us d e r d mitti g f m l e s
e a an a n o no or ,
a n e a

t o ll t h
a ffi s xcep t th t f Gr d M st r whi h w
e o ce e a o an a e , c as

for lif ; but th r w s Gr d M ist re ss l ct d v ry i

e e e a a an , e e e e e S x

m thson Th ir . r m o ie s w re gr t squ e Th
e ce e did t n e o e . e c an a e

fo dm issi o did ot k k but scr tch t t h d r d

r a n n n oc , a a e oo , an ,

be i g purpo s ly k ept w iti g b k d lik d og O b i g

n e a n ,
ar e e a . n e n

a d m itt d i t t h l odg h h d co ll r r u d h i eck t

e n o e e e a a a o n s n , o

whi h ch i wc a tt ch d He w bli df ld d d l d
a n as a a e . as n o e ,
an e

i ti m e s r u d th r om wh i l th M ps s pr
n ne o n etm d o e e o e es en a e

as gr t d i ea p ssibl W th sticks sw rds h i s sh v ls

a n as o e i ,
o ,
c a n ,
o e ,

an d d i s m l h wl i g H w
a th q u sti e d
o n st his
. e as en e on as o

i t ti o s
n en d h v i g r pl i d th t h d si e d t b c m e
n ,
an a n e e a e e r o e o a

M ops w ,sk d by th m st r wh th r h w pr p d t
as a e e a e e e e as e a re o

kiss t h m st ig bl p r t f th t i m l O f c urs this

e o no e a o a an a . o e

r is d t h
a e d i d t e s g r ; but i pit f h i s r sist c
e can a
’
an e n S e o e an e,

th m d l
e f o d g m de f w
o a w d s m th e
o , a e o ax, oo ,
or o e o r

m t e ri l w
a apu sh d g i st his f c H vi g t k t h
,
as e a a n a e . a n a en e

o th h
a h d hi
,
e y s u b d g d d w t ught th si g s
a s e e n an a e , an as a e n ,

whi h w c ll f ludi r u d s ripti

ere a o I 1 7 7 7 th r
a c o s e c on . n e e

w as st blish e d i D m k th
e a dr gy us ord r f
n en ar e an o no e o

S i ty f th e Ch i t o which b l gs t h h ou
“ ”
th e oc e o a n, e on e on r

o f h v i g fo u d d
a n d o f m i t i i g t its w
n e ,
an xp s a n a n n a o n e en e,

t h e Asylu m f th Bli d t C p e h g or th l rg st d
e n a o n a e n, e a e an

b st m
e g d f si m il r i stitut i o s i E urop e Th Ord r
an a e o a n n n . e e

of P rse ver a c e t h da t e f wh os e fou d a tio i u

“
e n ,
”
e o n n s n
86 C
S E RE T S O IETI ES C
k ow but whi h xist d i P ris i 1 7 7 7 d w sup
n n, c e e n a n , an as

p rt d by th m st dis ti guish ed p e rs s h d l ud bl
o e e o n on ,
a a a a e

cust m whi h m ight b i m it t d by th r s oci ti s viz t

o , c e a e o e e e ,
.
,
o

i sc ib i
n r b k e f w hi h is still xt t t h pr is e
n a oo ,
on e o c e an ,
e a

w thy cti s f th m l
or a d f m l m m b s f th
on o ss e a e an e a e e er o e a o

i ti o
c a But n of t h
. m st d s rvi g m s o ion e dr gy u s e o e e n a n c an o no

i stituti s w th t f th e S v r ig Ch pt r f th S c t h
n on as a o o e e n a e o e o c

L di s f F c f u d d i 1 8 1 0 d divid d i t l ss r ”
a e o ra n e, o n e n ,
an e n o e e

an d gr t r m yst ri s ea e d wh o s i structi s i m d chi fly

e e , an e n on a e e

a t l di g th
ea phyt b k t o th o up ti s t whi h
n e n eo e ac e cc a on o c

t h st t
e f s ci ty c a ll d h i m o h
a e o T pr id f d
o e d e r er . o ov e oo an

w ork f th os w ti g ith r t fford th em dvi

or e an d n e e ,
o a a ce an

h lp d s v th m fr m th ru l lt r ativ f ri m e
e ,
an a e e o e c e a e n e o c

su h w t h cop f this s i ty which l st d til l th y

c as e S e o oc e ,
a e e ea r

1 828 Th f shi. of dr gy ou s l dg s w s r viv d i

e a on an o n o e a e e n

Sp i i From th Ch i d U i m s ic pub
’
a n 1 87 7 n . e a ns n on , a a on

li c t ia w l r th t s v r l su h l odg s w r f r m d b ut
on , e ea n a e e a c e e e o e a o

th t d t r c ivi g l di e s of t h high st r k Thu s t h e

a a e, e e n a e e an .

C ou t ss Juli A
n e b l o gi g by b irth t th A stri
a e n n o e u an

Hu g ri n obility
a d by h
an n ti s t S p i w ,
an er c on n e c on o a n, as

i iti t d i t t h l dge F t
n a e i t d l b ri
n o e t h 1 4 th Ju e
o ra e r n a e ca o n e n

1 8 80 ; d th Gr d O ri t f S p i i iti t d l di s i t
an e an ll en o a n n a e a e n o a

t h m yst e ri s f m s
e ry j ust if th y w m
e o a on ,
as e ere en .

47 2 V i u s o
. th e A d ogy u
ar o S i ti T h S ci ty o fr n r no s oc e es . e o e

th e W d -st r f th e Gl b
“
oo d Gl ry w s f u d d i
o e o o e an o a o n e n

1 7 4 7 by t h e Ch v li e r d Be u c h é e liv ly b c m p i o
e a e a n ,
a e oo n o an n,

wh w o ge er lly to b fo u d t i wh r f v ry littl
as n a e n a an nn ,
e e or e e

m on ey h c fe r d ll th e m s ic d egre s f th t ti m e ;
e on r e a a on e o a

a m wh s w orsh i p w uld h ve sh
an o e by th gr e t t f o a on e e a un o

H e id lbe rg e t t h e dri k i g b uts o f G m

, or a st ud e ts n n o er an n .

Th e W od st or w supp os d t o b i
o - f r st d t h
e as e e n a o e ,
an e

me ti gs which w e r m uch i
e n , g u t k pl c i g rd e n vo e, oo a e n a a en

u tsid P is c ll d Ne w Fr wh e r ss em bl d l rds ”
o e ar , a e an ce , e a e o

a d cl o w s l di s
n d g is e tt s i dulgi g i
n ,
a th
e a sy o
an r e ,
n n n e e c s

t um s d m
e rs of t h e c u try Tow rds th m iddl of
an an n e o n . a e e

th e ight e th c tury th r w s st blish d i Britt y

e e n en ,
e e a e a e n an

t h O rd r of t h De f li t ors “ ”
e e e o a .

I t h O rd r of F licity
n e i stitut d i P ri s i 1 7 4 2
e
“
e ,
n e n a n ,

an d divid d i t t h f r d gr s of m idsh i p m
e n o pt i e ou e ee an , ca a n,

chi f o f sq u dro
e d vi e d m ir l t h
a a m bl m s d t rm s
n , an c -a a ,
e e e an e

w er uti l : s il ors w re its f u d rs d i t x it e d s

e na ca a e o n e ,
an e c o

m uch tt ti th t i 1 7 4 6 s tir titl d Th M s “

a en on , a n a a e, en e , e ean

o f r chi g th high st R k i th e N vy with ut g tti g

ea n e e an n a o e n

Wet w s publish ed g i st i t I ts fi e ld f cti w

,
”
a a a n . o a on as

t h e fi eld of l ov e A Gr d O ri t w s c ll d th e offi g th e
. an en a a e n ,
.
88 S E C RET S O C I ETI E S

co v ere d with l ov e k ts wh e r up o th i ron ch i s w e r - no , e n e a n e

tak enfl d g rl ds o f fl ow e rs c ll e d ch i s of l ov e
o
"
,
an a an ,
a
“
a n ,
”

s ubstitut d Th e ca did t s w re th c duct d t o t h

e . n a e e en on e e

a lt r wh r e th y t o k t h e o th of s
a , e e r cy ; d th e c e to
o a ec e an n

th e m yst e ri o us gr ov s i th e ighb ourh o d of th e Te m pl

e n ne o e

of L o v e wh e r ,
i c e s e w s o ff r ed up t Ve u s d h s
e n n a e o n an er on .

If i t w k i ght w h h a d b i iti t d h e xch g d h i s

as a n o e en n a e , e an e

cr ow f m yrtl e f t h ros of t h l st i i ti t e d y m ph ;
n o or e e e a n a n

an d if y m ph Sh e e xch g d h e ro s e f th e m yrtl e crow

a n , an e r or n

of Br th e r S e ti m
o t Th h orr rs of th Re voluti o s ca t
n en . e o e n

t re d th s k ights d y m phs w h lik e th oughtl e ss chil

o e e n an n ,
o,

dre w e re pl yi g o v lc o
n, a n n a o an .

474 G e .m O r d r f th
an R osa — A th e r rd
er r o f o t h e e no o e

R s
o e w s fo u d d i
a G e rm y i 1 7 84 by o Fr ci
n e n an n ne an s

M tth aus G os s i g
a wh o er obl e d h i m s e lf by
n er, ssu m i g nn a n

th etitl of Fr ci s R ud olph o Grossi g He w b rn

e an v n n . as o

in 1 752 t K mor a i n H u g ry ; his f th e r w s

o n, butch r n a a a a e ,

his m oth r th d ught r of t e r Gr ssi g w a a Je suit

e e a e a ann . o n s ,

but o th S uppr ssi o of th e O rd r h e l ed w d e ri g l i f

n e e n e a an n e,

an d e v e tu lly r e ch e d Vi e
n a wh re h e obt ai e d th p o
a n n a, e n e r

t ct i o
e o f th e f th e r c on fe ss r o f th
n a e m pr ss w h i 1 777 o e e ,
o n

gr t e d h i m p si of i hu dre d fl o i s which h we ve r
an a en on s x n r n , ,
o ,

h e l o st by h e d e th H th r liv d by ll ki ds of swi dli g

a . e en e a n n n ,

a d fi a lly f o u d e d a phil
n n thr pic ord r whi h ft r th
n an o e ,
c ,
a e e

na m e o f th s upp o sititi us gr d m istr ss th L dy f R s e

e o an e ,
e a o o n

w ld h e c ll e d th e Ord e r of th R s
a ,
a H w v ry e o e . e as e

s ucc e ssful t H ll e wh e r h e liv e d i

a a i iti ti g d p s
, e ,
n n a n u e , on

wh o s e c tributi o s h e live d i gre t s ty l Wh e h b

on n n a e . n e e

c m t oo ot ori o u s t H ll e h tr s migr t e d t B rli

a e n a a e an a o e n,

wh e re h e c o ti u d h i s e xp s i v styl e of livi g g ot i t
n n e en e n ,
n o

d bt w as a rr st ed but m d e his e sc p e ft r h vi g swi dl d

e , e ,
a a ,
a e a n n e

th Be rli
e rs o t of tw e ty th ou s d d ll rs
ne u n an o a .

47 5 P et d d O
r bj t f
en th Oe d — T h O rd e r pr o
ec s o f e ss d e r er . e e

t o pursu th e l fti e st phil os ophic

e o d duc ti l bj cts an e a on a o e .

N o b ut m e
ne d w om e n d w e d with bl s uls w r
an n en o no e o e e

t o b e d mitt e da d m mb r w ,
an t r v l th no m of e e as o e ea e na e

an
y o th e r m e m b r wh t w s discu
e ss d
,
i t hn or l dg s a a e n e o e ,

t o utsid e r s
o M s o ry w . th e m od e l f
a th O rd r f th
n as or e e o e

Ro s th l tt r d pti g ll th e g d
e, e a e a d r j cti g ll th
o n a oo , an e e n a e

b d o f th f r m e r
a e Th ribb o f th O rd e r . sist d f e on o e con e o

pi k s ilk b oth e d t r m i ti g i thr p i ts ; it w

n , n s e na n n ee o n as

m rk e d with
a ro s d th a m f th m m b r with th
e, an e na e o e e e , e

d t e of his h re ceptio
a or U d e r this w
er l rg e l n . n as a a e s a ,

di pl yi g a ros s urr o u d d by wr th f th e s m
s a n e, n e a ea o a e

fl w e rs ; th e ribb o w as fu rth e r a d or e d with a ki d f

o n n n o
 A N DRO GYN OU S MA S O N R Y 89

silh u e tt e supp os d t r pr s t th L dy f R s w ld
o ,
e o e e en e a o o en a ,

so i disti t d blurr d t l k m r lik

n nc an bl t th e ,
as o oo o e e a o an a

p rtr it M m b rs ls w r fur ish d with s m ll tick t

o a . e e a o e e n e a a e ,

givi g th e xpl ti o of t i t r m s u s d by Gr ssi g i

n e ana n c er a n e e o n n

his R ul s d R gul ti s thu s Fre m s s w

e an e ll d a on e a on e re c a e

G m bl rs a J suits F x s
e I llu m i ti e W sps , o e na , a

Gh st s rs G ts & c Th R ul e s w r
o - ee
,
na ll d A
,
”
. e e e ca e
“

S h ll e C s f Th r s
or a em mb rs t r c g is
or ch o n e e , o e o n e ea

o th r w uld y Th or s t whi h th th r w uld

e , o sa ,
n , o c e o e o

r ply F re st ft r which ch w uld pr duc e his ribb o

e , o ,
”
a e ea o o n

an d tick e t I 1 7 8 6 th e O rd r c u t e d b ut
. n hu dr ed e o n a o on e n

an d tw ty m m b rs but h vi g
en e i t vit l i ty b i g i
e ,
a n no nn a e a , e n ,
n

f ct but
a m p y f t ifl a m y f th e m withdr w o
co an o r e rs , an o e n

fi d g th wh l e O rd r but
n 1n e sch e m of Gr ssi g t put
o e a e o n o

m y i t his p o k t d
on e n o it w s sw ept w y i t thc e ,
an so a a a n o e

li m b us f f shi o bl f lli s
o a na e o e .

O d H m — T h e O rd r o f th R os h vi g
47 6 .
f r y er o ar on e e e a n

c ll ps ed Grossi g i 1 7 88 fou d ed u d r fi titi us m

o a ,
n n n ,
n e a c o na e,

th e Ord r of H rm y e H publish d a b k ll eg d t
on . e e a oo a e o

b e tr sl t e d fr m t h E glish
an a d titl d H rm o y
o e n ,
an en e ,
“
a n , or a

S ch m e for th e B tt r E duc ti f th F m l S e
”
e e e d a on o e e a e x, an

wr t i th P f c e This H rm y is t t b
o e n e re a ,
“
a on
’
no o e c on

f u d d with th t Ch d t u
o n e E p g with which th
a ea en s a n e, e

fou d r f t h Ord e r f t h Ros e f s m y s de lud d

n e o e o e or o e ea r e

t h l di s f G rm y Th O rd e r f H r m o y w s id t ”
e a e o e an . e o a n as a o

h ve b
a f u d d by S th th e third
een o n e f Ad m t e , s on o a ,
o

h v e r e ck o ed m o g its m m b e rs Mos s d Chri st d t

a n a n e e an ,
an o

b th r e f g
e e f p s ut d hu mu e ity d i c c Th
o er ec e an an nno en e . e

fou d e r bus d pri c s d p i sts prop s d th e st blish

n a e n e an r e , o e e a

m e t of n v ts i which l di e s w e r t t k e th v ws of
c on en ,
n a e o a e o

ch a stity b edi c , o d p v rty but o ly f

en y r t ti m e ;
e, a n o e ,
n or a ea a a

a b k w s ls t b f u d e d i c o cti o with th m
an a a o o e o n n nne n e .

A d th e writ e r fi lly pr p s d th t
n m o u m t sh uld
na o o e a a n en o

b e e r e ct e d t o th pr m t r of th e O rd e s b e f ct r f
o o e er a a ne a o o

m ki d ! Wh Grossi g w as rre st d i 1 7 88 t R t burg

an n en n a e n a o en

( Prussi ) fo lal ki ds
,
f swi dli
r ga tr s cti o s n um b r o n n an a n , a n e

of dipl m s w r o f u d m o g his p p rs with th

a e e o m s f
n a n a e , e na e o

l di e s w h w r t b e d m itt d t th Ord r fill d i

a o e e o But a e o e e e n .

th i t rf r
e n e o f t h e v ulg r p oli
e en ce brush d th e bl om f a ce e o o

rom c ff th sch m
an e o d th e O rd r f H r m o y p e rish d
e e e, an e o a n e ,

a still b r b b ! Grossi g h w v r m ged t ff t his

- o n a e n , o e e ,
ana o e ec

s p by m ki g his gu rds d ru k ; wh t b c m f h i m
e ca e, a n a n a e a e o

a ft rw rds is t
e a r rd no on e co .

4 77 M .s D ug h t —
a s onT his is’
a dr gy
a us d gr er . n an o no e ee

i v e ted i
n n th W ster S t t e s of Am e ric
n e d gi v
e to n a a, an en
90 C
S E RE T S O I E TI E S C
ma st r m s o s th eir wiv e s
e a d u m a rri d sist rs
n , d ,
an n e e an

d ught e rs
a I t r f s t circu m st
. s r e rd e d i ch pt e rs
e er o an c e co n a

xi d xii f S t J h s G osp l I th s w m s l odg s

. an . o . o n
’
e . n e e o en
’
e

th eb qu ti g h l l is d i vid d i t E st W st S uth d
an e n a e n o a ,
e , o ,
an

N rth sid s ( th e f ur w lls) ; t h g d m istr ss sits i th

o e o a e ra n e n e

E st ; t h t m pl e
a e l dg is ll d E d ; t h d ors
e or o e ca e en e o ar e

ca ll d b rri e s t h e gl ss s l m ps th wi is ll d d i l
e a r ,
a e ,
a ,
e ne ca e re o

t put i l i
o t h l m ps is t fi ll t h gl ss s t
o n e a xti guish th o e a e ,
o e n e

l m p is to d i k t h wi t o fi
a r n is t d i k Th ign
e n e, re o r n . e S

is t pl c t h e h ds o t h br st
o a e th t th right li e s
an n e ea , so a e on

t h l ft
e e d t h e t w th u m bs j i i g f r m
,
an tri gl Th e
o o n n o a an e .

w rd is E
o r p t d fi e ti m s G tl m
v e, e ll ow d
ea e v e . en e e n a re a e

t b pr s
o e t A th r e d e r will h v e b s rv d t h e d gr e
e en . s e a a o e e , e e

i
s an i m it ti o of th L g I m péri l d Ad p ti o d es Fra cs
a n e o e a e
’
o n n

Ch e v li rs d e scrib d i 5 46 6
a e ,
e n .
92 C
S E RET S O I ETIE S C
Wh t w it b f ? N thi g Th m m b rs m et v y
a as e o re o n . e e e e er

y r i t h h p l f t h C stl of G d t dt d ls
ea n e c a e o e a e na en s a ,
an a o

k pt th 1 st h M rch
e e d 1 6 th April h ly d ys a an as o a .

N rly ll th e d gr s f th S c otch rite

ea a s his m tic
e ee o e a re c a .

I n lik e m r ll t h e E glish d Am ic o d rs of
ann e ,
a n an er an r e

chiv l y d th ir c o l v e s d
a r ,
an m p m tse e p r di s nc a an e n ca en ,
ar a o e

o f i t chiv lry
an c e n a .

I 1 7 58 L
n d i g m st e r d P i l t a t il o
,
a co rn e , a an c n - a ,
an r e ,
a r,

i v t d th e d gr
n en e f th e C ou il o f th E m p er s of
e ee o nc e or

th E st
e d W st
a wh s m em b rs ssu m e d th titl s o f
an e , o e e a e e

S v r i g Pri
o e e M s o s S ubstitut s G
n l f th e R y l
n ce a n , e e n era o o a

A t Gr d S up ri t d ts
r ,
an d O ffic rs o f t h e Gr d
e n d en en an e an an

S v r e ig
o e L dg e o f S t J hn f J ru s l e m
o Th ritu l . o n o e a . e a

c sist d f tw ty fi d gr s d
on e o it w c lcul t e d
en - ve e ee ,
an as as a a

by its s o u di g titl s d spl d ur f ritu l t fl tt r th

n n e an en o o a o a e e

v ity of th friv l us it w t first v ry succ ssful ; d

an e o o ,
as a e e an

L a cor c o f rr d
ne o of his cr ea ture s
n e H ebr w th
e on ne ,
a e , e

d e gr ee f I sp ctor d s t h i m t Am eri t spr d

o n e ,
an en o ca o ea

th O rd r th r e
e I 1 79 7
e o th e r J ws
e dd d ight e w
. n , e a e e n

d gr s gi vi g to this ggl m r ti
e ee , n f thirty thr p o m a o e a on o - ee ,

uS d e g r e s th titl f A ci t A cc pt d S tch “
p o e e d e e o o n en an e c

R it e Th G
. d O ri t f Fr c s i g its w i flu c
e ra n en o an e, ee n o n n en e

d e cli i g pr p s d dv t g u s d h u bl e t rm s t
n n , o o e a an a eo an on o ra e o

th e S up m e Gr d C u cil which w
re t th e h
an d o f th e o n as a ea

S c tch rit
o d a gr e m e t w
e, an c o m to i 1 80 4 Th
an e n as e n . e

Gr d O ri e t r e t i i g th first m r c iv d i t its b s m
an n a n n e na e, e e e n o o o

th S upr e m Gr
e d C u cil a d th ri h Am ric sy m bolis m
e an o n n e c e an .

But t h e cti d i d t pr sp e r d w diss lve d i n

c on n e on no o ,
an as o

1 805 Ag i . wh t is ll e d M rk M s ry i E gl d is
a n, a ca a - a on n n an ,

by s m e m s ic uth riti s co sid r d spuri us ; whilst i

o a on a o e ,
n e e o n

S c tl do d I r l d it is h e ld t b
an an ss ti l p orti
e an f o e an e en a on o

Fr e m a so ry Th e s e e curi us om a li s Ab out 1 86 9
e n . ar o an e .

His I m p ri l High ss t h Pri c e Rh o d

e a k i i tr d uc e d
ne e n o ca n a s n o

i t o E gl d th e O rd e r o f t h Re d Cr o ss f C
n n an st ti
“
e o on an ne

an d R m which h ow v r b i g vi ol tly pp os d by th
o e,
”
, e e , e n en o e e

S upr m e Gra d C u cil f t h 3 3 d c m t o

e n u ti m e ly
o n o e r ,
a e an n

en d s o ft r Th S G C th t d y m m b r f th
o n a e . e . . . re a en e an e e o e

A ci e t d A c pt d w h sh uld d r v e t o m rely
“ ”
n n an c e e o o a e e n e

visit this w O rd r with xpulsi from th fr t e ity

ne e e on e a rn .

A d th e S G C
n ctu lly s t . S ov r ig Tribu
. . a l t a en a e e n na
”
o

M ch st r to try
an e br t h r w h h d s pp d his fi ge rs
e a o e ,
o a na e n

t th C u il d s id h did ot c re fo th S ov e r i g ”
a e o nc an a e n a r e e n .

H w it ll
o d d is pl s tly r l t d i th p g s f Th
a en e ea a n e a e n e a e o e

R t gu l
ec a n J u ry d April 1 87 1
a r, an a an .

4 7 9 F rmas o i . Th r e is G ostic s ct i R ussi wh om

a s n .
- e a n e n a
 S CH I S MATI C RI TE S AN D S E TS C 93

th e R ussi s id tify with th Fr em s s d th e ref r e

an en e e a on , an o

c ll F m o i
a ar c rrupti o f fass n m gm ,
”
Th F a o n o r a n c- a a . e ar

m ss i r e g rd pri sth o d
a on d ritu l
a p g d pr v tie o an a as a a an e a a on

o f t h f ith e d o f t h tru doc tri

a an ; th y s k m uch e e ne e ee , as as

p ossibl e t spiritu lis e Christi ity d t g u d it s l ly

, o a an ,
an o ro n o e

on th Bibl e e d t h i w rd illu m i an ti f b li v rs eTh n a na on o e e e . e

e rli s t tr c s
a e f th m t b
a e f u d t th
o d of th e a re o e o n a e en e
s v t th c e tury
e e n ee n d th ir pp r n e c i cid s with , an e a ea an c o n e

th t f c rt i G rm mystics d th s ophists i M s w
a o e a n e an an eo n o co .

Th m o st i m p t t f th s w
e Prussi sub ffic w h
or an o e e as a an -o e r, o

w s ca rri d t
a M sc w h vi g b e o t k e pris o r by th
o o , a n e en a n ne e

R ussi s du i g th e S v
an Ye rs W r n e en a
’
ar .

4 8 0 T h G m
.
g o — This O rd r w s f ou d d i E gl a d
e or o nes . e a n e n n n

in 1 7 24 Th m s . d b i rthpl e nas of th m em b rs w e r e an ac e e e e

writt i ciph en d t h e O rd
n w s id to h v b ee
er, an er as a a e n

br ught by Chi s m d ri ( J suit m issi o ry ?) t

o a ne e an a n a e na o

E gl d it b ei g i
n an ,
gre t reput i Chi ( R m ) a dn n a e n na o e ,
n

t p ss ss xtr
o o rdi y s rets I t h ld
e e ao h pt e r t th e n ar ec . e a c a a

C stl T v r L d but w diss lv d i 1 7 3 8 I t is

a e a e n, on on , as o e n .

supp os d t h v b e e tt m pt f th Je suits by th h elp

o a e en a n a e o e , e

o f m s ic c e r m i s t o g i c v rts t C th li is m
a on e on e d ,
a n on e o a o c ,
an

th t R m s y t h i v tor f th o- ll d high r d gr s
a a a ,
e n en o e s ca e e e ee ,

h d s om thi g t o d o with it
a e nI h v v i ly d v ur d . a e a n en ea o e

t o tr th i gi ac e d m i g f th t rm Go m og
e or n an ea n n o e e r on e s .

Acc rdi g t o o e
o n u t I h v s i t w s ls
n ll ed t h
ac c o n a e ee n a a o ca e

O rd r f t h G me o d w e s id to h v b i st itut ed
or on e s , a n as a a e een n

f or th r pti e f i d i vidu ls
ec e t c o sid e r d suffici
on o tly n a no n e en

a dv d f d m iss i to t h l dg s
a n ce or a on e o e .

8 1 T h N o h i t N h i d a e —This O rd r fou d d i
ac es or 0a c
‘

4 . e . e ,
n e n

t h e l st qu rt r f t h e l st c
a a tury ssu m d th high -s u d
e o a en ,
a e e o n

i g titl Th Fr t r it y R y l A k M ri rs
“
n f e o f th e a e n o e o a r a ne ,

M rk M rk M st r E l ct d f Ni
a ,
a U k w Fift
a e , e e o n e, n no n, e en ,
‘

Ar hit ct E xc ll t
c e ,
d S up r x ll t M s s e en Th y an e e ce en a on . e

pr f ss d t b
o e t h e f ll w rs N h which d ubt th y
f
o e— e o o e o oa no o e

w r i e e r sp t— d th er f r l s o ll d th m s lv s
n on e e ec an e o e a ca e e e e

N hit e s o N ch i d
oa c Th ir pr sid e t Th m s -B thby
r oa ae . e e n , o a oo

P ky ar L rd R ns, l i ff b r e t h titl
o f Gr d N o h
an c d e, o e e o an a , an

th el dge w c ll d t h e R y l A k Ve ss l Th e br th e r
o as a e o a r e . o

m i s i t h e l dg w r br d s sh r p r s e ti g r in
ar n e r n o e o e a oa a , e e n n a a

b w with
o ,
pr f ifully d or t d with
an a on k d v anc ec a e an ar . o e,

& c Th ir p i ip l pl
. e f m eti g w r nc t th S urr y
a a ce o e n as a e e

T v r a S urr y S tr t S tr d
e n, Th y h d
e p t Br th r ee ,
an . e a a oe , o e

Eb r S i bl y w h w
e n ez e d ct r f m dicie , d stro
o as a o o o e ne an an a

l g r t b t w h lik too m y m s i p o ts wr t i
o e o oo , o, e an a on c e , o e n

diff r t c upl ets Thi s O rd er m u s t ot b e c f u d d

e en o . n on o n e
94 C
S E R ET S O I ETI E S C
with th e Noachit “
u ssi K ight which is t h z 1 s t
e or R an n ,
e

d gr of th e A i t
e ee t h rit n c en Sco c e .

4 8 2 A g u.t — T his r O rd r w
on a f u d d s fo his m u s e as o n e ,
r a e

m t by en , Fr m s K r d o Rh t r sidi g t
a ee a on , on a v n e z, e n a

R id d gsh us a r Bru swi k H h d b

a en , n ea th m st r n c . e a ee n e a e

o f l dg f t h R e l x d Obs r
a o e o but f ll o ut wit h his
e a e e va n ce , e

br thre e d c s d fr m visiti g
n, an
y l odg
ea e N r his o n an e . ea

re sid e th r is l rg l k wit h
n ce e e isl d i t h c t e
a a e a e an an n e en r .

O this h built
n t mpl d pr vid e d b ts t o c rry vis i t rs
e a e e an o oa a o

t o it wh re if th y d sir d it th y w r i iti t d i t th
, e , e e e , e e e n a e n o e

ne w O rd r P s s f p sitie . d f ith r
e r on m ighto o on an o e e s ex

cl ai m r ec pti s m tt r f right
e on d m
a y Bru swi k
a a e o , an an n c

Fr e m se b l g d t it Th Gr d M st r
a on s e on e Gr d o . e an a e , or an

Ad m ir l h w a ll e d t rt i e d ll visit rs fr
as e as ca f ,
en e a n a o ee o

e xp s e en w th r
,
n or
y h rge f i iti ti
as Th
e e an c a or n a on . e

gr ti g w
ee L o g l iv pl e sur
n as Th t m pl w s built
n e a e e e e a

i n th e tiqu styl e th ugh with qu i t d c r ti s d

an e . o a n e o a on an a

f w p i ti gs
e a nd gr v i g Th r w r ls cupb rds
n an en a n s . e e e e a o oa

c on t i i g t h i sig i f t h O rd r Th ffic rs w r
a n n e n n a o e e . e o e e e

styl e d S t rs m Ch pl i ee d an ,; th th rs w r a a n, an so on e o e e e

s im pl A g uts Th j w l w
e r on a silv r . h r wit h e e e as a e a nc o

gr e en m l O th f ou d r s d th i
en a e . 1 7 8 7 t h e O rd e r
n e n e
’
ea n

w diss lv e d ; o tr c e r m i s of t h t m pl
as o n a e a n e e e .

4 38 T h e G r . d O i t d A th i m
an — I 1 8 7 7 t h Gr d
r en an e s n e an

O i e t b lish d i
r n th
a l dg s th
o e k wl dg m t ofn e o e e ac no e en a

b eli f i God i tr d uc d i t t h r it u l i 1 8 5 4 which h

e n ,
n o e n o e a n ,
as

l d t
e rupture b twee it d t h Gr d L dge f E gl d
o a e n an e an o o n an .

Th i flu e c e f M s ry b th s o i l
e n n o d p litic l i Fr c
a on ,
o c a an o a ,
n an e

be i g u iv rs l it is th e f u d t i
n n e a d supp ort f t h w
, o n a on an o e ar

m d a th
e on p i sth d with Vi w hi fly t d priv th e m
e r e oo a e c e o e e

o f t h e duc ti e f y outh Th S p i sh
a on o d Dutch Gr d . e an an an

L odg s ppr v e d f t h cti

e a o f th Gr d O ri t i
o e a on o e an en n

s uppr ssi g th e m n f G d i th
e ritu l f d m issi
na e o o n e a o a on .

Th r is o d ubt th t C ti t l M s ry i m s t
e e n o a on n en a a on a a

th e b liti o
a to ly f th R om C th l i c Chur h
n no on o e an a o c .

but of th e hu m m i d s bli d surr d e r t an

y cr d n
’
n en o an ee

wh t ve r a e .

4 48 L u di u
. D g e — T h fo ll
cr o wi g l
s dg w ctu
e re lly e o n o e as a a

e st blish da bo t 1 7 1 7 S m j y u s c mp i s h v i g
e a u . o e o o o a n on , a n

p ss e d th d g e of cr ft r s lv ed t f r m l odg f
a e e re a , e o o o a e or

th e m s lv A e f th m k e w th m st e r s p t th y
es . s n one o e n e a
’
ar ,
e

a t o c i v t d
n e d d pt d n en e i t l whi h su i t e d v ry
an a o e a . r ua c e e

m an shu m o ur H c e it w
’
rd r d th t v e ry p r
. en as o e e a e e s on

duri g i iti ti n sh o uld w r b o ts spurs

n n a o s w rd d ea o , , a o ,
an

s p e c ta cl es Th e pro w s tur d upsid d o w

. a To s i m plify
n a ne e n .
 D I FF US I ON OF THE O RD E R

485 . F r eem a s on ry i n Sp ai n a nd P or tug a l -In . 1 7 26 , th e

G ra n dgd gl d gr t d p t t
L o e of E n an e st blish an e a a en fo r th e a

m t en l dg of a Gibr lt r ; oth r w s fou d d i th e

o e at
. a a an e a n e n

foll owi g y e r t M drid whi h d cl ri g its lf i d p d e t

n a a a ,
c ,
e a n e n e en n

o f f r eig sup rvisi

o st blish d l dg s t C di B rc l a
n e on , e a e o e a a z, a e on ,

V ll d lid
a a d th r pl c s
o , Th I quisiti o
an o s i g the a e . e n n, ee n e

d g r th t thr t d th Church p rs cut d t h O rd r ;

an e a ea e n e e ,
e e e e e

h c e s o m m ste ry surr o u ds t h l b urs f th e br th r

en e y n e a o o o e

h od i th I b ri
o n p i sul eBu t i t h e tr ubl e s
e an en n a . n o

whi h distr ss d S p i duri g th e N p l i w rs t h e

c e e a n n a o eo n c a ,

m s a onic l dg s w r p litic lly v ry ctiv

o e Th y w r
e e o a e a e . e e e

suppr ss d g i by F e rdi d VI I
e e a d up t th y e r
a n n an .
,
an o e a

1 86 8 w r but f w i u m b r d disguis ed u d r v ri u
e e e n n e ,
an n e a o s

na m s e S i ce th t y r th y h v r pidly i cr e s e d
. n a d ea e a e a n a , an

th r e
e w m r e th
a re n o 3 6 0 l dg e s i S p i T
o h e S p ish an o n a n . an

Gr d L dge h 1 5 4 l odg s u d r its jurisdicti o ; th

an o as e n e n e

Gr d O ri t f S p i
an b ut 1 6 2 ; th e L usit i Gr d
en o a n a o a n an an

O ri t b o ut 4 0 l dg s Th r e
en a m r e v e r a b ut 40 l o dg s
o e . e a re , o o , o e

subj ct t f r ig G r d L odge s Th u mb r f S pa ish

e o o e n an . e n e o n

M s o s m y m o u t to
a n a a n

I P rtug l th e fi rst l dg s w e r f u de d ot u d er
n o a ,
o e e o n ,
n n

E glish but u d r Fr e ch u spi s ; but E glish i flu c e

n ,
n e n a ce n n en

s oo n m d its elf f lt i th
a e st blish m t o f dd i ti l l odge s
e n e e a en a on a ,

th ugh i gre t s cr cy ; whi h h w v e r did t s v m y

o n a e e c , o e ,
no a e an

Fr m s s fr m b c m i g th vi ti m s o f th e I quisiti
ee a on o e o n e c n on .

4 86 F m .
y i R u s
reei — I 1 7 3 1 Fr e m s
as on r ry d r e d
n s a n , e a on a

to o pp s e its lf t o R ussi d sp tis m which t f ri g d

o e an e o ,
no ea n ,
an

pr b bly d e spisi g it did t m l st it Th ti m s w re

o a n ,
no o e . e e e

u pr pi ti o us
n o Th s gui ry Bir rul d t h e E mpre ss
. e an na en e

A wh m by m s f th m r us f s i ti o h e
n n e, o ea n o e a o o a c na n e xer

i ed u p
c s h be sily p rsu d d to c m m it ll ki ds f
on e r, ea e a e o a n o

f lly a d cru lty ; d M s ry th ug h it k e w its elf t b

o n e an a on , o n o e

t l r t d y t did o t f l cur e d c uti usly k pt its lf

o e a e , e n ee se , an a o e e

i th e b ckgr o u d I 1 7 40 E gl a d f o u d d
n a n l odge a t S t
. n ,
n n n e a .

96
 DI FFU S I O N O F TH E O RDE R 97

P t rsb u rg d s t thith r G d M st r Th O rd r
e e , an en e a ra n a e . e e

spr d i th pr vi ce s d i 1 7 6 3 th l dg Cli w s
ea n e o n ,
an n e o e
“
o a

o p e d t M s w C th i I I wish d t k w its st tut s

en a o co . a er ne . e o no a e ,

p rc ivi g th dv t g
e e n i j ury th y m ight b i g t h
e a an a e or n e r n o er

g
v
o r me t
e n h ith prn m t d o p rs ut d t h
as s e e ss i a er o o e r e ec e e a oc

ti on I th
. d h d t r m i e d t p t e t th O d r
n e en s d
e e e n o ro c e r e an

in a c u try wh r th e co u t l ds pi i o l dg s so h e
o n e e r ea O n n, o e on

c m th f shi
a e B t M s ry thus b c mi g t h
e a on . mus u a on e o n e a e

m t f w lthy o bility it s
en o a ea l st sight f its p i m itiv
n , o on o o r e

obj ts I o oth r c u try pr b bly d i d th br th rh d

ec . n n e o n o a e o e oo

p ss ss such go g u s t mpl s but de priv e d f t h ivify

o e r eo e e , , o e v

i n
g d i vigo
an ti g i f
n lib rty its pl e d u r uld t
ra n a r o e ,
s n o co no

s ve it fr m d th f i iti
a o a ea o nan on .

8
4 7 F m .
y i S w
r eei t l d — E g
as on r l ish pr os ly tis m n zer a n n e ,

a lw ys th m st cti v st blish d l dg t G e v i 1 7 3 7
a e o a e, e a e a o e a en a n ,

wh s first Gr d M st r w s G rg H m ilt
o e an Tw y a s e a eo e a on . o ear

a ft w rds th for ig r dw lli g t L us e u it e d a d

er a ,
e e ne s e n a a an n n n

f u d d t h l dg c ll d th P f t U i
o n e e o f F r ig rs
e a e e e r ec n on o o e ne .

L dg s w r
o e ls Op d t B r ; but th m oe uvre s o f
e e a o en e a e ne e an

th Gr d L dg s f th S t t s surro u di g S witz rl d
e an o e o e a e n n e an

i tr du d l o g d fi rce di ss e si o s I 1 7 6 5 th e S t ict
n o ce n an e n n . n ,
r

Obs rv c f u d e d t B sle th e l d g L ib rty whi h “ ”

e an e o n a a o e e , c

b c m th m oth r l dge f m y th rs d lli g its lf

e a e e e - o o an o e , an ,
ca n e

th eG r m H lvet i Dir ct ry ch s f its chi e f th e

e an e c e o ,
”
o e or

c l br t d L v t r Th f ll w d supp ssi s ; but th

e e a e a a e . en o o e re on e

Ord r r viv ed
e d i e 1 84 4 th e di ff r e t t rrit ri l Gr
,
an d
n e n e o a an

L dg s u it d i t o o e f d e r l Gr d L dg e c ll d Alpi
o e n e n n e a an o , a e na,

which r evis d th e ci e t st tut s Th S wiss Fr m s s

e an n a e . e ee a on

i t d t r ct gr d t m p l whi h p rh ps c o uld
n en o e e a an e e, c e a no

wh fi d m r e fi tti g sit th i a u try wh r f ur

e re n a o n e an n co n e e o

na ti s f div e rs e l gu g s d r c s dw ll i p f t lib r ty
on o an a e an a e e n e r ec e .

4 88 F reem a s on ry i n S weden a n d P ol a nd — I n 1 7 4 8,
.

wd
S e e n a ealr dy y fl urishi g l dg s
h a d m an an d o n o e In 1 7 54 .

w as ni stitut d e Gr d dg
th e an Lo wd u d r p t t
e of S e en , n e a a en

fr om t h e Gr d dgan Lo tl d it ft rw ds d cl r d
e of S c o an ; a e ar e a e

its ut
a y whi h
on om , cb r g is d by
h a s ee n e c o n e s i a ll t h e m a o n c

b di s
o e p
o f E u ro e st i t w dish ritu l
I n th e m o an c en S e . a we
t
m e e for th e fi rst ti ur p with
me i n E o e sigt h e c ry a n d n of

distr ss
e s s
o f th e on d ir
o f A on a m s s To m e , th e on of
th e wd wi o
Fr s ry
e e m a on first suppr ss d
at Pl d
e e inr viv d
, o an , w as e e

d r t isl us gustus
un e S an a Au ,
uspi s
a n d th e a Gr d ce o f th e an

ri t Fr c
O e n of st blish d l dg s v ri us t w s
an e w h o e a e o e in a o
, o n of

th t u try
a co n h s u it d f r Gr d ri t
T e e n e i n I 7 84 to o m a
. an O en ,
h v i g its s t t W rs w
a n ea a a a .
98 C
S E RET S O I ETI E S C
4 89 . H ll d
F reema s on ry i n Hol la n d a n d Ger ma n y — I n o an

th e Fr s s p d l dg
e e m a on O en e u d r
a o w rr
e in 1731, n e th e a ant

O f th e Gr d an g gl d it
L od e o f E n a n ;h w v r ly wh t w as , o e e o n a ,

is c ll d l dg
a e a o rg y h vi g b
e of eme c ll d i ti t
en c , a n e en a e to n i a e
k s y ft rw rds F c s
th e Du e o f Tu c a n ,
a e p r r
a ra n i I , E m e o of .

G r y
e ma n first r gul r l d
Th e st blish d
e a o ge w as e a e at

Th e H gua which
e i n 1 7 34 y rs ft r t k
. ,
fiv e e a a e oo th e n am e o f
,

th r l dg
Mo e - o e Nu r u s l dg s w
. me o p d thr ugh u
o e ere O e n e o o t

c try
t h e o un ,
ls
a nd a utch c l i s
o i n th e D Fr o on e ; a n d t h e ee

s s f u d d
m a on o n e y sch ls with
man v w d b t
oo , th e a o e o j ec of

withdr wi g i structi fr cl ric i flu c

a n n on om e al n en e .

In G r y l dg s w r u r u
e man o e rly iddl
e e n m e o s a s ea as t h e m e

of al st tu y th t
c en r , so pr s t
a h v wit ss d
i n th e e en on e w e a e ne e

c t ri s y th
th e e n e n a e of m a n O f i st c e m — a s , for n an e i n 1 83 7 , ,

of th t a H burg
Of am th t rl
; i n 1 840 , o f a of Be i n ; i n 1 8 4 1 ,

of th s r sl u
o e of B e a ,
ipzig
Ba i re uth L ey r
,
a n d man , mo e .

49 0 F reemas on r y i n Tu r k ey As i a Afr i ca a n d Ocea n i a

.
, , ,
.

rd r ls pr d i t urk y wh r h w v r
Th e O e a o S e a n o T e , e e o e e , as ma
y ,

be supp s d o e , for al gt it
on but h r ss d xist c
i me led a a a e e en e .

dg s w r st blish d
Lo e e e e a C st ti pl
e at yr
on an no e, S m n a, a n d

l pp
A e o ; an d i t m a
yti d b e m en f ct f v ur of
on e as a,
a i n a o

Fr s ry th t
e em a o n , a rkish Fr
t h e Tu s s r
ee m a o n are i n a m o e

adv c d st t
an e civil s ti th is usu l
a e of i a on g r t l
an a a m on O i en a s
g r lly
en e a h y r j ct p lyg y
. T e e e o am s ic a n d a t th e m a on
, b an
q u e t s th e w pp r v l d
om en a ea th t wh t v r th ir
un e i e ; so a a e e e

w st r s st rs
e e n i e h v g i st s ry
m ay a e t o s ay a a n w Ma on , th e om e n
o f th e E a st c rt i lye a ng i rs by
a re i tr d ct of
a ne th e n o u i on th e
rd r
O e .

Th e m ost p rt t s ic l dg s
i m o an m a on s o di
e of A i a a re i n I n a

th ye dr
a re u n e j r sdicti of
th e u i Gr d odg s
on th e an L e of

gl d
E n a n a n d S o an c tl d .

Fr s ry
ee m a on i tr duc d to fric by
was n o e inst blish
A a th e e a
t dg
m e n of a l o e a t a e C p C st C stl oa h ra e in 1 73 5 T e e a re .

n ow l dg s
o e C p
a t th e G d H p
a e of isl ds
oo o e ; i n th e an of

Ma uritiu s , d g sc r
Ma a a a , a n d S t Hl lg rs
. e en a ; an d a t A i e ,

Tu nis ,
r cc C ir x dri
Mo o o, a o , a n d Al e a n a .

o g s h v x st d s c
L d e a e e i e yd y lbour
i n e 1 8 2 8 at S ne Me n e,,

P rr tt th r pl c s b ut
'

a am a a , a nd o e a e ; i n a ll, a o t wo h un d re d .

49 1 F. r ee m a s on ry i n A first l dg st bl sh d
m er i ca — Th e o e e a i e
in C d a n a a wa s a tC p rt a e B e on y r dg
i n t h e ea 1 7 4 5
, L o es .

xi t d f
e s e rly p ri d
r om a s e a a W st di
e o sl ds
i n th e e I n an I an .

st blish
O n th e e a t r zili
m en O f t h e B a pir Gr d dg an em e, a an Lo e
w as i iti t d
n a e ; a n d i P dr
n 1 8 2 5 , Don l ct d its
e o I w as e e e .

Gr d an tr
Ma s e . Gr d dg
I n 1 82 5 , th e xcan L o e of Me i o w a s
i stit t d wh r
n u e , ib r ls
e e th e L F e a jo d
an d e d e rali s ts i ne th e
 XX VI

P E RSE C U TI ON S OF F R EE M AS ON RY

49 2 . C a uses s cy with whi h th

f P ers ec uti on — Th e
o e c re c e

m s i br th rh d
a on c lw s surr u d d its p c di gs
o e oo h as a ay o n e ro ee n

is d ubt highly gr t ful

no o b rs but it h a its
a e t o th e m e m e , s

dr wb ks
a ac utsid w rld
. c
Th e o t b li
e o th t
who an n o , e ev e a

m s i m ti gs whi h
a on c ee o j e l u sly gu rd d
n ,g i st th c a re s a o a e a a n e

i t usi
n r f o M s
on o s h v n th e r purp os e th th e
n- a on , a e no o an e r

h l f
e ars a w t t lly u s l ss
o a no d p oi tl ss ritu l foll w d
o a e e an n e a , o e

by o vivi lity tur lly ssu m th t th re m ust b e s om

c n a ,
na a a e a e e

thi g m o b ehi d ; d wh t s m s t f r th light i

n re n an a ee o ea e s

u s u lly supp s d t b vil H e c e ll gov e r m e ts l g

a o e o e e . n a n n ,
as on

as th y did t k w wh t m d r Fr m s ry r lly is
e no no a o e n ee a on ea ,

p e rs cut e d d d e v oure d t o supp ss it But s

e an en as re . as oon a

th y discov e r d its r l sc p d h r cte r th y g v it th e ir

e e ea o e an c a a , e a e

supp rt f li g quit c vi c e d th t m w h o c ould fi d

o , ee n e on n a en n

e t rt i m
n e a nt i t h d o i gs f t h l dg s w uld v e r it
en n e n o e o e , o ne , as

is p opul rly ll ed et t h e Th m s
a ca fi O of th
, s first a e on re . ne e

p rs c ti o s g i st Fr m s ry r s i H ll d i 1 7 3 4
e e u n a a n ee a on a o e n o an n

A r wd f ig r t f
c o oti s i cit e d th e r t o by t h cl rgy
no an an a c ,
n e e e ,

b k i t
ro e l dg t Am st rd m
n o a d d str oy e d
o l l its
e a e a ,
an e a

fur it r d r m ts ; but th t w cl rk h v i g t th
n u e an o na en e o n e a n ,
a e

sugg sti e f t h O rd r b
on i iti t d t h S t t s G r l
O e e ,
een n a e , e a e - en e a ,

u p his r p rt s cti d t h s i ty m y f th hi f
on e o ,
an on e e oc e , an o e c e

p rs s b mi g m m b rs Of
e on ec o rs e wh l dg s w r
n e e . c ou , en o e e e

tur d i t p liti l lubs d t h r l bu si e ss f M s ry

ne n o o ca c ,
an e ea n O a on

w asc st sid f s m thi g m o s ri u s th e m tt er ssu m d

a a e or o e n re e o , a a e

a v ry diff r t sp t Th p r ecuti s h e re t o b e m
e e en a ec . e e s on en

ti o d w i ll th
ne f b su h ly t o k pl c g i st Fr
e r e o re e c on as o a e a a n ee

m s a onry l giti m t ly c ll d
, e a e sO a e .

I P i — P op Cl m t X II i
49 3 t .

f n t
n s a n ces o 1 73 8 er s ee on . e e en .
, n ,

i su d
s e d c ag i st t h O r d r whi h w f ll w d by
e re e a a n e e , c as o o e a

m r s v r
o e di t xt
e e e e t h pu ish m ct th r i w a rd ed
ne 1 e ar , e n en e e n a

f
or b i g f u d guilty Of pr tisi g Fr m s ry b i g c u
e n o n ac n ee a on e n o

fi c ti
s a ond d th with ut h p
an f m rcy
ea This w , o o e O e . as a

sig l o f p rs e cuti o i t h e c u tri es c o ct d with Ro me

na e n n o n nn e e .
 P E RS E CU TI ON S OF F RE EM AS ON RY 10 1

Th e p rli m t f P ris h w v r r fus d to r gist t h

a a en o a ,
o e e , e e e er e

p p l bull ; d
a a p l gy f t h O rd r w pu b lish d t
an an a o o or e e as e a

Dubli B t Philip V f S p i d l r d t h g ll ys fo lif

n . u . o a n ec a e e a e r e,

or pu ish m t f d t h with t rtu t b t h d m f Fr

n en o ea o re o e e
‘

oo o ee

m s a s ; v ry l g u mb
on a e f wh m h ar us d t b e n er o o e ca e o e

ar er st d d s t e an d Pet T rrubi Gr d I quisit r f

e n en ce . er o a, an n o o

Sp i a n,h v i g fi st m da n f ssi d r
r i v d bs luti a e co n e on an ece e a o o n,

t r d t h O d f th xp ss pu p s f b tr yi g it
en e e e r er or e e re r o e o e a n .

H j i d i
e o ne 175 1 d m d hi m s lf cqu i t d with t h
n , an a e e a a n e e

en tir r m ifi ti s f th r ft ; d i
e a ca on s qu c m m b rs
o e c a an n c on e en e e e

o f i ty s v
n ne l odg s w r s i d d t tur d th r k
- e en e e e e ze an or e on e ac .

F rdi d VI d cl d F m s y t b high -tr s

e nan . e a re d r ee a on r o e ea on , a n

pu ish bl with d th Wh t h Fr h b m m st rs
n a e ea . en e en c eca e a e

of S p i Fr m s y w r viv d d p ly pr tis ed th
a n, ee a on r as e e an o en ac ,
e

m m b rs f t h G
e e d L dg f M drid m ti g i th h ll
o e ra n o e o a ee n n e a

pr vi usly
e o u p i d by th ir r h e e m y th I quisiti
oc c e e a c - n e n on .

\ Vith th r tur e f F rdi e d VI L w hn O st blish d t h e n an ,

o r e -e a e e

I quisiti
n th on ,xt r m i ti g pr e ss r m m e c d I
e e e na n oc eco n e . n

1 8 1 4 tw , ty-fi p rs s su sp t d f Fr m s ry w
en ve e on ec e o ee a on e re

d gg d i h i s t
ra e n c fi e m t but t h subs qu t
a n o c on sts n en e e en a rr e

we u m u s th t o c rr ct c u nt is bt i bl e
re s o n e ro , a n o e ac o o a na ,
n or

c an th ult i m t f t f t h ccus d b r rd d O
e a e a e f o e a e e ec o e . ne o

t h e obl st v i ti m s
n e f th e S p ish I quisiti
c d th H oly
o an n on a n e

Alli c w Ri g H m pd f Sp i “ ”
an e th as e o wh o w
, e a en o a n, as

t i usly m urd r d by h gi g t M d rid i 1 8 2 3 H v

a r oc o e e an n a a n . a e

I g ot y o o u Fr u, m s o u f t h d vil
ee ! sh lla n, o s on o e e ou a
y y y
p y a f l l or
y u h
a v d ! h wl d th h g m b f r
o a e on e
”
o e e an an , e o e

s tr gli g h i m I 1 8 2 4 l w w p m ulg t d c m m d
an n . n ,
a a as ro a e , o an

i g l l M s o s t d l r e th e m s lv s
n a a n od d liv r p ll th e ir
ec a e e , an e e u a

p p ers d d cu m ts u d e t h p lty f b i g d l r d
a an o en ,
n r e en a o e n ec a e

t it rs Th e Mi ist r of W i th s m e y r iss u d
ra o . n e a r, n e a ea . e a

pr cl m ti o utl wi g e v y m m b r f t h c ft ; d i
o a a n, o a n er e e o e ra an n

1 827 s v ,
m e m b rs f
e en l dg i Gr d w r x ut d e o a o e n an a a e e e ec e

w h il i 1 8 2 8 th tri b u ls f th s m city c d m d th
e n ,
e na o e a e on e ne e

M rquis f L
a i llo d C pt i Alv r z t b b h d d
a vr an a an a a n a e o e e ea e

for h vi g f u d d l dg I 1 84 8 M s s w r
a n o n e a l gr o e . n ,
a on e e no on e

e x cute d b t
e t t th
,
u g ll y s ; l t s t h e r 1 8 5 4
‘

s en o e a e as a e a y ea ,

m m b rs O f m s
e e i l dg s w r s i z d d i m p i
a on c d o e e e e e an r s on e .

I 1 735
n s v l bl P ortugu s i stitut ed l dg t
, e e ra no e e e n a o e a

L isb u d r th G d L odg o f E gl d O f whi h G org

on , n e e ra n e n an , c e e

G d w M st r ; but th e p i sts i m m di t ly d t m i d
or on as a e r e e a e e er ne

on putti g it d w n O Of th b st k w vi ti m s f th
o n . ne e e - no n c o e

I quisiti
n w J h C t
on as tiv f S wit rl d w h
o n o us o s , a na e o ze an ,
o

w as rr st d i 1 7 4 3
a e e d thr w n i to subt r ,
an o n n a e ra n e a n

d g o wh er h e w r k d i ti m e s i thre m o th s
un e n, e as ac e n ne n e n
102 C
S E R ET S O I E TI E S C
for r v e li g th s cr ts f M s o ry H h d h w ev r
n ot e a n e e e o a n . e a ,
o e ,

to a pp e r i u to d f e
a d w s s t c d t fi y
n an a s - a-
’
,
an a en en e o ve ea r
’

w rko g ll y sl v but t h British G ov r m t l i m i g

as a a e a e e e n en c a n

him assubj ct h w r l se d b f t h e t rm f h i
a e , e as e ea e or e e o s

pu i sh m t xpir d Thi ty thr ee y rs p ss e d with ut

n en e e . r - ea a o

an ythi g m r b i g h e rd O f Fr e m s o ry i Po rtug l ;
n o e e n a e a n n a

but i 1 7 7 6 t w o m m b rs f t h ra ft w r rr st ed d
n , e e O e c e e a e ,
an

r m i d upw rds f f u t
e a ne m th s i pris a I 1 79 2 o o r ee n on n on . n ,

Qu M i I rd r d ll Fr e m s s t o b d liv r d v r
een ar a . o e e a e a on e e e e o e

t o t h I qui iti
e n v ry f w f m ili s sc p d t o N e w Y rk
s
on a e e a e e a e o ,

wh r th y l d d with th e w ords A y lu m q i m s Am o g
e e e an e ,
s u a rr n . n

t h ir Am ic
e br thr th y f u d t ly
er an sylu m but e en e o n no on an a ,

a ne w h me Th Fr o h E m pi r u sh r d i b tt e r d ys ;
. e en c e e e n e a

but with t h e r st or ti f th l d r gi m c m e t h e f or m r
e a on o e O e
'
e a e

p judic s d p s cuti o s I 1 8 1 8 J h VI pr m ulg t d

re e an er e n . n , o n . o a e

fr m th Br ils edi t g i st l l s r t s oci ti s i clud

o e az an c a a n a ec e e e ,
n

i g Fr e m s
n ry ; d g i i 1 8 2 3
e a on sim il r th ough an , a a n n ,
a a

m r e st i g t pr l m ti
o r n pp r d i Lisb
en Th e oc a a on a ea e n on .

pu ishm e t of d th th r i
n n w rd d w s a ft rw rds ea e e n a a e a e a

r du d t fi
e ce d tr sp o t ti
o t o Afric
ne an an r a on a .

I A ustri
n th e p p l bulls pr ov k d p rs cuti
a, s d a a o e e e on an

s iz u r e s ; h c e r s th O rd e r f th e M ps e s
e en whi h
a o e e o o c

S p d thr ugh H oll d B lgiu m d Fr c I 1 7 4 7

r ea o an , e , an an e . n ,

thirty M s s w re rr st d d i m pris o d t Vi
a on e a e e an ne a en n a .

M ri a Th e r s h vi g b ee u bl e t dis v e r t h s e r ts
a e a, a n n na o co e c e

o f t h O rd r issu d
e d ecr ee to rr st ll M s s but th
e ,
e a a e a a on ,
e

me s r w a u e frustr t d by t h e g od s e s of t h e Em p e ror
as a e o n e

J s ph II w h w hi m s e lf M s o
o e .
,
d th r e fo r k w
o as a a n, an e e ne

th t t h p urs uits f th O rd e r w r e i c e t e ou gh
a e o e e nno n n .

Fr cis I t th Di e t of R tisb i 1 7 9 4 d m d d th e
an .
,
a e a on n , e an e

s uppr ssi o of ll m s ic s ci ti s thr ugh o ut G r m y

e n a a on o e e o e an ,

but H v e r Br u swi k an o d Pr ussi u it d with

,
th e n c ,
an a n e

s m ll r S t te s i r fu si g th e ir ss t
a e a n
'

e n a en .

Th hist ry of Fr ee m s ry i
e o C tr l I t ly duri g th e a on n en a a n

l st t u ry d this m y b e supp s d i m r
a
c en an e ,
as a o e ,
s a e e r

p et i t f suff r i gs p e rs e uti o s
i on o d m isf tu e s th e n , c n ,
an or ne ,

m e m b rs f t h cr ft b i g c o ti u lly u d r p u ish m t
e o e a e n n n a n e n en ,

through th i tol r f t h e pri e sth o d

e d th i t e r
n e a n ce o o an e n

f r c O f t h civil p w r
e en e e o e .

But p rs cu ti w e t o fi e d t o C th li
e c u tri e s
on as no c n n a o c o n .

Eve i S wit e rl d th Ma s
n n s t ti m e w r p e rs
z an ,
e on a on e e e e

oute d Th C o u cil f B r
. i e 1 7 4 5 p ss d l w w i th
n o e ne, n ,
a e a a

c rt i d gr s f pu ish m t f m m be rs of l dge s ;
e a n e ee o n en or e o

which l w w r n w d i 1 7 8 2 I t is ow abrog t d
a as e e e n . n a e .

Fred e rick I Ki g O f S w e d . v e ry fe w y ea rs
, ft e r th e
n en , a a
1 04 C
S E RET S O I ETI E S C
d rs
Li n n e
’ “
h
Ma c-Be n a c H gst b rg s
and en en e and
’

MOll e r s i n
’
quit r c t y rs
e e en eas pl s su h writi gs
a re am e
, of c n .

O n e o f th e m ost v lu i u s w rks
o m no i st Fr
o s y
a a n
g ee m a o n r

is th t a . k rt
o f Dr E E E c e . . r sd,
of D e is thr thick
en It in .ee

v lu s pri t d v ri us pl c s
o me , n e at a o a e titl is
( 1 85 2 Th e e ,

Pr fs oo C d
fo r t h e ti
o n e m n a on Fr s ry
Of e e m a on as th e
t rti g P i t
S a n o n o f a llstru tivDe ctivity
c e A s ”
He e e s .

s ry v rywh r
Ma o n e e v
e e, e en Ch s s cr t s t s
in i ne e e e oc i e i e !

c di g
A c or n ck t Fr
to E er , s s w r
e e m a on rig t rs
e e th e o i na o Of

th e I llu i tim na u sch s h ft

and B r G r y
en c a in e ma n , o f th e

J c bi s
a o n Just
and ili u
e M Fr
e in C rb ri
a n ce of th e a , on a in
t ly
I a , of th e L e a ib r ls pi i n S a n a n d theGi vi t li ,
o ne I a a !
xp ll d fr
He w a s e e e rli
om Be c s qu c
n in on ehis tt k e n e of a ac s

on highly pl c d- a e s s Ma on l t st w rk
Th e a e
. i p rt c o of m o an e
h stil
o s ry is by
e t o Ma o n l t Prth e a e sch ps thr
e e De am ,
in ee

l r v lu s titl d
a
g e o m e en
,
e iétés cr t s
L es S oc
, S ciété
e e e e t la S o

( P ris
a vg
a n d A i n on 1 8 8 2 —8 ,
writ r pri st s s ly
T h e e , a e ,
e e on

vl
e i fr t r ity
i n th e a e n ,
f ct
an d i n vil a , ,
w rld
a ll e i n th e o

p litic l s ci l
o a , o r l is
a , mo a — cult ct
d ue to th e oc a i on o f t h e
s s wh s bj ct
Ma o n , o e o e v thr w
i s th e o e r r ligi
o of a ll e on ,

mo ar lity ,
ustic
and j e G r
I n 1 87 3 a
. w rk titl d
e m an ,
o en e , ,

“
cr t W f
Th e S e e Fr
a r a re O f s ry g i st Church
e e m a on a a n an d

t t
S a e ( an E n glish tr sl ti an a publish d
on w a s e in h ad
br ught
o ch g s g i st
th e s a m e ar e a a n ci ty s cti
th e S o e
’
a on o n

th e C ti to n n en . s ry c ti u s
An d Ma on on n e b gb r t o b e th e u ea

o f th e Church . P p Pius
I n 1 87 5 o e ful i t d bull
, IX m na e a .

g st
a ai n rd r
th e O e ; i n 1 8 84 sh rtly ft r o st ll t
,a e t h e i n a a i on of
th e Pri c W l s Gr d st r rk s
n e of a e as an P p
Ma e Ma -Ma on th e o e ,

issu d e cyclic l
a n en a , whi h d u d
H uma n i sm g en u s i n c h e e n o n ce
,

th e O rd r crie as l i p u s r v luti ry
mi n a m io , e o v rythi g
on a ,
and e e n ,
“

b ad ; o at w rds pt b r
t h e e n d of S e e m e this pr s t of r e en
y ea

( 9 )
1 8 6 ti s ic c gr ss c v k d by
a n a n -m a on o n e ,
o Chu h
n o e t h e rc ,

was h ld e r t
a t T en tt d d by b ut six hu dr d
an d a , en e a o n e

pr sts pr sid d v r by C r i l
ie ,
e e o e a d na r d w th
Ag l i a rdi a m e i the
,

POp e s bri f c d
’
e i g Fr
on e m n n s ry e e m a on wh l pr c d Th e o e. o ee

i ng was an e a c x t c t rp t o un e ar t g h ld
of t h e m e e i n e o n th e

l st F bru ry
e a wh
1 76 2, eny g tl m an i t th r
en em en e m n en fo r , ei

r k
an ch r ct r i lu i g P p so J h s
an d a a e
”
nc d n “
om o w r ”
o n on ,
‘
e e
‘
,

by i v t ti
t h e n i a on o f th e Re v M r A ldric ss bl d . h a em e.
, to i n
quir i t s s d by
e n o th e n oi e ma e C ck l th e gh st o itti
a ne o S n
g .

with cl s d d rso e oo gr ss discuss d iss i

th e C on
, e e M D an a
Va ugh b k publ sh d by
an , w h o i n a , oo i e ttribut d , o
r a e t o h e r,
d scrib d
e e rly
h ow at a n ea g it t d i t Fr
a e she was i n i a e n o ee

s y
m a on r , a n d th t a ric l dg s
i n Am e an o fr qu
e s h e h ad e ent

i t rvi ws with cif r

n e e Lu e , an dso his i ps
m e of truth m Th e or .
 PE R S E CU TI O N S OF F R E EMAS O N RY
u t uth of this st t m t w s i usly d b t d b y t h
n r a e en as er o e a e e
“
l r d divi s ss m bl d t Tr t ! A d th y l ft t h
ea n e ne
”
a e e a en n e e e

m tt r i
a d ubt Th r v r d f th s s m t h v b
e n o . e e e en a er ee o a e ee n

p rti ul ly sh o k d t th lib ti s t k with t h d v i l s

a c ar c e a e er e a en e e
’

p s li ty ; y t th y m ust k w th t t h d vi l h s f g
e r on a e e no a e e a or a es

b e en bj t f ridi ul t h th m f rib ld s o gs d
an O ec o c e, e e e o a n an

j k s v
o e t h m yst ry pl ys
e en i n e e a .

D B t ill wrot
r . a a b k titl d Th e D vil i th
e e a oo en e ,
“
e n e

Ni t th C e tu y whi h is sp i m of t h g oss st
n e ee n n r , c a ec en e r e

sup rstiti whi h w ridi ul d i

e on , ply ft w rds pub
c as c e n a re a er a

li h d by
s e C u tH C a d wh e i h e r gre ts th t
o n l g . an re n e a a ar e

n u m b r f high p rs g s p rti ul rly m g t h l rgy

e o e on a e , a c a a on e c e ,

sh o uld h v b thu s i mp s e d up
a e D B t ill i his
een o on . r . a a e n

b k r e f rr d l a g ly t d vil -w rship i th E st ; C u t
oo e e r e o e o n e a o n

H C c o tr dicts m ost f th doct r s st t m ts

. . n a o e o
’
a e en .
 XXVI I

FU TI L ITY OF M OD ER N F R EEMA S O N R Y

49 5 . Va i n P r eten s i on s f
o M od ern F r eem a s on r
y
— A ft e r this
n ec e ss rily c pr ss d cc u t of Fr m s ry p st d p e
a om e e a o n ee a on ,
a an r

s t th qu e stio turally s ugge sts its e lf— Wh t is its pre s e t

en ,
e n na a n

u se ? A e its pr t si rs t gr u dl e ss ? I it ot e en on no o n s n an

i stituti
n which h onutliv e d th e bj ct f its f ou d ti o ?
as o o e o n a n

Is t its pr s e t xist
no d lusi o
e d n hr is m
e en c e a e n an an an a c on

Si l l th t is s id
n ce a d d i t h l dg s h
a fo m y
a an on e n e o e as r an

y rs b i pri t is th h ldi g out f th c mm u i ti

ea e en n n , e o n o e o n ca on

o f s r ts ec e t d lusi d th i m p o siti
no a of childish
e ths on , an e on oa

no t f rc ? Th
a asw rs t l l th s qu sti o s m u st b
e e an e o a e e e n e

un a f v o ur bl t o F m s ry Wh e M s o ry w s pure ly
a e ree a on . n a n a

O pe r ti v e it h d its u s e s ; wh e i t b c m spe cul tiv e it w s

a ,
a n e a e a , a

m or e us ful still i its e rli e r st g s t l st

e th
n C a a e ,
a ea on e on

ti n en t d i dir ctly i
,
an this c u t y ls ; f
n eith r by n o n r a o or e e

i ts lf o i
e ,
co j u cti with oth e r s i ti s such
r n n n th on oc e e ,
as e

I llu m i ti it O pp s d t h p litic l d sp otis m th e pr v l t

na ,
o e e o a e , n e a en

a ll o v r E urop e d for m e d ti-I quisiti o t cl e ic l

e , an an an n n o r a

O bscur tism d Oppr ssi o wh r f it w p rs cut d

an an e n, e e o re as e e e

by Prot st t d R m C th li rul rs lik Th r pid

e an an o an a o c e a e . e a

p ogr ss chi v d i m d r ti m s by hu m ity d t l r

r e a e e n o e n e an an o e a

ti is u d u bt dly d ue to th e t d cy which sp ul tiv

on , n o e en en ec a e

M s o ry t oo k i t h l st
a n d t its p litic l n tivity i ll e a ,
an o o a ac n a

co u tri s xc pt E gl d i this c tury Fou d e d i n

n e ,
e e n an ,
n en . n

a g s wh th p ss ssi
e en f r ligi ou s e d s i tific k w
o e on o e an c en no

l dg w th privil g
e e as f th f w it pr s r v d th t
e e e O e e ,
e e e a

k wl dg — th e i d d s m ll rivul t ly — fr m b i g
no e e n n ee a a e on o e n

c h k d up b y th w ds f i diffe re
o e d sup rstiti
e bu t
ee o n n ce a n e on

no w th t th t s m ll rivul t h
a b a v rt k by d w l
a e as e en o e a en ,
an s a

l w d up i th e b o u dl e ss e v r dv ci g c
o e n, f m d r n , e -a an n o ea n O o e n

sci e ce which m y b oldly pr cl i m its dis v ri s t o th

n ,
a o a co e e e

w orld s oci ty th a t pr fe ss s t k p k owl dge fo th

,
a e o e o ee n e r e

f w i but
e s r tr gr d i stituti a Phil b ut 1 7 80 p o
e o a e n on . o, a o , r

p rly d fi d E glish M s ry it th w s d i t d y
e e ne n a on , as en a ,
an s o- a

Th e l odg s i d i scri m i t ly r e c iv m m b rs g thr u gh

e n na e e e e e , o o

c r m i s pl y t m yst ri e s with ut u d rst di g th m

e e on e ,
a a e o n e an n e ,

ea t dri k
,
d dig st w ell
n , and w d th b sto w l m s
e , an no an en e a

s uch th e fo r m l E glish l dg s
”
a re a n o e .

1 06
108 C
S E RET S O I ETI E S C
r t
c ea e a m rk t f th ir g ds— w h o m ight d s om e g d
a e or e oo o oo

b y t hi g m r l d tur l phil s phy fr m d e p r

e ac n o a an na a o o o a e e

gr u d th th s h l stic d gr ssly m t ri l b sis

o n an e c o a an o a e a a on

which ll t hi g t p s t is f u d d d by r s ui g
a ea c n a re e n o n e ,
an e c n

sci fr m t h d g d d p siti
en c e o f h d m id t m
e e ra e o on o an a en o e re

physic l m f t i t which m d e r m t ri lis m h f rc d it

a co or ,
n o o n a e a as o e .

49 8 D y f
. F m eca y
— T h m r
o I st udy Fr r ee a so n r e o e ee

m s ry t h m o
a on ,
I m r p ll d by its pr t c s
e re Th a e e e e en e . e

f cility d fr qu y with whi h w rthl ss ch ct rs

a an e en c c o e a ra e a re

r c ive d i t o th O d ; th m e r i whi h ll its st tut e s

e e n e r er e an n n c a a

a re dis g d d ; th dislik with which v ry b th r w h

re ar e e e e e ro e o

i sists
n r for m is l o k d up by t h r st ; th diffi ulty
on e o e on e e e c

o f x p lli g b xi us m m b rs ; t h i tr du ti
e e n o no f mo y e e e n o c on o an

spuri u s rit s d th d ptiv ss f th rite s th e m s e lv s

o e ,
an e ece en e o e e ,

d sig d t xcit curi sity with ut v r s tisfyi g it ; th

e ne o e e o o e e a n e

p rility f th sy m b olis m th e p ltri ss f th e s e r t wh e

ue o e a ne o c e n

r v l d to t h
e ea e did te d h i s ill c o e c an l e d disgust wh e a ,
an - n ce a n

a t l st h e g ts b hi d t h e sc
a e s d s s thr ugh t h r ott
e n en e an ee o e en

c v s th t f m s b tiful l dsc p i fr t— l l th s
an a a or so ea u a an a e n on a e e

t o pl i ly sh w th t t h
o a n l dg h b ish d Fr m a s o ry
o a e o e as an e ee n .

A d l ik m
n st i cis m
e chiv l y it is
on a l g r w t ed or a r , no on e an .

H vi g o p l i tic l i flu c
a n n d o p olitic l spi ti s
o a n en e, an n a a ra on ,

o r, wh it h such spir ti s r v e li g th e m by i s
en as a a on e a n n an e

e xc ss s e such s t h it ti b f r m s o ic tribu ls f
e , a e c a on e o e a n na o

N p l a I I I th E m p
o e on r f G rm y th Cr w Pri c e
.
, e e ro o e an , e o n n
,

t h Pop e
e d M sh l Pri m by Fr ch I t l i
, an ar d S p isha , en ,
a an , a n an

M s o s e p ec ti ly
a n r d ft r f c i c l sh m tri l
s ve d m i g
, an a e a ar a a a , co n e n n

th us d cit d — t o whi h su m m s o f ours e th ey p id

e acc e so e c on c a

no a tt ti — t d then on i pl i E glish t o ss ssi ti o

ea , or n a n n , o a a na n,

a c ri m r lly p rp etr t e d
e ea t h e p rs f M rsh l Pri m ;
e a 0 11 e on o a a

be i g o l g r v e
n n s cr et s ci ty— fo
on e s o i ty s c
e n a e o e r a c e an

ti on ed by t h S t t Fr m s ry is c ot b e ll d
e a e, as ee a on , an n ca e a

s cr t s i ty ; h vi g o i d ustri l
e e oc e i t ell tu l r llyi g
a n n n a or n ec a a n

p i t — i t m ust v tu lly di fr m h r i iti

o n e en It m y a e o S ee nan on . a

pr ol g its xiston by g tti g rid f ll t h rit s d ce re

e en ce e n o a e e an

m i s which e e ith r si m pl
on e gr d
ar f u d d
n e e n or an , n or o n e on

an
y uth rity
a sy m bo lic m i g ord by r u ci g t h o ea n n , an eno n n e

silly p t f s r ts
r e e n ce d u d e rt ki g t t
o h wh t I
ec e ,
1
an n a n o eac a

h v sk t h d i v ri u s p rti s f this w rk o r i g
a e e c e n a o o on o o , c n ce n n

th e igi or d m i g o f M s ry d its sy m b ls i ll s t t
n an ean n a on an o ,
u ra

i g its t
n hi g by t h r m ts d p ti o f th l dg s
ea c n e o na en an ra c ce e o e .

This s m s t b th o ly gr u d
ee o which Fr e m s o ry
e e n o n on e a n

c uld cl i m t h v its l s e o f xist e e

o a o a Fr e m s o ry
e ea e nc ,
as e a n ,

Un s e c re to , c h e s a n no t re ,
Un s e c re t o ma i 11 0 11 e — 1 tal i a n P r o ver b
. .
r e ew d f
n e t v , th M s
or n o i m rri g s i t du d by
e en e a on c a a e ,
n ro ce

Fr ch l dg s will p rp tu t its xist

en o e , Ih v b f r me e a e e e n ce . a e e o e e

a cc o u ts o f t w n su h m rri g s p rf m d with ut th u su l
o c a a e ,
e or e o e a

l si sti
e cc e a ivil r m i s t h
c or c i th l dg L
ce e on e , e on e n e o e a

F M g
r a n ce i gu i. a P ris i 1 8 87
on n d th e th r i n a n ,
an e o e n a

l od g t T u l us i th s me y e r
e a o o ls f t w th rs
e, n e a a ,
as a o o o o e ,

l br t ed i P ris i 1 8 8 2 wh M E lys e Re lus Fr

ce e a n a ,
n ,
en . e c , a ee

m s a on, d o f th
an fi w ell k w A chist br th ers
on e e ve - no n n ar o ,

g v w y t w f h i d ught e rs t t w br th rs t di r
a e a a o o s a o o o e ,
a a nne

h ld i
e pri v t h us sim ply decl ri g th t w
n a a e o upl s e, a n e o co e

by th t m r d l r ti t o b m ri d B t th l di e s d
a e e ec a a on e ar e . u e a o

no t ppr v a f th s h l e o e od - r r sp us l s e e o -a n co n e e o a .

49 9 M i.c O p i i f
a s on h ] y M s s h ve b
n on s o a s on r .
- a on a ee n

v e ry i dig t with m e f m ki g th s st t m ts ; b t
n n an or a n e e a e en u

h st m m b rs of th e cr ft k ow d cc si lly d m it
on e e e a n ,
an o a on a a ,

th t I m right I 1 7 9 8 M s wr t i th e M thly
a a . n a a on o e n on

.My i a Th
a z n e, l d l rd ( w h o is lw ys br th r) p
“
e an o a a a o e ro

m ot e s h r m y ai t is c ll d by pr vidi g ch i
on ,
as s pp rs a e ,
o n o ce u e

an d g d liq rs th oo ff ts f whi h
uo l t h rs d i b
,
e e ec o c a re a e ou an ne

d thus e m d thirds d r l dg s ”
i ty ;
r e an
p t w f
ar m a e u o- o o e n o e .

A d g i
n a H g th wa n : m m b r f t h fr t e r ity
o ar d as a e e o e a n ,
an

a ctu lly s rv d t h offi

a e f G e d S t w rd i 1 7 3 5
e ce o ra n e a n ,

y t
e i hisn pi tur o f Night c f t h e m st spicu u s‘

,
’
on e o e o c on o

figur s is th t f m st r f l odg l d h m d u k by t h e
e a O a a e o a e e o e r n

tyl e r Th t f il d m i ssi
.
”
e f w o thl ss m m b rs is
oo ac e a on o r e e e

r grett d by t h s m e writ r it is by m d r M s s ( e g
e e e a e ,
as o e n a on .

F e m o 2 6 t h Ju e
r e as n, n

Br th r J h Y k e r i his
o e o N t s o th S i e tific d
n ar n
“
o e n e c n an

R ligi u s Myst ri e s o f A tiquity H gg z l u s ”

e o
( e o n o ,
a ea

M s s ys A t h m s i fr t r ity is w g v r d
a on , a :
“
s e a on c a e n no o e ne ,

t h cr ft is f st b e o m i g t h e p r dis
e a a f th b c ui t fn a a e o e on va n ,
o

th e h it bl hyp rit w h
‘
c ar a e d c t e s his br st
’
oc e, o e or a ea

with th h rity j e w l ;
e
‘
c a th m uf tur r f p ltry e
’
e an ac e o a

m s ic ti s l ; t h e r s lly m e r h
a on n e t w h swi dl e s i h a ca c an o n n un

dr ds d v th us d s by pp li g t t h t e d r o
e an e en o an ,
a ea n o e n e c n

sci s f th s f w w h d r g rd th ir 0 B
en c e o o e e d th o o e a e .
’
s, an e

M s ic E mp r rs
a on d th e r C h rl t s w h m k p w r
e o an o a a an , o a e o e

or m ey on t f th rist r ti pr t si s whi h th y h v
ou o e a oc a c e en on c e a e

t k d
ac e t i stituti
on o o urt p t d u m u lou n This on , ar ca an r s .
”

I thi k is n ugh t s h w th t m y s u r s w ll f u d d
eno o o a c en e ar e e o n e .

5 00 M i. L i t tu —
a s on c I t is l m st bs rd t t lk f er a re a o a u o a o

m s ic lit
a on tur ; it s r ly e xists E xc pt t h w ks
e ra e ca c e . e e or

writt by Oli v r M k y Fi d l
en d R ge ,
t h r is ac e ,
n e ,
an a on , e e

sc r ly ythi g w t h r di g b ut Fr m s y f
a ce an n or ea n a o ee a on r ,
o

whi h Fr e m s is t h uth r Th
c a e a on u tl ss l e ctur s e a o . e co n e e

by br ethre with fe w x pti s c sist f m r e tru i s m s

n
,
a e ce on , on o e
 10 C
S E RET S O I ETI E S C
an d pl titud e s I ts p ri dic l lit r tu — i this c u try t
a . e o a e a re n o n a

a l l v ts — i
e en sse ti ally of th e Grub S tr t ki d c o sisti g
s e n ee n , n n

o f m r tr d e c i rcul rs supp ort d by puffi g m s i tr d s

e e a - a , e n a on c a e

m en d v ian o ffi ci ls w h o lik t h v th e ir w ki g i

a n a , e o a e or n n

th e l dg t u m p t d forth i
o e r f shi which c si lly
e e n a a on o ca on a

tr e ch e s o i m b cility as c ould re d i ly b sh ow by e xtr c t s

n n e , a e n a

from wsp pe r r p ts All a tt em pts p rm

ne a e tly to
or . e a nen

e st a bli sh m a s ic p ri dic ls f h igh e r ord r h v hith rt

on e o a o a e a e e o

f il d fro m w t of
a e ur g m e t
an Th f t is m en co of a e n . e ac ,
en

e duc ti a t k v e ry littl i t r st i M s ry fo it h
on a e e n e e n a on ,
r as

n o thi g t n ff r th m i o o i t ell ctu a l p i t f vi e w ; b

e e n an n e o n o e

c us v M s s w h h v e tt i d t v e ry p lus u
a e e en a on lt a
o a a a ne o e ne r

of th i stit uti o k w littl f its igi

e n n, d me i g
no e o or n an an n .

5 00 a T h .
Q u tu o C e t i L dg
— Th lit ra ry sh rt
a r oron a o e . e e o

c om i gs f M s ry I h v e i th i t r sts f truth d s
n o a on a , n e n e e o , an a

a n i m p rti l hist ri b e com p ll d t p oi t ut i th e

a a o an en e e o n o n

pr vi us s ecti o h v b r ec og is d by i t ellige t M s o s
e o n, a e ee n n e n n a n ,

an d Su h r c g iti c h
e i o1 8 84 l d to th
n f u d a ti o of
on as, n ,
e e o n n

th e Q tu r C or ti L od g M m b ers m u st b e p ss ss d
ua o on a e . e o e e

o f lit r ry o e a rtistic qu li fi ti s ; t b l g t it th r
r a a ca on o e on o ,
e e

for is i its lf disti ctio a d

e, n e m y b supp s e d th
a n n, n , as a e o , e

l odg is c om p os e d chi fly f w ll -k w m s o ic hist ri s

e e o e no n a n o an

an d tiqu ri e s d th u s occupi s a p ositi t ot lly dif

an a ,
an e on a

fe re n t fr m l l th e r m a s ic l odg s
o a o I t o bj e cts th on e . s a re e

prom oti f m s o ic k o wl dg
on o by p p rs r d d dis
a n n e e, a e ea an

c us s i s th re
on i th el dge ; by th e public ti of its
on n e o a on

tr s ct i o s a d t h r pri ti g f sc rce d v lu abl e

an a n ,
n e e n n o a an a

works Fr eem s o ry s ch s M S S e g Th e M s o i
on a n ,
u a .
,
. .
“
a n c

Poem ( i ”
th e
c r ca rli st MS r e l ti g t Fr e ea e . a n o e

m a s o ry ; M tth e w Cook s H rl i d L sd ow e MS S ;
'

n a e a e an a n an n .

o r pri t d w rks s y
n e A d e rs o s C o st i tuti s
o ,
a of e . .
,
“
n n
’
n on
”

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p i t d out by P u h
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1 18 S E C RET S O C I ETI E S

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n e o n o a o e . e : n

ti o s of o p r tiv p ducti
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e C m m itt p op os d
an o dditi o a l q sti o
ee r e as an a n ue n :

C r i g t h pr ctic l m s f c stituti g g icultur l

once n n e a a ea n or on n a r a

s ti s i t h I t r ti o l Thus p iv t pr p rty w t
ec on n e n e na na . r a e o e as o

b e ab lish d p iv t e t rpris d e str y ed d th p is o f

o e ,
r a e n e e o ,
an e o on

C om m u is m with which l g t w s
n , ow i f td t b ar e o n a re n n ec e , o e

diffus d th ugh ut t h c u try Wh t w uld th e s m

e ro o e o n . a o e en

h v d c uld th y c rd i g t o th ir i t ti h v m t
a e on e o e , ac o n e n en on , a e e

i P ris i
n a 8 7 0 ? Th p rt i
n 1 i ty with whic h t h e c us f e e n ac a e o

P l d is s ught t b id e ti fi d with t h bj e ts f t h
o an o o e n e e o c o e

I t e r ti o a l h
n na lr d y b n llud d to P l d s em s
as a ea een a e . o an e a

m i e th t c
n v r b e xh ust d Th us ds f r ogu e s
a an ne e e a e . o an o

an d v g b o ds o f a l l
a a u tri s h v f tt e d
n f tt e i g
co n e a e a en , a re a n n ,

an d will y e t f tt e 0 this c rc ss a bur t o t tra d e s m

n 11 a a , as n - u en

h v b k w t fl urish o t h e fi b y which th y l ost ‘

a e ee n no n o o n re e

e ve rythi g ! n

5 0 5 T h I . t t i l ie E ng l d — I
n er n ath i s o u try ona
s n an n
‘
c n ,
a

w e h v s a th e I t r
e ti l h d ly li m it d succ ss
ee n , n e na on a a on a e e .

I t i d d h ld public m e t i gs
n ee e d d m o str ti o s d l ed e n an e n a n ,
an

t o s m e i sig ifi t ri ts f th ccurr c of which u

o n n can o , or e o en e o r

G ov e r m t of urs w s v ry m uch t bl m Th e r w r
n en co e a e o a e . e e e,

i d eed l r m ists w h w r l d str y by th b u c of

n ,
a a o e e e a a e
“
o n e
”

th e I t r ti o ln e na d w h o thu s i v e st e d it wi t h gr t r
na ,
an n ea e

i mp rt e th i tri sic lly tt ch e d t it Thus P ris

o an c an n n a a a o . a a

p p r c t i d l tt e r f om L o d o c rr sp o de t which
a e on a n e a e r a n n o e n n ,

g vea wful pi ture o f t h d g e r thr e t i g this u t y

an a c e an a en n co n r

fr m t h spr e d o f s i listic d tri e s Th writ r s id

o e a oc a oc n . e e a :
“
Th wh l f this v st m pire is p rm t d by s r t
e o e o a e e ea e ec e

s i ti s Th I t r ti l h e h lds its m ti gs l m st
oc e e . e n e na on a er o ee n a o

publicly I t is s id th t t h g r t e r u m b r f t h dis
. a a e ea n e o e

p oss ss e d p i c s f I di g d u m b r f ffic rs b l o g
e r n e o n a, a oo n e O o e e n

i g t th e r m y
n o d vy w ll m m b rs f P rli m e t
a an na , as e as e e o a a n ,

an d v m i ist rs
e en ffi li t d t i t ( l) Th G v m t
n e ,
a re a a e o . e o e rn en

is w r f t h i f r l pl by whi h t giv m m t
a a e o e n e na an c ,
a a en o en ,

t h public buildi gs
e fL d to b xp s d t th f t
n o on o n a re e e o e o e a e

w hich b f ll o m y i P ri s B ts
e e s l dy w iti g
an n a . oa a re a r e a a n on

t h e Th a m s t o r iv th tr su r s f t h B k f E gl d
e ece e e ea e o e an o n an
-a ea sy pr y s y th e c
n spir at ors —
e ,
a th e m i on as s oo n as a n
1 20 S E C RET S O C IETIE S

r e fus d to a ll y its e lf t
e
y f th e m t m eddl w i th o an o or o e

p litics but d e cl r d s i l qu sti o s p r mo u t to l l

o , a e oc a e n a a n a

p liti ca l c sid r ti s
o d t t h e p siti
on th us ssu m d by
e a on an o o on a e

th ss oci tio it w d u th t th I m p i l G v r m t did

e a a n as e a e er a o e n en

n o t m l st i t but th t t h
o e m i i st rs ll w d i t t d v l p
, a e n e a o e o e e o

its lf h p i n g t t h c o v i e t m om t t w i it v t
e , O a e n en n en o n o er o

th e ir i t e r st Th s e m i i st rs o sid r d th e m s lv s v ry
n e . e n e c n e e e e e

pr fo u d po li ti i s wh th y h d fom e t d qu rr l b
o n c an , en e a n e a a e e

tw Prussi
e en d A ustri ; trusti g wh e th s e t w p w e rs
a an a n , n e o o

sh oul d m utu lly h v xh u st d e h o th r t s iz th

a a e e a e ac e , o e e e

R h ish p vi ce s
en Th y l k e d up
ro th e m s lv s s m ll
n . e oo on e e as a

Ma chi v llis wh a th y p e rm itt d t h I t r ti l t gr w

e en e e e n e na on a o o

i o rd r s o m e d y t o u
n e i t g i st m uti a u s b urg isi se a a n a no o eo e .

Th e E m p r r h d O pp o rtu ity
e o S pt m b r 2 t S e d
a an n on e e e , a an ,

an d t h E mpr ss o S e pt m b e r 4 t P ris t o j u d g
e e f th
n e , a a ,
e o e

v l u f such p olicy H w v r th sch m e f th e ss oci

a e o . o e e , e e o a a

ti o h vi g b
n a s e ttl d i L d o i 1 864 t h org is rs
n e en e n on n n , e an e

o p e d t P ri s bu
en a d a
p d which a w ith r
r ea u e corres on a n ce, as n e e

form lly i t e rdict d o r g l rly uth oris e d by th Pr fect

a n e n r e u a a e e

an d t h Mi ist r e But t h c o st tly gr wi g p w r o f t h

n e . e n an - o n o e e

I t e r ti o l sh ow
n na by th stri k s f Ro ub ix Am i e s
na ,
n e e o a ,
n ,

P ri s G v & c ft r a ti m e c om p ell e d th e G ov e r m t
a , en e a, .
,
a e n en

e ith r t o dire ct t d stroy it Th P risi m ife st r d

e or o e . e a an an o ea

a t G e ev w s st pp d
n a t th Fre ch f tie r ; but M
a o e a e n ro n .

Ro h u gree d to d m it it i t o Fr c if th e ss ci ti
er a a n an e, a o a on

w o uld i s r t s m p ss g s th k i g t h e E m p r or fo wh t
n e o e a a e an n e r a

h e h d d o e fo t h e w rki g cl ss s —
a n s ugg sti whi h
r o n a e a e on c

w a r c iv e d with d ris i o
s e e by t h m e m be rs I t h m e e n e . n e an

ti m e th e old r ev oluti o ry p rty l ok d with suspici o na a o e n

o n th e f o u d t i n o f t h e I t r n ti o a l ; f
a o s this l st n e na n or , a a

d e cl r d th t it w uld t m eddl with p litics th oth rs

a e a o no e o ,
e e

c ll d o ut T e s ! d thu s th t w p rti s w r s
a e ,
r a on an e o a e e e oo n

i n co di ti o f vi ol e t o p p siti
a n In 1 86 7
o th C n o on . n , e on

gr ss f L us
e o v t e d g i st w but t th s m
a ann e o a a n a r, a e a e

m om e t t h th r fr cti of t h e d m g gu s ss m bl d a t
n e o e a on e a o e , a e e

G e v u d e r pr t c of f rm i g
ne a, n g ss f p e en e o n a c on re o ea ce,

d cl r d w to l l tyr ts d ppr e ss rs f th p pl
e a e ar a an an o o o e eo e .

H w ev r th t w p rti e s th e b u g ois d m g g u s d t h
o e , e o a ,
o r e e a o e an e

w rk m d m g gu s v tu lly u it d ; d thus it c m
o en e a o e ,
e en a n e an a e

to p ss th t by v i rtu
a f this p ct th I t
a ti l to k p r t e o a e n e rn a on a o a

i t w r e v lut i
n o ry m if st ti s which ccurr d b ut six
o on a an e a on o e a o

w eks ft r — th o e t th t m b f M i i th m t ry
e a e e n a e o o an n n e ce e e

o f M o t m rtr nd th th r th e foll wi g d y
a e, an th e o e on o n a on e

Boul v rd M t m r tr t pr t st g i st t h e Fr ch c up
e a on a e, o o e a a n en o c a

ti o o f Ro me Th e I t er at i o l h vi g thus b
n . c rri d n n na a n een a e
 I N TERNATI ON AL C OMMUN E , , &C . 121

a w y a d l r w g i st th Gov m t th l tt e r d
to ec a e ar a a n e e rn en , e a e

t mier d t o p s cut it
ne Th ss ci ti w d l r d t
ro e e . e a o a on as ec a e o

b e diss lv e d d fift
o f t h l d rs w re
,
an ch fi d ee n o e ea e e ea ne on e

hu dr d fr cs Th I t r ti l t ki g o otic f th
n e an . e n e na on a a n n n e o e

d c of diss luti
e re e s c d p s e cuti o w i stitut d
o on , a e on ro n as n e ,

an d i f th
n ne ccus d w o d m d t i m p is o m t
e a e e re c on e ne o r n en

f orthr m ths Th e I tee ti l w hid i ts lf midst

on . n e rn a on a no e a

t h m ultitud f w o ki g m e s s oci ti s o f l l d e scripti o s

’
-
e e o r n n e e a n

th t w e r ith
a uth o is e d
e e t l st t l r t ed d m d
er a r or a ea o e a ,
an a e

e no r m us p ogre ss o th t its chi fs t l st d e cl r d th m

r ,
so a e a a a e e

s lv s bl e t o d with out y xtr

e e a us supp ort Th o an e an e o . e

I t r ti
n e na l s id f t h sp k rs t th e B sl C
on a ,
a gr ss one o e ea e a a e on e

is d m ust b st t e withi st t e s ; l t th s g
an e a a n a e e e o

on suits th m u til u st t is th str g st Th e

as e ,
n o r a e e on e . n,

on th rui s f th s w sh ll rect u w fully p

e n o e e, e a e o r o n re

p r d such it xists i v ry s ti
a e , as Th Volk ti mm e n e e ec on . e ss e,

th Austri
e rg f t h s ci ty s id :
an o T u s th e and o e o e ,
a
“
o re

fl g is t h e sy m b l f u iv rs l l v e of m
a ki d L t u o o n e a o an n . e o r

ene m i s b w r l st th y tr sf rm it g i st th m s lv s i t
e e a e e e an o a a n e e e n o

fl g f t r r T h v rg of its w th I t ”
a a o er o . o a e an o an o n e n er

na ti l f u d d th M i ll i with R h f rt f its
on a o n e e a rs e a s e, oc e o or

chi e f his ss ci ti th e r with h avi g i du d c rt i

,
a o a pi
on e n n ce e a n ca

t l i t s t o fi d th
a s c ss ry fu ds A th r p e s g with
n e ne e a n . no e r on a e

wh om it b ec am c o e ct d w s G e e r ] C l u t e nn e a n a s e re

Cl e et us r dv e tur r lw ys th l k out f wh t
, as an a n e ,
a a on e oo - or a

m ight tur up w th e p w r such

n ss i ti o s th
, sa o e an a oc a n a e

I t n ti o l m ight c om m d d th l tt r f u d i h i m
ern a na an ,
an e a e o n n a

willi g t l Fr m l tt r h e ddr e ss d fr om N w Yo k t
n oo . o a e e a e e r o

V liar n,F b u y 1 7 1 87 0 it ls pp s th t ll th
on e r ar , ,
a o a ea r a a e

cri m s of whi h h h S i c th e b
e gu i lty w p
c e as n e n ee n , ere re

m edit t d d th t h h d f m th fi st r s lv d
a e , an t t a e a ro e r e o e no o

p rish with out i v olvi g P ris i his f ll

e O th t d y
n n a n a .
“
n a a
”

(o f t h d w f ell f L uois N p l )
n a h s ys th t o o a o e on ,
e a ,
“
on a

d y we o
a , thi g O th t d y P ris m ust b e u s
r no n . n a a a o r ,

or P ris m u st c s t xist Th t this f li g w s sh r d

a ea e o e .
”
a ee n a a e

by th r m m b rs f th ss i ti m y b i f rr d fr m
o e e e o e a oc a on a e n e e o

th f t th t t t h h us f e of t h e ffi li t e d w
e ac a , a e o e o on a a as

f u d di ti ry which f rm d th k y of th e ir s ecr t
o n a c on a o e e e e

c r sp d
o re N w b sid s th
on en c e u su l w ords w fi d
. o ,
e e e a , e n

such itr glyc ri

as n d pi r t o- f p t sh ; t th h u s e ne an c a e o o a a e o e

o f oth r r
an ip s w r dis v r d f th m uf tur f
e , ec e e e co e e or e an ac e o

t glyc i
ro - d f v ri us th r xpl siv e
er n e, m p u ds
an o a o o e e o co o n .

S m o f t h r cip s w e
e o f ll w d by such dir cti s
e e e re o o e e on as

th e s T b e thr w i t wi d ws T b thr ow i t
e
“
o o n n a n o ,
” “
o e n n o

g utt rs &c Th e tt em pt e d pl ebiscit e i supp ort of th

e , . a n e
1 22 S E C RE T S O C I ETI E S

r f rm s ot e d by th e S e t i J u y 1 870 w s vi l e tly
e o v na e, n an ar , a o n

o pp s d by t h e I t r ti l w h d ecl r d i f vour of
o e n e na on a ,
o a e n a a

r epublic O th o c si . f t h pl ot f t h O si i sh e lls
n e c a on o e o e r n ,

t h s ci ty i
e o d fe di g its elf g i st t h h rg of h vi g
e , n e n n a a n e c a e a n

h d a
y h
an r e i it d cl
S r da th t it di d n t w g
,
i st e a e a no ar a a n

i dividu l p e rp tr t ors of up d et t but th t it w s a

n a e a co s
’
a , a a

p e rm t c spiracy f ll t h oppr ss ed which S h ll xist

an en on o a e e ,
a e

u til l l c pit lists pri e sts d p litic l dv ture s sh ll

n a a a , ,
an o a a en r a

h v dis pp red S uch a d cl r ti of w

a e a ea . g i st all e a a on ar a a n

m e t h t h d a y i t r e st i
n a a th m i te
n f public n e n e a n n ance o

o rd e r d sp e ci lly g i st m y m for m i g t h th
,
an e a a a n an en n e en

I m p e ri l G v r m t a tur lly i duc e d thi d pr s ecuti

o e n en ,
na a n a r o on .

Thirty eight m m b e rs w e re i dict e d m

- e y f wh om w n ,
an o e

m t g i
ee a a ctiv e m em b rs
a n as f th C om m u S m w r e o e ne . o e e e

equitt d o th rs c o d e m e d t r s i pris m t ’

r e ,
e
y e m o n n o on e a n en .

N o on e su sp e ct d t h t th e m e s f th e s e bscur w k m
e a na o o e or en ,

c o d em ed
n s m m b e rs
n f s cr t s oci ty w uld so o b
a e o a e e e ,
o n e

con n e ct d with t h e m st h rribl

e dis st rs of P ris d th t o o e a e a , an a

th e s m e s te c e d to such slight pu ish m e ts w ould t

e n , en n n n ,
a

the d o f a y e r r e pp e r b fo r
en m ilit ry tribu
a l ft r
a a e e a a na ,
a e

h v i g f t w o m ths d h lf fill d t e rrifi d P ris with

a n or on an a a e e a

pill g m urd e r d i c e di ry fir e s
a e, ,
an n n a .

5 0 8 T h I t
. t i o l e d th l V
n ern a T h e I t r ti o a l
na an e ar .
- n e na n

c o d m d ll w e xc pt w g i st b ourg ois c pit lists

n e ne a ar e ar a a n e ,
a a ,

m o op o lists p r a sit s — th t is t o
n ,
a
y t h cl ss se t h t a sa , e a e a

liv t by m
e no u l l b ou r but by i t ll ctu l w rk
an a a th ,
n e e a o , or e

s vi gs of y ki d of l b our I t b lish e d ti o a l w rs
a n an n a . a o na n a ,

t o r e pl c th m by s oci l w
a e Fe this r s it S p e rt i a ar . or ea on O

na c i u ly i sist d
o s th boliti
n f l l st di g r m i s
e on e a on o a an n a e ,

which e of c o urs gr t obst cl s to its w pl s I t

ar e ea a e o n an .

th r ef re prot e st e d a g i st th e Fr c -Prussi w but

e o a n an o an a r, as

this opp ositi o e d e d i m e r e t lk it n nd t furth r b n a ,

n ee no e e

d il t e d o
a I t s o ly r sults w e r t c o sig s om e f t h
n . n e e o n n o e

m o st vi l t opp o ts to pris o ; d th e r is o pr of th t
o en n en n an e n o a

on e si gl s old i r of th r e gul r Prussi

n e e rm y o e v e f e a an a ,
r n o

th L e d w h d e s e rte d o r e fus d t fight i

an e r, rd r t r e m i r e o ,
n o e o a n

f ithfu l t th e th ori s o f th e s ci ty I Fr c th ffi
a o e e o e . n an e e a

l i t e d o f th I t r ti o
a lw e ly br v i civil w
n e na na e re o n a e n ar

S pt e m
.

O n b r 3 1 87 0 t h e dis st r f S d b e c m
e e , , a e o e an a e

k ow t P ris O th
n n a t d y Ly s M rs eill e s
a . n e n ex a , on ,
a ,

T ul u s
o o d P ris pr cl i m d th R public
e, an a This si m ul o a e e e .

t an eo us m ov e m t w th r sult f en u d rst di g as e e o an n e an n

e xisti g b tw e th e l di g m m b rs O f th e I t e r ti o l
n e e n ea n e e n na na

i th e v rio u s p rts o f Fr c
n a but th t th J ul e s F vre s
a an e a e a

d G mb ett a s th t ve mi c bou g oi as t h e I t e r ati o l

”
an a ,
a r n r e s e, n n na
I 24 S E C RE T S O C I ETI E S

Let u s i vit e ou br thre t ou h m s d pr ot e ct th em

n r e n o r o e ,
an .

Th e pri cipl e s f th C om m u e
n o urs ; w e cc pt th
o e n a re a e e

r sp o sibility f th eir ts Th e E glish I t r ti o lists

e n o ac .
”
n n e na na

w t o f w to pr ov th e ir pp ob ti of th C om m u
e re o e e a r a on e ne

by y p ublic d m o str ti o ; but i p i v t th e y did o

an e n a n n r a e s

v y er rg tic lly O
en e f th e m e m b rs e v
a d l r d. ne o e e en ec a e

th t th e g od ti m w s r lly c m i g
a o S oo s ide
“
a ea o n .
” “
n,
”
a

w e sh ll b bl e t d ethro th e Qu ee f E gl d
“
h e, a e a o ne n o n an ,

tur Bu ki gh m P l c i t o w orksh p a d pull d w

n c n a a a e n a o ,
n o n

th Y k lu m
e or th obl e Fr
co ch p opl h s pull e d
n, as e n en e e a

d ow t h V d om c olu m
n e
( B it bs rv d h r th t
en e n . e o e e e e, a

as this lu m chi fly mm m r te d Fr ch vict ri s v r

co n e co e o a en o e o e

th e G r m s this c t f v d lis m h s by s om e uth riti e s

e an ,
a o an a a a o

b ee n ttribut d to th e i flu c of Prussi gold libe r lly

a e n en e an a

distribut d to c rt i p tri ti c m e m b e rs of th C m m u )
e e a n a o e o ne .

Bu t t h L d o e s ctio f th e I t r a ti l cl a rly p ut
on n e n o n e n on a e

forth i ts vi ws th e duct f th C omm u e Th

e on co n o e n . e

p m phl t Th e Civil W i Fra c publish e d for t h

a e ,
“
ar n n e,
”
e

c u cil by Tru e l ov e 2 5 6 H i gh H lb or th e offic e f th e

o n ,
o n, o

I t r ti o l is a c ti u o u s p
n e na na gyric o th e C m m u
, on n an e n o n e,

an d w s t first sign e d by l l t h e m m b rs f t h cou cil ;

a a a e e o e n

but tw o of th e m L u c ft a d O dg e ft e rw rd withdr w , ra n r, a a s e

th e ir m s st ti g th t t h y h d i th e first i st c e
na e ,
a n a e a ,
n n an ,

be en pp e d d with ut th ir k owl e dg — which pp e re d

a n e o e n e a a

t b e t h f ct
o e a .

B I i l — O e p ort i o f h
5 1 0 udg t. of th t t e o t e n er n a on a n n e

o rg is ti of th I t er tio l
an a on d th t th m st i m e n na na , an a e o

p ort t— f th e hi fs f c ours l— its b udget re m i s t

an or c e , o e ,
a n o

b e notic d I t is s r ly
e c ss ry to y th t th e re w s
. ca c e ne e a sa a a a

t ot l bs c e f ffi ci l ccou ts ; b ut th e f ll owi g d et ils

a a en o o a a n o n a ,

r f rri g t Fr c
e e n d B lgiu m wi l l giv e s m e id
o an e t an e ,
o ea as o

th w y i
e which fu d w r r is e d d ppli ed E v e ry
a n n s e e a an a .

m mb r e hie d mi ssi o p id fe of fifty ce ti m s f

on s a n a a e n e , or

which h e r c iv d his d m issi c rd which w r e w e d

e e e a on a ,
as ne

an n u lly d gr tuit ously H h d ls to p y mi i m u m

a an a . e a a o a a n

a nn u l t a f t ce ti m e s to g t o w rds th e ge r l
ax o en n ,
o a ne a ex

p s s f th ss o i ti
en e o Th e ch f e d r ti o
e a i m p os e d
c a on . en a e a n a

sp ci l t f its w xp s s At Ly o s d P ris this

e a ax or o n e en e . n an a

a m u t ed t t
o n c t i me s p m th Thus it pp rs th t
o en en er on . a ea a

th u l t w s v y light mou ti g o ly t
e ann a ax a fr c er ,
a n n n o on e an

thirty ts whi h w cen t p yi g t o d e r fo th e h

, c ur as no a n o a r on o

o f b l o gi g te n i ty th t spir e d to t h g v r m e t f
n o a s oc e a a e o e n n o

t h w orld
e d c o m m c d by bu r i g it
, an But this h o o u r en e n n . n

co uld b e h d t st i ll ch e p e r r t e ; for th e S w i ss bra h

a a a a a nc

ch rge d i ts m e mb rs o ly t c e ti me s a y ea r Y et e v e
a e n en n . n
 I N TE RNATI ON AL C OMM UN E , , &C . I 25

th e s s m ll su m s s m d difficult to b g t i
e a d th ee e e o n, an e

st tut s w re v ry s v e r e u p d f ult s B t th r w r
a e e e e on e a er . u e e e e

t x s t p y to t h e s ecti o s which r is d th y rly

a e o a n ,
a e e ea c on

t i b ut i
r t o s e ve
on s e ight fr cs N w this ll I n or an . or as a . n

th e v i u s l g l p s
ar o uti s th s ci ty h d t u d go
e a ro ec on e o e a o n er

th e e w fre qu t r f r
r as t th i e féd ti e d
en e e en ce o e ca s s era
’

v a s on ,

th ugh th xpre ssi w

o wh r x ctly d efi ed S o f
e e on as no e e e a n . ar

as h b as s rt i d it llud d to v olu t ry w ekly

e en a ce a ne a e a n a e

subscri p ti f fi c ti m es oll ct e d i w orksh ps d

on o ve en , c e n o an

f ctori e s fr om w rk m e w h o did ot b l g t th ss ci
a , o n n e on o e a o a

ti o but i t e d ed t j oi it o t supp t it with ut j i i g

n, n n o n ,
r o or o o n n

it I th e st tut e s of th e P risi b ch Articl 9 furth

. n a a an ra n , e er

s id th t th c ou il m y if ce ss y v t l rg su m s t h
a a e nc a ,
ne ar ,
o e a er an

th g e r l budget w ould ju stify d pr p ti t ly i cr s

en e a , an o or on a e n ea e

th m u t f
e a o trib uti s p y bl e by th m m b rs B t
n o c on on a a e e e . u

t h m st p w ful
e o m f th e ss ci ti o wh
o er
y p rticul
ar r o a o a n, en an a a

o bj t w t b tt i d such f i st c
ec as o et h e succ ss
a a ne , , or n an e, a s e

o f strik w
a s bs ripti e, Thus th su
as ssf l t m i a
u c on . e cce u er n

ti f th strik i t h buildi g tr d f G v i 1 86 8
on o e e n e n a e o en e a n ,

w as th ught f su h i m p rt c
o t c ll f rth u u su l
o c o an e as o a o n a

e x e ti s But t h d l g t w h w s t t L d t
r on . e e e a e o as en o on on o

co ll e ct subscripti s fr m t h E glish w rk m m t with on o e n o en e

but slight suc ss ; t b us th s w r igg rdly b t ce no ec a e e e e e n a ,

u

b us i s p it f th ir v w d h tr d f st t f rm s d
eca e, n e o e a o e a e o a e o an

a rist cr tic d lib r ti th y y t

o a cl s ly i m it t d b oth
e e a on , e e so o e a e ,

th t th G v s w rk m m ight h v b
a e en e st rv d i t o
e e o en a e een a e n

s ub m issi b f th on E glish w k m h d r s lv e d t
e or e e n o1 en a e o o

su ur th m h d t th P risi w k m
cc o e ,
t
a sub
no e a an or en a on c e

s rib d t th us d fr s Wh t t h s
c e en o u l subsc ipti o s
an a nc . a e e an n a r n

m y h v a m u t d t
a it is i m p ssibl t t ll N d ubt
e a o n e o, o e o e . o o

th t ot l w v y gr t c sid ri g th l g u m b r f
e a as er ea ,
on e n e ar e n e o

m m b rs ;
e d y t it w
e i suffi i t i
an s qu e f th as n c en ,
n con e e n ce o e

strik e s th t w e r c o st tly t ki g pl
a t l l pl
e s d n an a n a ce a a ace an

ti m e s Th e j ur ls w full f th fi phr s s us d by th
. o na e re o e ne a e e e

chi efs f th I t e r ti l c c r i g th suff ri gs f th

o e n na on a on e n n e e n o e

w ork m r duced by i f m u s pit lists t th p i t f

en e n a o ca a o e o n o

f rs ki g th ir w rk d f l vi g th w rksh ps wh r
o a n e o an o ea n e o o e e

th ir m is y w s tu d t cc u t A fid e ti l l tt r f
e er a rn e o a o n . c on n a e e o

V li ar f t h e chi fs f t h P ris f d r ti
n , on e o whi h w e o e a e e a on , c as

br ught i t urt t t h tri l of th I t r ti l

o n o co Jua e a e n e na on a on ne

2 2 1 87 0
, t P ris h w v e r sh w e d th t t h
, a achi fs di d n t
, o e ,
o a e e o

s p e k quit s f li gly f th e s e su fferi gs wh th y

a e o ee n o n , en e a re

no t xp t d t b h d by th ir dup s
e ec e oThis st ik e ea r e e :
“
r e

whi h w d cl r d l s d t d ys g o l v e s f ur hu dr d
c e e a e c o e en a a , ea o n e

w ork m e o u h ds Th d y b e fore y e st rd y th y
n n o r an . e a e a e
 1 26 C
S E RET S O IETI E S C
w an te d d e str oy th e i r f r m r w rksh ps d dri ve w y
to o e o o an a a

t h mag th t h d t k
e s a th i r pl ce s F rtu t ly w e
a a en e a . o na e re

str i d th e m b ut w
a ne gr tly b th r d by th i s ff ir
, e a re ea o e e a a

( n ous s omm es bi en em bétés p a r cette af a i r e) .

5 1 1. A tt em p t t o R ev i ve th e I n t er n a ti o n a l — A n I n e n a on a
. t r ti l
r d s U i C gr ss
Ta e n on on e h ldwas e d i n L on o n i n 1 8 8 8 for t h e
v w d purp s r vivi g
a o e o e of e n t r ti l whi h c ll ps d
th e I n e n a o n a , c o a e

i n 1 87 1 th gh b ch s it su h
, ou ra n e of ,
Jur ssi F d r
c a s th e a c e e a

ti o n o f Wo rk t r ti l r th C u il
m e n , t h e I n e n a on a B e r e n , t h e o n c o f
y it
D n a m e, a t wh s ti gs Chic g
o e m ee n in dit r
a o th e e o o f F r et/ w it
pr sid d c ti u
e e , on vgt t
n e to e e a e dis ussi s
Bu t t h e . c on a s t o th e

s physic lly
m e a n of a r lly r isi g
and mo a w rki g cl ss s
a n t he o n a e

as
y et r i
e m r t lk
a n me e a A . sp k rs
s o n e of th e ea e at the

d C gr s r rk d
L on o n o n e s e m a e , Th e ch f i e d i fli c u lty i n th e w ay
o f th e r c structi
e on t r ti l li s
on o f th e I n e n a o n a p thy e i n th e a a
a nd i diff r c
n e e n e o f th ew rk oth s lv s whi h sh ws
men em e e
”
c o ,

th t a th e w rk o ft r
me n a r e a e a ll n ot such f ls git t rs oo as a a o

th k wish th
i n or e m to b e .

5 1 2 . A na f r h ll
r ch i s ts — Th e . ea o f lye , sk w
t h e o n m e an no n

to t h e church s e d
of a ll i ti s k p
e n om n a o n , t o fr ee m en om

vic v rb
e, h a s n e e f ci t
een a n e fi en th t purp s
on e for a o e In .

t he Mi ddl g s which
e A e ,
t ld w r p r t d by
w e a re, o ,
e e e m ea e

d ee p r ligi us f li g lub
e o ee n , c p rs cuti
-l a w
,
e eJ ws o n o f th e e ,

a nd i n hu m ancr lti s i dulg d

ue e n by Church
e in t t and S a e

w r e e t he rul e l tt r
. Th e a e t w o h v ys b c
a e i n our d a e ome

mo e ir c vilis d but e , ss s r t i th ir sti g

th e m a e e a n e n , an d men

a re driv by wr tch d ss
en e e ne tt pt its r v l by
to a e m e mo a th e
de structi xist g rd r K rl
o n o f a ll e in o e rx a first
Ma. i n 1 86 4
th ught
o ofc s lid ti g th s pri cipl by s r t s i ty
on o a n i n e a ec e oc e ,

t r ti l U i
th e I n e n a on a W rki g
n on o f o n -M e n I n 1 86 8 th e
.

ssi
R u a n , M i ae Bach l ku i lgi
n n , a n d t h e Be ict r v an , V o Da e ,

i fus d i t
n e ss c ti
n o th e a o ia p is
on t h e rchis which
o o n o f An a m,
i n 1 87 1 pr duc d
o e P ris C
th e a o m m un edis ut s r s Bu t .
p e a o e
b tw
e r d rt
een th e m o e m o e a e m em e b rs ci l , r ts
th e S o a De m oc a ,
a n d t h e An a rchists th c f rt f r d
i n 1 87 2 w h o , en e o h o me tw o
st ct c ps
di in am s ci l d c t
.Th e o a b kbi d r J h
e m o ra an d oo n e o n ,

s b r
Mo t ( o n i d ch sts
j o n e th e An a r i an d i n 1 87 9 ,

f d d
o un e d
i n L on o n t h e F rei h e zt, a n An a rchist p p r '

a e of t h e

mo st vi l t ch r ct r
o en a a e . rchists tt pt d
I n 1 8 8 3 t h e An a a em e

to ow
bl up G r
th e p r
e m a n E m e ro th s r u d
and o e a o n him at
v li g u t
t h e un e i n o f t h e m o n m e n i n t h e Ni d rw ld e e a ; th e tw o
ri gl d rs w r
n ea e ght
e e cau b h d d but
and e ea e , i n 1 8 8 5 Dr .

R um pf h gh p lic ffici l
a
,
i o e o b
a , w h o h ad i stru t l ee n n men a
in e s curi g n c vi ti
t h e o n c o n o f th e cri i ls ss ssi t d
m na was a a , na e

at Fr kf ort
a n
'

-o n - tih e -Ma nly ; onl st p rt t

th e e a i m o a n of th e
 BO O K XI I I
P O L I TI C AL S E C RE T S O C I E TI E S

Th se e d ys w h
w e re a , en my h ea rt w as v lc i
o an c ,

A th ss e i iv
c or a c r er s t h t ll
a ro ,

A th l v s t h t
s e a a ,
a re s tl ssly ll
e ro

Th i s u l p h u u s u
e r ro c rre n ts d w Y
o nik an ,

I th
n li m f t h
e c e o e bor ea lp l ;
o e

Th t g
a th y
roa n a s e ro ll d w M u t Y ik
o n o n an ,

I th
n li m f t h
e c e o e ul ti m t p l
a e o e .
”

E A Po m
. . .

VO L . II .
1 32 C
S E RET S O I ETI E S C
th ir s oci e ty w a s to fl o d th e e rth T v oid th e pp e r
e o a . o a a a

an c e f ll b el o gi g to o e s oci ty th y g v di ffe re t
o a n n n e , e a e n

na m e s — s om e b or w d fr m pr vi usly e xisti g s e ct s — t o ro e o e o n

th br ch e s th y st blish d Thu s th ey w e r k o w a s
e an e e a e . e n n

th Tri d S o ci ty th e Blu L tu s H ll t h e G old

e a e Orchid ,
e o a , en

District a d oth rs Th e s s oo
,
ttra ct e d th e a tt ti
n f e . e n a en on o

G v r me t d fo s om e ti m t h y w e r k ept i ch ck
o e n n , an r e e e n e .

Ab out 1 8 2 6 t h chi f l e d e r f th e L e gu w s o e K w g e e a o a e a n an

S an It w
. r p rt ed th t t m k hi m s lf f roci ou s h
as e o a , o a e e e e

e dr k g ll t k e out f m urd r d m s b dy m i x d ’
o nc an a ,
a n o a e e an o ,
e

with wi H r sid e d chi fly t th ti m i s of L oc o t

ne . e e e a e n- ne o o ,

wh r th br ethr th e sw r m d Th e dir cti g p o w r

e e e en n a e . e n e

w as v st d i thr p rso s ; t h e chi e f w ith th titl f

e e n ee e n
,
e e o

K h t o th
,
E ld e r ; th e t w o th rs t ook th t of Hi o g
. e . e o e a n

Th i t ,
Y u ge r Br th rs I t h M l cc br h s t h
. e . o n o e . n e a a a an c e e

thr chi e fs w r e c ll d T i -K oh e ld st broth r Ji K h

ee e a e a , e e ,
- o ,

s e c o d broth e r
n d S K h third broth r Th o th f
,
an an - o ,
e . e a o

s ecre cy w s t k by th spir t k e li g b ef r a a im g
en e a an n e n o e an a e,

u der t w
n sh rp sw ords Whilst th o th w as b ei g d
a . e oa n a

m i ist e r d t h e Hi g Th i h d ls o t k e e l t h e
n e e o th e on a a o n , on n

ri ght th oth e r o th e l ft f th e spira t d h ld ov e r

,
e n e o a n , an o

hi h d th e sw ords i s u ch
s ea f shi s to f r m tri gl e n a a on a o a an .

Th e o th c o t i d thirty six rticl e s of w h i h t h f ll owi g

a n a ne - a , c e o n

w as t h m st i m p ort t — I sw e r th t I sh ll k o w
e o an
“
a a a n

ne ith r f th r o m th
e o br oth r o sist r o wif
a e n r o er , n r e n r e ,
n r e

n o r hild but th e br th e rh d l e ; wh e r th e broth r

c ,
o oo a on e e

h od l ds o pursu s th e re I sh ll foll ow o p ursu ; its f e

o ea r e ,
a r e o

sh all b e m y fo Th spir t with a k ife th e m d e e .

”
e a an , n ,
n a an

i cisi o i t his fi g e r
n n d ll o w e d thr ee d 0p s f bl oo d t
n o n ,
an a r o o

f ll i to cup of rr ck ; th e thr e offi i ls did th e s m e

a n a a a e c a a

thi g d th e dr k th liqu r I ord r furth e r to r tify

n ,
an n an e o . n e a

t h e o th th e wly sw r m m b e r cut ff th e h e d of a
a ,
ne - o n e o a

white c ck which w s to i ti m t e th a t i f h e prov d u tru e

o ,
a n a e n ,

h i s h e d sh uld b c ut ff
a o e o .

5 4
1 M t . S i ti s — I 1 8 5 0 T e pi g w
ore r ecen g th e oc e e n a - n - an ,

n ot e d r v luti ry l d r m d e fr sh tt em pt t r st r e
e o on a ea e , a a e a o e o

t h M i g dy
e st from wh m h pr t d e d t b d sc d ed
n na y , o e e en o e e en .

With his d fe t d d th th L gu g i subsid d i t e a an ea e ea e a a n e n o

obscurity I th e spri g f 1 8 6 3 . qu tity of b o ks w r

n n o a an o e e

a ccid t lly f u d by th p li e i th e h ous f Chi m

en a o n e o c n e o a na an,

s usp e ct d o f th ft t P d
e g ( S u m tr ) c t i ni g th e , a a an a a , on a n e

l ws st tut e s o ths m yst ri s f i iti ti

a ,
a t his m d
, a ,
e e o n a on , c a ec ,
e

s ripti of fl gs sy m b ls d s cr t s ig s o f th L gu
c on a ,
o , an e e n e ea e,

a ll f which w r e publish d i E glish i

o 4 t o v olu m
e t e n n n a e a

Bat vi i a 1 866 But thi s di s cov e ry s h ow e d th e Le a gu e to

a n .
be still i e xist e c n d b o ut th y e r 1 8 7 0 it st t d i t o
n e, an a e a ar e n

ac tivity g i ; i S r w k it ssu m d su h thr t i g

a a n n a a a a e c a ea e n n

a sp ect th t th G v r m t m d l w d r i g d th t
a e o e n en a e a a e c ee n ea o

e v ry m m b r i p f t Th disturb
e e e s t Si g p r i
so ac o . e a n ce a n a o e n

1 87 2 ls w r d e to th e s c t s o i ti s f th Chi s i
a o e e u e re c e e o e ne e n

th S tr its S e ttl m e ts
e a O th t si t h S m S i gs
e n . n a occ a on e a - n ,

or fighti g m e w r t h hi e f ri t rs t ki g th p rt f
“
n n,
”
e e e c o e ,
a n e a o

t h e str t h wk rs ee g i st wh om s m e s ev re r egul ti s
a e ,
a a n o e a on

h d b ee issu e d
a M urd r a d i
n di ris m t orturi g d
. e n n c en a , n an

m imi g a nth usu l pr ti e s f t h L gu

,
ar e e whi h g i a ac c o e ea e, c a a n

m d e its lf v ry b oxi us i
a e 1 88 3
e d 1 88 5 Th s ecti o
o n o n an . e n

f th e Bl ck Fl g th r e m t of th e T p i g s ls
“ ”
o a a , e n an ae n s, a a o

th eWhit e L ily w er th e m ost ctiv i th ir d m o str ,

”
e a e n e e n a

ti s g i st th e Tsi g dy sty Th l st p lic r p rt

on a a n n na . e a o e e o s

fr m th pr ot ct e d st t e of P r k i th M l y P e i sul
o e e a e a ,
n e a a n n a,

s y th t i 1 88 8 s e cr t s oci ti e s c us d e d l ss tr ubl “
a a n e e a e n e o e

d a xi ty lth ough i 1 8 8 7 four m em b rs f th e Gh e

”
an n e ,
a n e o e

Hi Ass oci ti o w e r s t e c d to tw e ty y rs i m pris

’
n a n e en n e n ea on

m t fen c o ducti g
or g y f th ir s iety H lf th
n n an a en c or e oc . a e

Chi s i P er k e m m b rs f s ecr t s i eti s tick ts

ne e n a ar e e o e oc e , e

b e i g f u d up th m wh v e r th e p ol i ce h v occ si
n o n on e en e a e a on

t o s e rch th e m
a .

Th S t i ts Ti me f t h
e ra 1 7 th S pt m b r 1 8 8 9 c o t i s od e e e e n a ne

full p rticul rs f th e tri l of

a a u m b r f pris rs w h
o a a n e o on e o

w r pr v d t b e m em b ers f th Gh e Hi
e e o e o S m Ti o e e n or a an

s r t s ci ty t S ra w k Th six l d ers w er e sh t ;
ec e o e a a a . e ea o

e l ev b e i g a ctiv m em b rs c rryi g o ut ord ers of th e

en , n e e ,
a n

l d ers b ti g fright i g o m urd ri g o -m m b rs

ea , ea n , en n ,
r e n n n e e ,

w r s e t c d t o r ece iv six d oz str ok s with r tt

e e n en e e en e a a an ,

to h v e t h ir h e ds sh v d t b i m pris e d duri g th e
a e a a e , o e on n

R j h s pl s ur e ; s v e th ers g i st wh m o sp eci fi
’
a a ea e n o , a a n o n c

ch rg s w r e m d o t w r dis miss e d o sw e ri g t h v
a e e a e u , e e n a n o a e

no furth r d li gs with th s i ty
e ea n e oc e .

T w rds t h e d f t h y r 1 89 5
o a e u mb er f M h m
n o e ea a n o o a

m d e r s g i st th Chi s G v r m e t d pture d
an s o e a a n e ne e o e n n an ca

t h e c pit l f t h pr vi c e o f K
a a o su ; th s r et s ci ti s i
e o n an e ec o e e n

C tr l Chi j i d t h M h m m ed i surg ts Th ir
en a na o ne e o a an n en . e

suc ss h w v r w s of sh o rt dur ti ; i th m o th f
'

ce , o e e ,
a a on n e n o

D e m b r o f th e s m y r th i surr cti
ec e w rush d
a e ea e n e on as c e ,

an d s me fift o of t h e l d rs w r ptur d d b e h e d ed
ee n ea e e e ca e an a .

O th rs m d e th ir e sc p
e a Am g th s w e Su Y t Su a e . on e e as n e n ,

o r, a s h e is ls c ll e d S u W a m di l m
o a w ll k ow ,
n en , a e ca an , e n n

i H g-K g
n on His b i g m d pris r i th e h us f
on . e n a e a on e n o e o

t h Chi e s Am b ss d or i L d i th m th f O t ob r
ne e a a n on on n e on o c e

1 89 6 u til a t th e i st a c e of L o rd S lisbury h
,
n ,
w as e n n a , e r
1 34 S E C RET SO C I ETI E S

l ea s e d is o d oubt fr sh i n th m em ory of th e read e r H

,
n e e . e

a ss erte d th t h e w s k i d pp e d by th Chi e s e Am b ss a d r s
a a na e n a o
’

p e pl e by b i g i duc d to w lk i to th e Am b ss ad r s
o ,
e n n e a n a o
’

h ou s ; but it is a cu i u s circu m st c th t S We w h
e r o an e a an n, o

ev id e tly k w s m thi g of L o d o sh ould ot h v e k w

n ne o e n n n, n a no n

wh r t h Chi s E m b ssy w s l oc ted sp ci lly a ft r ll

e e e ne e a a a , e e a e a

th e xcit m t c us e d by Li Hu g Ch a g s visit t th
e e en a n n
’
o e

C o ti e t d to E gl d
n n n an n an .

I j ust i c e t o th T ep i gs
n d th e r s cr e t ss o ci ti o s
e a n an o e a a n

i n Chi it m u st b st t d th t th i surr cti w a d

na, e a e a e n e on as n

i s th e w f ppre ss d tio lity g i st f r ig i

ar o an o e na na a a n o e n n

v d rs Th M tch s Tsi g dy sty

a e . e an li trib oo or n na a re a n a en e,

rul i g v r th v st Chi s e e m pir ; th ir gov er m t i

n o e e a ne e e n en s

on e f th e m st d e sp otic th e w orld h s v e r s e
o o ; th e ir l ws a e en a

a re ruthl e ss d u j ust th t i t w ould s e m th y c uld

so an n ,
a e e o

ne v e r b c rri d ou t did ot t h bl ood of m illi o s p ish i g

e a e ,
n e n ,
er n

by v ry ki d of frightful d th th t th m st di b l i l
e e n ea a e o a o ca

cru e lty uld i v t tt st th f ct of th e ir b e i g ob ye d

co n en ,
a e e a n e .

Y t British m i ist rs did s cti o th e e l i st m t f British

e n e an n n en o

o ffic e s — Bibl G ord

r b e i g th ei r l a d e r wh t a s tir
e on n e ,
a a e

an d m i t h s rvic e f th M t ch oo wh m th e y furth r
en n e e o e an s, o e

s uppli d with m s d rtill ery

e ar an a .

L d — Fr m t h e b k publish e d a t B t vi a d
5 5
1 o g s . e o oo a a a, n

m ti o e d b v w e xtra ct t h e f ll ow i g i fo rm ati o
en n a o e, e o n n n

Th l odge is built i
e squ r surr u d d by w lls which n a a e, o n e a ,

a e pi rc e d
r t th
e f u r ca rdi l p i ts by as m y gat e s ;
a e o na o n an

th ef c s e d r e d by tri gl s th e m ystic sym b l f

a e ar a o n an e , o o

u io
n Withi th
n . closure is th e h a l l of fid el i ty d
n e en an

l y lty wh e r th e ths f m em b rship e t k e

o a , e H r
oa o e ar a n . e e

a lso st d t h e lt a r a d th e pr e ci ous i st ori e d p god

an a ,
n n n e- a a,

i n whi h th i m g s of th e fi e m ki sh fou d e rs
c e a e v on n a re e n

shri d Th e l odg s f c u rs o ly pp r i out f—th

ne . e , o o e, n a ea n -o e

w y pl c s wh r
a th ey
a e s a fe fr m t h e obs erv ti
, e e f a re o a on o

th M d ri s ; i t ow s
e an a d p pul o us eighb ou rh oods t h e
n n n an o n

l dg is disp s d with th m ti gs e h ld t th e h ou s e
o e en e e ee n ar e a

o f t h e pr sid t Th i stru m t s of t h e l odg

e en . um r u s e n en e a re n e o .

First i i m p rt c is th dipl m ; th e th r e a e u m r u s
n o an e e o a n e r n e o

fl gs ; th r i th bush l w h ich c t i s a m g oth r

a e e s e
“
e ,
on a n on e

a rticl s th e d st ff with whi h j ustice i d e t

e
“
re a ,
”
c s on o

o ff d e rs g i st th l w s of th e s ci ety ; t h sciss ors with

en a a n e a o e ,

which th e h ir of th e e phyt e s is cut o ff ; j d e foot

a n o a a

m ea sur b l ce e, a b cu s & a an ,
an a a ,
c .

5 1 6 G o r. m t — T h supr
ve n e m g o v r m e
en t i v e st d i e e e n n s e n

th g e d m a st e rs of th fi pri cip a l l odg s a d th e ff i rs

ra n e ve n e ,
n a a

o f e ch l odg e a e a d m i i st r d by a p es i d e t a vic pr e s i d e t
a r n e e r n , e- n ,
1 36 S E C R ET S O C I ETI E S

pri t e d i colo ure d ch r ct rs s i lk o c li c o Th e ori gi l

n n a a e on r a na

i s k e pt i th e c u stody o f th e T i —
.

n K oh V ri ou s d scripti o s a . a e n

o f i t h v e b ee a giv d a s th e y diffe r it m y b e p
n en , an ,
a re

s um e d th at th e re m o r e s a ls th o e are But ll f th m e an n . a o e

a e p e tag
r n l d i scri be d with a m ultitud e f Chi e s
on a ,
an n o n e

ch r ct rs t h e tr sl ti s giv sh wi g o rea l m e i g ;
a a e ,
an a on en o n n an n

t h wh ol i s a riddl
e e which it is sc arc ly w rth whil e a tt m pt
e, e o e

i g t o s olv
n To g iv e b ut
e . e s m pl I o ct g l sp c e on a e . n an a on a a

e nc l os e d w ithi t h e p t go th e re a sixt e
n h r ct e rs
en a n re en c a a ,

w hi ch a cc rdi g to t h e i t e rpr e t e rs sign ify : Th e ld st

, o n n ,
“
e e

broth e r u it e s to b ttl ord r ; e v e ry e prep re s hi m s e lf

n a e- e on a

( at t h e
) sig l ( o f t h e ) nahi f ( T h e ) sw o ll m o u t i c e . en n a n

s tream spre d s i tse lf ( i t o) c ls ; t th o us a d of y a rs i

a n an a en n e s

( )h e th i s d y B y m aa y .m
”
e m b rs i t is w o r nch rm e n as a a ,

a d gr
n t c r i s t k e t o co c l its m i g from th e
ea a e a n n ea e an n

u i iti te d As ch rm th e s e l m y b e s e ffe ctive gai st

n n a . a a ,
a a a a n

wou ds o d eath i b ttl e s w e re th e m ul e ts fur ish e d i

n r n a a a n n

th e fift e e th c e t u ry by t h e h
n n gm f P ss u u til a s oldi e r an an o a a , n

h d t h e curi os i ty t op e o e an d r e d
a o Cow a rd d efe d
n n ,
a ,
“
, n

thys lf ! e
”

8 Th K l H u i — Th e s cr e t soci e ty which t t h
5 1 e
. 0 a o e a e

pr e s e t d y s e em s m ost p ow e rful i n Chi n a i th t k ow by

n a ,
s a n n

t h e a b ov e me It w a
na t first a pur e ly m i l i t a ry ssoci ti o
. s a a a n,

wh os e obj ct w m utu l prot ecti o g i st th plu d e r a d

e as a n a a n e n n

e xt o rti o practi s d by th e c i vi l ffici ls i d li g with th

n e o a n ea n e

p y a d anm i t e ca n o f t h tr o ps
n an I t is be li e v d th t t h ee o . e e a

i iti ti o c o sists i k i lli g a c k a d dri ki g th e bl o d

n a n n n n oc n n n o ,

e ith e r by its e lf o m ix e d with wi e ,

rI t is ls b e li v e d to n . a o e

u s e a pl a ch e tt n wh o s m ov m e ts a e a ttribute d to occult
e, e e n r

i fl u e c ; gr d u lly p e rs s t co e ct e d w i th th rm y ’

n n e a a on no nn e a

w e re d mi tt e d ; t h e tick e t o f m em b e rship is a s m ll bl o g
a a o n

pi e ce of li e c lic o st m p e d with fe w Ch i e s e ch r c
n n or a ,
a a n a a

t e r s Th e p oss e si o of e f th s i f discov e re d e t a ils

. s n on o e e, ,
n

i m m e di te e x cuti o by t h e uth o riti s

a e n a e .

Th e s oci e ty i s ti f re ig d a t i m i ssio a ry
an - o d is n an n - n , an

b eli ev e d to b e t th e b tt m f a ll th ri ots g i st for e ig e r

a o o o e a a n n s,

an d e sp i lly g i st fo r ig m issi
ec a a a nri e s which h v e l t ly e n on a , a a e

o cc u rr e d i Ch i a Of c urs
n n l o g missi o ri s i st d
. o e, a s n as na e ,
n ea

of m a ki g i t th e ir bus i ss to c v e rt t h e h e th s t h m
n ne on a en a o e,

wi ll g o m o g p eopl e w h d t w t th em d i Chi w i ll
a n o on
’
an ,
an n na

e s t bl i sh th e m s e lv
a o utsid Tr ty li m its th y o ught to b
es e ea ,
e e

prep r d to t k th e risks th ey v l unt ri ly i cur b ut wh

a e a e o a n , en

e v e r tt ck d th y m k e th e Ch i s e G ov e r m e t p y th m
a a e ,
e a ne n n a e

l i b r lly fo y i c o v i c o l oss th y m y h v e s u ffe r d

e a r an n n en en e r e a a e
—of co urs e wi th th e as si s t a c e of E gl i sh g u bo ats I 1 89 1
,
n n n- . n
 CHI N E S E C
S O I ETI E S i 37

th e K 0 l a o ls ,
whi h
ti dy sti c u s ed i fl m
Hui c is a o an - na c, a n a

m to y pl c ds t o b
a r p st ed up i v ri ou s p rts f th
a ar e o n a a o e

e m pir whi h th e uth o iti s i mm di t ly t re d w

e, c ly
a r e e a e o o n, on

t ob p ost d u p
e fr sh ; t h s cie ty ls o distribut d ti
e a e e o a e an

m issi o ry p m phl ts with titl s su h

na a this Th D vil
e ,
e c as e e

ught t o b e kill d wh r i t h e m issi ri e s ”

D ct i o r n e rs o e ,
e e n on a

e ch rg ed with e v ry ki d o f cri m e
ar a g i st m r ls d e n a a n o a an

life ; th Rom C th lics e m re s v r ly h dl e d th

e an a o ar o e e e an an

t h Pr t st
e ts o e an .

I S pt m b e r 1 89 1 it w o uld pp e r th t t h e s i ty w
n e e a a a oc e as

o g r is g risi g g i st th G ov r m t d M C W
an in a n a a n e e n en ,
an a r . . .

M so a British subj e ct a d
n, a f urth cl ss ssist t i th e ,
n a o a a an n

Cust m s t S h gh i w s i m plic t e d i th e pr j ct h
o a an a ,
a a n o e ,
e

h vi g b e i stru m e t l i i tr du i g rm s d dy mit
‘

a n e n n n a n n o c n a an na e

i t o t h c o u try f
n e th e u s o f t h e c o spir t rs
n H wor e n a o . e as

s e t e c ed t o i e m o ths i m pris o m t with h rd l b u r ’

n n n n n n en a a o ,

an d h e w s furth e r t th e exp i r a ti o of th t p e ri od t fi d
a , a n a ,
o n

t w o sur ti s f $ 2 5 00 t o b
e e f g d b h vi o ur
o d f il e o oo e a , an a

i g i this h e w s t b e d p rt d f m Chi
n n aThis l tt r o e o e ro na . a e

h pp i g h i r e l s h e w s t ut of th c ou try i
a en n on s ea e , as en o e n n

S pt m b r 1 8 9 2
e e e .

I N v em b r 1 89 1 f m u K 0 l Hu i l e d e r m e d
n o e a a o s ao a na

Ch k i Lu g f ell i t o th e h ds of th Chi s G v r
en - n- n n an e ne e o e n

m t en H h d b
. st yi g t i w ith b ut thirty f
e a e en a n a an nn a o o

his f ll w rs G gg d d b u d h w t k o b rd
o o e . a e an o n , e as a en n oa a

st m l u ch k ept r e dy t st rt
ea - a n d c rri e d t o S h gh i a o a ,
an a an a .

His x m i ti w c o duct d with th gr e t e st s cr cy by

e a na on as n e e a e e

t h m gi str t e
e ad d puti s f t h Vi e r y
a an d th e G v r r e e o e c o an o e no .

O his p e rs
n w er f u d s v r l offici l d cu m e ts issu e d
on e o n e e a a o n

by th e K 0 l o Hui d a sh rt d gger with p is d a ,

an o a a o on e

bl d He w s ddr ss d i th e d e sp t h s s th E ighth
a e . a a e e n a c e a e

Gr t Pri ea d w s vid e tly t h e c om m d r f str g

n c e,
”
an a e n an e o a on

f rc e Thr e x m i ti o s w re h ld but Ch pre s rv e d

o . e e a na n e e , en e

th stri ct e st sil e Tortur w

e m pl y d but i
en c v i ;
. e as e o e , n a n

th e ly w ords th t c uld b e e xtr ct e d fr m h i m w er e

on a o a o ,
“
Sp y ours lv s th tr ubl e d m th p i ; b c
a re e e e o an e e a n e on

i c ed th t th r e
v n e me a re dy to s acrific th e ir liv s f
e ar n a e e or

th good f c us e which will bri g h ppi e ss t o th i s

e o a a n a n

co u try f n th us ds f g r ti s t o m
or o Th an m or o en e a on co e . en e

ge tl m e s w r mpl y d but with wh t r sult is t

n e an e e e o e , a e no

k w no Th e Hui L gu e h
n . v ri ou s off sh ots which b i g ea as a o , e n

k w t b e i r e lity m utu l i d s ci e ti s
no n o n s re t a , a a o e ,
a re ec

s ci ti s i
o e me o ly n d th r e fo r
na tt act but littl
e n , an e e a r e

a tte ti o fr m th G v r m e t O
n n o f th l rg st f
e o e n n . ne o e a e o

th e s e offsh oots is th e G old e L ily Hui which fl urish s “

n ,
”
o e
 S E C RET SO C I ETI ES

i n th e w e ste r provi c e s of Chi n I t s m e m b e rs a e d i vid e d

n na . r

i t fou r s e cti o s r sp e ctiv e ly m rsh ll d u d r th e whit e

n o n ,
e a a e n e ,

t h e bl ck t h e e d
a ,
d t h e y ll w fl g
r ,
an e o a .

Th t th p pul r fe l i g g i st Christi
a e o a m issi on a ri e s i
e n a a n an n

Chi i s v ry str g c ot b e d e i d d fo th e l ast tw o

na e on an n n e ,
an r

or thr e y rs h s displ y e d its e lf i fr qu e t tt cks o

e ea a a n e n a a n

th e ir p rs o s d pr p rty E v e t th pr s e t ti m e s uch
e n an o e . n a e e n

o utbre ks a l m ost r gul rly r p rte d i t h e E ur op

a re a e a e o n ea n

pre ss A pr tty pl i i ti m ti w giv t S i R uth e r

. e a n n a on as en o r

ford Alcock his biddi g di e u to high Chi e s e ffici a l

on n a a n o .

I wish s id th t f u cti a ry e g oi g h om e
“ ” “
,
a ow y o ua n on ,
n ar n ,

y o u w o u ld t k w y with yaou y o ur
e O piu
a m a a d y ou r ,
n

Christi m issi ri e san on a .

”

A l w p ss e d i 1 88 9 i th S tr it s S e ttl m e ts fo th
a a n n e a e n r e

suppr s s i e f Chion o s s cr t s o i t i s cc ordi g t a r ep r t

ne e e e c e e , a n o o

i ssu d i 1 89 2 by t h Pr t ct r f Chi s e i
e n th s s ttl e
e o e o o ne n o e e

m e ts hn ,
l e d t o th
as dis pp e r c f th s e d gerou e a a an e o o an s

o rg is ti o s But it i s d mi tt d th t it will t k m y
an a n . a e a a e an

y rs f th T i d l em e t t o b c m e e xti ct ; th a cti of
ea or e r a e n e o n e on

t h e Hu g L e gu n is m e rely su sp d d d out f i t h v
a e en e ,
an o a e

spr u g m y m i or s ci eti s
n an offsh n ts fr m th e p r e t
o e ,
as oo o a n

so ci e ty w h s d g gs f r ughs to broth l s c oli e-d p ts

, o en an o o e ,
o e o ,

m usic h a lls a d s h ps d e m di g m thl y n o tributi s

,
an n on c on on ,

u d e r thr a t of c m i g i f orc
n e d i t rrupti g t h e bu si
o n n e an n e n

n es sof th e st a blish m e t Th e fighti g m of th e s e en . n en

so ci e ti e s k pt i th e l odg s by t h e h a d m o th e
a re e n e e en n

proc ee ds o f th x ctio s thu s l vi d Th e xpulsi o of th e

e e a n e e . e n

he d m
a s th e sp
en , a di st r m edy of th e s e e vils h as b e n
ee e e ,
e

tri ed w i th s y et o ly p a rti a l succ e s s

, a n .
1 40 C
S E RET S O I ETI E S C
of c l e r oc ra c Am o n g t h e l a tt e r m a b e m e n t i on e d th e
y .
y
C on c ep c i on i s tas or De fe n d e rs o f th e I mm a cul a t e C on c e p
“ ” “
,

ti o n
”
w h o c rri e d th e ir z l for F rd in d VI I da ea e an . an

th ei r t d e r ss f th e Church to such d gr s to d sir e

en ne or a e ee a e

t h e r e tur of t h bl e ss d ti m e s of th H oly I quisiti

n e e e n on .

Th e y ls s o ught t g t h old f t h e m
a o g m e t f publ i c
o e o ana e n o

a ff irs to tur th m t th ir w pr fit ; a d th di s m l
a , n e o e o n o n e a

a d mi i str ti o of th Bo urb o s sh ws th t th ey p rtly

n a n e n o a a

s ucc ee d d Prob bly fr m th i ss i ti

e . r s th t of
a o s a oc a on a o e a

th e De f d e rs o f t h F ith
“
en J suits i d i sguis e w h i e a ,
e n ,
o n

1 8 2 0 spr d th m s lve s ov e r S p i t k i n g c r e of th e
ea e e a n, a a

thr on e d a lt r an d still m r f th m s lv s
a , Duri g
an o e o e e e . n

t h e r ig f F rdi d VII ls ro s t h R lists w h ”

e n o e n an . a o a e e ea ,
o,

to b fit th ms elve s e c our ge d th e ki g i hi s re cti o ry

en e e ,
n a n n a na

p o li o5
52 i F r eema s on r y i n S p a i n , th e F or eru n n er of the Comu
.

n er os — A te
. f r Fr ch i v si
th e en n a Fron s ry
o f 1 80 9 , ee m a on

p ly r st r d
w a s o en e o e P i sul
i n th e Gr d ri t
en n a and a an O en ,

e st blish d
a e drid
a t Ma it co fi d ts lf
; b ut w rks
n ne i e to o of

p pul r duc ti
o a e ch rity t r ly sch wi g p lit cs
a on an d a , en i e e e n o i .

f ll J s ph
Th e a o f o e st r ti
a n d th e Re g i put o a on a a n a n en d

to th s w ll
e e t ff rts
e -m ea n e o s fc r
I n 1 8 1 6 , om e o f t h e o fi e s
.

an d s ldi rs r tu r d fr
o e ,
e ne Fr ch pris s j i d
om en on , o ne and

f r d i d p d t l dg s st blishi g
o me n e en e n o e , e Gr d ri t
a n a an O en
a t Ma drid v ry s cr te e
, c rr sp d c with
e , an d i n o e on e n e th e
fe w Fr ch l dg s th t
en o e ddl d with p liti s
a me e g o c Am o n .

th e l tt r is r
a e b d
e m e m e re l dg th e o ct ri s
e of t he
“
S e a e of
Z r st r which i iti t d s v r
o oa e , n a e p ish f c rs r s di g
e e a l S an o fi e e i n

in P ris
a g th rs C pt i Qu z d
a mo n, o e a a n ft rw rds
e a a wh o a e a ,

f v ur d
a o e sc p p tr t i
th e e a e o f t h e a i o M n a r v luti Th e e o on of .

th e isl dan w rk r st r d p ish s ry

of L eo n w a s th e o of e o e S an Ma o n ,

which l g pr p r d it u d r dir cti

h a d on e a e fo r Quir g
n e th e e on o f o a,

ig b rs
R e o , a n d fiv e m e m e C rt so f th e o e .

5 2 2 T h e
. C o m u n t r
er os — bri f vict ry b dly
A f e t h e e . o ,
a —c on

j l usi s br k f rth
cea le d e a o e o e y
o br t r s c d d
; m a n o f th e e h en e e e

f r d
a n d o me s ci ty
i n 1 8 2 1 a n e w o e , th e C f d r ti “
o n e e a o n o f th e

C o m m un ists ”
( C om which
u n er os
) d riv d fr th t
n ame w as e e ,
om a

r bl p h p ish hist ry wh Ch rl s tt pt d
m e m o a e e o c of S a n o en a e V a em e .

to d str y
e i t lib rti s
o th e a n c e n thu s p v k d
e e and ro o e t h e re v ol u,

tion o f t h e C whi h
o m m on s i n 1 5 2 0 , h d d by J h
c w as ea e o n

P dill
a ft rw rds by his h r ic wif
a, an d a e a ri P ch c
e o e , Ma a a e o .

b ttl ll l r
I n t h e a e o f Vi a a th e C u r sw r d f t d om n e o e e e ea e and

c tt r d
s a e e r v luti
a n d th e, e o d d
on w a s C u
o om e Th e n e w o m .

r s r vivi g th s
ne o e
, n r s d cl r d th ir t ti s
e e m emo i e , e a e e i n e n on ,
which co ld u gr bl
n ot b ut b e a Y g p i
ee a e to rly
o un S a n ; n ea
 THE C OMUNE ROS i 141

s i xty th ous a d m emb e s j oi e d th s ci e ty : w om e c uld b

n r n e o n o
'

i iti t ed w h h d th i
n a ,
w l dg s o t
o a o t w ers e r o n o e r orr es , r o , as

th ir m e ti gs w er c ll d d which w r pr sid d v r by
e e n e a e ,
an e e e e o e a
“
Gr d C st ell n Th sc p e of th s cie ty w to p m t
an a a .
”
e o e o as ro o e

by ll m s i its p ow r th f ed m of m ki d ; t d fe d
a ea n n e e re o an n o e n

in e v ry w y t h e rights of t h
e a S p ish p pl e g i st th e an eo a a n e

a bus s a d e r ch m ts of r y l d p i stly p w r ; d
e n n c oa en o a an r e o e an

t o succ ur t h e dy
o e sp e ci lly th s e b le ngi g t th
e ,
a o e on n o e

s ci ty S om of th m re dv c d f th C m u e r s w e r
o e . e e o a an e o e o n o e

for b eh e di g th e ki g o xili g h i m t t h e H v
a n h n ,
r e n o a an n a ,

o n th pri cipl th t to p ut h ous wh th r do m e stic o

e n e a a e, e e r

n a ti o l i ord e r it w s first c e ss ry to g et rid of ll

na , n ,
a ne a a

greedy h ge rs u d p a ra sit e s d th e S p i sh thro e

an -o an ,
an an n

an d th e r y l f m ily f S p a i with th m c me u d e r th e
o a a o n e a n

a b ov e d e sig ti s Bu t th e ti th ought oth e rwis e

na on . na on .

O n b i g i iti t d th c d i d t e w fi st l d i t t h e
e n n a e e an a as r e n o

h ll of r m s wh
a ha w t old f th e oblig tio s
,
”
e re e as o a n

an d duti s h w as b ut t o u d rt k
e e His ey s h vi g a o n e a e . e a n

b e b d g d h e w c o du t d t
e n an a e o th r r o m wh e r as n c e o an e o , e,

a ft r h e h d d e cl r d th t h wish e d to b a d m itt e d i t o
e a a e a e e n

th e c f d er ti o
on e m e m b e r cti g a s e ti e l e xcl i m d :
a n, a a n s n n a e
“
L t h i m dv
e e I will e sc rt h i m t o t h e gu rd h u s e
a an c ,
o a -
o

f th e c stl e Th e th er w i m it t e d with gr t is e
”
o a . n e as a ea no

t h e l ow ri g of e dr wbridge d th e r isi g of a p ort

n a a ,
an a n

cu l lis ; th e c did t w th l d i t th e g u rd ro m u
an a e as en e n o a - o , n

b d g d d l ft l
an a e ,
Th w lls w r c v r d with rm s
an e a on e . e a e e o e e a

an d tr phi s o d with p tri tic

e ,
d m a rti l i scripti o s
an a o an a n n .

B i g t l st d m itt d i t th e pr s e
e n a a a o f th g v e r r th e n o e n ce e o no , e

c did t e w s thu s ddr sse d Y u st d w u d r th

an a a a e . o an no n e e

shield f u chi f P dill ; rep t with ll t h e f rv ur y ou

o o r e a a ea a e o

a re p bl e of th
ca a th I m b ut to di t t to y ou e oa a a o c a e

By this o th th e did t b ou d hi m s lf t fight for c o

a , can a e n e o n

s ti t ti u l lib e rty
on a d t v ge v ry wr g d o to his ,
an o a en e e on ne

c u try Th
o n w k ight th
. c ov r d hi m s lf with th e
e ne n en e e e

s hi e ld f P dill th e k ights pr e s t p i t e d th e ir sw rds t

o a a, n en o n o a

it ,
d t h g ov
an r c ti u d : Th shi ld of ou chi e f
e e rn o on n e
“
e e r

P dill w i ll v r y u fr m v ry d g r will s v y o ur lif

a a co e o o e e an e , a e e

an d h ur ; but if y ou vi ol t y ur th this shi ld sh ll

on o a e o oa e a

b r m v d d th s sw rds buri d i y ur b st Both ”

e e o e , an e e o e n o r ea .

th eM s s a ond C m u e r s s ught t o g i
an p oss ssi o f
o n o o a n e n o

sup i p litic l i flu e Th f m r h vi g m or e
e r or o a n enc . e or e , a n ex

p i
er e n c pr v il de, t h e l cti
e s da f r me d t h e m i
lnistry e e on an o e n .

H c en t e st th t git t d th u try d i jur d th

e a con a a a e e co n an n e e

c us f lib rty I 1 8 3 2 th e C m u
a e o e s d v ur ed t
. n , o n e ro en ea o o

o v e rthr ow th e Fr eem a s o s b ut u succ ssf ully S till Ma so n ,

n e . ns
1 42 S E C RET SO C I ETI ES

a nd C omu e ros c om bi e d t o O pp os e th e r ea ctio ry p a rty

n n na .

Th e y ls succ ee d e d i suppr ss i g C rb o a is m which h a d

a o n e n a n r ,

b e e i tr oduc d i to S p i by s m e r e fuge I t li s Th s e
n n e n a n o e a an . e

s ci et i i f ct th ugh prof ssi ng p a tri otic vi ws w re

o es , n a , o e e ,
e

no thi g but gotistic l cliqu e be t o th eir O w ggr dis

n e a s, n n n a an e

m t How littl th ey w re guid e d by fix d p i ipl e s is

en . e e e r nc

sh ow by th i r c o d uct i S p ish Am rica I Br zi l th y

n e n n an e . n a e

pl ac d th e thr e Do P dr
e on d i M e xic th y st b
on n e o, a n n o e e a

l i h ed
s r publica f r m O f gov e r m t j ust it b st suit d
a e n o n en , as e e

th ir w p iva t i n t r sts But s u ch is th e pr ctic of m ost

e o n r e e e . a e

pa tri ots .

5 3
2 C l i c .l S o c i ti es
er — B ut t h e
a r oy l p a rty ls f r
e m e d a a o o

e cr t s oc i e ti s Am g th s e w h v e m ti d th e C “
s e e . on e e a en on e on

c ep c i o i t s or De f d e rs O f th I m m cul t C c pti
n s a ,
”
en e a a e on e on ,
”

fo u d e d i 1 8 2 3 ( s ee 5 20 a t ) with th s ti if t t
n n n e ,
e anc on , no a

t h e i stig ti o n f Fe rdi a d VI I This w f ll w d i

n, O nan . as o o e n

1 8 2 5 by t h e D f d rs o f th F ith ls pr vi u sly e ”
e en e e a ,
a o e o r

f rre d to a d i 1 8 2 7 by thi rd k w
e ,
n n th e De stroy i g a ,
no n as n

A g ls xist e f th e l st is d e i d by cl ri l
”
n e Th . e e enc o a n e e ca

writ e rs but th a t it did e xist d th t t h e Mi ist e r C l m rd e

, ,
an a n a o a

w a s its chi e f e f cts pro v d b ey ,

ar d disput Th d i gs
a e on e . e o n

O f th e s l ric l s cre t s oci ti s c ov e r d th ki g d e

e c e a e e e e e n , a s

p i ca b l e ch r ct r i v e ry w
a a
y with disgr ce d i v lv d
n e a ,
a e, a n n o e

t h e c u try i o c st t i te r eci e w
n n on d rui which an n n n ar an n, a re

m tt rs b l o gi g t o hist ry
a e e n But sp e ci a lly co c r i g
n o . as n e n n

t h e s cr t s oci ti e s o f S p i
e e i t sh u ld b m ti
e d th t a n, o e en on e a

a t th t p e ri o d th y w e r S plit up i t o f o ur disti ct p rti e s

a e e n n a :

( )1 t h e A rist cr tic w h r c i v e d gr t s upp rt f o m E g

o a , o e e ea o r n

l a d ; i t obj cts w r t h e r st or ti
n s e f t h e c o stitutie e e a on o n on,

a d n ch g O f dy sty ( 2) Th e Mi ro s wh s e h d
a an e na . ne , o ea

w as G r l Mi en e a Th ey w e r chi efly m ilit y m

na . cl s ly e ar en , o e

a ll i d with th Aristoc ts d l g ly subsidis d by E g

e e ra ,
an ar e e n

l d Th Am ri
an . G v e r m e t with vi w t t h
e e ca n o n n ,
a e o e c on

q ue s t o f M xic ls f v ur d th m O p p s d to th e m
e o, a o a o e e . o e

w e re ( 3 ) t h R publ i c s wh os e d e sig ti i di t s th ir
e e an ,
na on n ca e e

o bj ect ( 4) Th e C m u r s w h th ough l s d siri g

. o ne o ,
o, a o e n a

r publica form of gov e rn m e t i S p i p p s d th e pl a s

e n n n a n, o o e n

o f t h e third p a rty .
1 44 S E C RET S O C I ETI E S

gold e o i ro ri g o which th e ci t Attic Ob olus w s

n r n n ,
n an en a

en gr a v e d t h co u t e rsig f t h Phil om us e Th e E m pe ro r
,
e n n o e .

Al e x d r th e Cr o w Pri c s f B v ri a
an e ,
d Wii t m b e g
n n e O a a an r e r ,

j i e d th s ociety d subs rib d to its fu ds But th s e

o n e an c e n . e

w e r ot th e m o th m s t d eliv r Gree c e from th e

e n en r e ean o e

Turkish y ok which h d b e e, t h e o bj e ct of Rh i g s d fa en a ,
an o

th s w h o th ought lik h i m
o e e .

5 2 6 Th . H t i i of 1 8
e 1 4
— He ce i 1 8 1 4
e a r a w H e t iri . n n a ne a a

w as fo u d d with pur ly p litic l obj cts It w s c ll e d th

n e e o a e . a a e

H et i ri a o S oci ety o f Fri e ds

a r ly a d st od to th n
”
on , n o e

Ph il om us i th s m e rel ti t h sw ord st ds t o th p e
e n e a a on e an e n .

I t w s f u d ed t O d e ss wh e re Gr k
a o n a d R ussi i t re sts a, ee an an n e

a lw ys m t by littl e -k o w m rch t I k uf of Art

a e ,
a n n e an , as, a,

an d t w o th r bsc ur m o eof h ur Ath sius T k l off

o e en on o ,
an a sa a

an d th Fr m s o E X th o s f P t m s Th e s e m e
e ee a n, . an , O a o . n

d e t erm i e d t o a chi v wh t E ur op e re fus e d t o d o— to r is

n e e a a e

t h e Cro ss a b ov t h e Cr e sc e t ; d i e t h e c urs e f y rs n an n o o ea

th ey succ eed ed Th e f t f Rh i g as t ught th m s cr ecy

. a e o a e e .

T k l o ff who h d y rs b e fo r e f r m e d
sa a , a s e cr e t l gu e of
ea o a ea

Gr e k yo uths s e ttl e d i P ris h d s m e xp ri e c e to e

e n a ,
a o e e n as x

t e r l form s d s o h d X th o s a s Fr ee m s o Th e u mb r
na ,
an a an a a n . n e

o f gr d e s o f th e ir H e t iri
a w s s e v — Br e thr e Ap p e a a a en n, r n

t i ce s Pri e sts f E l e usis S h eph e rds Pr e l t e s I iti t d d

,
o , , a ,
n a e ,
an

S upr e m e I iti t e d Th e l a tt e r t w o gr d e s w e r e i v st d with

n a . a n e e

a m il it ry ch a cte r d dire ctly i t d e d f w

a ra ,
Th e
an n en or ar .

ca di d t e s fo i iti ti h d t k e l d ow t ight i
n a r n a on a o n e n, a n , n an

r t ry d to sw r b for p i ti g of th e R e surr ecti

o a o ,
an ea e e a a n n on ,

fid e lity co st cy s ecr cy d bs lute b di c e L ittl e

,
n an , e ,
an a o O e en .
,

h ow e ve r w as i mp rte d o d m issi t
, high e r d gr ee th e
a n a on o a e ,

o bj e ct b i g m i ly t e n r d e r th e i iti ati o m or e i mpr ssiv e

a n o en n n e .

Th e broth e r w s t ld t h v e his m s r e dy a d fifty c rt

a o o a ar a ,
n a

ridg s i his c rtridg -b ; th e Pri e st th t t h e O bj ct O f th e

e n a e ox ,
a e

H e t iri w th d liv e r a c f Greec e : but lik e al l s r t

a a as e e n e o ec e

so ci eti e s this o e did t r m i u t i te d f Om e gotism

,
n no e a n n a n r ,

f ls eh ood
a d hu m b u g i
,
ange e r l A th e pri e sts w e re n n a . s

a ll ow e d t i troduc e phy t e s w h h d to p y th m c rt i
o n e n o , o a a e e a n

a m ou ts f mo e y th offi c
n o f pri e st w s m uch s ught ft r ;
n ,
e e o a o a e

but it m u st h av e pp e r d str ge t m y O f th c did t s a a e an o an e an a e ,

th t whilst th e p i st b d th m sw e r o th e G sp l h e t
a r e a e e a n o e , a

t h s m e ti m i f r me d t h m th t h e i iti t d t h e m o
e a e n o th e e a n a e n

stre gth of th p w e r c o f rr d h i m by th High Pri e st

n e o n e e on e -

o f E l e usis Th l d rs furth e r did

. e t h sit t e t b o st f
ea e , ,
no e a o a o

a s cr t u d e rst
e e di g with th e C urt f S t P te rsb urg
n an n o o . e ,

e a it w as i ti m t e d th t Al x n d r w t
a h Gr d A rch a e an e as e an
y ,
.

Th e H e t ai rist s h v e b ee bl am e d f r a ll th i s ; b ut i t c a
a ot n o nn
 THE H ETAI RI A 1 45

be xp ect d th t r v luti o ry m ilit ry l e gu sh ould i

e e a a e o na a a e n

a llp i ts h e f ultl ss d k p wi thi th r ul s f ivi

o n a e ,
an ee n e e o c c

h o sty L g l m s w r f o v il ; u i g d d it
ne . e a ea n e e o n a a c nn n an ece

a re th e w p s f th ppr ss d P li tici s h a v t
ea on o e O e e . o an e o

ac m m od t e th m s lv s to th f ci s d prej udice s of
co a e e e e an e an

m en .

5 27 . S i g ns ig
a nd s a d p ss
P a ss wor ds — S om e Of th e S n n a

w o ds w r
r e e d gre s but th rs w re
c o mm on to a ll t h e e e , o e e

k w t th high e r gr d s o ly ch f w h i h h d i ts
no n o e a e n ,
ea o _ c a

p uli r m yst ri s Th Br thr s lut d by pl c i g th e

ec a e e . e e en a e a n

right h a d th ir fri d s br s t d utte i g t h Alb i

n on e en
’
ea ,
an r n e an an

w rd i p i ( pip ) t which th th r if i iti t d r sp d e d

o s s e , o e o e , n a e ,
e on

with hi ( s d ls )
s a rr ou Th Appr tic s pr a u e d th e
an a . e en e on o nc

syll bl L a d t h p rs
e ddr ss d if i th s r t m
on , a n e e on a e e ,
n e ec e , co

p l t d
e et h w ord by utt ri g th e s y ll bl
e d I t h e high e n a e on . n er

gr d s th fo m ul s w r m r c m pl x Th mystic l w o ds
a e e r a e e o e o e . e a r

o f th Pri sts w e r
e H w y u ?
e d A w ll e,
“
o a re o
”
an
“
s e as

y ou a e ; d r g i “
H ”
w m y h
an v y u ? a d A a n, o an a e o
”
an
“
s

m y s y u h v I f th p e s cc st e d h d r e ch e d th ”
an a o a e . e r on a o a a e

third d gr h u d rst od t h m ystic l s s f th e qu sti

e ee , e n e o e a en e o e on ,

an d r pli d S i xt
e To b sur e O f his m
e ,
“
t h qu s ee n . e an e e

ti on er th e sk d H v y u n m r ? t which his
a e ,
“
a e o no o e
”
o

e qu lly c uti u s f i e d r pl i d
a a T ll m th first
o d I will
r n e e , e e e , an

t ll y u th s c d Th first th pr ou c d t h first
e o e e on .
”
e en on n e e

sy ll bl f Turkish w rd m i g j u ti e d th th r
a e o a o ea n n s c , an e o e

c om pl t d it by utt ri g t h s c d syll bl e Th ig of
e e e n e e on a . e S n

r e c g iti w giv e by a p ticul r t ouch of t h right

o n on as n ar a e

h d d m ki g th j i ts f th e fi g rs c ck a ft rw rds
an ,
an a n e o n o n e ra , e a

f ldi g th e r m s d wipi g th ey e s Th e Pr l a t s pr ss d
o n a an n e .
’

e e e e

t h wrist i
e h ki g h ds with th i d x fi g e li d
,
n S a n an ,
e n e n e r, r c ne

th e h d th ea l e ft h d d pr ss e d t h right
on e t he an ,
an e e 0 11

r g i o f th e h rt Th Pr l t ddr ss d r s p d d by
e n o ea . e e a e a e e e on e

rubbi g th f r h d I f i d ub t t h e mystic l phr s s o f

n e o e ea . n o , a a e

t h e Pri sts f E l usis w r r p e t d d if t h

o sw s w r
e e e e ea e ,
an e an er e e

c r ctly giv th t w rep t d lt r te ly th e syll bl s of

or e en , e o ea e a e na a e

t h e m yst ri u s w rd e d o o r a -a n -r a - a .

5 2 8 S h t C . of G l ti — Th s e t c o sist e d t firs t
or a r eer a a s . e c n a

o f bu t f w m e m b rs e I 1 8 1 9 th Dir ct ry G d Arch e . n e e o or ra n

w as c mp s e d f th thr e f u d rs ly d f ur th e r
o o o e e o n e on an o o

p rs s : G l tis K om i p ul A S k i
e on a a d A G i , ZO os , . e er s , an . az s ,

with wh m ft rw rds w r j i d L v tis Di ka Ig ti s

o a e a e e o ne e en , os , na o ,

an d M dat d fi lly P ts i m di
a v r o c or d Al x d e r
o, an na , a a s an e an

I p sil ti G l tis rly b tr y d

an . d l m st rui d t h
a a ea
‘

e a e , an a o ne ,
e

ca us f th e H t iri E xc e di gly v i f his d m issi n

e o e a a . e n a n o a o

t o th Gr d Arch h e w t to S t Pe t er burg wh e re h e
e an , en . s ,

VO L . ll . K
1 46 S E C RET S O C I ETI E S

procl i m e d h i m s elf s t h e m b ss dor of th e H ll e e s i

a a a a a e n ,
n

C s e qu e c e f which th e p lic e rr e st e d h i m a d
on n o a o a , n an ex

m i ti ona o f his p p rs r v e l e d th e wh ol
n s e cr t of th e
a e e a e e

H t iri a Th Cz a r v cill ti g b tw his phil o H ell e is m

e a . e ,
a a n e een - n

d th f ea r f r v luti o w s p rsu a d e d by C p o d I t i t o
’
an e o e o n, a e a s r a

s et G l tis fr ee a a d ev e t w rd h i m om p s ti i
, an n o a a c en a on n

m o ey f n h i s i m pris o m t
or L t r wh e S k u f c o n en . a e on , n as n

c ei e d t h
v b ld id ea f tt cki g t h e m y i his v e ry
e o o a a n e ne n

ca pit l d h d th r e f ore s ttl d t C o st ti pl e G l tis

a , an a e e e a n an no ,
a a

e xcit d th e s u spici of thi ki g m of his ow dv t g

e on n n o re n a an a e

th o f th t f his c ou try ; h e w s lw ys ski g for m ey

an a O n a a a a n on ,

an d wh this w r e fus e d h i m h e utt e re d th e ts whilst

en as , r a ,

a ll udi g t his i ti m cy w ith H l t E ffe d i th e Mi ist e r

n o n a a e n , n

an d f v o urit a f M h m ud Th r up o th e H t a iri a d ecid d

e o a o . e e n e e

th t h e m ust b e r e m ov ed T w rds th e e d f 1 8 1 8 h e w
a . o a n o as

o rd e r e d o j our y ; n fe w trust d H t irists w r e his

a ne a e e a e

c m p i o s O d y whil h e w s r e sti g r H er m i o e
o an n . ne a ,
e a n n ea n ,

u der
n tr H eta irist S udd ly d i sch rg d his pist l t
a e e, a en a e o a

hi m W i th th e cry Wh t h v e I d o e t o y o u ? b e
.
,
“
a a n e x

p i red T h m
. urd e r e rs with e a str g e m i gl i g o f f e r city ,
an n n o

an d s e ti m t lity c ut th e s e l a st w o rds of his i to th b a rk

n en a , n e

o f t h e tr e e .

5 9
2 P o e d i.
g s of t h e
r G d
c e A h — S k uf s h d d i d
n ra n rc a a e

s om e m o ths b for e b ut th k s to th e st upidity o f t h e

n e ,
an

Turkish Gov e r m e t C st t i opl e r m i ed th e s e t of n n , on an n e a n a

t h e l gu e Th e Gr d Arch m t t X th s h ou s e a d
’
ea . an e a an o n

i stit ut d
n syst m tic pr p g d a I l l th e pr vi ce s f
e a e a o a an . n a o n o

Turk y d dj i i g st t e s E ph o ri s u p e ri t d e ts w e r e
e an a o n n a n en n

a ppo i t d wh o e ch h d his ow tr sury a d uth o rity t

n e ,
a a n ea , n a o

ac t i his district fo th e b e st of th e com m o c us e ; o ly

n r n a n

i v e ry i m p ort t c s e h e w
n t o r f r to th Gr
an d Arch
a s as e e e an .

G i s u d rt ook pr p ri g t h m i l a n d ; Gr e k s ol d i e rs
az n e e a n e a n e ,

w h o h d j ust th a r e tur d from R ussi w r e s e t to th e

en ne a, e n

M r ea o d th e isl d of Hyd
an B t it w s ss ti l to g i
an ra . u a e en a a n

p ss ssi o of th m st i m po ta t m i lit ry p oi t i th M r
o e n e o r n a n n e o ea ,

o f Ma i u su lly c ll d M i
u ,
a d by m ea s of t h e p tri rch
a a e a na, n n a a

Gr gor w h w s i iti t d i t th s cre t of th H et iri

e , o a n a e n o e e e a a,

P e tro s M om i c h l i s th e p w rful g ov r or f M i w s
a vr a , o e e n o a na, a

s e duc d fro m his e ll gi c Th e m iss ri e s of th e H ta iri a e an e . e a e a

k e w h w to r e c ci l tribe s w h o h d fo c turi es b e
n o on et a r en en a

fe ud d t g i th em f th ei r a us s o th t i 1 8 20 th e
,
an o a n or c e, a n

H t iri h d s ecr t dh e re ts ll ov e r th e P e l p
e a a a e susa n a o on n e ,

o n th e Cycl d s S p r d s o th e c
a st s of As i Mi or th e
e , o a e , n oa a n ,

Io i n anI sl ds d v i anJ rus l e m I t w s ow f lt

,
an e en n e a . a n e

to b e n e c ess ry to a ppo i t s upr me h ea d ; th e choi c e l y

a n a e a
i 4s S E C RET S O C I ETI E S

in to s ecr t o f th H t iri i w h os e s ucc e ss th e y s aw

th e e e e a a, n

th e r v ry f t h i
eco e i t t r it ry from which Ali h d
o e r a n c en e r o , a

e xp ll d th m
e e I M rch 1 8 2 1 I p sil ti t k up his r si
e . n a ,
an oo e

d c e t J ssy wh
en a h issu d p o m p ou s pr o l m ti s
a ,
e nc e e e c a a on

t o th Gr e ks M ld vi s d W ll hi s d ls s t
e e , o a an ,
an a ac an ,
an a o en

a m if st t th pri s d dipl om tists w h w e r th

an e o o e nce an a , o e en

a ss e m bl d f th s ttl m t f th e N p olit r e v luti

e or e e e en o ea an o on ,

i viti g E u p but e sp i lly R ussi t f a vour th c u s e f

n n ro e, ec a a, o e a o

Gree k i d p e d n B t t h r s ult o f th l tt r st p w
e n en ce . u e e e a e e as

f t l t t M tt r i h s p li y w t t lly pp os d t o it ; d
a a o i . e e n c
’
o c as o a o e an

th E m p r r Al x
e d r wh h d j u st pr o l i m d his ti
e o e an e ,
o a c a e an !

r vol uti ry vi ws
e on a ppli d t o th e I t li risi g uld
e ,
as a e a an n ,
co

no t r e pudi t th m wh e d li g wi t h t h Gr e k qu e sti
a e e n ea n e e on .

K wi g thi g f t h sh r his f v urit C p o d I t i

no n no n o e a e a o e, a
’
s r a

h d i ita d f th u d h
n ,
an d pr m is s f R ussi h lp th e
o e n er an o e o an e

l tt e r h d m d e t t h H et iri h ssu e d th e E mp e r r
a a a o e a a, e a r o

Fr is M tt e r ich
an c ,
d B r st rff
e f his
n dh r c to ,
an e n o ,
o a e en e

th eH ly Alli ce o d his O pp iti o t an

y r e v
,
luti o an os n o an o n,

with such z e l d m ystic l cti

a th t his list e r
an a un on , a ne s

w e r d ply m v d
e
“
ee I p i l ti cti w s u tt e rly
o e .
”
s an
’
s a on a re

prov e d ; his m w s r m v ed f m th e R u ssi Arm y na e a e o ro an

L ist ; th R ussi tr oops

e th Pru th w e re i stru t d
an on e n c e

u der n pr t c e to t k
no
y p rt
e en i t h disturb c e s i a e an a n e an n

th e Pri ip liti e s ; d t h e P t w i for me d th t th

nc a an or e as n a e

R ussi G ov e r m t w
an t t l str ge r t th m C po
n en as a o a an o e . a

dI t i
’
s r aw c o mp ll d t writ t his fri d wh om h
as e e o e o en ,
e

h d s e cr t ly
a c u g d th t h m u st e xp ct o supp rt
e e en o ra e , a e e n o ,

ith r m r l
e e m t ri l fr m R ussi
o a or which c o uld b e o
a e a ,
o a, n

p rty to th s cr t u d r m i i g of th e Turkish E m pir e by

a e e e n e n n

m s f s cre t s ci ti s
e an o e o e e .
”

I i l ti B l m d — I psil ti si c h i s rriv l t
’

53 1 p . s an s i ers . an ,
n e a a a

J ssy h d t k
a ,
o a f th st ps which m ight h v i
a en n ne o e e a e n

ur d t h suc ss of his t rpris He did thi g t ow rd s

s e e ce en e e . no n a

c e tr lisi g t h G v e m e t
n a n c c tr ti g his tr ops
e o rn n , or on en a n o .

He s m d s tisf e d wi th l oki g up o t h Pri cip a liti e s

ee e a i o n n e n as

a R u ssi d p Ot d t o b w iti g f
an e th h ,
d of th Cz r
an e a n or e an e a

t r is o him
a th
e Gr k th on A if th e vict ry w e r
e ee ro n e . s o e

alre dy w a h b st w d i v il d m ilit ry pp i t m t s
on , e e o e c an a a o n en

on th sw rm s o f r l ti o s d fl tt e re rs w h o surrou d d
e a e a n an a n e

hi m Chi fs of f w hu d d dv turers w e r gr dly

. e a e n re a en e an

c ll d g r ls ; h pl c d his br th rs O th st a ff f h i s
a e ene a e a e o e n e s o

i m gi y rm y ps whilst h
a n ar a gl ct d a d s ubb e d m e
c or ,
e ne e e n n n

w h m i ght h v g
o tly d v c d th r v oluti o ; h e f vour d
a e re a a an e e e n a e

w rthl ss c tur e s su h
o e K re ai s w h o with a b d f ,
c as a ra v a , , an o

Ar a ut me rc e r i e s h d s urp i s ed a d cut dow th e Turk i sh

n na ,
a r n n
 TH E H ETAI RI A 1 49

g rris o O f G l tz plu d r d th t w d e se cr t d th
a n a a ,
.
n e e e o n, a e e

c hur h s a d c omm itt d v ry ki d f ut g I p sil ti

c e ,
n e e e n o o ra e . an

shut his y s wh th r bbl f J ssy e e h i g f th

en e a e o a ,
on ear n o e

h r rs c omm itt d t G l tz su d d ly tt k d t h Tu ks
or o e a a a , en a ac e e r

p fully r sidi g i t h f m r t w
e a ce e d m urd r d
n n e or e o n, an e e

th m i c old bl d H fu th r m m itt d gr t m i
e n oo . e r e co e a ea s

t k i i m p is i g rich b k r
a e n r s om f iv l us p e
on n a an e on e r o o r

te n ce, d ly r l si g h i m
an onhis p y i g r s om f e ea n on a n a an o

sixty th ous d d u ts This c t dr v g t m y w e lthy

an ca . a o e a re a an a

p pl t o t a k r e g o R ussi
eo e Au stri
e t rrit ry d e n an or an e o , an

m y th rs t wish f t h e r st r ti
an o e f Turkish uth rity
o or e o a on o a o ,

wh s e ppr ssi w
o o t quit e s o e m i us on th t o f th
as no o no as a e

ne wly rriv d lib e r t rs

-a e a o .

53 2 P o g s of. th I u r ti — A t
r es l st I psil ti with c ns r rec on . a an ,

an r m y f t w th o us d m
a O wh s u m b rs
o w r an en , o e n e e e

e v rywh e
e pr cl i m d t b e t th us d l f t J ssy f
re o a e o en o an , e a or

Buch st At F ksh y
are . t h e b rd rs f th tw
o an , on o e o e o

Pri cip liti es h issu ed

n a th r pr cl m ti t o th D
, e an o e o a a on e
“
a

ei au s w hich w ,
”
u succ e ssful th f r m r O th
as as n as e o e . n e

Oth r h e d his r m y w h r i f rc d by t h e Ar uts of

an , a as er e e n o e na

K vi s
a ra d l t r o by t w o h u d d Gr k h ors m e
a ,
an a e l d n n re ee e n, e

by G g k i s eo r o f th m st h r i O f th Gr k p tri ts
a , on e e o e o c e ee a o .

Ab ut this ti m e
o ls a cc di g t t h p tt r f th , a o, or n o e a e n o e

Th b s five an hu dr d y u ths b l gi g t th obl st

, e n e o , e on n o e n e

an d rich st f m i li s f r m d th m s lv s i t o
e a S cr e d B t
e , o e e e e n a a a

t li
a Th y w r cl th d i
on . bl k d d ispl y d th i
e e e o e n ac ,
an a e on e r

br e sts cr ss with th w ds I this ig y u S h ll c

a a o e or ,
“
n S n o a on

qu r Th ir h ts w e r d c r t d with skull d cr ss
e .
”
e a e e o a e a an o

b s ! S till this b tt li h
on e f rth disti guish d its lf
,
a a on e nce o n e e

a b v l l t h e oth r tr ps o f Ipsil ti by discipli

o e a e d oo an ne an

v l ur But th chi f i st d f ff rdi g th s y uths

a o . e e ,
n ea O a o n o e o

a n O pp ortu ity o f displ yi g th e ir z e l d m p d it b y his

n a n a , a e ,

d el ys d sl ow dv c
a an He did t r eac h B uch r st
a an e . no a e

b f e or e th e 9 t h April H r th high r cl ergy d t h . e e e e an e

r m i i g B y rs d l re d th ir dh si t o th c u s e i
e a n n o a ec a e a e on e a , n

t h e h op e th t th l d rs f i r egul r tr ps w h h d j i d
a e ea e o r a oo o a o ne

I psil ti w uld d t h e s m
an d thus s ub rdi t th
o o r a e, a n o na e e ana

c hic l l m e ts o f th e re v luti t t h g e r l bj ct But

a e e n o on o e en a o e .

this h p w ly p rti lly f lfill d G o g k i s i d d

o e as on a a u e . e r a ,
n ee ,

pl d h i m s lf u d r I p i l ti rd s but th r l d rs
a ce e n e s an
’
s o er , o e ea e ,

l i k S v s d Vl di m i e k w r fa fr m f ll wi g this
e a a an a r s o, e e r o o o n

e x m pl
a I t w s ev e . s id th t th e f m r w s cr tlya en a a or e as e e

w orki g tow rds th r st o ti

n f Turkish supr e m y
a e e ra on o ac .

5 33 I p i l t A
.
pp o h i sg F ll — I
an i s this risis I psi r ac n a . n c ,

l ti s chi f occup ti o w as th e r ctio f a th eatr

an
’
e a d n e e n o e an
1 50 S E C R ET S OC I ETI E S

en g gi g co me di s whilst h e hi m s elf w s m ore o f a

a n an , a

co m e di a th g e e r l He d ily sh ow ed hi m s lf i th
n an a n a . a e n e

gorg us u iform O f R ussi ge e r l A um rou s st ff

eo n a an n a . n e a

o f offic er rush d fr o m m o r i g till

s ight with ai m l s s
e n n n ,
e

a ctivity thr ou gh th e str e t s

,
f B uch r e st W lthy p opl e o a . ea e e

w r e visit d wit h rbitr ry r quisiti o s ; th e s ldi e rs of t h

e e a a e n o e

H t iri l iv ed with ut discipli

e a a ,
t t h e xp e s e of citiz
o s n e, a e n en

an d p s ts ; t h e S a cr d B tt li o
ea a n o ly r fr i e d fr om e a a n n e a n

th s e xc e ss s U d r th s circu m st c e s rriv d th e d e
e e e . n e e e an a e

i i
c s on from L y b ch d with it th c urs f th e Chur h
a a ,
an e e o c .

Th e P tri r h l id I psil t i
a a c d t h e H e t iri u d e r th b
a ; an an a a n e an

S o v s a d Vl d i m i
a n k o o w O p ly j i e d th e R u m e li a
a re s n en o n n

o pp o sitio t t h Gr ee k c us ; th Boy rs d th cl rgy

n o e a e e a an e e

withdr w fr m it a d from th e th r cl ass s o f th p eopl

e o ,
n o e e e e

th re h d v r b
e a
y r l pr o sp e ct of supp ort
ne e I psil
e en a n ti ea . an

e d n v o ur d t w k e t h e f r e O f th d oubl e bl w which
ea e o ea n o c e o

h d b f ll
a h i m by ss rti g th t th b
e a en of dipl m a cya d e n a e an o an

t h e Church w m r f o r m b hi d which th e Cz r a d t h e
as a e e e n a n

P tri rch wish d t c c e l th e ir s e cre t sy mp thy with th e

a a e o on a a

H t iri e a H ss e rt e d th t C p o d I t i a h d s e cre tly i

a . e a a a
’
s r a n

f rm d h i m th t th e H t iri sts w r ot t l y d ow th ir
o e a e a e e n o a n e

a r m s b f r h vi g l r t t h issu of th prop os ls m d e by
e o e a n ea n e e e a a

R ussi to th Turks i
a f v ou r Of th Gr ks I th
e men a e ee . n e na

o f th Gr k e ti h ddr ss dee na um b r of d e m
on ds t e a e e a n e an o

th Cz r d his Am b ss d or t C st ti pl e d e cl a i g
e a an a a a on an no ,
r n

th t h w o uld ot r li q u ish th p siti o h e h d ssu m e d

a e n e n e o n a a

u til th s e d e m
n ds w e r c o mpli e d with Mi ds b old e r
e an e . n

th his d v is d h i m t o m k his w ay through Bu lg ri

an a e a e a a

t o E piru s t o r e li v e Al i P sh
,
cl os ly b si g d i J i
e a a, e e e e n an n a ,

d with t h l tte r s h lp t o t Gr e c fr e e But I psil ti

’
an e a e se e e . an

w as t m d e f th
no st uff t o e x cut s d ri g
a o up d
e e e o a n a co - e

m i a n d wh Vl di mi
an k st gly supp ort d th e pl
en a re s o ro n e an ,

I psil ti f lt c v i c d th t h
an e d th e rs i t e d d t o l d
on n e a e an o n n e ea

h im i t t p by luri g hi m o ut of th Pri cip liti s He

n o a ra n e n a e .

th r f e i st e d f m ovi g t w rds th D ub O th
e e or , n a o n o a e an e, n e

1 3 th April with his s m ll ,

rm y d sc r ly y rtill e ry a a , an a ce an a ,

tur d orthw ds t o t h C rp thi s distri b uti g h i

ne n ar e a a an ,
n s

s ldi rs i
o e wid n b elt t h a t i f t h Turks h d h d y
so e a e a a an

forc e s r dy th y m ight ea sily h v e xt rm i t d I p i l ti

ea e a e e na e s an
’
s

a r m y pi m l Th e r v l ti ry chi f i te d d sh uld
ece ea . e o u on a e n n e , o

t h e Turks s ri o usly thr t e h i m t o t k r fug e

e Au st i ea n ,
a e e on r an

t rrit ry h p i g thr ough t h i t e rc ssi

e o ,
O n ,
f th R ussi e n e on o e an

Am b ss d r t C st a ti opl to s cur
a a o a fr e p ss ge fo
on n n e, e e a e a a r

hi m s lf d his f ll w e rs Th e R us s i G ov e r m e t h vi g
e an o o . an n n a n

p e rm itt ed th e dv a c e of Turkish tr oop s i t o th e Pri n ci

a n n
1 52 S E C RE T S O C I ETIE S

fo r ght d y s v stly s up eri or e em y d by th e ir h e roi c

ei a a a n , an

co duct thr e w a fi l h l o r u d th e M ld vi i surr cti o

n na a o n o a an n e n .

Ath sius me t with t h e d e th f p tri t N e rly th u

an a a o a a o . a a o

s an d Turks h d f ll ; thr ee h u dr d Gr e k s p rish d i t h

a a en n e e e e n e

fight i t h w t rs of t h e Pruth th r em t t ok r fu g
or n e a e , e n an o e e

o n t h e o pp sit b k o e an .

535 I p s i l . ti D f fi ul ti s — Man
o ld v i
’
w s s l o st ; i
i t h c e a a a n e

m ea n ti m e th e P sh f S i li s t i h d t e re d Bu h re st o a a o r a a en c a n

th 2 9 th M y ; I psil
e ti p rf ctly h lpl ss w s
a an mped ,
e e e e ,
a e n ca

a t T go i t er Hi tr ops v
v s . th S cr d B tt li
s w re
o , e en e a e a a on , e

th r ughly d e m or lis d ; h i diss si s w ith S v s d

o o a e s en on a a an

Vl di mi a k o c ti u d re s Th f r m r h d r dily surr
on n e . e o e a ea en

d r e d B uch re st t o t h Turks d h a d f oll o w d Ipsil ti

e a e ,
an e an ,

wh m O th first f v ur bl opp rt u ity h e i t d e d t

o n e a o a e o n n en o

t k e pris o e r t g i v e h i m up t th Turks Vl d i m i k o
a n o o e . a re s

pr ep r d t withdr w t L ittl W ll chi th r e t w it th

a e o a o e a a a, e o a a e

r sult o f his eg ti tio s with th Turks ; h e h d p op s e d

e n o a n e a r o

to th P sh a f S i li t i t h v I psil t i d G o g k i s
e a o s r a o a e an an e r a

a ss ssi t d B t his tr e ch ry b ec m k ow t his i

a na e . u a e a e n n o n

t e d e d vi ti m s ; Ge g k i sudd e ly pp e r ed i his c mp
n c or a s n a a n a ,

t ok h i m pris o e r i th e m idst of his offic rs d ca rri e d

o n n e ,
an

h i m t o Te g i t O b i g t a k e b e f or I psil t i h p o
r ov s . n e n n e an e r

t e st e d his i e c d cl i g th t h h d ly b ee tryi g
n n oc n e, e ar n a e a on n n

t dr w th e Tu rk s i t
o a s ar e ; but I psil t i ord e r e d h i m a t
n o a n an

o n ce t b e sh t o o .

53 6 I p s i l
.a t s F l l — I psil ti i
n i t d e d t o o ccupy
a t h e an n en

s tr t gi a e lly i mp rt t vi l l ge of D g t ch u but t h
ca o an a ra a s a ,
e

r pid dv ce fr m B uch re st o f th e Turkish v gu rd l ft

a a an o a an a e

him ti m e to d o s o O th e 8 th J u e it e c u te r d
no . n n n o n e a

Gr e k d i visi u d r A st s i us f Argyr k stro ;

e on n e th r na a o o a a no e

divis i o s e t f t h s upp ort of th e Gr e ks fr om Te g i t

n, n or e e r ov s ,

u d r t h e c mm
n e d f Duk s b t k th m s e lv e s t th ir
o an o a ,
e oo e o e

h ls with th ir l e d e r t th ir h e d d spr d su h c
ee ,
e a a e a , an ea c on

i t h e c m p t T g o i s t th t I p i l t i tr ps ’
s te ti
rn a on n a a er v ,
a s an s oo ,

l e vi g th ir b gg g b hi d t k t flight I psil ti th r
a n e a a e e n ,
oo o . an e e

up with gr t d i ffi ulty m d his w y to R ib ik with a

on ea c a e a n ,

vi w of b i g e r th e Aust i fr ti r whi h h i t de d
e e n n a r an on e , c e n en

to cr ss if c ss ry I spi te f t h l ss s h h d sust i d
o ,
ne e a . n o e o e e a a ne ,

h still c om m d d 7 5 00 m e
e with f ur gu s G g k i
an e n, o n . e or a s

c sid re d th pp rtu ity f v ur bl e by

on e e o tt k
o n a o a an a ac on

D g t c h u which t h Turks h d occupi d with t w o th

ra a s a ,
e a e on

s a d m t r is th e s i ki g our g e O f his tro ps Hi s

n en , o a e n n c a o .

d i sp ositi o s w re sk i lfully rr ge d to surr u d t h

n e my a an o n e en e ,

i feri or i u m b e rs d o th 1 9 th Ju 1 8 2 1 fi th ou
n n n ,
an n e ne , ve

s a d i s urg e t s w e r e c o c e tr d o
n n n t h e h e ights s urro u d i g n n e n n n
 TH E H E TAI RIA 1 53

th e vill ge e tir ly cutti g ff th r etr t f th Turks

a ,
n e n o e ea o e .

I p i l ti c rps h d t y e t r iv d Ge g k i s e t m ss
’
s an s o a no a r e . or a s n e en

g er aft e r m ss g r t h st
e t h d
en f I psil
e ti th t o a en e a van c e o an ,
a

h m ight sh r i t h e h
e u rs of th d y Th Turks w r
a e n on o e a . e e e

a w r f t h ir d ger ous p siti

a e o e T w ds m i d d y th y
an o on . o ar - a e

a tte mpt d d b uch fr m t h vill ge t ccupy h ight i

e a e o o e a o o a e n

fr t f it ; but th tt em pt m isc rri ed t h e G ks w uld

on o e a a , re e o .

n o t giv w y e Th up a t h Tu ks. t fi t th e vill g

e re on e r se re o a e,

in rd e r t e ffect th ir retre t u d r t h e h lt r of t h
o o e a n e S e e e

fl m s K i wh m I psil ti h d pp i t d c l e l
a e . a ra v a s , o an a a o n e o on

o f t h c v lry e a sid e r d it fav o ur bl e m m e t t g th r

a , c on e a a o n o a e

ch e p l ur ls ; h t ook th e b ur i g f t h vill g
a a e e sig n n o e a e as a n

of t h flight d d f t of th e Turks ; e vi u s f G g k i
e an e ea n o o e or a s,

h e d sig e d t o
e nb h i m f th e h ur f this e sy vict ry
ro o on o o a o ,

an d i S pit e O f rd e rs t o th c o t ry t
n dv tur with his
o e n ra , o a en e

fi ve hu dr e d h rs e mn st m i g t h ill g
o He p en on or n e v a e . er

s u d d Nich l s I psil
a e ti t s upp rt th m d tt m pt with
o a an o o e a a e

t h S cr d B tt li
e a e d his rtill e y
a d h t e d with wi
a on a n a r , an , ea n e,

with out v c m m u ic ti g with his chi f h e l d his m e

e en o n a n e , e n

a cr oss t h e bridg l di g t th vill ge Th e Turks t first

e ea n o e a . a

r et t d a i f ct th y h d lr a dy c omm
re a e ,
s, n ac d r tr gr d
,
e a a e en e a e o a e

m v m t ppr h e di g a g e r l tt ck
o e en ,
a e But wh e th y n n en a a a . n e

disc v ere d th t K i
o d t h S cr e d B tt li
a ly w r
a rav a s a n e a a a on on e e

c om i g g i st th m th y wh l d r u d d first thr w th e
n a a n e ,
e ee e o n an e

c v lry i t o dis rd r ; t h S cr d B tt li t d r y uths

a a n o e e a e a a on , en e o

h vi g but l t ly ssu m e d m s c o uld ot r sist t h h rdy

a n a e a ar ,
n e e a

v et S p his
e ra n Th y f e ll a lik e bl om i g b ughs u d e r
. e ,
“
o n o n

th e w dcutt r s h tch t G o g ki rriv d i tim e t e

’
oo e a e . e r a s a e n o r

c v r th st d rd d t w gu s d r scu t h r m i d r
o e e an a an o n an e e e e a n e ,

a b ut o hu dr d m
on e f th S cre d B tt li
n e Ab ut en , o e a a a on . o

thirty f th Ar uts o d tw e ty o f Ge g k i s d e v t e d
e na ,
an n or a
’
o

b d w r e a ls o sl i
an ,
e By this d f t I p i l ti l st h Op
a n . e ea s an
’
s a e

w s d str oy e d
a e H vi g t k r fuge t K si h e go
. a n a en e a o a, ne

ti te d with th e Austri
a G v r m t fo p r m issi t r os s an o e n en r e on o c

t h fr e ti r His s f ty wa i d ge r fr m his ow p pl e
on e . a e s n an o n eo .

Th y t lk d of h d i g h i m o v e r t th Turks
e a e and e r i g n o e an a n n

th pri c e s t
e his h e d All discipli d i s pp r d
e on a . ne a ea e .

Th H t i ists r bb ed a d m urd r e d o e
e e a r th e r Am g
o n e n an o . on

th e f w m e e f f ith a d h ou r G o g k i w s
n o a f th n on , e r a s a on e o e

m st p mi
o t Th u gh h w ould h v e pr f rr d I psil t i
ro n en . o e a e e e an

r m i i g h ssist d his flight Th h e j i ed h i fri d

e a n n , e a e . en o n s en

F mak i
ar t A dj i ls to c a ti u e f ithful t his o th th e, on n , a o a ,
e

struggl f G e or r ee c e .

M — I ps i l ti tru e t o his syst em

’
5 37 p I i l . t i i
s
f t an s an es o an ,

of d ec ei t c o ti ue d to S prea d f ls r p orts d l ett e r st ti n g

, n n a e e an s, a
1 54 S E C RET S O C I E TI E S

th a t th Emp e ror Fr cis h d d ecl r d w g i s t th e Porte

e an a a e ar a a n ,

th t Au stri tr ps w uld o cupy th e Pri cip litie s d th t

a an oo o c n a ,
an a

h w e g i g to h v
as o n i t rvi w with th I mp ri l gov r r
a e an n e e e e a e no .

But on c e
o Aust i t rritory I psil ti w h o th r c ll ed
n r an e ,
an , e e a

hi m s elf Al e x d r K m o o w s S iz d d i m pris d i an e o re n s, a e e an on e n

F rt Ar d Th re h tt m pt d t j ustify his fo rs ki g his

o a . e e a e e o a n

c omp i si a n on m s by shifti g t h e w n ar t o f succ e ss ff his n an o

sh ould e s th s e f th e rs I
r on b o stful m i f sto h
o o o . n a a an e e

sa id : S oldi rs ! B t o I will t d isg c this h ur bl e u n ,

no ra e on o a e

na m by ppl y i g it t o y o
e a C o w rdly h rd s of sl v e s !
n u . a o e a

y ur tre ch e ry d th e pl ts y ou h v e h tch d c om p l m e
o a ,
an o a a e ,
e

t ol e v e y ou Fr m this m m t ev e ry b d b tw
a . o
y o u o en on e ee n

an d m is s v e r d ; t m e r m i s th e disgr ac e of h avi g
e e e o e a n n

c omm d e d y ou Y u h v v e r bbe d m e of th e gl ry f
an . o a e e n o o o

dyi g b ttl n 1n R u t th Turks purch a s e y our sl v e r

a e . n
y
o e ,
a

wi th y u r l i ve s with th h ur f y u w ve s d childre
o ,
e on o o o r i an n .
”

5 3 8 I p s i l t
.i I m p i m e t
an d D t h
’
s—T ti e s b tw r s on
e n an ea . re a e e n

Au stri d Turk e y stipul t e d th t fugitiv s fr m e ith r s i d e

a an a a e o e

w e re o ly t b r e c iv e d o
n o diti of th eir b e i g r e der e d
e e n c on on n n

h rm l ss C s equ tly I psil ti w s c om p ll d to d ecl r

a e . on en , an a e e a e

i writi g
n d o his h o ur t h t h w uld m k
n ,
an n o a tt m pt no ,
a e o a e n e

a t flight He th . w lik e om m o cri m i l t ak e to

en as, a c n na ,
n

t h f o r tr e ss f M u k cs surr u d d by m rsh e s
e o n d oblige d
a , o n e a ,
an

to t k e up his r sid ce i
a m is e r bl e g rre t
e F y e rs
en n a a a . or a

h e r em i d i cl os e c o fi m e t
a ne nd o ly wh his h lth n ne n , an n en ea

b eg to give w a y w b e p e r m itt e d t t k up his re sid ce

an as o a e en

i a l ss u h lthy pris o
n e n t Th e re si e st dt
ea f rtifi e d pl c e n a n a , a o a

o f Boh m i I 1 8 2 7 t t h e i t rc ssi o o f t h e E m p ro r o f
e a . n ,
a n e e n e

R u ssi he w a, s e t fr e but di e d as xt y e r s it w s i d e ,
ne a ,
a as a ,

of br ok e h e rt He h d liv d t s his f ll ow rs p e
a n a . a e o ee o e r

s ec uted d sl i his f m ily rui e d a d hi m s lf u bl t

an a n, a n ,
n e na e o

a ssist wh e th p eopl f Gr e
, n m or e ucc e ssful th
e th ee o e ce, s an

H e t irists f th e Pri ip liti s fought fo lib e rty d th e ir

a o nc a e ,
r an

f th rl d R m c h a thr ow i t h l r u d th pris r
a e an . o an e s n s a o a o n e on e

o f M u k cs n d th Gr ee ks
a , d e d i b h oldi g i h i m th
an e en n e n n e

m rtyr o f Gr e k fr e d om
a e e .

5 39 F t e .
f t h H a ta i i s ts — Th o i s urr e ctio m ay b e
e e r . e n n

o sid r e d t h v e d d with I psil ti s flight ; t h r m a t ’

c n e o a e n e an e e n n

o f his f ll o w r ow f ught f h o ou r o ly R dily sup

e s no o or n n . ea

p rt d by th
o e e v r s upp rti g th e ir e e o n

o ppr ss s— th Tu ks m d r pid pr gr ss i
e or e ihil ati g
r a e a o e n ann n

th e re m i s f I p i l r m y S uch H t i ist l d rs ’
a n ti s o s an a . e a r ea e as

s urr d re d en go d f ith w r m rcil e ssly e x cut e d Th e

e on o a e e e e .

t r i t or S v a s i
a spit f th e z e l h h d s h ow i th
a , n e o a e a n n e

Turki s h c a us s h a r e d th e s m e f t e e, h e w as shot t a a a
 S E C RET S O C I E TI E S

Tu rkis h promi e s Th o s e w h re m i d h a d to regre t th ei r

s . o a ne

c fid e O t h e f ll owi g d y th T rks sl ught re d

on enc . n o n
c’
a e u a e

t h e s ldi rs ; t h
o e ffi c e rs w e r c i d t S i li t i
e O d th r ee a rr e o s r a , an e

ex e cut d e F m ki w ar s e t to C o st ti pl e wh e r e ft
a s as n n an no , ,
a er

h vi g b e cru lly r ck e d h w s b h d d
a n en e a , e a e ea e .

H — Thus t h r e l H t i i a
54 2 F .i l S u na f th t i i
ccess o e e a r a e a e a r

p rish d b ut its ov thr ow w s t with ut be e fit to th

e e ,
er a no o n e

c a u se ; f by th brut liti s c omm itt d by th e Turks w h o

or e a e e

o ccupi d t h e Pri cip liti s th r r s e se rie s of c om pli

e n a e , e e a o a

c ti s b etw
a on th C bi ts f S t P t rsb urg d C
een e a ne o . e e an on

t
s an ti pnol e whi h t
,
l st l d t
c O p
a qu arr l Iepsil t i o an en a e . an

l i ve d t s e th issu e f th dipl m tic fe c i g i t h

o e e o e o a n n n e

b egi i g f t h R u ss o Tu k i sh w
nn n o e f 1 828 - d 1 8 29 r ar o an ,

wh e t h r l Gr k p pl with ge ui m e s ae m
n e ea ee eo e, n ne an ,
co

p l i sh d
e t o t h s uth f t h
e B lk o s wh to h e h a d v i ly
e a an a a n

a tt m pt d with r tifici l e s i th e rth But i thi

e e a a on n no . n s

th e acti o f th e H e t iri still e xisti g as r e m t

n o a a, n a n an ,

pl y e d o ly s c o d ry p ar t a d h c e w e m y h er e fitly
a n a e n a ,
n en a

c o cl ud e t h e hist ory o f this

n ecr e t s oc i ety s .
 THE C A R BONA R I

5 3
4 Hi s tory f
.o th e A ss oci a ti on — L ik e th e r ss oci a a ll o a

ti s th C rb o i
on ,
e h c o l —bu e rs l y l i m t v e ry
a n ar ,
or c ar a rn ,
a c a o a

h igh tiquity S m o f th l ss i st u t d h v v p o
an . o e e e n r c e a e e en r

f e ss d d sc t fr om Philip f M ed
e a e en th f th r f o ac on , e a e o

Al x d r t h G
e an et d h v tt m pt e d to f r m h i gh
e rea ,
an a e a e o a

d g
e th
ree, K ight o f Th b e s f u d e d o this i m gi y
e n e ,
o n n a na r

or igi O th s g
n . b ck ly o f s th p ti fic te f
er o a on s ar a e on a o

Al ex d r I I I wh e G r m y t s e cur e h rs lf g i st
an e .
,
n e an , o e e a a n

r p ci u s b o s fou d d guilds d s i eti s f m ut u l

a a o ar n ,
n e an oc e or a

pr t cti
o e d th ch r o l -bur rs i
on , an th v st f sts of
e a c a ne n e a or e

th t c u try it d th m s l v s g i st r bb rs d m s
a o n un e e e e a a n o e an en e ie .

By w o d s d sig s
r ly k ow t th m s lv s th y ff rd d
an n on n n o e e e , e a o e

e ac h th r ssist c Th cri m i l t rpris e f Ku z d

o e a an e . e na en e o n e

K u ff g
a to c rry ff t h
un en S x pri s 8 th July 1 4 5 5
a o e a on n ce , ,

f il d thr ugh th i t rv ti o f h rc l -bur e r th ugh

a e o e n e en n o a c a oa n ,
o

his i t v t i w m n er en ci d t l th pr rr ged
on as or e ac en a an ea an .

A d i 1 5 1 4 th Duk Ul i h f Wii t mb g w
n n e c m p ll d e r c o r e er as o e e

by th m u d r thr t f d th t b lish c rt i f e t l w s
e ,
n e ea o ea , o a o e a n or s a ,

c o sid d
n ppr ssiv S i m il r s i ti e s r s i m y
e re as o e e . a oc e a o e n an

m ou t i u s n u tri s d th y su rr u d d th m s lv s with
a no co n e ,
an e o n e e e e

th t mysticis m o f whi h w h v s
a m y x m pl e s c e a e e en so an e a .

Th e i fid lity t
r h th r d t th s ci ty w o gr e t
e o ea c o e an o e o e as s a ,

th t it b c m
a I t ly
e a p v rbi l xpr ssi t o y O
e 1n a a ro e a e e on sa ,
n

th f ith f C b At th f sts f th C rb i th ”
e a o a ar o n a ro . e ea o e a on a r ,
e

G d M st r d i k t th h lth f F cis I Ki g of
ra n a e i n s o e ea o ran .
, n

F t h pr t
ra n c e , d d f u d r f th O rd r c rdi g t th
e e en e o n e o e e , ac o n o e

f ll wi g t diti — Duri g th e troubl s i S c tl d i

o o n ra on n e n o an n

Qu I s b ll s ti m — this I s b ll is pur ly m y thi l

e en a e a
’

e a e a e ca

m y i l l s t i ou p rs s h v i g sc p d fr m th y k
an u i s e f on ,
a n e a e o e o e o

tyr y t k f g
an n , th w ds I ord r t v id ll
oo 1 e u e in e oo . n e o a o a

susp i f cri m i l ss ci ti
i c on o th y m pl y d th ms e lv na a o a on , e e o e e es

i
n utt g w d d m ki g h o l U d r pr t c f
c in oo an a n c a rc a . n e e en e o

c y i g it f s l th y i t du d th e m s lv s i t th
a rr n or a e, e -
n ro ce e e n o e

vill g s a d b e ri g th
a e ,
m o f r l C rb o ri th ey
n a n s i ly e na e ea a na , ea
1 57
1 5s C
S E RET S O I E TIES C
m et th e ir p a rtis a s d m utu lly c omm u ic at e d th e ir d if
n ,
an a n

fe re n t pl a s Th y re c og is d ch oth r by sig s by t ouch

n . e n e ea e n , ,

an d by w ords d a th er w er o h bit ti o s i t h e fore st

,
an s e e n a a n n ,

th ey c o struct d h uts f n bl o g f r m with br ch e s of

e o an o n o , an

tre s Th ei r l odg s ( d i te) w e r subd i vid e d i t o u mb r

e . e r en e n a n e

o f b r cch e ch r t d by
a a e, G od C o usi o f s m e d i s ti
a e ec e a o n o nc

t i o Th re dw lt i th f r st h e rm it f t h e m f
n . e e n e o e a o na e o

Th e ob ld ; h e j i e d th m
a d f v ur d th i r e t pris
o n e ,
an a o e e n er e .

He w s p r ocl i m e d pr t ct r of t h C rb
a a ri N o w i t o e o e a on a .

h ppe d th t Fr cis I Ki g f Fr c e hu ti g o th
a ne a an .
,
n o an , n n n e

fr ti s o f his ki gd m xt t S cotl d ( i )
on er n f ll wi g o ne o an s c , or o o n

a w i ld b st w p rt d fr m his c urti rs He l st hi m s e lf
ea , as a e o o e . o

i th e f r st b u t stu m bl i g
n o e , f t h b a r cch h e wa s n on o n e o e a e,

h o s p it bly e te rt i d d v tu lly m d qu i t ed w i th
a n a ne ,
an e en a a e ac a n

th e ir s e cre t d i iti t d i t o t h e O rd r O his r etur t

an n a e n e . n n o

Fra c h d cl r d hi m s e lf its prot t r Th o rig i f this

n e e e a e ec o . e n o

s tory is pr ob bly t b e f u d i t h e pr t c ti o g
a ot d by o n n o e n ra n e

L ou i s XI I d ti ue d by Fr cis I to th W ld e s s
. an c on n an . e a n e ,

w h o h d t k e r e fug i
a Da uphi e B t
a n ith e r t h H w e rs e n n . u ne e e

n o t h e C rb o
r ri r r os e t y i m p rt c
a na ct d y
e ve o an o an e, o r a e an

c spic uou s p rt m o g th e s e cr e t s o i t i s of E ur op till

on a a n c e e e

t h e p e ri od of th e R v oluti As t o th ir i fl u ce i ed on . e n en n an

a ft r th t e v t w sh l l re tur to i t o
e a en ,
e a n an n .

Th Th eob ld llud d t o i th f or g oi g tr d i ti
e a a is s id e n e e n a on , a

t h v be
o a d sce d e d fro m th e first C u ts o f B i
e en e nd o n r e an

Ch m p g e Poss e ss e d of r k d w e lth his f o d s s

a a n . an an a ,
n ne

for s olit ud e l d h i m t l ea v e his f th r s h us e d r ti r e

e o a e
’
o ,
an e

with his fri d G a uti e r t f or st i S u b i wh r th y

en o a e n a a, e e e

l i v e d a h e rm i ts w ork i g t y ch c c up ti o by whi h
s ,
n a an an e o c a n c

th ey c ould m i t i th m s elv s but hi e fly by pr p ri g

a n a n e e , c e a n

ch rc o l fo t h e forg s Th y ft e rw rds m d e s v r l pil

a a r e . e a a a e e a

gri m g s t o h oly shri s

a e d fi lly s ettl d r Vic z ne ,
an na e n ea en a,

wh e r G uti e r di e d Th ob ld di ed i 1 0 6 6 d w c
e a . e a n ,
an as a n on

is d by P p e Al x d e r I II From his o ccup ti S t

e o e an . a on , .

Th eob ld w s d pt e d
a th p a tr s i t f th e C rb
a a o i as e on a n o a on a r ,

an d is i v k d by t h G d C u si s i
n o e th e ir hy m s ; d e oo o n n n an a

picture r pr s e ti g h i m s e t e d i fr o t f his h ut i u u ally

,
e e n n a n n o ,
s s

hu g u p i th e l dg
n n o e .

C b i — Th first tr c s of
5 44 R l O .i g i of t
eah e r n e a r on r a . e a e a

l gu f ch rcoa l bur
ea e o with p liti l O bj cts pp r i th e
a - n e rs o ca e a ea n

tw elfth c tury pr b bly c us d by t h s v e r f st l w s

en , o a a e e e e o re a

th e i xist e c Abo ut th t p ri d ls o th e F d u s
n n e n e . a e o a en e r

( h e w e rs ) l g c o rp r a ti
,
s
ar with rit s si
e m il r t o th s f t h
o on e a o e o e

C rb ri xiste d i t h Fr ch d p rt m e t o f th e J u
a on a ,
e n e en e a n ra ,

wh ere th e ass ocia tio w s c ll e d le b cous i nage ( th e good n a a on

1 60 S E CR E T S O C I E TI E S

of th e s acre d w ord s of th e first r k Th e Gr n d M st e r an . a a ,

an d first d s e co d ssist ts w h o ls o sit

an ch b e f re an a an ,
a ea o

l a rge w ood e bl k h ld h tch e ts i th ir h ds Th

n oc ,
o a n e an . e

m ste rs sit l g t h e w ll
a f o e sid e o f t h e l odg
a on th e a o n e,

a ppr tic e s pp sit

en O o e

54 6 R i tu l f I. i t i ti — Th e rit u l o f C rb
a o ris m s n a on a a on a , a

I t w s r c o stitut e d t t h e b gi
a e n i g of th pre s t ce tury a e nn n e en n ,

w as as f oll ws I t h i iti ti o o . n e n a n

Th e Gr d M st r h vi g p
“
an d th e l dge s ys First a e a n o en e o ,
a ,

Assist t wh e r is t h first d gr e c f rr e d
an ,
e e e e on e

A I t h h ut o f
. n G d C usi i th l dge of th e
e a oo o n, n e o

C a rb ri on a .

G M H w i t h first d gr
. . co f r d ?
o s e e ee n er e

A A l th is str tch d v r
. c o bl k f w od on which e e o e a oc o o ,

ar e rr g d th b s s fi stly th e l th its lf w t fi e
a an e e a e ,
r ,
c o e ,
a e r, r ,

s lt th ru ifix d y S prig g
a ,
e c c S p ig At l st thr e
, a r ,
a ree n r . ea e

G d C ousi s m ust b p s t f
oo n i iti ti ; th e i tr e re e n or a n n a on n o

du oe r lw ys cc m p a i d by m st r m i s o utsid e
, a a a o n e a a e r, e a n

t h pl ce wh r
e a th b ses d t h e G o d C usi s
e e a re Th e e a an o o n .

m st e r w h
a cc mp i s t h i tr duc e strik s t hr ti m
o a o an e e n o r e ee es

w ith his f o t d cri s M st rs G d C usi s I d ‘

o an e : a e ,
oo o n ,
n ee

s ucc ou r Th G ood C usi s st d u d th bl k f w od

.
’
e o n an a ro n e oc o o ,

a g i st which th y strik th c rds th y w r r u d t h e

a n e e e o e ea o n

w i st
a d m k th S ig
an yi g t h e right h d f m t h e
a e e n . c a rr n an ro

l e ft h o uld r t t h righ t S id
S e d f th m x l i m s
o e e, an on e o e e c a ,
‘
I h a v e h e rd th v ic e f a G d C usi a who e ds h lp
e o o oo o n n e e ,

p rh ps h e bri gs w od t f d t h fur
e a s Th e i tr du e r
n o o ee e n ac e .
’
n o c

is th br ught i en H r t h Assist t is sil t d t h e

o n . e e e an en ,
an

Gr d M st r b g i s g i dd ssi g th
an a e w c m r e n a a n, a re n e ne - o e :

My Good C usi wh c c m e y ou ? o n, en e o

I Fr m t h e w d
. o oo .

G I f Whith.
g o you
. er

I I t th Ch m b e r f H o u t
. n o e qu r m y p ssi o
a o on r, o c on e a ns,

s ub m it m y will a d b e i stru t d i C rb o ris m

,
n n c e n a na .

G M Wh t h v y u broug ht fr m t h w od
. . a a e o o e o

I W od l v s th
’

. o , ea e , ea i .

G Ill D y ou b i g
. . ythi g e ls e
o r n an n

I Y e ; f i th h op
. s d ch rity a , e, a n a .

G M Wh o is h e wh m y u bri g hith e r ?
. . o o n

I A m . l ost i th w d an n e oo .

G Ill Wh t d s h s e k
. . a oe e e

I T e te r o u
. d r
o n r or e .

G III I troduc h i m
’
. . n e .

Th e eophyt e is th e n br ought i Th e Gr d Ma st e r n n . an

p ut s s ev era l q ue st i o s t h i m r eg rdi g his m or ls d n o a n a an

 THE C AR BO NARI 16 1

r ligio
e d th bids h i m k l h ldi g th cruc i fix d
n, an en n ee , o n e , an

pro u c th e o th : I pr m is
no n e d bi d m ys lf a my
‘
o e an n e on

h ur t to r v l th s r ts f th e G d C usi s ; t
on o no e ea e ec e o oo o n no

to tt k t h virtu f th ir wive s
a ac d ught rs
e d t e o e or a e ,
an o
a ff rd l l th h lp i my p w r t v e ry G od C usi
o a e e ed n o e o e o o n ne
i g it
n S o h elp m e G d !
. o

5 4 7 F i t IJ g
— .A ft r s m pr eli m i ry qu e sti o i g
rs e r ee . e o e na n n ,

th Gr e d M st r ddr ss s th e ovic e th u s Wh a t m e s
an a e a e e n :
“
an

t h bl k of w o d ?
e oc o

N He v . d th e r o u d ss f th e e th
a en a n n ne o ar .

G M Wh t m
. s th e cl oth a ea n

IV Th t which hid s its e lf

. b i g b or
a e on e n n .

G M Th w t r
. e a e

N Th t which s e rv e s t o w sh
. a d purify from origi l a an na

s 1n .

G If Th e fir e
. .

IV To sh w us
. o high st d ti s
our e u e .

. s lt
G III Th e a ? .

h t
N T a w e a re
. Christi s an .

G M Th e c r
. uci x fi
r i ds u s
N It e m n
. r d pti
of ou r e e m on .

G If Wh t d s
. a oethr d c
.th e ea or t
om m e m a e

. th r
N Th e Mo e of God t a h t spu it n .

G III Wh t
. s
a m e an . rw whit th r s
th e c o n of e o n ?

N Th e tr ubl s
. o e struggl s G d C usi s
an d e of oo o n .

G M Wh t is
. a
. furth e. nace ?

N Th e sch l G d C usi s
. oo o f oo o n .

G M Wh t
. a s tr with its r ts up
m ea n th e ee oo i n th e a i r ?
. tr s w r lik th t
IV I f a ll t h e ee e e e w rk
a , th e o G d of th e oo

C usi s w uld
o n o d d
n ot b e n e e e
”
.

c t his is uch g r but h v giv

Th e a e c m m l on e , I a e y e n onl so

m uch will suf

as h w ki d i str cti i p rt d
fic e t o S o t h e n of n u on m a e

i n th efirst d gr e With ut
ee o xpl ti s f ll wi g
an
y e a n a on . o o n ,

on ew uld thi k
o n r di g
on e w a s ea n t his
t h e ca ec m of o n e o f
th s r lig s i pr v s d
o e e i on r
m o i e on Am e i c a n o s il whi h s k by c ee ,

th esi gul rity f r

n a stir up
o f o m to i gi ti
th e m a n a on But a s .

th r s ci ti s
in o e o e e th t as a llu i ti
of th e I bj
m n a , th e o ec t w as
,

first s t
n ot a t t h e on e l r fili t d his disp siti
t o a a m th e a f a e ; o on

h ad first t st d b f r
to b e e e r l
e o e th e eai g m ea n n ritu l
o f th e a

rv l d
w a s e e a e to h i m till s S figur s b tr y th
om e o f t h e e e
. a em ,

s lv s th ugh studi u sly c

e e o , o ld on c ea e fur Th e is n a ce the .

ll tiv w k whi h
c o ec e or at c C rb ri l b ur
th e a on a s rd
a o ; th e ac e

fi reth y k p liv
e ee a fl
e i s th e lib ty with whi h th y
a m e of er , ,
c e

d sir
e illu i
e to w rld
m n e th e o h y did T e with ut d sig
n ot o e n .

h s c l
c oo e oa th ir sy b l
for e c l is
m o ; for oa f u t i th e o n a n o f
VO L . II . L
1 62 C
S E R ET S O I ETI E S C
light d w rm th th t p u ifi e s th e i Th e for e st ep e
an a ,
a r a r . r r

s e ts I ta ly th wild w ood of D t i f st e d with wild

n , e a n e, n e

b e sts — th t is f r ig ppr e ss ors Th tr e with t h ro ts

a a ,
o e n o . e e e o

in th i is
e figur e f ki gd om s d e str y d d thr s
a r a o n o e an on e

o v e rthr w C th olic m ysticis m c sta tly r pp rs ; t h

o n . a on n ea ea e

hi gh st h o o urs
e giv e t Christ w h w s i d d th
n a re n o , o a n ee e

G ood C usi of l l m e o C rbo ris m did t op e ly ss il

n a n . a na no n a a

re ligi us b eli e f but m d u of it e d e v uri g t si m plify

o ,
a e se ,
n a o n o

an d r e duc it to first pri cipl e s

e s Fr m s o ry d s Th n ,
a ee a n oe . e

ca di d t a s i th e l st m d O d w supp s d t p
n a e, n a -n a e r er , as o e o er

for m j ur ys thr ugh t h f r st d thr u gh fi t

o ne o h e o e an o re , o e ac

of whi h sym b lic l m i g w

c a tt ch d ; th ough th
o a ea n n as a a e e

tru e m i g w ot t ld i
ea n n this d gr e I f ct t o ll
as n o n e e . n a ,
a

wh o wish d t g i i sight i t th e r a l O bj ct of
e o a n an n n o e e s

C a rb o ris m thi s d egre c o uld t suffi c I t w e c e ss ry

na ,
e
‘

no e . as n a

t o pr c e d o e .

8 T h S d D — T h e m rtyrd o m o f Christ o cupi s

5 4 .
g e econ e r ee a c e

n e rly t h
a wh l of th e s ec o d d egr i mp rti g t th
e o e n ee , a n o e

c te chis m s d h r ct r c lcul t e d t surpris a d t e ify

a a a c a a e ,
a a o e n rr

th c did t e Th pr cedi g figur s w re h r i v e st d

e an a . e e n e e e e n e

w ith e w nd u e xp ct d m an i gs r l ti g t th m i ut st
n e e ea n n ,
e a n o e n e

p rticul rs f t h e ru ifixi
a a f t h e G o d C u si
o cJ su s ; c on o o o n e

whi h m r e d m r l e d th e i iti t ed t b eli v th t th

c o an o e n a o e e a e

u usu l d whi m sic l f rm s with stup e d ou s rt i fic e s rv d

n a an a o n a e e

t c o fo u d t h id
o n s d su spi i s f th ir e m i e s d
n e ea an c on o e ne ,
an

c use th em to l s e th e tr c s f th f u d m t l ide I
a o a e o e n a en a a . n

t h e c o st t r curr c e t th m rtyrd m of Christ w

n an e en o e a o e

m y di s e r t w o a i m s — th e
a c n e ss e ti lly e duc ti l t on e n a a on a ,
o

fa m ili ris th e Cousi with th e id

a e f s crific e ve i f
n ea o a ,
e n,

n e e ss ry
c f th t f lif e ; th e oth e r chi fly p oliti l i te d d
a ,
o a o , e ca , n n e

t o g i pr o s lyt e s m
a n g th e supe rstiti ous th m ystics th
e a on , e , e

s ouls l ovi g Ch isti ity fu d m t lly g d h w v r p e

n r an ,
n a en a oo , o e e ,
r

j ud i c ed b ca us e l vi g
,
ed w ho s t itut e d t h
o gr n t r , an c on e ea e

n umb r i R om
e C th oli c ou try l i k e I t ly— th
n a an v a c n a en e en

m r e th
o w Th e c t chis m
an no lr dy bs rv e d h
. a e ,
as a ea o e ,
as

r f r e c t th Cr uc i fixi o
e e n e o d t h e sy m b ls
e e l l xpl i d n , an o ar a e a ne

a s r pr s e t i g s om e thi g p e rt i i g th e r t o
e e n n Th u s t h n a n n e . e

f ur c sig ifi s th e H ly S pulch e ; t h rustli g f th e

na e n e o e r e n o

l e v e s sy m b lis s th e fl g ll ti o f th G d C ous i th e
a o e a e a n o e oo n

Gr d M st e r o f th e U iv rs ; d s o
an a Th c did t e n e e an on . e an a

for i iti ti i t o this d gr e h to u d rg f urth r tri ls

n a on n e e as n e o e a .

He re pr s ts Christ w h ilst t h Gr d M s t r t k s th
e en , e an a e a e e

na m of Pil t e t h first c ou il l r th t o f C i ph s t h
e a ,
e nc o a a a a , e

s e c o d th t o f H er od ; th e G d C usi s g e e r lly
n a ll d oo o n n a a re c a e

th e p eopl e Th e ca d id at e i s l ed b ou d from o e offi ce r t

. n n n o
1 64 C
S E RET S O I E TI E S C
T h e re w s som ethi g th eatrica l i ll this ; bu t th o rg is ers
a n n a e an

no d ubt l k d t th e ff t it h d o th e m i ds of t h
o oo e o e ec a n n e

i iti t e d I f this gr u d it uld ot b d e f d d th

n a . on o n co n e en e ,
en

th r is l ittl e xcu s f j udi i l w igs d cl ri l g w s

e e e e or c a an e ca o n ,

e pisc p l g it rs p o s d sh v l h ts l rd m y rs sh ws ’
o a a e ,
a r n ,
an o e - a ,
o a o o ,

p rli m t ry pr dur
a a en a d r oy l p g ts oc e e, an a a ea n .

5 50 D g f. G r d I ll t
e ree G d E l
o ct — T his t h e an a s er ra n e ,

high st d gr ee f C b ris m is o ly c ssibl to th s e

e e o ar on a ,
n a ce e o

w h o h v giv e a pr o fs f gr t i t llig e d r s luti

e n o o ea n e en c an e o on .

Th e G d C usi s b i g ss m bl d i t h e l dg t h
oo o n di e n a e e n o e, e c an

d t is i tr duc d bli df ld e d ; t w m m b rs r epr s ti g

a e n o e n o o e e , e en n

t h t w thi e v s
e o rry r ss which is fir m ly pl t d i t h
e , ca a c o ,
an e n e

gr u d O e f th t w o pr t d d thi v s is th a ddr e ss e d
o n . n o e e en e e e en

as a tr it r t o t h c us
a od c d m d t di t h e cr o ss
e a e, an on e ne o e on .

H r e sig s hi m s lf t o his f t
e n s fully d e s e rv de d is ti d a e, a e ,
an e

t th
o r ss with silk c ords
e c o d t d lud t h e c d i d te en an ,
o e e an a ,

wh s y e s
o e e still b d a g d h u tt ers l ud gro s Th e
a re an e ,
e o an .

Gr d M st e r pr u c e s th s m d oom o t h th r r obb e r
an a on o n e a e n e o e ,

but h r epr s ti g th
e, r p t t e xcl i m s : I
e en n e n on - e en an on , e a
“

sh a ll u d e rgo m y f t e ursi g y u d c s li g m ys lf
n a , c n o ,
an on o n e

with th th ught th t I sh ll b v e ge d d t h t str g rs

e o a a e a n ,
an a an e

sh all e xt e rm i t e y ou to th l st C rb r K w t h t I
na e a a on a o . no a

h v p oi t d ut y ur r etrea t t th e chi fs of th h ostil

a e n e o o o e e e

a r my d th t withi a sh rt ti m y ou sh ll f ll i t o th ir
, an a n o e a a n e

h ds D y our w rst Th Gr d E l e ct th e t ur s t
an . o o .
”
e an n n o

th e c did t e d lludi g t th pu ish m t w rd d t

an a ,
an ,
a n o e n en a a e o

t it ors d
ra t h e pr e s
as t cc si i fo m s h i m th t h e
on e on en o a on , n r a

a ls m ust b e f st e d t t h r ss if h p rsists i his i t

o a ne o e c o e e n n en

t i t pr c d
on o d th e r r c i v o his b ody t h s cr ed
o ee ,
an e e e e n e a

m ks wh r by t h Gr d M ste rs Gr d E l ts f l l th
ar ,
e e e an a an ec o a e

l dg s
o e k w t e ch oth e r d m ust ls o p
a re no n u c o a ,
an a ro n o n e

th e th wh e r e up o th b d ge will b e r m ov ed h e w i ll
oa ,
n e an a e ,

d sc d fr m t h cr ss d b e cl oth ed with th i sig i of

e en o e o ,
an e n n a

th Gr d M st r Gr d E l t H is th firm ly ti d t o
e an a e an ec . e en e

t h cro ss a d p i k d thr e ti m s
e ,
n th ri ght m s e v
r c e e e 0 11 e ar , en

ti m s e t h e l ft on d th e ti m s u d e r t h l e ft br e st
e ,
an re e n e a .

Th e cro ss b i g r t e d i t h e m iddl e
e n f th e c v e ecth t n o a e, a

t h m m b rs m y s
e e th e m rks e t h e b dy 0 a g i v ig ee a on o ,
11 a en S n ,

th e b d g e b i g r m ov d th C usi s st d r u d t h
an a e n e e ,
e o n an a o n e

c d id t e p oi ti g th ir sw rds d d gge rs t his br st

an a ,
n n e o an a a ea ,

an d thr t i g h i m with v e ea e n n w rs d th sh uld h tur e n a o e ea o e n

t it or Th y ls w t h his d m our
ra . e a d wh th e r h
o a c e ea n , an e e

b tr ys y f r S v t sts i his h u r
e a an ea . th e en oa n on o a re en

dru k d th Gr d E l ct e xpl i s th r l m i g f th
n ,
an e an e a n e ea ea n n o e

sy m b ols which m y ot b pri t ed b ut is ly t b writt

,
a n e n , on o e en
 THE C AR BO N ARI 165

d w o d z e l o u sly gu rd d th e o w e r pr om isi g t o bur

n , an a a e , n n n

or sw ll w it r th e r th let it f ll i t th r b d Th
a o ,
a en a n o o e an s . e

G d M st r c o clud s by S p ki g i pr is f th
ran a e n l e ea n n a e o e rev o u

ti lr dy i iti t d
on a ea ou i g its triu m ph t ly i th
n a e ,
a nn nc n no on n e

p i sul but v ywh re wh e r I t li is sp k

en n a, e er d e e a an o en , a n ex

l i m s V ry s th
c a : tio s w y f ty
e y S h ll c l
oon e na n ea r o ran n a e e

br t th ir vict ory v r t h tyr ts ; v ry s

a e e oHr e e an e oon
”
e e

t h wick d thi f xcl i m s

e e V y s o e ll y e sh ll p e ish !
e a : er o n a a r

I m m di t ly th r is h rd o utsid e t h e gro tt th
e a e e e is e f ea o e no o

w p o s d fighti g O of th d oo k eep rs n ou c s
ea n an n . ne e r e an n e

th t th d r is
a eth p i t f b i g br ok
oo p
on d e o n o e n en o en , a n an

a ss ult it is h rd dir ctly ft

a on Th G ood C usi s rush
ea e a er . e o n

to th d r pl d b hi d th cr ss s d th r f r e u s ee by
e oo ac e e n e o e ,
an . e e o n n

th c e did t th
an is e b ec m e s l ud r d th r
a e e no h ea rd o o e ,
an e e a re

th c i se f A ustri
r e s oldi rs ; th C ousi s r tur i -gre t
o an e e n e n n a

dis d r if v rpow e r e d by sup ri r u m b ers s y f w

or e as o e e o n , a a e

w ords f c ur g m e t t th eo en o d id t f st a d to th e
e n o c an a e a en e

cr ss d dis pp e r through th fl r which op s b e th

o ,
an a a e oo , en n ea

th m C usi s dr e ss ed i th h t d u iform of th foreig e r

e . o n , n e a e n e n ,

e t r
n ed m rv l t th
an dis pp r c of th C rb o ri
a e a e a ea a n e e a na .

P e rc ivi g th p rs o s th cro ss e s th y
e n e fi di g th m
e n on e ,
e ,
on n n e

still liv pr p os t kill th m t c ; th y ch rge d p

a e, o e o e a on e e a an re

p r e t S h t th m wh sudd e ly u m b r of b lls fl y i t
a o oo e , en n a n e a n o

t he v th s ldi rs f ll d w
ca e, e if struck d th C o usi s
o e a o n as ,
an e n

r e-e n t r thr u gh m y Op e i gs which t o ce cl s b e hi d

e o an n n ,
a n o e n

th m d h ut Vict ory ! D th to tyr y ! L o g liv

e ,
an S o ea an n n e

t h e r e publi f Aus i L o g liv e lib e rty

c o L g liv th
on a n on e e

g v er m t st blish d by th br ve C rb ri ! I
o n en e a i e e a a on a n an n

st t th pp r tly d d s ldi s d th tw thi v s

an e a a en ea o er an e o e e a re

c r i e d t f th c v
a r ou d tho did t e h vi g b h lp e d
e a e an e ca n a a n ee n e

d w fr m th c oss is pr cl i m d by th e G d M st e r w h
o n o e r , o a e ra n a , o

st ik s s v bl ows with his

r e e en Gr d M st r Gr d E l ct ax e, a an a e an e .

55 1 S i g ifi ti
.
f
o th Sn
y m b ls — N t t
ea i t e rrupt t h
on e o o o n e

na rr tiv th e xpl ti
a e, f th m i g f th sy m b ols
e ana on o e ean n o e ,

g i v e i this l st d gr e w m itt d i th f rm r p r
n n a e e , as o e n e o e a a

gr ph but f oll ws h r e I t will b s

a ,
o th t it w te . e ee n a as no

with ut re s o th t it w pr hibit d t pri t it Th e cr ss

o a n a as o e o n . o

s rv s t crucify th tyr t th t p rs ut s u Th r ow
e e o e an a e ec e s . e c n

o f th s is to pi rce his h d Th e thr d de t s th c ord

orn e ea . ea no e e

t l
o d h i m t o th gibb t th l dd r will i d h i m t m u t
ea e e e a e a o o n .

Th l v se ea ils t pi r his h ds d f t Th pi k
e a re n a o e ce an an ee . e c

axe will p t t his br st d sh d his i m pur e bl d Th

e n e ra e ea ,
an e oo . e

axe will s p r t his h d fr m his b d Th s lt will p

e a a e ea o o y . e a re

v t th rrupti f his h d th t it m y l st
en e co on o mo um e t ea , a a a as a n n

O f th e e t e r l i f m y of d esp ots Th e p ol e will s erv e to p ut

na n a .
1 66 S E C R E T S O C IE TI E S

hi s h e d up o Th e fur c e w ill b ur his body Th e sh ov l

a n . na n . e

will sc tt r his a sh s t o th wi d Th e b r cc will s rv t

a e e e n . a a a e e o

pr p r w t tur s f th tyra t b ef or h e sl i
e a e ne or Th
e or e n e IS a n . e

w t r will p urify u s fr m th il bl ood w e sh ll h v S h d

a e o e v e a a e e .

Th li e will w p w y u st i s Th for st th pl c
n en i e a a o r a n . e e 1s e a e

wh e r e th e G od C usi s l b our t o tt i o i m p rt t
o o n a a a n s o an a

r sult Th e s e d et a ils
e . xt ct ed f m th m i ut s of t h a re e ra ro e n e e

l g l proc di gs g i st th c spir y f t h C rb ri
e a ee n a a n e on ac o e a on a .

552 O th .C m i s d R
er g u l ti o n — Th e c did t
ere on e an e a s . an a e

h vi g b e r iv d i t o th e high st d gr oth e G od
a n en ec e e n e e
o
ee, i o

C u si s t e r d th c v procl a i m i g th e i t ory of th
o n en e e a e, n v c e

C rb o ri d th st blish m e t f t h A us i r public
a na an e e a n o e on an e ,

wh e r up th l dge w s l os d Th m m b rs l l b or
e on e o a c e . e e e a e

ps ud o y m s by whi h th y w r e k ow i t h Ord e r Th e s
e n ,
c e e n n n e . e

pse ud y m s w r e e t r d i
on b k whilst e th r n e e n on e oo ,
an o e c on

t i
a ne d th ir r e l mes e d t h e t w b o ks w e r
a lw ys k pt
na an o o e a a e

c o c l d i s p rat e pl c e s th a t th p lice sh uld th y fi d

n ea e n e a a , so e o ,
o e n

on e , sh uld t b bl e to id tify th c spir tor Offi e rs

o no e a en e on a . c

o f gr t i m p ort c w r th I si u t rs C s rs S crut t o s
ea an e e e e n n a o , en o ,
a r ,

an d C o v e r rs wh s pp ll ti s d sig t e th ir duti s Th
e , o e a e a on e na e e . e

high r o ffic rs w e r e c ll ed Gr e t L ights S m e of t h ffi

e e a a . o e a

l i t d r s v d fo t h e m st d g e r u s
a e , e er e terpris s w e r
r o an o en e ,
e

styl d th Fo lo HO p ; oth rs S t b o th S d t ry
e e r rn e e a en c, r e e en a ,
”

w h o w er t dv c d b y d th e first d gre
e no a c u t
an e e on e e, on a co n

o f w t f i t llig c o c u r g L ik t h e Fr m s s
an o n e en e r o a e . e ee a on ,

th C rb e ari h d th ir ow l m cs d ti g th ir
on a a fr m e n a an a ,
a n e e ra o

Fr cis I Th ey ls o h d th eir p ssw ords d sig s Th

an . a a a an n . e

d c r ti o s i th e Appr tic d gr w r thr ribb s

e o a n n en e e ee e e ee on

bl ck blu
a ,
d d d i th e M st r s d egr
e, a n th y w r
re an n a e
’
ee e o e a

s rf of th s m e thr e l urs Th ritu l d th c re m i e s

ca e a e co o . e a an e e on ,

a s p rtly d t il d
a b ov e w e e p b bly strictly f ll w ed
e a e a ,
r ro a o o on

p rti ul rly i m p rt t oc si o s ly ; s t th ir ori gi littl

a c a o an ca n on a o e n, e

is k w no r i g i t— m ost lik ly th y w r i v t d
n c on c e n n e e e e n en e

a m o g t h N e p olit s N w r th y lw s
n e a d t ll pl c e s
an . or e e e a ay an a a a

a lik but th spi it th t b th d i th m w p erm e t

e, e r a re a e n e as an n

an d u iv rs l ; n d th t it w
e th a spirit f lib ty d
an a as e o er an

j ustic c s e ly b d e i e d s p e i lly ft r t h v e ts f
an c a rc e e n , e c a a e e e n o

th l st d d s Th e f ll owi g su m m ry f m if st
e a ec a e . o n a o a an e o

proc di g fr m t h S oci ty f t h e C rb o ri will sh ow this

ee n o e e o a na

v e ry l e rly c a .

5 53 T h A u .i R p u bl i ce— Th p och f th foll owi g

s on a n e e e o e n

docu m t f which h w v r en ,
o bstr t ly i h r g i v ,
o e e ,
an a ac on s e e en ,

is u k ow n Th n p pr c di gs of C rb ris m giv e u s
n . e o en o ee n a on a

no clu b c us i m y r sp cts th y d vi t from th

e, e a e n an e e e e a e e

progr mm of th i s s e ct ri ch rt r ; s ct ri i s m uch
a e a an a e e a an , na as
1 68 S E C RE T S O C IETIE S

Autob i ogr aphy th a t t h e c an di d a t e sw o r e d e structi on to e v e ry

,

gov e rn m e”n t wh e th e r d e sp otic or d e m ocratic

, Th e S u m m o .

Mae stro h e s ays ,

“
l a ughs a t th e z e a l of th e com m on
,

C a rb on a ri w h o s a crific e th e m s e lv e s for I t a l i an li b erty a n d

,

i n d ep en d e n c e ; t o h i m this is n ot t h e o bj e ct but a m e a n s ,
.

I r e cei v e d this d egre e un d e r t h e n a m e o f Giuli o Al e ss a n dro

J e ri mun d o W e rth e r Dom i n g on e As th e r e w e r e t wo m o de s
”
.

of i i ti ti
n a p l dge d a oth e r by c om m u i ca
on , o n e in o en o an n n

ti o th supr
n,
”
hi f t i fyi g by d cu m t t o t h e ew
e em e c e no n a o en n

m m b r hi l cti w hi ch w d o e i De Witt s c s h ’
e e s e e on , as n n a e, e

ne v e r t ok th th of s e cr cy d th u s c o si d r e d hi m s e lf
o e oa e , an n e

a t lib e rty t o divu lg e wh t h d b c omm u ic t d t h i m a a e en n a e o .

555 D e W. i tt B i g p hi l N ti e f — As J
,
d W i tt
o ra ca o c o . ea n e

w as a prom i t ch r ct r i th s cr t ss oci ti s of this

n en a a e n e e e a a on

ce t ury w giv
n ,
fe w bi gr a phic a l
e ot e s c o c r i g h i m
e a o n n e n n .

Bor in 1 800 n t Alt o h w e rly pl c d u d e r t h e

a n a, e as a a e n

t ui tion f P st r M i r f Al s e w h o h ad b
o a o m em b r
e e o n, ee n a e

of th Ja cobi club At th e g e of s ev e t
e n he we t t
. a n e en n o

t h e U iv rsity n f Ki l e d ft rw rds t o th t o f Je ; e , an a e a a o na

in 1 8 1 8 h e j oi d th Bursch e sch ft d w s s ne ft r e n a , an a oon a e

i iti t e d i t th s ect of t h e Bl ck K i ghts i

n a n o e c o s qu c e a n ,
n n e en

of whi h h e h d t o fl ee t o E gl
c d wh e r e b e c o tribut ed m y
a n an ,
n an

a rticl e s o G r m p litics d pri ce s full o f sc d l u s

n e an o an n an a o

d e t ils t th e M i g Ch o i l I v i t e d by his m t r l
a o or n n r n c e . n a e na

u l th e B ro E ckst i I sp ct r G e r l of th Mi ist y
nc e, a n e n, n e o - en a e n r

o f P lic e o t c m t P ris h th e re b e c m cqu i t d

,
o o e o a ,
e a e a a n e

with C u t S e rr Mi ist e r of Ju stice w h pr t t e d h i m

o n e, n , o o ec ,

whilst De Wi tt w s i l s e om m u ic ati o w ith Fre ch a n c o c n n n

an d I t li a a spi r t ors I 1 82 1 h e w a t G e v a a
n c on a . n as en s

I sp e ct or G
n e r l of S wiss
- d G er m
en aC rb ri H an an a on a . e

w as s oo fte r s iz e d i S v y d th e c e t k t Turi
n a e n a o ,
an n a en o n ,

wh e r h ow v e r th Austri Fh eld M rsh l Bu h

e, e , whe an
'

- a a na, o

th e c mm d e d ll th t ps i Upp r I t ly d w h o w
n o an a e r oo n e a ,
an as

a Fre m s tre t d h i m with th e grea t e st r e sp ct f a

e a on , a e e ,
or s

a Fre m a s e De Witt o cupi d on m u h high r r k th c e a c e an an

B ub u ; d wh
a th an m b ss d rs f ll t h C ou rts t Turi
en e a a a o o a e a n,

th t o f E gl a d xc ept ed i sist d D Witt s e xtr diti o

a
’
n n e ,
n e on e
’
a n

t o th e
w ord h ou r t m a k e
of tt m pt t e sc p e t g t
on o no a e a a , o o o

Mil wh e r h w r c iv e d with gr t h our i th

an , e e as e e ea on n e

h uso of th eChi f of P li B r o o GOh ue Bub e o ce, a n v n a s en . na

h d m d hi m s lf p rs o lly
a a e sw r bl e t his g ve r m t
e e na an e a o o n en

fo t h e s f custody f D Witt
r a e d this l tt r h d p o e ,
an a e a ro

m i ed s t to e sc p e though h
no w llow d to g o b u t a ,
e as a e a o

al mo s t lik e fr em Bu t wh e h e f ou d th a t th e Austri a
a e an . n n n
 THE C ARBON ARI 1 69

a uth oriti e s i t d d t b gi his tri l h wr t t Bub

n en e o e n a ,
e o e o na

th t h e w d t r m i d to m k hi s p e O rd rs w r
a as e e ne a e s e ca . e e e

s t t w t h h i m l s ly ; but withi
en o a c w k h w i c o e n a ee e as n

p ss ssi
o e f f ls e k ys which fitt d ll t h d rs f his
on o a e ,
e a e oo o

pris on ,d th h d g l r w h h d S h w h i m s elf t
an e ea ao e ,
o a o n oo

z l us i w tchi g h i m w tr sf rr e d to M tu
ea o n a n d ,
as an e an a, an

1 2 00 lir w e r pr vid d f his j ur y H sc p d t

e e o e or o ne . e e a e o

Ge i t e di g th c t s ail f S p i wh r h w
n oa , n n n en e o or a n, e e e as

sure of m ti g with fri e ds but fi di g ll v ss ls b ou d

ee n n ,
n n a e e n

fo th t c u try u d e r cl os e p lic surv il l c e h e m d his

r a o n n o e e an ,
a e

w y i t
a S witz rl d
n o U d r differ t m e s d v ri us
e an . n e en na an a o

disg uis s h e st y d th re d i G r m y f b out a y r

e a e e an n e an or a ea .

Al l th G r m e G v r m e ts ff r d l rg r e w rd f h i
e an o e n n o e e a a e a or s

a ppr h e si e d t l st h e w
n s ei d a t B yre uth th ough
on , a n a a as ze a ,

h e h d pr e vi usly b e
a w r d th a t th p olic w e r e o hi
o en a ne e e n s

tr c s w r i g which c uld ly h v e c m fr om highly

a e ,
a a n n o on a o e

pl c d ffici ls A d s s o
a e o h e w a t k e s om e of th m
a . n a on a s s a n e

w it d o h i m with Off rs f fri d ship d prot ecti

a e n But e o en an on .

B rli w s th
e n th e s t a f th Prussi m s ic chi e fs
en ea o e an a on ,

an d thr u gh th m D Witt wo s cr etly i f r m d of ll th

e e as e n o e a e

ch rg s which w uld b br ught g i st h i m d t h e re su lt

a e o e o a a n ,
an

w as th t h e w s quitt d of th m ll
a a d r st or e d t
ac e e a , an e o

lib rty e ls o w C usi

,
as a f ell ow co spir t or a d fe ll w
as o n, a - n a n o

pris r C s r e C tu th e I t li hist ri
on e . e a ccus e s D
an ,
a an o an , a e

Witt f h vi g by his ow d m issi o b ee th or ughly

o a n ,
n a n, n o

i iti t d i t ll th e r v luti o ry pl ots i E urop but i

n a e n o a e o na n e n

o rd r t e b e tr y th em d stir up discord m g th m (
o a , an a on e s ee

It C i l i to
onc i C b i M il
a re o 1 87 8 p
e D ar on a r ,
an , , . e

Witt s subs e qu t c a r e r s m s t o l e d s om s pp rt t this

’
en e ee n e u o o

ch rg I 1 8 2 8 h e m rri d w lthy l dy d purch s d

a e . n a e a ea a ,
an a e

a n st t e i Upp er S il si wh e r h w s livi g i 1 8 5 5
e a n e a, e e a n n ,

pr of ssi g highly c o s rv tiv pri ipl s i f ct to such

e n n e a e nc e , n a ,

a d gr e e to b
e ch rg d with b l gi g t th Ultr
as e a e e on n o e a

m t es i c s q u
on a n , of which h e w
n on d e t st d d
e en c e as e e ,
an

fr qu tly tt ck ed by t h d m ocr tic p rty

e en a a , e e a a .

55 6 C b . r C h t ar
p p s d t
ona
o E g l d —o A ch rt e r a r er ro o e n an a

or p j ct s id t h v b
ro e , prop s d by th C rb ri t
a o a e e en o e e a on a o

t h E glish G v r m
e n t i 1 8 1 3 wh th e st r of N p l
o e n en n , en a a o e on

w s f st d cli i g is t o th e f ll wi g e ff ct — I t ly h ll b
a a e n n , o o n e ~
a S a e

fre a d i d p d e t I t b d ri e s h ll b e th e thr
e n n e en n . s ou n a S a ee

s s d th e Alps C rsi S rdi i S icily th s v

ea an . o ca, a n a, ,
e e en

isl ds an d th isl ds l g th c o sts f t h e Me di t

,
an e an a on e a o er

r a n ea n , Adri tic d I i S e s sh ll f rm
a ,
i t gr l
an on a n a a o an n e a

p rti of th e Rom E m pir e R m sh ll b e th c pit l of

o on an . o e a e a a

t h e e m pir e As so o th e Fr e ch sh a ll h v e e v a c u at e d
. n as n a
1 76 C
S E RET S O I E TI E S C
th e pe i s ul th e w mp r r sh ll b e e l e t e d from am o g
n n a, ne e e o a c n

t h r ig i g fa mili s f N pl s Pi e d m
e e n n t o E gl d I lly i a
e o a e , on ,
r n an . r

S h ll f rm ki gd m f its lf d b giv e to th e Ki g f
a o a n o o e , an e n n o

N pl s a e i d em ity f S icily Thi s pr j e ct i s om e

as an n n or . o n e r

S
p e t wid
c s ly di ff s fr m t h e
e e pr e c di g iter d th r is o on e n ,
an e e

gr t d ubt wh th r it v r m t d fr m th e C rb o ri
ea o e e e e e an a e o a na .

5 57 C b . i m d M u t
a r on a r s — Th xc ssiv e um b r of an ra e e e n e

th e fli li t d s o disqui et d rul rs
a a e d sp ci lly M ur t
o n e e ,
an e e a a ,

Ki g of N pl s wh os e f rs w e re i cr s d by l tt r from
n a e , ea n ea e a e e

Da d ol o C u ill or of S t te s yi g :
n , o nc S i r C rb ris m is a ,
a n e, a on a

spre di g i I t ly ; fr y u r ki gd om f m it if p ossibl
a n n a ee o n ro ,
e,

b ca us e th e s t is opp s d to thro s M g h ell

e ec tiv e o e ne .
”
a a, a n a

o f G e o w h b c m e M i ist e r f P l i c u d r M ur t d
n a, o e a n o o e n e a ,
a

vis d th t ki g
e t h e oth e r h
a d t o d ecl re O p e ly g i st
n , on an ,
a n a a n

N p l oa o e d t pr ocl i m t h i d p e d e c
n , an o f I t ly df a e n e n n e o a ,
an or

th t p u rp os t f v ur th e C rb ri ; but M u t w t
a e o a o a on a ra as oo

irr e s lut to f ll ow th c ours e thus p i t d out d d cl r d

o e o e o n e ,
an e a e

a g i st th C rb ri Th e m e sure s t k by h i m h ow
a n e a on a . a a en ,

e v e r o ly i cre s d th e ctivi ty f th e s ct d th h op e s
,
n n a e a O e an e

o f t h e b ish e d Bourb an s w h i th ighb uri g S icil y on , o n e ne o n

w tch d v ry tur of ff irs th t m ight pr m is th e ir

a e e e n a a a o e

r e stor ti o M ur t pr scrib d th e s e ct whi h i d uc e d it t o

a n . a o e ,
c n

s e k th e a ssist c e of E gl d as w e h v lre dy s e
e an n an , a e a a e n .

I t ls o gr w i t f v o ur with th B urb o s
a e n o d L o rd Willi m
a e o n an a

Be ti ck n Th e m iss ri e s s e t t o P l r m o t c m t t rm s
n . e a n a e ,
o o e o e

with th xil d r oy l f mil y re tur d t N pl s with pl

e e e a a ,
ne o a e a an

fully rr g d th e r e sults of which w r s o s e i C l a

a an e , e e o n e n n a

bi r a d th Abruzzi
an Th e pr m is of a c stituti o w as
e . o e on n

t h l r with which E gl
e u e d— wh o s e chi f bj ct h w e v e r n an e o e , o ,

w as t h e o v e rthr w f N a p ol e — a ttr ct d th s ct ri s ; th
o o on a e e e a e e

B urb o s co str i d by E gl d prom is d th N ea p lit s

o n ,
n a ne n an ,
e e o an

a lib r l c o stituti
e a th e ir b i g r st r d t th thr
n on on e n e o e o e on e .

Th Pri e of M lit e r o sugg st d t E gl d th t t h o ly

e nc o n e e o n an a e n

m e s f d f ti g Fr c e w
an o t o f v o ur I t li
e ea n u ity ; d an as a a an n an

t h e id w s o wid ly prom ulg t d d dv oc at d thr ough

ea as o n e a e an a e

ou t t h e c u try M ura t s t G e r l Ma h e g i st t h
o n . en ne a n s a a n e

C rb ri with ord r s t o e xt rm i t th em M y of th
a on a , e e na e . an e

l d e rs W r e pt ur d d x cut ed but th s ct e th e
ea e ca e an e e , e e ,
n v er

l ss s ucc d d i ff cti g p rti l a d t m p r ry r ev oluti o

e , ee e n e e n a a a n e o a n

i f v u r o f t h e Bourb
n a o s which h w e v r w s s o q e ll ed on ,
o e ,
a on u

by th e rg tic m
e ensur s f Qu e C r li e M ur t w h o
e ea e o e n a o n a ,

w a re g t duri g h husb d s th e a bs ce Ab ut this ’

s en n er an n en . o

ti m ls diss e si s r s e mo g th m mb ers of th s ct ;
e, a o, n on a o a n e e e e

i t l d rs s i g t h e d i ffi culty o f dir cti g t h e m ov m ts

s ea e , ee n e n e en

o f so gre t c fe d eracy co c eive d th e pl of r e for m

a a on ,
n an a ,
 C C
S E RE T S O I E TI E S

cc u t th r
h i m , o n a o n of ity ei en m C rb ri to t h e a on a He re .

qu r d th
i e t k f ll wi g th
e m t o a e th e o o n oa pr is I A B, , . om e .

a nd sw r up ea i ity u
o n t h e Tr n this cr ss
, p o n up this o an d o n

st lee , v gi g i stru
th e a e n n t n p ur d liv
m e n o f th e e rj e to ,
e and

d i e i n t h e Ro m a n C th li a p st lic f ith
o c an d A o o a a nd to ,

d f d with
e en bl d this r l gi
my oo e i s ci ty
on and th e o e of

ru Fri dship
T e en ,
sw r v r
t h e C a l de ra ri . I f d
ea ne e t o o fe n ,

h ur lif
i n on o , pr p rty
e , or ch ldr
o e , th e ru Fri d
i e n of T e en

ship , &c sw r t r l h tr d
. I ea e e na a s ye its
to a l l M a o n r , a n d
t ci us pr t t s w ll
a ro o o e c or , a s J
e a s to a l l t ri lists
a n s e n i s ts Ma e a ,

( M o li c
n i s t s it
) ists
E o n om
,
llu i ti
,
and I sw r th t if
m na I . ea , a

thr gh wi k d ss l vity s r ys lf
ou c e ne or e p j ur
I uffe m e to b e e r ed ,

I sub it l ss l f
m t o th e o th
of i e , a n d b r t e n to b e u n Bu t
,

th e ki g h vi g l r t wh t his i ist r
n a n ea n a b tt pt
M n e h ad een a em
i ng with ut his k wl dg d priv d
o no e e, e his ffic
e h i m of o e and

b ish d
an e thus his
h i m ; an d rts c e ffo thi g a m e to n o n In .

1 819 t k pl c
oo r si g C diz by whi h
a e th e i n at a ,
Ki g c th e n of

p i F rdi d
S a n ,
e n an c p ll d giv p i c st
VII w as om e e t o
.
, e S a n on i
p vil g s
t uti o n a l ri his g i st rr d
e e T
. a a n C b ri
i e up t h e a r on a ;
but th r u i ity th ir c u s ls
e e w as n o n an m in e h iro n e ,
an d t e in
ly
t ri g u es o n y b i g i pris d
l e d to m a n e n m th rs on e an d o e

b ish d
an e tt pt d
An a e m
. xt rt d c stituti
m a e i n 1 8 2 0 e o e a on on ;

l d r
t h e ea e w a s th e Abb e M e n i c h i n i i flu c . Th e n e n e of t h e
C b ri cr s d l dg s w r st blish d v rywh r
a r on a in ea e ; o e e e e a e e e e e .

Be tw e en N p lit st t s l
1 8 1 5 an d 1 8 20 , i n th e ea o an a e a on e ,

m eor th hu dr d th us d
an tw o n e ob rs w r ffili t d
an m em e e e a a e ,

c p isi g
om r n cl ss s fr
a ll a e p l com th e
,
c tt g
a a e t o th e o a e ; it

i clud d p i sts
n e r e ks p litici s s ldi rs Gi p tr
,
m on , o an , o e . am ie o

w as th hi f en c e N p l t p lic
o f th e ea o i an us d o st
e, wh o e th e m o
cru l s suppr ss
e m ea n to s t but public disc t t
e th e e c ; on e n was
br ght
ou l x J ly
to a c i ma i n whu 1 8 20 c rs r ll
e n t w o offi e Mo e i
n on —
, ,

with
a n d S i l v a ti hu dr d
, on e tw ty
n e an d issi d
en c o mm on e

offi s cer priv s d s rt d fr th ir r g

and a te , e e e om t N l e e i m en at o a ,

c p i d by
a n d a c om an e
, pri st th e e s l di g
Me n i c h i n i a n d om e e a n
C rb ri t k
a on a oo
,r d v lli
t h e oa i ut
to A e n o tC l l. L e e n an - o on e
C ili ls C rb r c
De on c , a o a a o n a o w h o w a s i n o m m a n of t h e
,
d
tr ps
oo v lli
at A e i d i surg ts Wh
n o, j o ne th e n en ws . e n th e n e of

th s v ts ch d N pl s
e e e en rea e stud ts
a e , th e U iv rsity
en o f th e n e ,

as w ll e y
as man ldi rs f r i g
o f th e s o e g ris
o m n th e ar on o f t h e

c pit l h st d
a a ,
a en e c p
t o De C on c i li s a m
’
h us .Th e o e of t h e
a dv c t C ll tt b c
o a e o e a c tr
e a m e th e cti en N pl s
e of a on a t a e ; a ll

C rb ri pr p r d s c d
th e a on a e a e cti
t o e on th e ath ir br thr on o f e e en .

Th e ki g dvis d s d G r l Pépé g i st
n a ,
e to e n en e a a a n t h e i n s ur
g ts d li d
en , ec n e pr p s l b us Pépé
th e o o a , ec a su sp ct d
e w as e e of

b i g
e n ib r l
a L his t d
e a .In s t G r l C rr sc s
s ea h e en en e a a a o a ,
 TH E C ARBON AR I 1 73

wh o l e ft N pl e s th 4th July ; o th 5 th h e d esp tch ed

a on e n e a

G e r l Nu zi t fr om N r
ne a d G n r l C mp f m
an e oc e a , a n ene a a ana ro

S l r
a e n o, g i st th i surge ts C rr scos u willi g t
a a n e n n . a a a, n n o

sh d th e bl d f his c o u t y m e wish d t eg ti t e B t
e oo o n r n, e o n o a . u

b f r h e c ould d
e o e G r l C mp h d suff r d o s o, en e a a an a a e e a

d f t a d th s ldi ers f N u i t r is e d th e st d rd f
e ea ,
n e o o n z an e a an a o

th C rb
e ri d j oi i g th tr ps of D C cili pl ced
a on a ,
an ,
n n e oo e on , a

th em s lv s u d r his omm d C rr sc os with th ki g s

e e n e c an . a a a, e n
’

c iv c prop s ed to b ib th e l d rs of th i s urr ti
on n an e, o r e ea e e n ec on

with l rg su m s f m o y t giv e up th e terp is e d l v

a e o ne o e n r an ea e

t h e c u t y but b e fo r h h d
o n r pp rtu ity f m ki g th
, e e a an O o n o a n e

a tt m pt t h e s oldi rs r m a i i g i N pl s
e ,
w e ll th e e n n n a e , as as e

p opul ti o r os e g i st th e ki g w h fou d hi m s lf e tirely

a n, a a n n ,
o n e n

f rs k
o a H w s m p ll e d to yi e ld Th Duk of Picc o
en . e a co e . e e

t llis d fi e th r C rb ri pr s t e d th m s lv s i th
e an v o e a on a e en e e e n e

p l a ace d m p ll d th e ki g t g
an t th m p rs o l
co e e n o ra n e a e na

i t rvi w t which th ey d em a d d th i m m di t public ti

n e e , a n e e e a e a on

o f C stituti
a on Th ki g pr m is d i p rh ps two
on . e n o e on e n e a

h ours P i t l li dr wi g t his w tch h ld it up t th

.
”
cc o e s a n ou a e o e

ki g s f c d s id I t is ow
n
’
a e an l ck i th m r i g ; a ,
n on e o c o
’
n e o n n

t thr e cl ck t h C o stituti m ust b procl i m d A d

’ ”
a e o o e n on e a e . n

h e tur d his b ck o th e ki g
ne d with his tt d ts l fta n n , an a en an e

th e r m Th ki g gr t d t h C stituti o th ugh with

oo . e n an e e on n, o

th m e t l r s rv e o f o v e rthr o wi g it
e n a t h e first f v ur bl
e e n on a o a e

o pp ortu ity H e sw re v th l ss i th e m st s l m
n . o ,
ne er e e ,
n o o e n

m an n e r to k eep it ; th e C rb ri l d rs w e i vi t d t a on a ea e re n e o

N pl s ; th e k i g s o th Duk f C l abri b m
a e n
’
s n, e e o a a, ec a e a

m m b r o f t h e s ct
e e ft l c ssi its p rt f e w , a a a on ce on on a , or n o

a ll its s r ts sig s w ds ec e d sy m b ls w e r e p ly p
,
n , or ,
an o o en ro

cl i m d ; C b
a e ism i f ct w u i gly b t y d by
ar on a r ,
n a , as c nn n e ra e

th ki g d his s t llit s R ussi Aust i

e n an d Prussi a e e . a, r a, an a

thr t d t i t rf r i N e p lit
e a en e ff irs i
o f v o ur f
n e e e n a o an a a n a o

F rdi d ; t s cr t m eti g of s m f th ld st C
e n an a a e e e n o e o e o e ar

b ri it w pr p s d t sh u t up th e ki g th C stl e of
on a as o o e o n in e a

S t Ele o
. U f rtu t ly this dvice w
n . ot i mm di t ly
n o na e a as n e a e

ac e t d o Th H ly Alli c t s v e th ki g s life which

n . e o an e, o a e n
’
,

th y k w to b i d g e r i vit d h i m to j i th c gr e s s
e ne e n an ,
n e o n e on

a t L y b h th t i c m m o with t h E ur p e
a ac ,
p t tt s
a , n o n e o an o en a e ,

h m ight ssist i
e th s ttl m t of th e ff irs f his w
a n e e e en a a o o n

ki gdom U wis e ly th N p lit p rli m t ll w d h i m

n . n e ea o an a a en a o e

t o d p t ; y e t e v o b o rd ship th tr h r us d sp t
e ar en n a e ea c e o e o

r ep t d his ssur
ea e s f m i t i i g t h e C o stituti h
a an c e o a n a n n n on e

h d gr t d hi
a subj ts B t
an ehis rriv l t L y b h s ec . u on a a a a ac

h d l r d th t i
e ec a e gr ti g th C stitut i h h d o ly a , n an n e on on , e a n

yi eld ed to sup e ri or f rc d th t h w d et e rm i d t o e, an a e as ne o
 1 74 C
S E RE T S O I ETI E S C
r t ur to N pl s
e n bs olut m o a rch Th e p op e abs lved
a e as an a e n . o

h i m fr m t h e oa th h e h d t k e
o d v i s l e m e cy a a n , an e en n a o n n

c li l om mca d e d pri e sts t vi l te t h s re t f t h c o fe

c an o o a e ec o e n s

s i u l wh e v r wiv s m th e rs sist s
o a ne d ught s h d
e e , o ,
er ,
or a er a

d cl r d r l ti s t b l g t th s ct of t h C rb o a ri
e a e e a on o e on o e e e a n .

At t h r qu st f F rdi e d hi m s lf
e e Au st i o r my f e nan e an r an a o

m w i th R ussi r my i re s e rve m rch e d up o

en , a an a n , a n

N pl s Th ki g o h i w a y s o uth s topp d t Fl or c
a e . e n n s e a en e,

wh e r h d c o t d th e Ch p l o f t h e A u ci t i with
e e e ra e a e nn n a on

gorge us g ld d s i lve r l mps d th i sc ri p ti

o o an Al i a ,
an e n on ar a

ge n i tr i c i Dei F er d I Utr S i c rex Don d d a n n o 1 8 2 1 ob

f
. . . . . .

n um i m er i i d eeus ( e ei us p res ta n ti ss i m a r eeu em tu m

p r i s t i p w p , .

( T o Ma ,
th r
t h e Mo ryF rdi d
e o f God , e n an I n o f t h e Tw o .
,
Ki g
r st r d spl d ur
S i c i l i e s fo r t h e e o e
,
k en o of t h e in om m ea n gd by s ,

st v li t h lp d dic t d th s
o f h er m o a an e , e a e e e i n th e ea y r
Pr vi g c
o n pr f w r
on e m o re , i f ss oo e e n ec e a , a
“
oo ry th t bl d
thi sty tyr ts
r an st z l u s s ts
a re m o ea o ai n
”
E e o n e o f th e . v ry
ki g s i
n di t tt d ts
mm e a e a e n a n
’
up h ad on h i m a n e w oc a e c k d
b ri g
ea n scripti
th e i n on : Vi va l as sol u to p otere d i F er d i
’

n a nd o I .

5 6 0 T h e K . i n
g s R eve G r l Pépé
n e—
g e ne a
’
his y uth
w h o in o ,

h a d fo r thr y rs b
ee ea pris r
e en a h rribl pris
on e i n t h e o e on o f

M r tti m o — r ock-h w cist r tur d i t

a e a du geo e n e n ne n o a n n

e dn v ur d t a rr st th dv c e f th e f re ig e r but his
ea o e o e e a an o o n ,

ra w m iliti w r ill pr p r d t a m t t h discipl i d f rc s

e e e a e o ee e ne o e

o f Au stri wh d ef te d Pépé t R i ti d f ll ow d u p this

a, o ea a e ,
an o e

v i ct o ry by m a rch i g o t h 2 3 d M rch i t N pl s n Th n e r a n o a e . en

th eki g glutt d his d sir e f v ge c e All th e p st

n e e or en an . a

tre ti s with his subj cts w re c sid e re d a v id d ll

a e e e on s o , an a

pr vi us cts f p d
e o a ull d Not d y p ss d with out
o ar on a n n e . a a a e

t h e s o u d f th e b e ll t olli g f
n o a x cuti ; th u s ds o f n or n e e on o an

th em st r sp ct e d itiz e s f N pl e s w r e c o d m d t
o e e c n o a e n e ne o

h orribl du ge s i th p l isl ds ff S icily d N pl s

e n on n e en a an o an a e

or t h e r ock — du g s of S S t f nd P t ll i whil
eon an e a n o an an e e r a, e

n um b r fl d t h e e s u try xil s Mo r lli d S il ti w r

e co n as e e . e an va e e

h g d f h vi g d s rt d th ir st d rd d b ee th
an e or a n e e e e an a , an n e

pri m e m v rs f t h r v luti o e But th ki g h d

o e t r d e o on . e n a en e e

i t t ty with his p pl e d sw r t o uph ld th e C

n o a rea eo ,
an o n o on

s ti tuti h e h d gr t d i
on co s e qu a f t h e r v luti
an e n n e n ce o e o on ,

h c th i x cuti is d m d by l ogic d j ustic

en e e r e e on c on e ne an e .

5 6 1 R i . l f C b i m
ev va — C rb ris
o m m ks tr
a r on a r s a on a ar a an

siti ou p riod i t h e history f s cr t s i ti s Fr m s e r t

e n o e e oc e e . o c e

s c i ti s
o e c upi e d with r ligi o phil s ophy d p liti s i
e o c e n, o , an o c n

t h e bstr ct it l ds u s t t h s e cr t s ci ti s wh s
a a ,
ea bj e cts o e e o e e o e o

ar e m or e i mm e di a t ely a d pr a ct i c lly p olitic l A d th u s i n a a . n n

1 76 S E C RE T S O C I ETIE S

h re also th ey f il d ; d m g th e victi m s f th e f il ur e
e a e an a on o a

w r S i lvi P llico G f l o i e ri C stigli T r lli M o c lli

e e o e ,
on a n ,
a a, o e , ar n e ,

an d m y th rs w h an ft e r h a vi g b e
o e xp os d
, th o, a n en e e on e

p i ll ry t Mil
o a d th e r pl a c e s w e r e s e t to S pi lb e rg
an a n o d ,
n e an

o th r G e rm fortr ss e s
e an e .

6
5 4 C bo .r i s m i F
ar n — C a rb o a ris m w i tro
na n ra ce n as n

d c d i t o Fr c e u d e r th e
u e n m e s o f Ad lph s
an Phil
n na e e or a

d l p hi a s by J o ub e rt a d D g i e d w h o h d t k
e n ,
p rt i n u ,
a a en a n

r v luti ry m ov em e ts i th ir w c u try i 1 8 20 d
e o on a n n e o n o n n ,
an

a ft r h vi g f s om e ti m e t k e r e fug i I t ly wh th e y
e a n or a n e n a , e re

h d j i
a d th e C rb o ri brought th ir pri ipl s t Fr c e
o ne a na , e nc e o an

on th ei r re tur fro m th eir exp tri ti n Th s ct m d a a on . e e a e

r pid pr gr ss m o g th e Fr h ; ll th stud ts t t h e
a o e a n en c a e en a

diff r t u iv siti s b c am m m b rs
e en n er d ve t s w e
e e e e e ,
an n a er

e st blish d i th r m y L f y ett w
a e n h s th i hi f
e a . a a e as c o en e r c e .

L odg e s xi st d t L Roch ll e P iti rs Ni ort B rd ux

e a a e e, o e , , o ea ,

C ol m r N uf—Bris ch d Be lf rt wh e r e i 1 8 2 1
a ,
e a u ,
an o , ,
n ,
an n

s ucc e ssful tt m pt w m d g i st th gov r m e t

a e as a e a a n e e n n

u succ e ssful b
n u s i this i th e r tt em pts th g v r
,
ec a e n ,
as n o a , e o e n

m t k w b e f e h d t h e pl s o f th e c spir t rs b tr y e d
en ne or an an on a o , e a

to th em by f ls e C rb ri R isi gs i th r pl s qu lly
a a on a . n n o e ac e e a

f il d ; d th gh th e s ci ety c o ti u d t o e xist d h ad
a e an ou o n n e ,
an a

sh r e i th e e v ts O f th r v luti f 1 8 3 0 still c o sid ri g

a n en e e o on o , ,
n e n

th u m b e r f its m m b rs d th gr t r s o urc s d i
e n o e e ,
an e ea e e an a

fl ue c it c o s qu tly p ss ss d it
n e n e ot b e s id t
en h ve o e e , ca n n a o a

produc e d y d qu t e r sults an a e a e .

6
5 5 C b . i m i G m
a r ona r s y
— C rb o ri l dg s e xist ed n er an a na o e

in a ll p rts f G m a y but I will m e ti o

o er ly b ec us e
an ,
n n on e on , a

o f th e xcit m t its disc o v ry

e e u s d t th ti m I 1 849
en e ca e a e e . n

t h p lie oof B em e ce rre st d o e H b lm r w h o w s tut r

n a e n o e an n , a o

i t h f m ily f
n e Thuri gi
a bl m
O a d w h pr o v d t n an no e an , an o e o

b t h chi f f C rb
e e e s t lli g its lf th e T d t bu d
O a a on a ro ec ca n e o en n ,

S ci ty f D th si c its i m w s to k i ll ll wh ”
or o e O ea ,
n e a a a o

sh uld pp s its bj ts I t st t ut s d l g list of

o O o e o ec . s a e , an . a on

p e rs s d m e d t d th w e re fou d by th p lic e
on c on e n o ea ,
n e o .

5 6 6 C b . i m i arSp i — Th s ct w
on a r s i tr oduc d i t on a n . e e as n e n

Sp i a nby r fug I t li s b ut 1 8 20 spr di g hi efly i

e ee a an a o ,
ea n c n

C t l o i wi th ut h ow e v r cqui i g m uch i flu e t
a a n a, o , e , a r n n en c a

first Th ir i m p rt c d t s fr m th ti m f t h e qu rr l
. e o an e a e o e e O a e

b tw th S p ish Fr em s s d th C om u ros
e ee n e an e a on an e ne

wh th ey sid d with th fo rm r ; b ut wh th e Fr m s o s
en e e e en ee a n

an d th C m u e s w e r r c o cil d ( 1 8 2 th C rb ri
o n e ro e e n e e a on a

w r pp s d by b oth p rti s d l st l l i flu c e
e e o o e a e ,
an o a n en

567 G i d.i i — A th Fr m s o s h d th ir Ad optiv

ar n er e . s e ee a n a e e

L odg s so t h e C rb o a ri a d m itt e d w o m
e ,
a w h o w re c l l c
n en, e o e
 TH E C ARBONAR I 1 77

t i v e ly c ll d
a
g i eg rd w
a rd i n i er e, a ch sist r t ki g
e n - om e n , e a e a n

t h e n a me o f afl wr h ir issi
o e . T e u s m on , o f co r e , w a s to
lur s
a ct a s espi s
or th y ls fulfill d high r fu
e. But e a o e e nc

ti s th y ll vi t d
on ; e a e c diti
a e pris
th e o n s
o n o f th e on e r of d e s

sp i lly
p o ti s m , e e c a t ly wh r
in I a , y l dy b rs
e e m an a m em e o f th e

w r Gi rdi i r
S oci eta d el la hf i s eri eor d i a e e h vi g fr
a n e e an d,
, a n ee

acc ss
e ustri pris s Pi d
to th e A an t suppl
on in td
e m on , em en e

s ty f d ll w d
t h e ca n oo a o i pr s d C rb ri by
e t o th e m i on e a on a th e
auth riti s w th lib r l ddit
o e i e a a i on s
.

VOL . II .
 M I S C E LLAN E OU S I T A LI AN S OCI ET I E S

568 . Guelp h i c K n i g h ts — O n e o f t h e m o st i p rt t s ci m o an o e

i s th t issu d b ut
t e a e a o y r
th e ea 1 8 1 6
,
fr idst
om t h e m o f th e ,

C rb
a i
on a r w a s th t a Gu lphic K ights
of th e e n w r v ry w ho e e e ,

p w rful
o e p rts
i n a ll a t ly
Of I a r p rt A e o ustri
o f th e A . an

p lic s ys
o e a : his s ci ty
T o e st d g r us
i s th e m o cc t
an e o on a oun ,

of its r gi
o i n an d diffusi pr f u d yst ry whi h
on a n d t h e o o n ,
m e c

surr ds it
o un is s id th t th s s i ty d riv s its rigi
It . a a i oc e e e o n

fr om E n gl d an G r y
or e m an rigi
I ts o v rth l ss
n ne e .e e was , ,

pur ly t li
e I a an c u cils c sist d six
Th e o n . on e ofb s me m er w h o , ,

h w v r did
o e e , k w ch th r but i t rc
n ot no ea o e u i t d
n e om m n ca e ,

by s
m e a n of on e p rs c ll d
e on a e isibl b us
th e
“
V , e,
”
ec a e he

l
a on e w a s visibl e v ry c u cil ls
E e o n . a y uth
o h ad on e o of

un o d ubt d f ith c ll d
e a a e Cl rk
th e
“
,
e c ”
u ic t with
t o omm n a e ,

stud ts en o f un iv rsiti s
e e y uth c ll d
and a o Fi d
a e
,
a
“
r en
,
”
t o

c p pl but ith r
i nfl u en e th e eo e ; ne Cl rk
e th e e Fri dn or t h e en

w r i iti t d i t
e e n a e yst ri s
n o th e m e rd r v ry c u cil
e o f th e O e E e o n .

a ssu d p rtic l r
me a a u a su h
n am e c irt
as
“
H ur
V ue
” “
, on o
”
, ,

“
Lo ay lty ”
a n d m et
,
ifas us t ly with ut
for a m e m e n
,
on o ,

a pp r tus writi g
a a or n ki d
of a n y n supr A il
e m e c oun c s at .

l g
a t Bo o n a ; th r w r c u cils Fl r c
e e e e o n at ic
o e n e Ve nil e M an , , ,

N pl s
a e 85 0
,
h y d v ur d
T e . en ea o g i dh r ts
e to a n a e en ,
who
s uld g r t
ho x st c
b e i n o a n o f t h e e i e n e o f th e o e s ci ty sh uld an d o ,

y et furth its ds
er en uci L p rt is s id h v b
e n Bon a a . e a t o a e e en

a gr t light
ea
”
g th
a m on h ir bj ct
em T e O e i dw as th e n e .

p e n d en ce of I a t ly ,
t o b ct d by
e e ff e e s m e an s cr t
o f a ll th e e e

s c ti s
o i e e o f th e c u try it d d r
o n un e un e l d rsh p
th e e a e i o f th e

Gu e lphs .

6
5 9 G.uelp h d C b o a r i — Th
s an Gu lphs iar r lity n . e e n ea

for m ed high v d i t o l dge of th e C rb ri d th

a en a r o a on a ,
an e

chi e fs f th e C rb ri w r ls o chi e fs m o g th Gu lphs

o a on a e e a a n e e

but ly th s th t h d disti ct ffic e s a m o g th e C rb ri

on o e a a n o n a on a

c uld b e d mitt e d m o g th e Gu lphs Th e r

o a a nbe o e . e ca n n

d oubt th t th C b ri wh e th e t h d b e com v ry
a e ar on a ,
n s ec a e e

n um e rou s p rtly sh e lt e r e d th m s e lv es u d e r th e d sig

, a ti o e n e na n
1 78
1 80 C
S E R ET S O I ETI ES C
s ti g
en n tyr t th e d B r bb a s th e p eo pl e— a s i gul r
an , an a a n a

c fusi
on f id s by whi h t h victi m sl i
on O ea o th , cr ss c e a n n e o

fo th e r e d em pti o
r f hu m c si d th ought wn o an on c e n c e an as

c o sid r d a
n e e x m pl d uph ld r
s an f tyr y B t
e a e an o e o an n . u

it w s sy m b lis m whi h
a a l d just r id s d m or
o c c on cea e e ea , an e

c o fo m bl e with truth Th y r g is d ch th r by
n r a . e e co n e ea o e

m s f ri g
ea n o d tt st d th i r l tt rs by th
a n ,
w ll
an a e e e e e e e

k w i iti ls I N R I Th s i ty w m uch f r d
no n n a . . : . e oc e as ea e

an d j l usly w a t h d
ea o d h e lp d t fill th pris s I t
c e ,
an e o e on .

on ly ce s e d wh e oth r cir u m st c s c ll d fo th oth e r

a n e c an e a e r

s oc i eti s e .

S i ti i C l b i d th A b i — Th s e dis
573 e . s oc e u n a a r a an e r zz . e

t i c t by th ir
r s, tur l f tur s d t h disp siti
e na f th ir a ea e an e o on O e

i h bit ts w e r t l l ti m s th f v urit r s rts of con

n a an ,
e a a e e a o e e o

s
p i t ra o rs W e th r . fi d t h s ts f t h E r o pe e n e ec o e
“
u ea n

P tri ts Whit Pilgrim s th e Phil d l p hi s

a o or e d th ,
” “
a e an ,
an e

D isi th c spre d i t th r I t li pr vi ce s
”
ec wh ,
o en e a n o o e a an o n ,

with m il i t ry rga is tio a rms o d com m d s Th

n a n, a ,
an an er . e

first t w p rtly c m fr m F c ;
o a w r th i r p r a e o ra n e n or e e e O e a

ti s the m e s i ti m t
on ,
as fi e d t th e p eni sul Th
na n a e, c o n n o n a . e

l dge s f th Decisi ( Decid d ) w e r c ll d D is i s

o o e
“ ”
e e a e
“
ec on ,
”

a s th ss m blie s of th P t i ts w e r c ll d S qu dro s
e a e e a r o e a e a n ,

ea ch fr om f rty to sixty str o g d th os e f th P h i l d l

o n ,
an o e a e

p h i a s C
ii m ps,
“
T h D isi
a wh s u m b.
”
s m u t d e ec , o e n er a o n e

p rh ps t f ty th ou s d h ld th eir m ti gs t ight
e a o or an ,
e ee n a n ,

c r f ully gu rd e d by s ti e ls ; d th ir m i lit ry x rcis s

a e a en n an e a e e e

t k pl c i s olit ry h us s o suppr e ss e d c o v e ts Th ir
oo a e n a o e , r n n . e

o bj ct w t f ll up N pl s d pro l i m re public ; but

e as o a on a e an c a a

c ircu m st ce s w e r ot propit i us Th ir l d r Cir A i

an e n o . e ea e ,
o nn

c hi ic ar pri e st w
o, a m f gr t r s urc e s , d v as t as a an O ea e o an

i flun th t it w s e c e ss ry t d e sp tch g i st hi m
e n ce , s o a a n a o a a a n

G e r l Chur h w h ptu d h i m d h d h i m sh t A
en a c , o ca re an a o . s

Cir w s r th r r m a rk bl p rs g
o a a e abri f cco u t f e a e e on a e, a e a n o

h i m m ay t b e u i t e r sti g no n n e n .

5 74 C i o A .n i c h i i r— This pri e st w n dri ve fro m a r co . as n

s oci ety by his crim s H w cus d of m urd e r c om e . e as ac e ,

m i tt d i e fit of j l usy d s t e c d t fifte y e rs f
n a ea o ,
an en n e o en a o

e xil lth ugh th r is stro g r e s o t b li ve th t h e w

e, a o e e n a n o e e a as

i o c t But i st d o f b ei g p er m itt e d to l v t h
nn en . n ea n ea e e

co u try cc ordi g t th s t
n ,
a h w s fo four y rs
n o e en en c e , e a r ea

k pt i pris o wh
e n t l st h n, m d e h i e sc p t k en ce a a e a s a e, oo

r fug i th e f r sts d pl c d hi m s lf t th h d f
e e n o e ,
an a e e a e ea o a

b d o f utl ws d
an o his a m i s d e cl r , c m m itte d l l
an ,
as en e e a e, o a

ki ds of e or miti
n At M rtn th y s y h p e e tr t d
es . a an o, e a , e n a e

i to o n e o f th e firs t h o us e s of th pl a c e a d a ft e r h v i g
n e ,
n , a n
 I TALI A N S O I E TI E S C 181

o ffe r d vi l ee t its m istr ss m ss cr d h e with l l h e

o n ce o e ,
a a e r a r

p pleo d c r i d ff
e, an du ts He w i c rr
a r e O ca . as n o e

s
p don c with en ll t h b ig
e ds ; d wh v wish a d t g t e r an an oe er e o e

rid f o my h d an ly t ddre ss hi m s lf t Ci o O
en e , a on o a e o r . n

b i g sk d ft r his c ptur h w m y p rs s h h d
e n a e ,
a e a e, o an e on e a

kill d with his w h d h c r l ssly sw r d Wh c

e o n an , e a e e an e e ,
“
o an

r m m b r P rh ps s i xty s v ty His ctivity rti

e e e e a or e en .
”
a ,
a

fic e,d i tr pidity w r
an st ishi g H w
n e fi t r t e e a on n . e as a rs - a e

sh t d rid r ; his si gu l r g d fo tu i xtri ti g h i m

o an e n a oo r ne n e ca n

s lf fr m th m st i mm i t d g rs cquir d f h i m th
e o e o n en an e a e or e

r eput ti fa c m cer u p wh om ordi ry m e s of

on o a ne ro an ,
on na an

a tt k h d o p w
ac Th gh
a pri st hi ms lf d
n o er . ou a e e ,
an ex er

c isi g th fu ti s of
n e wh h th ught it xp di t h
nc on on e en e o e e en , e

w as rath r lib rti d d cl r d his cl i l c oll gu s t

e a e n e, a n e a e er ca ea e o

b i m p st rs with ut
e o
y f ith
o H e publish d p p r og i st an a . e a a e a a n

t h m issi
e ri s w h cc rdi g t h i m diss m i t d illib l
on a e , o, a o n o , e na e era

O pi i s a m g th p opl
n on d f rb d th m o
on p i fe e e, an o a e e n a n o

d th t p ch i th vill g s b a us i st d f th tru e
ea o re a n e a e ,
“
ec e, n ea O e

pri cipl e s f th G sp l th y t ught othi g but f bl s d

n o e o e ,
e a n n a e an

im p stur e s
o Pr b bly Cir o w pr tty r ect i his sti
. o a as e co r n e

m t f th ir p rfo m c e s
a e o H c ould b g e r us o
e e r an . e e en o n

oc ac si s O e d y h surpris d G e l D Oct i o C
on . n a e e en ra
’
av ,
a or

sic i th s rvice of Mur t— w h pu su d h i m fo l g

an , n e e a o r e r a on

ti m e with a th u s d m e — w lki g l i o g rd e an n a n a on e n a a n .

Ciro disc v er e d hi m s lf r m rki g th t th life f th

o e , e a n , a e o e

g e r l w h w u r m d w i his h ds ; but s a id
ne a ,
o as na e ,
as n an
“
,
”

h e, I will p d o y u this ti m a lth ugh I sh ll

ar n l gr o e, o a no on e

o i dulg t i f y ou c o ti u t o hu t m b ut S ”
b e s n en n n e n e a o . o

s yi g h l p d ov r th w ll d dis pp e r d His phy

a n ,
e ea e e e a an a a e .

i g om y w
s o n r th r gr bl ; h w as f m iddl st tur
a e a eea e e as o e a e,

w ll m d
e d v ry str g
a e, a nH h d v e rb s l oqu ce
e on . e a a o e e en .

E xtr m e ly ddi t e d t pl sur

e h h d m i str e ss e s
a c t th e o ea e, e a , a

p ri d f his p ow e r i ll th t w s f th pr ovi c ov r
e o o ,
n a e o n o e n e e

whi h h w o ti u lly r gi g Wh Ki g F rdi d

c e as c n n a an n . en n e n an

r et ur d t his st t s this sid th e T r h r c ll d su h

ne o a e on e a o, e e a e c

a s h d b ee a xil e d f p litic l O pi i o s Cir tt m pt d t o

n e or o a n n . o a e e

p ss fo o e f th e s e but e w rd f r st w issu e d
a r n o ,
a n o er o ar e as

a g i st h i m I t w th th t h pl c e d hi m s lf t th e h e d
a n . as en a e a e a a

O f th D isi e M y xc ss sec l id t th ir h rg A
. an e e e a re a o e c a e .

ho d e of tw ty o thi ty of th m v e rr th e u try i
r en r r e o an co n n

disguis e m sk d s pu chi ll s I pl c s wh r O p
, a e a n ne o . n a e e e en

f rc e c uld ot b m pl y ed th m st d ri g w r e s t t
o o n e e o ,
e o a n e en o

w tch f th m om t t e x ut e th s t c s O f s ecr t
a or e en o ec e en e n e e

d th pr u c d by th e s i ty I t w thu s th t th e j us
ea on o n e oc e . as a

tic O f t h e p e ce of L u ogo Rot o d o d his wife w er kill d

e a n an e e
1 82 C
S E RET S O IETI E S C
in th e ir ow g rd ; d th a t th s e ct ry P r o e pl u ge d
n a en an e a ,
e n ,
n

his k if i t th e b w ls f
n e n O ld m o f s v ty d o e O an an o e en , an

a ft e rw rd s m a ss acr ed his wif d s rv t h vi g i tr duc e d

a e an e an ,
a n n o

hi m s lf i t th ir h us u d r pr t c f d elive ri g l tt
e n o e o e n e e en e O n a e er .

As h l dy b e i ti m t d it w fi lly f u d
as a re a ss y
en n a e ,
as na o n n ec e ar

t o s d en r m d f rc u d r th omm d f G e r l
an a e o e, n e e c an o ne a

Ch u rch g i st this b d of uffi

, a a n M y f th m h vi g an r an s . an o e a n

bee t k e n d th
a r st disp rs d Cir w i th ly thr
n, an e e e e , o, on ee

c om p i s t k r fug i
a n on , f t h e f ortifi d f r m h o us
oo e e n on e o e a - es

n e r Fr a c v i ll
a but ft r vi g or o s d f c w
n a a, blig d a e a u e en e as o e

t o surr d r Th e C u il f W by whi h h w tri d

en e . o nc o a r, c e as e ,

c o d m ed h i m t o b sh ot A m issi o ry ff r d h i m th
n e n e . na O e e e

c s ol ti s O f r e l i gi
on a on Cir sw e re d h i m w i th sm il on . o an a e,
“
Le t u s l v l thi s pr ti g ; w e e f t h s m p
ea e a on e a n ar o e a e ro

f si o ; d t l t u s l ugh t e th r O his rriv l

’ ”
es n on e a a on an o e . n a a

a t t h pl e f x e cuti oac e oCir wish e d t o r em i st di g ;

e n ,
o a n an n

h w e t ld t k e ] d did
as o pr s ti g his br e st H
o n e ,
an s o, e en n a . e

th i f rm d th t m l fact rs lik hi m s lf w r e sh ot
‘

w as en n o e a a e o e e e

with th ir b cks t th e s ldi rs ; h sub m itt d t th s m

e a o o e e e , a e a e

ti m e dvi si g pri e st w h p rs i st e d i r m i i g e r h i m
a n a , o e n e a n n n a ,

t withdr w
o s t t o e xp s e hi m s lf
a ,
so a Tw ty b a lls
no o e . en -o n e

took e ff t f ur i th h d y t h still bre th e d d m ut

ec ,
o n e ea ,
e e a an

te d i
re his thr t ; th e tw e ty s
n d put e d to h i m
oa n - e c on an n .

This f ct w s c o fir m e d by ll th O fli ce
a a d s ldi rs p
n a e rs an o e re

s e t t his d th
n a A s w e p e rc e iv ed
ea s id s ldi r
. s o on a s ,
”
a a o e

ve ry gr v ly th t h w s e ch a te d w l o d d his w
a e ,
“
a e a n n ,
e a e o n

m usk e t with silv r b ll d this d e str y d th sp ell ”

a e a , an o e e .

Aft e r t h d e th f th
e l d s m e t w o h dr d d
a o e ea e r, o un e an

th i rty pe rs s w r e brought to tri l ;

on rly h lf f th e m
e a n ea a o ,

h a vi g b n guilty f m urd e r d r bb ry with vi ol

ee n o an o e en ce ,

w re c d m ed to c pit l pu ish m t d th e ir h ds e
e on e n a a n en ,
an ea x

p os d e r th pl c s of th e ir r sid e c o i th sc e f
n ea e a e e n e, r n e en O

th i r ri m s
e c e .

57 5 C t fi c
. t s f th
er iD ci i — T r e d r
a e t h cc uo t f e e s . o n e e a o n o

th D cisi
e c om pl t
e it as d b I subj oi c opy f e e as n ee e, n a o on e
o f th e ir p t e ts o c e rtific t e s
a n r a
1 84 C
S E RE T S O IE TI E S C
Th el tt e rs i it lics i th e origi l w r e writt i bl ood
e n a n na e en n .

Th upp r s e l r pr e s ts f sc s pl t d up d th s h d ’
e e a e en a e an e on a ea ea ,

s urm ou t d by th Phrygi c p d fl k d by h t h ts ;
n e e an a , an an e a c e

t h e l w e r thu d rb lts c sti g d w

o ,
roy l d i m p eri l
n e o a n o n a an a

crow s d t h ti r Th p rs i wh s f v u th ce ti fi
n an e a a . e e on n o e a o r e r

ca t e is iss u d figur s hi m s lf m o g th sig tur s with th e

e , e e a n e na e

titl f R gistr r f th e D d th t is f th os th y i mm ol t d
e o e a O ea ,
a , o e e a e

to th e ir v ge c e f wh m th e y k ept r gist r p rt
en an , o o a e e a a .

Th ef ur p ts bs e v bl e ft er th e sig tu e f Pi tro
o oi n o r a a na r o e

G rg r i dic t his p ow r f p ssi g s n t c e f d th

a a o n a e e o a n e en o ea .

Wh th D is i wr t e t
en e
y eect o e xt o rt o tributi s o o an on c n on ,

if th y dd e d th e s four p i ts i t w k w th t th p rs
e a e o n ,
as no n a e e on

th y ddr ss e d w
e a d m e d t d th i c s f di ob di
e a s c on e n o ea n a e o s e

en c e I f th e p i ts w re ot dde d h e w a thr t e e d with

. o n e n a s ea n

m ild r pu ish m t
e Th e i c ol urs y e ll w
n en d d blu
. r o ,
o , re ,
an e,

su rr u d d th p t e t
o n e e a n .

5 7 6 T h C ld . i — T his s oeci e ty ’
a llud d t o b e
er a rf r e is .
, a e o ,

f u c e rt i o rigi C ou t O rl off i his w ork M m oirs “

O n a n n . n , n , e

on th Ki gd om e f N pl e s s ys th ey r s i 1 8 1 3 wh e
n o a ,
a a o e n ,
n

t h r e for m f C rb
e ris m t k p l O C s o th oth r
a on a oo ac e . an o a , n e e

h d i p m phl t publish e d t Dubli a d t i tl d Th e

an ,
n a a e a n, n en e ,

M u t i Pip s s y s th e y r s e t P l erm o
o n a n e ,
d t at a o a a ,
an no a

N pl s I t h form r of th e s e t w s th r e xi st d diff re t
a e . n e e o n e e e e n

t d c m p i s which h d e j y d gre t privil ge s u til

ra e o an e ,
a n o e a e ,
n

th ey l st th em by th c stituti of L rd Willi m B ti ck
o e on on o a en n .

Th e nu m e r o us c m p y f br zi rs ( ld i ) fe lt th e l oss
o an O a e ca era r

m st k ee ly
o d th y s t n d put ti o t th e Qu ee of
,
an e en a e a n o n

N pl e s a ssuri g h th t th y w r r dy t rise i h d
a ,
n er a e e e ea o n er e

f c e Th fl m s f th i s urr ti o w c mm u ic t d t
en . e a e O e n ec n ere o n a e o

th t e rs d oth r com p i s d ll th e N p lit m i

an n e an e an e ,
an a ea o an e

gr ts i S icily L rd Willi m Be ti ck put th e e m igr ts

an n . o a n n an

on b rd ship d s e t th em u d r e utr l fl g t N pl s
oa an n n e a n a a o a e ,

wh e r M ur t re c iv d th em v ry ki dly But th ey w r t
e a e e e n . e e no

gra t ful I m m di t ely

e . th ir rriv l th y e t r d i n t
e a on e a a e n e e o

th es e cr t s ci ti s th c spiri g g i st th e Fr ch
e o e e en on n a a n en

G ove r m t d th i r rigi l m e f C ld i w c m
n en , an e o na na o a e ra r as o

m u i c t d by th m t o th
n a e spi t o s b for th e ll d e c on ra r , e e en ca e

T i i t ii
r n We h v s ee th t t h r tur f F rdi a d
ar . a e n a on e e n o e n n ,

Pri n c C os f v our d th e C ld i He styl d th em th

e an a a e a era r . e e

C ld
a i f t h C u t rp is b c u s e th y w r t s rv
e ra r o e o n e o e, e a e e e o e e as

such to C rb ris m Th e f t f C s a d th t of th e
a on a . a e O an o a n a

C ld
a i h lr dy b ee m ti o e d ( 5 5 7 5
e ra r as a ea n en n ,

T h I d d t — Th ugh th s ls o i m ed t th e
577 n p. s e e en en o e e a a a

i d pe d e c of I t ly y t it a pp rs th t th y w r t di
n e n n e a , e ea a e e e no s

i cli ed to eff ct it by m e s of for ig ssist c e Th

n n e an e n a an . e
 I TALI A N S O I ETI E S C 1 85

r p rt t th t ti m e w th t th ey ctu lly c e i t d d t
e o a a as a a a on n en e o

o ff r th r w of It ly t th e Duk f W lli gt
e e c o n but this a o e O e n on

is highly i m p b bl si c u I o Duk w ro t t a ll e, n e o r r n e as no a a

p pul r i I t ly B t it is highly p b bl th t th y s ght

o a n a . u ro a e a e ou

th ce p r ti o -o f R ussi whi h si c 1 8 1 5 m i t i d
e a on O a, c ,
n e ,
a n a ne

m a y g e ts i
n I t ly — with wh t purp s i
a n n t x tly a a o e s no e ac

k w ; th e c ll ti
no n f st tistic l d c o m ic l i f r m
o ec on o a a an e no a n o a

ti w t h st sibl bj ect but Austri l k d

on as e o en th m e O , a oo e on e

with v ry suspici us y a e d w t h d th m wly o e e, an a c e e n a rr o .

Th I d p d ts h d cl o s r l ti s with th s R ussi
e n e en en a e e a on e e an

a ge ts pr b bly
n ,
it is sur m is d with vi w f tur i g
o a ,
as e ,
a e o n n

R ussi i fl ue c t
an c u t i n
y tbr
n k g ei st o ac o n n an ou ea a a n

Austri a .

8 T h D l h i P i th d — This w th r s ecr t
57 p . e e c r es oo as an o e e

s ci ty h vi g th e s m p litic l bj ect s t h f r g i g
o e ,
a n a e o a o a e o e o n .

Th D lphic pri e st th p t i ti p i st t h pri e st m ilit t

e e ,
e a r o c r e ,
e an ,

sp k thu s
o e My m oth r h th e : f “
h m tl high e as s ea or er an e,

m u t i s f
o n h sc ptr ;
a n d wh or sk d w h his m oth r
er e e an en a e o e

w as, r pli d : Th l dy with th e d rk tre ss s wh s g i fts

e e
“
e a a e ,
o e

a re b uty wisd m d f m rly str gth wh s d wry is

ea , o ,
an or e en : o e o

a fl u ishi g g rd full f fl gr t fl w rs wh r bl m t h
o r n a en , o a an o e ,
e e oo e

O liv ed th e i e ;
an d who w gr s st bb d to th
v n an no oa n , a e e

h rt Th D lp h i c t t i d si gul r h p s d w uld
ea .
”
e e s en er a n e n a o e ,
an o

i v k th r m edy f th ic u xili ri s
.

“ ”
n o e e
( Am e
) o e oc ea n er an a a e

an d th p ch f ur ( g er l E ur p
e e o o w ) Th y “
c e a en a o e an ar . e

c ll d th p rtis s of Fr c p g s
a e e a d th san f Austri an e a an ,
”
an o e o a,
“
m st rs ; t h e G r m s th y styl d s v g s
on e
”
Th eir e an e e
“
a a e .

pl ac f m ti g th y d sig t e d
e o ee th ship t f r
n e e na as e
“
,
”
o o e

sh d w th futur e m riti m gr t e ss f I t ly d th h elp

a o e a e ea n o a , an e

th ey xpect d fr m ov e r th
e ; th e ir
e hi f w th o e s ea c e as e
“
pil t o .
”

5 7 9 E gyp ti .L dg I m m e d i t ly ft r t h e d w f ll
an o es .
- a e a e o n a

o f N p l eo a s i ti e s w e f rm d l i f r ig c u tri s
o n, oc e re o e a so n o e n o n e

t opr m t I t li i d ep d
o o e Th pr m ot rs O f th s
a an n en en c e . e o e e e

w e hi efly xil s Dist t E gypt v b ec m th

re c e e tr
. an e en a e e c en e

o f su h pr p g d ; d u d th uspic e s f M h m t
c a o a an a an n er e a o e e e

Al i w h o spir d t o r d r hi m s e lf i d p d t f t h S ub
,
a e en e n e en en O e

li m P rt th r w
e o st blish d t h E gyp ti rit of
e, e e as e a e e an e

C gli str with m y v i ti s d u d r th ti tl e of th

a o o an ar a on ,
an n e e e

S r t E gypti S ci ety U d r m s ic f rm s th
“ ”
ec e an o . n e a on o ,
e

P h h p ed t furth r his w i ws ; d e sp ci lly t

ac a o o e o n v e an e a , o

produc p liti l ch g s i th I i I sl ds d i It ly
e o ca an e n e on a n an an n a ,

h e s tt r d h i g ts ll ov r th M dit r e
ca e e s a sts en a e e e er an an c oa .

B i g m s
e n th s ci ty e xclud e d
a on i c ligi ; it r e t i d e o e n o re on a ne

the t wo u l f e stiv ls d dd d
an n third i m emory f
a a ,
an a e a n o
1 86 C
S E RET S O I ETI E S C
N ap l o wh os e portr it w as h o our d i th e l odg Th e
o e n, a n e n e .

rit e s w r e chi fly th s f th e ci t d c ept d S c tch

e e o e O an en an a c e o .

W m w e r d m itt ed Turks xclud d ; d i t h l dg s

o en e a ,
e e an n e o e

o f Al e x dri d C i
an th e Gr k
a d A b w om e
an a ro , ee an ra n

a m o u t e d t o m or e th
n th e hu d d Th m iss i s an r e n re . e e ar e ,

spr d ov e r m y p rts f E ur p e c orr sp o d d i ciph e r ;

ea an a o o , e n e n

b ut o f t h e p r ti s O f t h s ci ty othi g w v r p o si
O e a on e o e n n as e e

ti ve ly k o w n n .

8 A m i H t — Th S oci e ty f th A m ric “
5 0 . u er ca n e n ers e O e an

Hu t rs w f u d e d t R v
n e
”
as sh rtly ft e r t h p
o n a a en n a , o a e ro

s c ut i
e Of M c r t
on s d th m sur s t k
a e a a,by th an e ea e a en e

A ustri G v e r m t i 1 8 1 8 g i st t h C rb ri L ord
an o n en ,
n ,
a a n e a on a .

Byr is s id t o h v b e t its h d h vi g i mbib d his

on a a e e n a ea , a n e

l ov f I t ly thr ough th e i flu
e or a f I t li b uty n en ce O an a an ea ,

th C o u t ss Guicci li wh o s br th r h d b e e xil e d
e n e o ,
e o e a e n a

f w y e rs b f r e
e a It c em o i s e o ssi m il t e d it to th
. s er n e a a e

C mu r s f S p i
o ne o d it s m s t o h a v h d th e s a m e
o a n , an ee e a

a im s s th D lphic P i sth d
a e Th s vi ur w
e to c om r e oo . e a o as e

fr m Am i
o d it is ss e rt d th t J s ph B
e r ca, a n p rte th a e a o e on a a , e

ex -Ki g f Sp i
n w s o m e m b e r of t h s ci ty
a n, I t is ot
a a e o e . n

i m p b bl th t th p rtis s f N p l
ro a e a g th r e d e w
e a an o a o e on a e n

h p s ft r th e e v ts f 1 8 1 5 A s
o e a e t of which th
en o . on n e ,
e

fi st qu tr i is h re giv w s t th t ti m e v e ry p pu l r
r a a n e en , a a a o a

in C tr l I t ly d sh ws th e di cti o f th e p olit i c l
en a a , an o re n O a

wi d n

S d l is d b y g i g u d k i gs f ll
ca n a e roa n n n er n so e
F i l li g E u p wi th d is m y i v yp t
,
’
n ro e a n e r ar
d iv t s l i i t B p t
,

W e a re r en o o c ona ar e

T tu f m S i t H l O re f m h ll rn ro a n e e n a or ro e .

Th r st r d s e t m d its lf t h c e tr
e e o e f m y mi o
c a e e e n e o an n r

s cts m o g which w r th
e ,
a n S o s o f M rs so ll ed e e e
“
n a ,
”
ca

b c us e c m p s d chi efly of m ilit ry m ; f th Artist

e a o o e a en o e
“

Bre thr th D fe d rs of th e C u try

en e th e Fri ds n e o n e en

o f Duty ; d th s h vi g th an si m pl r d l ss m
o er , a n e e an e co

pr m isi g f rm s o f C b ris m I th s ct f th S s
o n o ar on a . n e e o e on

Of M s t h ld C rb ri v dit w c ll d bi v ou c
ar , e o a on a en a as a e
“
a
”

th pp ti
e a v lu t r ; th good ousi
re n ce,
“
oc rp r l n ee
”
e c n,
“
o o a

t h m st r s rg t ; th gr d m st r mm d r
“ ” “
e a e ,
e e an e an a e , co an e

an d t h chi f dig it ri e s of C rb o
e e is m still g v r d fr m
n a a nar o e ne , o

a b v o d u s
e an t h e th o ught s o f t h
n s e ct M y th e r
e en , e . an o

s ects xist d f w h i h sc r ly m r th th
e e , o m esc a ce o e an e na a re

k w th r c pitul ti of w h ich w ould ly w ry th e

no n, e e a a on on ea

re a d e n

581 . S ecret I ta li a n S oci ety i n Tan d e m — Lon on w a s d gr ta ea

c e tre n o f th e e a ie s ct r s
I n 1 82 2 a o e fo r i .
, s ci ty l b r ti g
e a n
1 88 C
S E R E T S O IETI E S C
5 83 . Ma zzi n i Y ou ng I ta ly — o e
J s ph
a nd zzi Ma ni w h o ,

s xty y rs
i ea pris r F rt v
a o was a
g on e i n o rv l
S a o n a fo r e o a

t i on a rysp ch s ee w iti gs
e an d r n l k d p
,
m a y b e o o e u on a s t h e
chi f i stig t r
e n a o d r s r t s ci ti s
of m o e n ec e t ly vi g
o e e in I a ha n
r v luti ry t d i s
e o on a en en c e i dp d c ity
Th e n e e n e n e a n d un
. of

th ir c u try with
e o n ,
its pit l
Rom e for urs w r
ca a of co e e e th e
,

obj cts Y u g t ly
e of o n I a rli st th s s i ti s
O n e O f t h e ea e o f
. e e oc e e

w as th t p p y wh
a of th e A o h a s i m en e s , m a n zzi i dr w
of om M a n e

v r his Y u g t ly ss ci ti
o e to o n I a
”
a o a on .

H r e e a res ticl s
o m e of t h e a r e rg is ti
O f th e
“
O an a on o f
Y u g t ly
o n I a
”
s ci ty is f u d d
— 1 Th e o e . o n e for th e i n d i S p e n
s bl d structi
a e e g v r
on O f a l l th e tso e n m en P i sul Of th e en n a i n ,

ord r f r
e to o m o n e si gl t t withn e S a e r public g v r
th e e an o e n

m en t . Fully w r
2 . h ribl vils
a a e o f th e or bs lut p w r
e e of a o e o e ,

v w rs r sults c stituti l
a n d th e e e n o e e of on r hi son a m on a c e we ,

mu st st blishi g r publi
aim at e a n a e i divisibl
c On e an d n ,
e 30 . .

h s
T o e w ho e r fu s b di c e o e rd rs
en e t o th e o this s r te of ec e

s i ty
oc e ,
r v l its yst ri s
or e ea m by
e e d gg r with ut
di e th e
,
a e o

me rcy .
3 1 s r t tribu l pr u c s s t
T h e. e c e na o no n e e n e n ce , a n d

app i tso n ffili t d

o n e or tw o a b rs its x cuti
a e m em e for e e on 32 . .

Wh o s o e e t o e o m c
r fus s p rf r su h duty ssig d a di sne to h i m , e

on t h e sp t o victi sc p s
3 3 I f th e
. . sh ll pu rsu d
m e a e , he a be e ,

un til struck by v g gh d w r
th e a en i n an b s
e e h e on t h e
, o om of

his th r t pl
m o e o r i n th e e m e of Christ v ry s cr t 34 E e e . e .

tribu l is c p t t
na om e e n ly u g guilty d pts but
n ot o n to j d e a e to ,

put d th to ea an it fi ds it c ss ry
y o ne n ne ed a t o c on e mn .

( g
S i .
) zzi i
M a n .

We a e e e n i n t h e a o n O f th e M a a
h v s cc u t , fi th t a

zzi i
M a n c o n an st tly r d d
e c om m e n e d gg r
th e u s e o f t h e a e

th ugh t k g d c r
o h e oo oo v id p rs l d g r
a e to a o e on a a n e ; a n d, to

giv bute i st c th t did

on e n an e a h sit t
he , n ot pl y it
e a e to e m o ,

by pr xy o pr v d
was ,
o e s ig r ili i
i n th e c a e O f S n o E m a n , w h o
w as a ass ssi t d by zzi i s rd r whi h is still x sti g
na e Ma n , o e
'
c e i
,
n ,

sig d by zzi i
ne c u t rsig d by
Ma n , a n d o n e s c t ry
ne t h e e re a La
C cili
e str ts
a , i n th e ee t w
O f Rh o d ez , a d p rt t
o n i n th e e a m en
vy
o f t h e A e ro n s v ty il s fr
e en ,
m e l s zzi i
om To u o u e Ma n h a d .

c om e fr G v om purp s
en e a on sit j udg t
o e to in ig r m en o n S n o
ili i
E m an w h o w a s a c, cus d h vi g pp s de of a n pl s
o o e th e an of

t h e Ma zzi ists n .

C itt s w r st blish d
om m ee e e e a p rs
e P i sul
i n a l l a t o f th e en n a
the p ss s re ly
e , n ot on t ly Of I a ls ,
rs ill s d
b ut a o of Ma e e L on on , ,

and S witz l d w r l rg ly pl y d diss i t

e r an , e e a e em o e to e m n a e th e

vi ws
e c spir t r
o f th e on p lic th ugh th y
a o s ; a n d th e o e, o e con
s id e re d th s lv s w ll i f r d w r lw y
em e e e n o me , f ult
e e a a s at a .

'
I h us L ivio l di g
Z a m b e c c a ri , a e a n b r w t fr mem e , en om
 I TALIA N C
S O I ETI E S 1 89

Bo o n a to l g N pl s th
a i t S icily h ld i t r i ws with
e ,
en c e n o ,
e n e v e

t h e co n spi t s c ll d m ti gs d r tur ed t B l og
r a or , a e ee n ,
an e n o o na ,

whilst th e p lice of N pl s a d S i ily k w thi g t l l

o a e n c ne no n a a
a b ut it G e l A t i i u d
o . en f ig d m e w t t
ra n on n , n er a e ne na , en o

S icily p ss d hi m s lf ff fo
,
a e d gu r typist d liv d e o r a a e reo ,
an e
i n gr t i ti m y with m y f th ffi i ls with ut b i g
ea n ac an O e O c a o e n

susp t d A Pi d m t s ffi r w h h d f ught i t h

ec e . e on e e O ce ,
o a o n e

S p ish an d P tugu s r v luti an ry w rs r iv d t M

or e e e o on a a ,
a r e a es
si u d r S p ish m e with l tt rs f i t ducti o f m
na n e a an na , e e o n ro n ro

a N p olit g
ea l whi h an bl d h i m t visit d l s ly
e n e ra c en a e o an c o e

i sp ct th it d els this b i g th bj ct f his j our y

n e e c a , e n e O e O ne .

L e tt e rs fr m M lt dd ss e d to th o spi t rs w r i t r
o a a, a re e c n ra o ,
e e n e

ce p te d by th p li but c v d f m th e m b f r t h y h d
e o ce , re o e re ro e o e e a

r d th m by t h ddr ss d d i g f th e m e m b rs f Y u g
ea e ,
e a e an ar n O e o o n

I t ly A th o us d p i e s f r v luti o rypr gr mm pri t e d

a . an co o a e o na o a e, n

a t M rs ill s wa e sm uggl d i t I t ly i d e sp t h ddr ss d

e , e re e n o a n a a c a e e

t o t h Mi ist r D l
e ntt Th ughe si lly th
e ca re rro . o o cc a on a e co e

s
p d
on f l l i
e n ce t t h h d ef t h u t
n oh i t i e — e f an s O e a O1 s as , or

i stn th 4 th Ju
an c e , o n 1 8 3 2 th C st om h ous e ffic rs f
e ne , e u O e o

G o s i d b rd th st m r S u lly c m i g fr m M
en a e ze on oa e ea e , o n o ar

s ill s
e e tru k full f ld l th s ddr ss d t M z i i s
,
a n O o c o e , a e e o a z n
’

m th r i n t h f ls b tt m f whi h w r
o e , e a o c e l d l rg
o o o c e e c n ea e a a e

n u m b r f l ett s dd e ss d t m m b rs f Y u g It ly
e o er a r e o e e o o n a ,

r v luti ry pr l m ti s lists f l dg s d i st u ti s
e o on a oc a a on , o o e ,
an n r c on

as t o th e p p os d risi g Th ro th r v luti
e y c r n . en e e o on a r or e

s
p d
on e w en c c i d by m as s f th
a rr eO ffi i l l tt
on rs ea n O e c a e e

a ddr ss d t th Minist e r S t g l t P l rm A w ll
e e o e an an e o, a a e o . e

k w S p ish g
no n l wh w an f th en era spir t rs
, o as on e o e c on a o ,

wh s d p rtur d o bj e t h d b e publi ly
o e e a e an ou c d i c a e n c an n n e n

t h e Fr ch p p s w t f om M rs ill s t o N pl s d th
en a er ,
en r a e e a e , an e

p li w r u bl e t t h h i m I t li
o ce e e na d th r C o ti
o ca c . a an an o e n

n e t ln v luti ists i th s d ys d l t r
a re o on r e c e iv d
n o e a ,
an a e on , e

m uch m r l supp rt fr m L rd P l m rst

o a o wh r f re it o o a e on , e e o

w as a s yi g f Au st i C s rv tiv s
a n o r an on e a e

I f th d v i l h e e as a s on ,
S u l y i t L d P l m st re
’
s or a er on .

P i z i lso C b
an z a xil d fr m I t ly d f m y
,
a ar o n a r o, e e o a , an or an

y e s Chi f L ibr i
ar f t h British Mu s u m w
e ar an o rd t e e ,
as an a en

supp rt f I t li u ifi ti
o er o a an n ca on .

8
5 4 M i . i th E i l G
a zz n i u f
o I t ,ly Gr gory XVI di d
— e v en s a . e . e

i 1 846
n Th I t li s th ught this t h f v ur bl m m t
. e a an o e a o a e o en

f or g r l cti en e a d th re v luti s f R om N pl es
a on , an e o on O e, a ,

P l rm o Fl
a e c Mi l
, P m M do r en e, d Ve i
'

an , f l ar a, o en a , an n ce o

l ow ed i q ui k succ ssi
n But th y f il ed a d th e ir f ilur e
c e on . e a , n a
1 90 C
S E R ET S O IETI E S C
no a t bly th t of th e Op er ti s f Ch l e s Alb rt— w a s d u
a a on o ar e e

t o t h e p liti l i trigu s c a rri d

o ca by th e M zi ists w h o
n e e on az n ,

t m p r d with th e fi d elity d discipli e f th S di i

a e e an n o e ar n an

a rm y M zi i i th o s e d ys r ui e d th
. a z n ,
n ti l u s a ,
n e na on a ca e,

an d r j ice d i
e o th t rui b c us h e w a ot t h e l ead
n a f n, e a e s n er o

th t pris L t r
e en e r his R m t i m vir t e l d t th e
e . a e on ,
o an r u a e o

Fr ch o cup ti
en f R mc d t t h r etur t o th t ity
a on o o e, an o e n a c

f I t ly s gr t st curs p p e M y o f G ib ldi s
’ ’
O a th ea e e, e o . an ar a

no bl e ff rts w r thw rt d frust t e d by M z i i s r v

e o e e a e or ra a z n
’
e o

l uti o y fnar ticis m ; d y e t

an a— such is t h m ck ry f an e o e o

F t e l— th t s lfish d m gogu w h t gr tify his p liti l

a a e e a e o, o a o ca

cr tch ets s e t hu dr e ds f m isguid d y uths t

o ,
n n vi l t o e o o a o en

d th h
ea ,
st tu e i th P l
as a d e l M u ici p i
a t n e a a zz o n o a

G e n oa , h o ur which p st rity will c rt i ly r sci d

an no o e e a n e n .

L ik e O D R o ss h e pl e d his m urd r ou s s h m e s
’
on o v a n a, an n e c e

a t s f dist c t ki g c re ev e r t i m p e ril hi m s lf
a a e an e, a n a n o e

p rs o lly d if d g r c m e r t o
e na ,
an w y I th e
an e a e n a ,
r un a a . n

e xp diti t S v y i J u ry 1 8 34 M z i i t C rra
e on o a o n an a ,
a z n a a

br dish d his rifl t ru sh to th c m b t but w c o

an e e o e o a ,
as n

i tly s e i d by
v e n en fit d c rri d cr ss th e b ord r i
ze a an a e a o e n

s f ty I 1 8 3 3 L ouis M i otti ( ps ud o m e) provid d

a e . n ar a e -n a
, e

with p ssp rt a d m e y by M zzi i tt e mpt d Ch l es

a a o n on a n ,
a e ar

Alb rt s lif ; sh tly ft e r a oth e r m m d th e s m e

’
e e or a n an a e a

a tt m pt— h h d d gg r whi h w pr v d t o h v e b
e e a a a e c as o e a e

l g d t M zi i this h ro w o
on e o az f t h first t o t k
n : e as ne o e a e

flight wh e R d tzky t r d Mil n a Wh e i th t city

e en e e an . n n a

h e thw rt d t h a d e v urs of th r oy a l c om m issi rs to

e e en a o e on e

procur m ed m y d fe d th e re public
en an i m siti e s
on e ,
an an an o

t w rds t h Pi d m t s e i e v e ry p a rt f I t ly Th ki g
o a e e on e n o a . e n

k w f t h e M zzi i m oeuvre s d th e f re did t

ne o a n an an ,
an re o no

m ke pe c
a ft e r his d f t f th r p ublic s w ould h v e
a e a e ea ,
or e e an a

s id h e h d thr ow up th us f I t ly
a a n e ca e o a .

8
5 5 A . i ti f R i —
ssas s na T his dv e tur
on e r w b oor os s . a n as n

a t C rr r a d b g a a, anhis publi c re r s m m b r of t h e
e an c a e a a e e

pr visi l g v r m t f B l og wh e Mur t tt m pte d

o on a o e n en o o n a, n a a e

th c qu st o f It ly At his m st e s d f t h fl d i t
e on e a . a r
’
e ea , e e n o

S wi tz rl d wh r t h Di t
e an ,t u st e d h i m with th r evisi o
e e e e en r e n

o f th p ct o f 1 8 1 5 i t h e ch g e s h p p os d r dic a lis m
e a n an e ro e , a

w as ca rri d t its t m st li m its d i m d t th ov rthro w

e o u o , an a e a e e

o f t h e F d r l G ov r m t e e a With such t c d ts it w e n en . an e e en , as

but tur l th t Ross i b m

na a m m b e r o f Y u g I t ly ;
a e ca e a e o n a

th ough M zzi i pl ce d o f ith i h i m f h e k w th t t h e

a n a n a n , or ne a

c i -d v t C rb
e an h d o fix d p liti l c vi ti
a on a ro s F a n e o ca on c on . or

this c viol t d m g gu h vi g i th July r e v oluti

on e en e a o e, a n ,
n e on

o f 1 8 3 0 a ss i st e d Lo uis Philipp e t o
, sc d th e Fr e ch thro a en n n e,
192 C
S E RET S O I ETI E S C
accomplish ed ; w o l ge r ee d fe r R ssi Th e e sti m e n on n a o . a

ti i whi h Rossi w h ld by th Ch m b r c a t h v
on n c as e e a e nn o a e

b gre t f t h e d puti s r c iv d th
e en a ws of his d th
, or e e e e e e ne ea

with c sid e r bl s g f i d ; on d t ight t o hlight

a e an - ro an a n a rc

pr c ssi p r d d th st ts of R m e c rryi g l ft t h
o e on a a e e re e o , a n a o e

d gg which h d d o th d d whilst th us ds f v i e s
a er a ne e ee , o an o o c

ex l i m d Bl ss d b e th h d th t stru k R ssi ! Bl ss e d
c a e ,
e e e an a c o e

b e t h d gge r th t struck h i m I
e a A p m phl t publish d t a a e ,
e a

R om e i 1 8 5 0 c t i s l ette r fr m M zzi i i which ccu

n , on a n a o a n ,
n o r

th e w o rds : ss ssi ti o f R ssi w e c e ss ry

“
Th d e a a na n o o as n a an
'
”
us t .

first e dit i o I a dd d t th f r g i g cc u t t h
I n th e n e o e o e o n a o n e

foll wi g t o n no e

P S — S i c e writi g th e b o v e I h v e m e t wi th d u m ts
. . n n a a oc en

whi h i duc e m t susp d m y j udgm t t o w h w re

c n e o en en as o e

t h r l uth rs o f R o ssi s ss ssi ti o F om wh t I h v ’

e ea a o a a na n . r a a e

s i ce l r t it w o uld s m t h t th l e ric l p rty d t

n ea n ee a e c a a ,
an no

th C rb ri pl
e a d d e x cut ed th e d ed P rs s
on a , an ne an e e . e on

a c us d f b i g i m plic t d i th m urd r w r k pt i
c e o e n a e n e e e e e n

pris o f m r th t wo y e rs with out b i g br ught t

n or o e an a e n o o

tri l d th qui e tly g ot w y R ssi sh rtly b f re his

a , an en a a . o , o e o

d e th h ad l vi d c t ibuti s t o th xt e t f fo ur m illi
a ,
e e on r on e e n o on

s ud i o cl ric l prop rty d w k w to pl furth

c n e a e ,
an as no n an er

sch e m s t r du th i flu c f t h Church But th e

e o e ce e n en e o e .

m a t ri ls f writi g th hist ry f th o s e t i m s
e a or e ot y t n e o o e ar n e

a c e ssibl
c e .
”

M r th o etw ty y rs ft r th bov w writt

an enw ea a e e a e as en , n o

i n1 89 6 t h qu sti is s m u h i v olv d i d oub t e v r

,
e e on a c n e n as e .

Tru o e S
e, t C st ti i n r di a l f tic
an a h w on an n , a a c an a ,
as e as

c a ll d e his c victi h b pr v d t h v stru k th

on on on , as een o e o a e c e

f t l bl w but
a a t wh
o i sti g t d h i m t d th d d
,
as o o n a e o o e ee ,

O pi i s e still divid d ; th e s e cr t h
n on ar t z d ut e e as no oo e o .

Th e r s o s fo ttributi g t h d th f R ossi to th
ea n r a n e ea o e

C rb o ri th e J suits
a na of qu l w e ight
or b th sid s e a re e a on o e .

Th ss ssi tie a f R ossi a d th c om m ti nas f ll wi g on o an e o on o o n

it l d
,
e is w ll k ow t o th p p s flight t G et
,
as e n n, e o e
’
o a a .

Duri g his bs e c e fr m R om Ma zzi i w s th virtu l

n a n o e, n a e a

rul r f th t city whi h w duri g his sh rt r i g th

e O a ,
c as n o e n e

sc e f t h gr t e st dis rd rs of r bb e ri s d ss ssi
en o e ea o e , o e ,
an a a na

ti s But R m g i d othi g by th r e stor ti

on . o f th e a ne n n e a on o e

p op thro ugh Fr ch r m s ; th e p p li
e wh e c m r en a a a an s , n on e o e

i p w r r g d
n o w i ldly g i st th e p c ful i h bit ts
e , a e as a a n ea e n a an as

t h Mazzi ists h d d
e e Th e H ly F th r p rs o lly
n a d on . o a e e na ,
an

t h e c rdi l d th r dig it i e s of t h e Church c u s e d

a na s an o e n ar ,
a

t h o us a ds of th i h bita ts of Rom e to b e c a st i to n ois om

n e n a n n e
 ITAL I A N C
S O I ET I E S 93

d geo s m y f th m u d rgr u d wh r th y w r
un n ,
an o e n e o n , e e e e e

st v d
ar e kill d by b d tr t m t
or ft r l g d l y d
e a ea en ,
or a e on - e a e

t ri ls d e m e d t th m st u j ust pu ish m ts I uld

a c on n o e o n n en . co

gi v u m r us i st e s did th y t r i t th Sc p
e n e o n an c ,
e en e n o e o e

o f this w rk Th subs qu t cti

o . f C rb ris m its
e e en a on o a on a ,

r e w l f th w
en a o g i st t h p p th c ll ps f th
e ar a a n e O e, e o a e o e

l tt r s rm y l g ly c m p s d f I rish l f s wh
a e
’
a ,
ar e ter d o o e o oa e r ,
o en e

R me i
o p t t s ks with h l f th h d d t w o
n o a o ac ,
a o e or e ea an

fo th r r m s d his fi l ov e rthr w e m tt s of public

e a ,
an na o ,
ar a er

hi st ry o .

8 6 S i il i S i ti — S icily did ot sc p th g r l
5 . c c an o e es n e a e e en e a

i flu c e
n en I 1 8 2 7 th r. w f m d s c t s i ty i
n e e as or e a e re oc e n

f v ur f th G k r v luti th e Fri e ds f Gr ec
a o o e re e e o on ,
“
n o e e,
”

wh h w v r ls ccupie d th m s lv s with th ff irs f

o, o e e ,
a o o e e e e a a o

I t ly Th r e w ls t h S e cr t S ci ty of th e Fiv “ ”
a . e as a o e e o e e,

f u d d t e y s b f r t h e b ov which pr p r d th e
o n e n ea r e o e a e, e a e

i surr ti o f t h Gr ks I M ssi w f r m d th
n ec n o e ee . n e na as o e e

l dg of th P tri t i c R f r m rs f d d C b ris m
o e e a o e o e ,
”
ou n e on ar on a ,

which c rre spo d d with l dg s t Fl or

o n Mile d o e a en ce, an , an

Turi by m e s f m usi l t es But th S i ili C

n, an o ca no . e c an ar

b o ri did t fi th m s elv s t p liti l i m s : t th e m

na no con ne e e o o ca a o

w asd ue i g e t m e sur th e s curity f th e ds th ugh

n a r a a e e o r oa ro

o ut t h isl d whi h b fo r th e ir dv t h d b e t r ibly

e an , c e e a en a e n e r

i f st d by m l f t rs of v e ry ki d w h l m st d ily com
n e e a e ac o e n ,
o a o a

mi tte d o utr g s g i st p c ful tr v ll rs a e a a n ea e a e e .

8
5 7 T h e . C ns i t i ls — B t th co spi t rs g i st
o s or a . u e n ra o a a n

thr s d th e C h u h w r
on e an t t h v e i t l l th i w rc e e no o a a e r o n

w y ; cl ri l
a ss i ti s w r f m d t
e ca a u t ct th ir
oc a on e e or e o co n e ra e

e ff rts Th s t f th
o . Co i t i l
e eci m d t th o e
“
n s s or a s
”
a e a e

p s rv ti
re e f f ud l
a ond th e cr tic d m i i
o e Th ri h a an o a o n on . e c

an d m biti u s p t ici
a s of R m
o d th r I t li
a r st t s an o e an o e a an a e

b l g d t it ; T b t
e on e o J s uit d C f ss o t th a o ,
an ex - e an on e r o e

H oly F th e r w s th e ruli g spi it I t is s id th t this

a ,
a n r . a a

s oci ty pr p s d t giv to th P p Tus y ; th isl d

e o o e o e e o e, can e an

o f E lb d t h e M r h e s t t h Ki g f N pl e s ; P m
a an a c , o e n o a ar a,

Pi c z a en d p ortio o f L m b rdy with th titl f Ki g

a , an a n o a ,
e e o n ,

t oth Duk e f M d ; th e r st f L m b rdy M ss

o o en a e e o o a , a a

C rra d Lu
a ra , a n t th Ki g of S rdi i ; d t R ussi
c ca , o e n a n a an o a,

whi h fr m j e l usy f Au stri f v ur d th s s r t d e sig s

c , o a o o a, a o e e e ec e n ,

e ith A c er o G n Civit Ve c h i t tur it i t

on a
,
r en oa , or a c a, o n n o

th ir Gib lt r Fr m d cu m ts f u d i th ffi f th
e ra a . o o en o n n e o ce o e

Austri gv an r t Mil o it pp s th t th Duk e f

e rn o a an , a ea r a e o

M d o ien a ,1818 pr sid d t g r l m ti g f th e

n , e e a a en e a ee n o

C i t i l
on s s o r a s , a n d th t A ustri w s w r e o f th e xist c e a a a a a e en

an d i t ti o s o f th s c i ty
n en n e o e .

VO L I I . .
1 94 C
S E RET S O I E TI E S C
88 T h R m C th l i A t l i C n re a ti on — I t w a s
5 e . o a n a o c p os o c o g g
f r
o me d p ri d
a t th e e o i p is t Piu s
o f th e m r on m e n of VI I Th e .

m em e b rs r g is d ch th r by y ll w silk ribb wit

ec o n e ea o e a e o on h
fiv e k ts
no ; t h e i iti t d i t
n a e l w r d g s h rd
n o th e o e e re e ea of

no thi g
n b ut acts pi ty
of e ch rity
and as c ts ; t h e e re o f th e

s ci ty k w
o e ,
no n t o th e high r r ks c uld ly dis uss d
e an ,
o on be c e

b tw
e e en tw o ; t h e l dg s w
o e p s d
e r e c om o e b s
o f fiv e m e m e r ;

t he ap ssw rd o was
“
l uth i
E e er a ib rty
i e L e s t ; a n d t h e e c re ,
. .

w rd Ode i I d p d
o
“
,
This s t r s i
. e . Fr c
n e en e n ce . ec a o e n an e,

a m g th N on c th li s l d by L m m i w h o l dy
e eo- a o c , e a ena s , a re a ,

i th t tis R ligi us I diff h d sh ow th t ”

n e re a e on e o n e r e nc e , a n a

f rv ur whi h ft rw ds w t c rry h i m o f
e o c a e Th ar as o a s ar . en c e

it p ss d i to L m b rdy but m t wit h b ut littl suc ss

a e n o a , e e ce ,

an d th A st i s succ d d i obt i i g th p t ts which

e u r an ee e n a n n e a en

w re giv t th i iti t d tw L ti t e xts divid d by this

e en o e n a e ,
o a n e

C IC
S ig A R m i g C gr g zi e C th li Ap ost li
n ean n on e a on a o ca o ca

R m o d th ir st tut s
an a, an d sig s f r e c g iti
e Th ugh a e an n o o n on . o

d v ot d t th i d p d e of I t ly th e C gr g ti w
e e o e n e en en c a , on e a on as

no t f ti s ; fo it b u d t h d sti i s f ti s t t h
ac on r o n e e n e O na on o e

full triu m ph f t h R m C th olic r ligi o N rr w i e o an a e on . a o n

sc p o d r e stri t d i
e, an u m b rs it e ith r p ss e ss d
c e n n e ,
n e o e n o r,

p h ps cl i m d p ow s t subv rt t h e p liti l syst m

er a ,
a e er o e o ca e .

S di — This s ci e ty w f u d d t th e p ch
8
5 9 f . s ti an e . o as o n e a e o

o f t h suppr ssi
e f t h J suits
e Th r e xist e d l g b f r
on o e e . e e on e o e

th i th P p l S t t es s ci ty c ll d th e P cifi
en n e a a a a o e a e
“
a c
”
or
“
H ly U i o which w s st blish e d t d f d r ligi o
o n n,
”
a e a o e en e n,

th pr ivil g s d j urisdicti
e e e f R m
an d th e t m p r l on o o e, an e o a

p w r of th p p s N w fr om this s i ty th ey d e riv d t h
o e e o e . o oc e e e

a pp ell ti f th e S ci e ty f t h e H ly F a ith
a on o S f di ti o o o ,
or an e
s .

Th e w y i which t h e xist c e of th e s i ty w s dis

a n e en oc e a

co v e r d w curi u s A fri d f De Witt ( 5 5 5 ) duri g

e ,
as o . en o n

c iv l ti m e i 1 8 2 1 t d sh op i th e C tr d d i
a rn a n ,
en e re a n on a a

P o a t Tu i t purch s r n c ostu m H w s x m i i g
o a e a e . e a e a n n a

ca ss ck wh h e tic d p k t i it c o t i i g s m
o ,
en no e a oc e n ,
n a n n o e

p p rs H b ught it d t k it h m Th p p rs g v
a e . e o an oo o e . e a e a e

th st tut s sig s p ssw rds & of th e S f disti Th

e a e , n ,
a o ,
c .
,
an e . e

o w e r f th c ss k o o f t h high st i iti t s h d
n o e a oc ,
ne e e n a e , a

b e struck by p pl xy d his b el gi gs h d b e s old

e n a o e , an on n a e n .

Fi di g th m s lv s d is v r ed t h S f disti ch g d th
'

n n e e e co e , e an e an e e

p ssw rd d ig m ki g i st e d f th f r m r
a o an S n, a n ,
n a o e o e on e , an

i m p rc p tibl cr ss with t h l ft h d
e e e th o l ft br st e e an on e e ea .

Th y h d b
e i a xist c l g b for 1 8 2 1 ; i F
een n e en e on e e n ra n c e

th e y c s p ir d a g i st N p l
on e wh o s t b out tw ty f
a n a o e on , en a en o

th m t o pri s
e t Mo d e wh c e th y w e r r el e s ed by
on a na, en e e a
 NA P O L E O N IC AN D AN T I -N AP O L EON IC
SOCI E TI ES

T h P hi l d el hi a n s — Arly
s ea y r
a s th e 1 7 80 a
59 0 e. a
p ea

s ci ty
o e b tsxyy u g
of a o u i t o n f r d s
m en h a d o m e a t B e a n con a
s ic l dg u d r
m a on o e b v
n e th e a o e n a me C l lJ o on e J s ph
am e s o e .

O ud e t w h o ,
th ugh
o s rv d d r N p l
h e e e un e
,
h t d
a o eon a e him, ,

a n d h a d for s
om e t b l ki g
i m e e e n oo n o ut for dup s e ssist
to a
b i gi g b ck Fr c
h im i n r n n a to d t st d
a n e th e e e e rb r c
Bou on a e ,
wh s s t g t
o e e c re a en pit h d
h e w as, c e b s
on t h e m e m e r th t
of a

l dg sti c p s d
o e, ll om o e of thusi stic but i xp ri
en a ne d
e en c e , ,

y ouths suit bl f his p urp s H vi g b

,
as a e i iti t d
or o e . a n ee n n a e

i t
n o n ear ly v ry s e t s i ty i E ur p O d t s o i
e e c re oc e n o e, u e on n

ve st d th Phil d elphi s with l l th m hi ry f o o

e e a an a e ac ne o ne n a

m r l b r t s l th th y h d hith rt th ought ce
o e e a o a e ca e an e a e o ne s

s ry Acc ordi g t th p p v d p tt r e ve ry m m b e r
a . n o e a ro e a e n, e

a ssu m d ps ud y m ; O d t c ll d hi m s elf P h i lop oem ;

e a e on u e a e en

G er l M r u w h
en a w sh ll
o ea succ ed d h i m chi f
,
o, a s e a s ee , e e as e

o f th O d r t ook t h
e r me ,
f F biu s d oo O d t e na e o a ,
an s n . u e

furth r cr t d dig ity s v r ig m rchi l d b

e ea e a n , o e e n, on a ca an a so

lut with whi h f ours e h i v ste d hi m s lf d u d e r

e, c ,
o c ,
e n e e , an n

which w r tw d g e s : th e first th t f Fr k F d rate

e e o e re ,
a o an e e ,

an d t h s c o d th t f Fr k J d g ; this s e c o d d gr
e e n , a o an u e n e ee

c m pr h d ed th m pl m t f ll th s e crets up t t h e
o e en e co e en o a e , o

s cre t b l gi g d k w t th supre m e chi f l

e e on n ,
an no n o e e a on e .

B t t giv his d pts s m thi g t thi k

u o e a d t lk b ut h e
e o e n o n an a a o ,

t ld th m th st blish m t f S q u
o e e e ( fr m S q u u
a en o a e an es e o e a a,

S i ) r epubli w
e ne his bj ct whilst h r lly i t d d th
c as o e ,
e ea n en e e

t t l v th w f N p l
o a o er H i tr odu d t h Ph i l d l
ro o a o e on . e n ce e a e

phi rit s i t th m y si m ult

an e n usly i t th 9 th 6 8th
o e ar ,
a n eo n o e , ,

an d 6 9 th r e gi m ts f t h li e i t o t h 20 th o f d g
en o s e n , n e ra o on ,

th 1 5 th
e f light i f try o d fr m th c i t o l l t h n rm y
an ,
an o en e n a e a .

B p art h rd f th s i ty d s usp e t d O d t w h
on a e ea o e oc e ,
an c e u e , o

w s t b ack t his o ps whi h th occupi d th g rr i s o

as en o c r ,
c en e e a n

o f S t M rti . i t h I sl e of Rh é
a n, Ge e r a l Mor e u t ook his
n e . n a
1 96
 AN TI -N AP O LEO N I C S O C I E TI E S 1 97

pl but sh rtly ft h d t r sig it g i t O d t h

ac e , o a er a o e n a a n o u e , e,

M r e u h vi g b
o a i m plic t d i th
, a n spi y f Pi h
ee n a e n e c on r ac o c e

gru B f r th th
. e o es p ir y f Ar ten ss ssi t e c on ac o en a o a a na e

Bo p rt e h d b e
na a d is v d d b k s i d m g
a en co e re ,
an a oo ,
e ze a on

t h p p s f Ar titl e d Th Turk d t h Fr ch “
e a erd o en a , a n en e an e en

S ldi r c t i ly w writt by O d t Th P h i l d l
”
o e , er a n as en u e . e a e

p hi s an xt tt m pt d to s i B p rt whil tr v si g
ne a e e e ze on a a e e a er n

th f r sts d m u t i s f t h Ju tt d d by v e y
e o e an o n a n o e ra a en e a r

s m ll r ti u ; but th tt em pt f il d
a e n e e f t h O rd r e a a e ,
on o e e

h v i g b tr y d th pl t O d t w kill d t t h
a n e a e e o . u e as e a e

b ttl f W gr m
a e o d with his d th th
a a s oci ty an ea e e

c ll ps d
o a e .

59 1 T h R .
g
— D uri g et h p w r faN p sl o h w n e o e o a o e n, e as

O pp s d by s e t s i ti s i I t ly
o e ec rw ll i Fr c oc e e n a , as e as n an e .

B t his f ll which t o m
u a y s ee m d r viv l of libe rty t
, an e a e a , o

o th rs pp r d s th rui f I t ly ; h c th y s ught t
e a ea e a e n o a en e e o o

r e e st blish his rul

-
a t l st t s v e I t li ti lity e , or a ea o a a an na on a

fr m th e wr ck Th
o R ys w e A ti N p l
. i e
“
a e re an n - a o eon c

s ci ty c mp s d f ffi i ls fr m ll p rts br ought t g th r
o e , o o e o o c a o a a , o e e

by c m m d g rs d th dv tu s f th fi ld Th e y
o on an e an e a en re o e e .

h d l odg s t Mi l
a d B l og
e a Th S f edisti ls o w e r
an an o na . e an a e

an A ti N p l o i s i ty
n - a o e n c oc e

59 2 S t L
.
g u i T i
ecre l — A v ry p w rful ss ci t i
ea e n ro e o e a o a on

a g i st N p ol
a n w i t h e y r 1 80 9 f r m e d i
a e on Tir ol as n ea o n .

This c u t y h d by th tr ty f P sburg ( 1 80 5 ) b
o n r a e ea O re ee n

c d d by Austri t B v r i But th Tir l s stro gly

e e a o a a a . e o e e, n

a tt h d t th ir f r m r m st e r r s t d th tr sf r d
ac e o e o e a ,
e en e e an e , an

wh i 1 80 8 r w l f th e w b etw e F c
en n a en ed a o ar en ra n e an

Austri w i m m i e t s r t e v ys m g wh m w th
a as n n , ec e n o ,
a on o as e

l dy f m u s A dr s H f r w r s t t Vi
a re a a o n t ea o e ,
e e en o en n a o c on

c e rt m sur s f r u iti g th Tir l with A u stri But

ea e or e n n e o a .

in c s qu c f th b ttl f W gr m d t h t u f
on e en e o e a e o a a , an e r ce o

Z i m whi h f ll w d it Ti l w
na , c g i surr d d t
o o e ,
ro as a a n en ere o

Fr ch tr ps Th t h Ti l s b tr y d by Austri f r m d
en oo . en e ro e e, e a e a, o e

a n u mb r f s e r t s i ti s m g th m s lv s t driv out
e o c e oc e e a on e e e , o e

th Fr e h Th e r sults f th s ss oci ti s
en c . m tt e rs of
e o e e a a on a re a

hist y ; but t sh w h w th s cr t s o i ti s w o k d d t e st e d
or o o o e e e c e e r e ,
an

th h ct r d l oy lty f s m f th l di g m m b rs th
e c ara e an a o o e o e ea n e e ,
e

f ll wi g i cid t c m m u ic t d by th h e
o o n n en f th ,
d o n a e e ro o e a v en

tur m y b m ti d H h d c
e, a e j y e d N p ol s
en on e . e a on e en o a eon
’

c on fid c but h vi g u j ustly b c om susp ct d by h i m

en e, a n n e e e e ,

h w e oblig d t
as t k r fug i th m st lpi p t f th
e o a e e e n e o a ne ar o e

Austri p vi c s i Tir l Th h for m d

an ro n e ti s
, n o . e re e e c on n ec on

with of t h
on es ci ti e s f th v rthr w f N p l e o d
e or e o e o o a o e on , a n

w t through si mpl e c ere mo y of i i ti tio Two m o ths

en a n n a n . n
19s C
S E RE T S O IETI E S C
l ps ed a ft r this with ut his h ri g
e a e m or e o f th e soci t o ea n an y e y ,

wh e t l st h r c iv d l tt
n a a ski g h i m to r p ir t
e e e e a e er a n e a o a

r m t pl c e wh r h w t m t
e o e a u m b r f br th rs
, e e e as o ee a n e o o e

a ss m bl d H w t but f d
e e . H r e i v d thren ,
ou n n o on e . e ece e ee

m o r si m il r su mm s s but lw ys with t h s m r e sult

e a on e ,
a a e a e .

H r c e iv d fifth
e e d w t but w
e a o H w j ust ,
an en ,
sa no ne . e as

r tiri g disgust e d with th ft r p t d d c pti wh e

e n , e O en - e ea e e e on , n

h e h e rd f i ghtful
a i s f m p rs i dist ss He
r cr e ,
as ro a e on n re .

h a st d t w rds t h sp ot wh c e th y pr oc eed d d fou d

en e o a e en e e ,
an n

a bl di g b dy lyi g o th gr ou d whilst h
ee n o w thr n n e n , e sa ee

h ors m m ki g th ir sc p i th pp osit dir e ti w h

e en a n e e a e n e o e c on , o,

h w v r f r d thr sh ts t h i m but m issi g h i m H w

o e e ,
i e ee o a ,
n . e as

a b ut t o x m i t h b dy lyi g t his f t wh
o e a ne d t h e o n a ee en a e ac

m t o f r m d f or
en tt t d by th s m e cri s d t e d
a e ce, a r ac e e a e , ar

fr om th e f r st ; th vi ti m tho e g u d i dic te d u e c 0 11 e ro n n a o r

h roe hi as ss il t H w s s i ed i m pris d cc s e d
s a a an . e a e z ,
on e ,
a u

by wit ss s w h d e l r d th ey h d s
ne e h i m c mm it t h
o c a e a e en o e

m urd r — f et h b dy f th orp rs tt k d h d b e o o e e on a ac e a een re

m v d o e d d — d h e w s t e c d t b x ecut d th
as ea an as en n e o e e e e

s m ight by t rchl i ght H w l ed i t o c urty rd

a e n , o . e as n a o a ,

surr o d d by rui us buildi gs full of sp e ct t ors He h d

un e no n , a . a

a lr dy s d ed th sc ffold wh
ea a ce n ffi r h ors b k e a ,
en an O ce on e ac ,

an d w ri g t h i sig i ea f th m gistr cy
n pp e r d
e n n a o e a a , a a e ,
an

n o un c i g th t n di t h d g f th gr ti g p rd o t
a an e c a on e or an n a a n o

an
y m c d m d t d th f
an on
y cri m e wh t v r w h o
e ne o ea or an a e e ,

co uld g i v t j usti th w rds of i iti ti o

e o d sig s of e
ce e o n a n an n r

c g iti o f s e cr t s ci ty which t h ffic r m d ; it

o n n o a e o e ,
e o e na e

w s th e o
a i t o whi h th i -d v t ffi c
ne nf N p ol o c e c e an o er o a e n

h d r
a tly b
e ce n r c iv d H w qu e sti o e d if h k w
e en e e e . e as n e ne

an ythi g b u t it ; h d i d l l k owl edg f th s oci ty

n a o e en e a n e o e e ,

an d b i g pr ss d b c me n g y d d m d e d d th
e e , e a e an r an e an ea .

I m m di t ly h w
e gr et d s br v
a e d f ithful b oth r
e as e e a a a e an a r e ,

for a l l th o s pr s t w e r e m m b rs f t h s cr t s i ty
e e en d e e o e e e oc e ,
an

h d k
a wi gly c p t d i t h is r th e r s v r t st
no n o -O e ra e n a e e e e .

593 S i ti
. i F u f
oc e N p l — M es y s ci ti s i
n a vo r o a o eon an o e e n

f v u r f th r st r ti o f N p l
a o o ew f rm d such
e o a on a o e on e re o e , as

Bl ck N dl K i ghts f th S u U iv s l ” ”
th e th e
a ee e, n o e n, n er a

R g e r ti
en e a &c Th e y w ge r lly m p s d f t h
on ,
”
. e re ne a co o e o e

s oldi rs f t h gre t c pt i w h w r e c d m d t i
e o e a a a n, o e on e ne o n

ac tivity d l k d up t h gl y f th ir hi f s m
, an oo e on e or o e c e as o e

thi g i whi h th y h d p rs l i t r e st Th ir i m w
n h c e a a e on a n e . e a as

to pl e N p l ac t th h d f c f d r t d I t ly u d r
a o e on a e ea o on e e a e a ,
n e

th t itl E m p r o r of R m by th will f th p pl
“
e f e o e o e, e o e eo e

d t h e gr c Th pr p s l r h d h i m rly i ”
an f G d a e o o . e o o a ea c e ea n

th y r 1815 N p l
e ea cc pt d i t lik e m a w h
. a o eon a e e a n o on
200 C
S E RET S O I ETI E S C
an d by p olic e i quiry re sulti g th e r from t th
th e n n e , o e ex

p os u re of t h s i ty th e ir st tut s ths d c re m o ie s
e oc e , a e ,
oa ,
an e n .

Th m em b rs f th U i ta I t li
e e disc ve re d t N pl s
o e n a a na , o a a e

in 1 8 5 0 r e c og is d ,
ch th r by g tl rubbi g f s s
n e ea o e a en e n o no e .

Th y sw o r
e d gge r with tri gul r bl d with th
e on a a a an a a e, e

i s ri pti o
n c Fr t r ity— D th t Tr it rs— De th t
n, a e n ea o a o a o

Ty r ts an f ithfully t bs rv ll th e l ws f th e s ci ty
,
a o o e e a a o o e ,

on p a i i ca s e of w t of fa ith t h a ve th ir h e rts pi rc d
n, n an , o e a e e

with th d gg r Thos w h o e x ut e d th e v g ce f th
e a e . e ec en e an o e

s oci ty c ll e d th m s lv e s th e C mm itt ee f E x cuti

e a e Ie o o e on . n

1 8 49 t h gr d c ou i l of th e s t st blis h d
e an C m m itt e
nc ec e a e a o e

of S t bb r s Th h e ds f th
” ’
a m i t t d p ug
e ,
l t ieo a o e n a a or . e a o e

s oci ty w r e p rticul r
e e t wh om th y d mitt d i t it ;
a a as o e a e n o

th e st tut s s y a o e J suits thi v s oi rs d oth r

a ,
“
n ex- e , e e , c ne ,
an e

i f mou s p e rs s e to b e i iti t ed Th
n a on Je s uitsar n a .
”
e e x- a re

pl c d i g d c omp y t uly !
a e n oo an r

I 1 84 9
n s o i ty w d isc v r d t A
a c e c lli g its lf as o e e a n c on a a n e

th e C om p y f D a th
“
an d m y ss ssi ti s m y f
O e ,
an an a a na on ,
an o

th m c mm itt d i br d d ylight i th str ts f t h t w

e o e n oa a n e ee o e o n ,

w er e tr c ed t its m e mb e rs Th S oci e ty of S l y rs
a o . e
“
a e ,
”

A mm t L gh o r ; th I f e r l S ci ty t Si i
“
t i
a zza or ,
a e n e n na o e ,
a n

g gli ; th
a a C mp y f Ass ssi s S i i i t F z ;
e
“
o an o a n ,
”
ca r ,
a a en a

T rr rists o f B l og w e r ss oci ti s f th s m
“ ”
th e e o o na, e a a on o e a e

st m p Th e B rbe rs of M zzi i t Rom e m d e it th ir

a .
“
a a n ,
”
a ,
a e

bu si ss t o r e m ov
ne pri sts w h h d r e d r d th m e
”
e o a n e e e

s e lv e s p rti cul rly ob xi u s A oth r B l ogn s s ci ty

a a no o . n e o e e o e

w s th t I t li C o spir cy of t h S s f “
a f th e
a o a an n a e on o

D th wh s O bj ct w th lib rati o f I t ly from

”
ea ,
o e e as e e n o a

for ig sw y
e n a .

6 T h A l t ll t i — A s e cr t s oc i ty p olitic l n-
59 . o e cc o e a or e e ,
n a ,

w as di c ov e r ed d m y f its m mb rs b ught t tri l t

s , an an o e e ro o a , a

R vea i 1 874
n n a, I ts e xist c h d l o g b e
n sur m is d
. en e a n en e ,

but t h x cutiv di d t d r to i t rf r ; s m priv t

e e e e no a e n e e e o e a e

p rs o s i d d t i ed to bri g th a ss ssi s t ju sti but

e n ,
n ee ,
r n e a n o ce,

wh rev e r th y succe d e d
e e p dy v g ce w su t e a s ee en ea n as re o

f oll w To . sh pk p r w h h d b p rticul ly ctiv

O on e o ee e o a e en a ar a e

otic e w s t th t h i s lif w s f rf it d d th s m
’

a n a sen a e a o e e , an e a e

n ight pl c rd w p st d up up th shutte rs f his sh p

a a a as o e on e o o

a n o u ci g th a t t h e e st blish m
n n n t w to b e s ld th a en as o ,
as e

pr pri tor w g i g w y I m y ca s s th r w r
o e as o n a a . n an e e e e e

wit e ss s t t h e cri m e s d y t th y d r d t i t rf r
n e o ,
an e e a e no n e e e

n o giv vid c e O of th g g t l st tur d tr it r ;

r e e en . ne e an a a ne a o

h e g v th a xpl ati
e e f s ev r l
e m yst ri u s d is pp r
an on o e a
“
e o a ea

m e s of th m urd r rs Th e g g h d
”
an ces ,
d th an e na e e e . an a

be com e too ume ro us d m gst th umb e r th e re w e r

n ,
an a on e n e
 A N TI N AP O LEON I C
- C
S O I ETI ES 20 1

m em b rs wh os fid lity w susp t d I t w r s lv d t
e e e as ec e . as e o e o

s c i fi th m Th y w r w t h d s et p
a r ce e . d mu d e d e e a c e ,
u on an r e re

by th i f ll w - m plic s This s ci ty w k w
e r e o a cco th e . o e as no n as e

A cco lt ll t i lit r lly

e a or k if rs —cut thr ts I t igi lly
,
e a
“
n e
’
- oa . or na

c on sist d f tw lv m em b ers o ly w h us d t m e t i th
e o e e n , o e o e n e

C fe M
a i ll i — v ry ppr opri t
a zz a v an me ; m me s
a e a a e na azza an

a club blu d g
or d i ll n ill i u s— at R v e
eon , an v a o, v a no a n na ,

wh r th e f t e f th ir victi m s w s d cid d Th tri a l

e e a o e a e e . e

en d d i most of th e m emb e rs b ei g co d em e d to p e a l
e n n n n n

s e rvitud e .
 F R EN C H S OCI ETI E S

597 . Va ri ous So c i eti es w o uld f

a ter th e R es tor a ti o n — O ne

thi k th t cc rdi g to t h e phil s phic l hist ri s o

n a , a o n
“
o o a
”
o an ,
n

na ti ught t h v b ee m re c t t d h ppy ft r
on o o a e n o on en an a ,
a e

b i g d l i v r d fr m th ir ty t N p l
e n e e e th th Fr e ch
o e ra n a o e on , an e n .

B t i u cc ord c with wh t I s id i s ct 5 1 9 o ti
,
n a an e a a n e .
,
n na on

h d m r r s o t b diss t i sfi d
a o e ea d u h ppy thr o ugh t h
n o e a e an n a e

r st r ti o f a ki g by g
e o a n o of G d d right divin ra ce o
”
an ne .
”

Dr c o i a st tut s w e r pr om ulg t d by th Ch m b rs th
n an a e e a e e a e ,
e

m r e t ls f L u i s X VI II whi h l d t t h f r m ti
e oo o o f , c e o e o a on o a

s e r t s i e ty c ll ed th Ass ci t d P triots wh os e chi f

c e oc a e
“
o a e a ,
”
e

sc s f p r t i w e r i th s o uth o f Fr c But
en e o o e a on e n e an e .

G v e r m t h d its spi s v rywh e r e ; m y m m b e rs f

o n en a e e e an e o

t
‘
1e s ci ety w e r e rr e st e d d s t
o d t v ri u s t e rm s f
a an en e n c e o a o o

i m pris m e t Thr l e d ers P le i g i a writ i g m st

on n . ee a ,
n e r, n - a e r,

C rb o a u l th -cutt r
n n ea d T ll
,
a ea g v r er e , an o e ro n , an en ra e ,

w re s t ce d to d e th l d t th e pl c f x cut i with
e e n en a , e o a e o e e on

th i f c s c o a l d by bl a ck v ils
e r a e p rri id s w r
n ce e e ,
as a c e e e

f r m ly x cut d d b f r e th e ir h ds w r e cut ff th eir

o er e e e ,
an e o ea e O ,

fi ght h ds w r s v r e d fr m th ei
an rm s — f h d th y t
e e e e o r a or a e no

r is d th m g i st th e ir f th r th e ki g ? Th e spir cy
a e e a a n a e , n c on a

o f th Ass ci t d P tr i ots c ll ps d
e o B ut th r s ci e t i s
a e a o a e . o e o e

a r s I 1 8 20 th e s ci ty f th Fri ds of Truth co
o e . n o e o e en ,
”
n

sisti g f m d i c l stud ts d sh p m w st blish d i

n o e a en an o en, as e a e n

P ris but w s o suppr ss d by th G v e r m t Th

a ,
as on e e e o n en . e

l e di g m m b e rs m d th ir sc p t I t ly d 0 th ir
a n e a e e e a e o a , an 11 e

r tu t Fr c f u d d C b r s i t th e l e d r
e rn o an e o n e a ar on a o oc e y ,
a e

ship f whi h w gi v t o G r l L f y tte It m d t wo

o c as en en e a a a e . a e

a tte mpts t v thr w t h G v r m t o o o ert B lfort d o e o e n en ,

ne a e ,
an

an oth r t L R ch ll e but b th w r u succ ssful

e a a o d th e e , o e e n e , an

C b o r o s oc i ty w a diss lv d Th e s oc i ty of th e S hi t
ar na e s o e . e r

l ss f u d d by Fr ch m
e ,
”
o n f th e
e m f M u l wha en an o na e o an e , o

i v k e d S a m ps
n o th e sy m b l of str gth h d but v ry
on , a s o en , a a e

s h rt e xist c e Th t of t h e S p ctr s m eeti g i Tom b

o en . a e e n n a ,

which e xist ed i 1 8 2 2 a d wh s e obj ect w a s th e ov rthr w f

n , n o e o o
2 04 S E C R ET S O C I E TI ES

v o ca te d b oliti of th e u iv rsiti s d th thr wi g

th e a on n e e an e o n

o p en f ll i st u ti
o a t t h e public gr tuit o usly
n r c Th on o a . e

C stituti a l S oci ty d i rect d by m w h h d p ow r

on on e ,
e a an o a e

f ul ly supp rt d th c did tur f t h Duk of Orl s

o e e an a e O e e ea n ,

C uoh i L m i
a o s- i sist d t h sup p re ssi
e a re , fm p li s
n e on e on o on o o e ,

th e m or qu l l vy f t x s e l t r l r e f rm d th b oli
e e a e o a e ,
ec o a o , an e a

ti on f t h dig ity f t h p ee r g e
o e Th n Fri ds o f th
o e a . e
“
en e

P opl w
e e th r p litic l s i ty o e s ct i of which
as an o e o a oc e , n e on ,

c ll d th R ights f M
a e e d pt e d fo its t e xt b o k th
o an ,
”
a o r - o e

D cl r tie f th e R ights f M
a a on o by R b e spi rr e d o an o e ,
an

dr w t its lf m y m i o r s ci e ti s too u m e r us d i
e o e an n o e ,
n o , an n

m st o s e s too u i m p rt t t b e m e ti o e d Th e ir effor ts
ca n o an ,
o n n .

en d d i t h u s e l e ss i surr ctio f Ly s o th 1 3 th d
e n e n e n o on n e an

1 4 th April 1 8 3 4 .

8 T h A t i C m — But a s p r t e c o rps f th
59 .
g o p e g c n an . e a a o e

R ights f M s l ct d fr m m g l l t h m m b rs w
o an , e e e o a on a e e e , as

for m d d c ll d th Acti g C omp y u d r th e c m m d

e an a e e n an ,
n e o an

o f C pt i K a u ie
a n rich bl m with d m o tic p
e rs a s , a no e an e c ra re

dil tio s O ce rt i d ays th e l u g rs o th e b oul e v rds

ec n . n a n o n e n a

w ould oti ncr wd of sil e t pr m e d rs wh m

ce a o n o na e o an nu

k ow bj c t s e m d t o dr w t g th r NO e u d rst ood
n n O e e e a o e e . on n e

t h e m tt e r e xc pt th p lic e ; th e chi e f of th e Acti g C m

a e e o n o

p y w r e vi ewi g his f rc e s Ac m p i d by o o tw
an as n o . co an e ne r o

a dj ut ts h w uld
an st t h e chi f of gro up wh om h e
e o ac c o e a ,

r c ogn is d by sig h ld sh ort c o v ers ti o with h i m d

e e a n, o a n a n , an

p ss to oth r ; t h e p li ge ts w ould f ll w e h i m
a on an e o ce a n o o ,
se

en t e r c rri g whi h w k e pt i w iti g driv up to

a a a e, c as n a n , e a

h us e which h d b ck w y ut wh c h e w uld g i
o a a a a o , en e o a n on e

o f his w — f oh e h d s e v r l — r e sid c s
n or d ke p i a e a en e , an e n

d s f th e
o or or f ur d ys r e or o a .

Th Rights o f M e s oci ty rr g d th e pl ot pr p os d an e a an e ,
o e

by Fi ch i t ss ssi t th ki g L uis Philipp

es ,
o a a th
na e e n , o e , on e

2 8th July 1 8 3 5 De l h d d e t h p li . spy i his M m oirs a o , e o ce , n e ,

s ys th t by th i mp ud e
a a f f th e c
e spir t rs r n ce o on e o on a o ,

Boi th e p lic
rea u , bt i e d hi t of wh t w i t d d
o e o a n a n a as n en e ,

b ut th t it w a s v gu th t it c o uld t b ct d
as o a e, a no e a e on .

Thi s is e vid tly s id t scr e t h p lic foen ath e tri l o e n e o e, r on a

o f Fi s c h i e d t h e oth e r c spir t rs it w s pr v d th t
an on a o ,
a o e a on

th m
e i g o f th tt m pt B i e u h d s t l tte r
o rn n e a e o r a a en a e

d oi g whi h w
n t m e r i mp u d nce— t t h
c as noPr e f t a e r e o e ec

o f P lic o givi g full i for m ti o

e, n t th me s t be n a n as o e an o

e m pl y d t h i d i vidu ls
o e , g g d i t h e pl t d t h v ry
e n a en a e n o ,
an e e

h o us i which th e i fe r l m hi w pl e d— ll whi h
e n n na ac ne as ac a c

w s m r th
a o e m e r h i t— but th l e tt r w
an a thr w sid e n e e as o n a e

by th e Pr fe ct s ot w o rth r eadi g ! Th e f ilur e of th

e a n n a e
 FRENCH C
S O I E TI E S 20 5

a tt em pt brok e up th e s oci ty of th Rights of M but th e e an , e

r m ts th er of f r m d th m s elv s i th s m e y r i t
e n an e o e e e n e a ea n o

w s ci ty ll d t h F m ili s u d r th l d rship “ ”
a ne o e , ca e e a e ,
n e e ea e

o f Bl q i and B rb es u Ad m issi
an t this w s ci ty w
a . on o ne o e as

a tt d d with l l th m u m m ry d m y ti fic ti o c sid r ed
en e a e e an s a n on e

ne c ss ry t for m a orth od x i iti ti

e a o I ts obj t f n o n a on . ec , o

cou s w s th v rthr w o f th m r hic l g ov r m t

r e, a e o e o e on a c a e n en

an d th st blish m t of r public ; but th s oci ty h vi g

e e a en a e e e a n

i 1 836 b
n dis v r d d suppr ss ed m y f its l d rs
e en co e e an e ,
an o ea e

b i g s t to pris s th m m b rs w h r m i d t li b rty
e n en on ,
e e e o e a ne a e

r c stitut d th m s e lv s i t o a w s ci ty c ll ed th
e on e e e n ne o e ,
a e

S s s i t th m ti g pl c e f which t h c did t
“ ”
n - a an
e a on ,
n o e ee o e a e

w as l ed bli dfold d d sw r d th t
n ll ki gs e rist ,
an o e ea o a n ,
a o

t
c ra s , a n d th r ppr ss rs f m ki d o e d t o s crific e his
o e o o an n ,
an a

o w nlife i f edful i th c a us O th 1 2th M y th

,
ne ,
n e e . n e a e

S s o s l d by Bl q ui d B rb es r s i i surr ti o
”
ea n ,
e an an a ,
o e n n ec n,

but w r e d f t d by th G ov r m t Bl qu i w
e e ea e e e n en . an as s en

t en ce d t o b tr sp rt d d B b es c d m d t o d th ;
e an o e ,
an ar on e ne ea

t h ki g h ow v r c m m ut d th
e n ,
s t c f th l tte r t
e e ,
o e e en e n e o e a o

i mpris m t Aft r ti m th e S e s s w r r rg is d
on en . e a e a on e e eo an e ,

an d b ut 1 840 C m m u is m first b g t b ctiv i

a o ,
o n e an o e a e n

P is d v ri u s tt mpts w r m d g i st th ki g s
ar ,
an a o a e e e a e a a n e n
’

lif C sid ri g th u mb r f p lic spi s i th p y

e . on e n e n e o o e e n e a

o f G ov r m t it is surprisi g th t s cr t s i ti s sh uld
e n en ,
n a e e oc e e o

h v c ti u e d to fl ourish d sh uld t l st h v su c d d
a e on n ,
an o a a a e c ee e

i n ov e rthr owi g t h thr of L uis Philipp

n Th spi s e on e o e . e e

w ould g t th e m s lv s i t d uc d i t o th s t s i ti s
e e e n ro e n e e c re oc e e ,

an d th b tr y th m O
en f t h m st
e a t i u s of th s e . ne o e o n o or o e e

spi e s w L uci e D l h dd w h s t his r p rts t G v r

as n e a o e, o en e o o o e n

m t u d e t h e ps ud y m f Pi rr Wh i c “ ”
en n r e on o e e . en ,
n on

s equ c of th e r e v l ti of 1 84 8 Citiz
en e C i di e o u on ,
“
en
”
auss re

b c m Pr e fe ct f P li
e a e d ov rh ul d t h s cr t rchiv s
o o c e, an e a e e e e a e

o f th t d p rt m e t h f u d v lu m i
a e a us p p s n t i i g
,
e o n o no a er ,
c on a n n

m r th th us d i f rm ti s sig d Pi rr pr vi g ”
o e an a o an n o a on ,
ne e e, o n

th t th e writ r h d g ot h ld of ll th s crets f th Rights

a e a o a e e o e

o f M th e F m ili s ( th ough str g suspici r sts

an ,
” “
a e on on e

on Bl qu i o f h vi g suppli d th Mi ist r f t h I t ri r
an a n e e n e o e n e o

with s r t r p rt a t h e l tt r wh
ec e u d r s t e c of
e o on a e ,
en n e en n e

d e th ) th e S s s
a ,
d s ld th m t o th G v r m t
“
ea on
”
an o e e o e n en .

B t wh w
u t his P ro ? U lu kily f hi m s lf L u i
as 1 e re n c or e c en

D l h dd
e a Pi rr hi m s lf wr t l tt e t C i di é
o e, or e e e , o e a e r o aus s re ,

a ski g t b m pl y d i th p lic
n o e C e i d ie w o e n e o e . a us s re as

struc k by th e writi g m p d i t with th t f t h s t n , co a re a o e e c re

re p rts d fou d it t b id tic l D l h dd w i vit d

o ,
an n o e en a . e a o e as n e

t m e t C u s i d i e e t th e L ux em bou g wh r h e w
o e a s r m d a r , e e as a e
2 06 S E C R ET S O C I ETI ES

to c fe ss
on d cl r i writi g th t h w s th e uth o r
,
an d e a e n n , a e a a

o f l l t h r p o rts sig d
a e Pi e S m m m b e rs of t h ne
“
e rre . o e e e

pr vis i l g v r m t w r f sh ti g h i m but h g t
o on a o e n en e e or oo n , e o

ff with f w m ths i m p is m t i th C ci e rg ri ’
o a e on r on en n e on e e .

O r c v i g his lib rty D l h d d w t t L d

n e o er n wh r e e a o e en o on on , e e

h publish d
e s m ll j our l tt cki g th R public d th
e a a na ,
a a n e e an e

R public s
e an .

5 99 Th C mmu i ti s i ti s f th e T Eg li
'
. e o i ll cu n s c oc e e o r a va rs a

t i
a d C w u i t R e lu ti
r es a n oni s i tr du d s m o f
n n s es vo on n a r e n o ce o e

th ir m m b e rs i t th provisi o l gov e r m t th t pr e d d
e e n o e na n en a ec e

t he c ssi o of L uis N p l o
ac e n d t h ir i flu oev to a o e n an e n en ce en

t h pr s
e t d y is t
e en t i us t d S pe cifi ti o h r
a oo n o or o o n ee ca n e e .

Mo u t i rs R ds o f th M u t i reviv l ”
“ ”
Th e n a n ee ,
or e e o n a n, a a

o f th m g iv
e du i g t h e Fr ch R v luti t t h
na e en r n en e o on o e

l e d rs f th J cob i w s
a e o f t h s oci ti s th t br ught
e a ns, a on e o e e e a o

a b ut th v ts of 1 84 8 Acc rdi g t t h U i s f t h
o e e en . o n o e n ver o e

z u d F bru y 1 8 5 2 th y sw r d gg r I sw e r by “
e ar ,
e o e on a a e ,
a

this st l t h e sy m b l f h u r to c m b t d d st y ll
ee ,
o o on o , o a an e ro a

p ol i ti l r ligi s d s i l tyr i e s S c e t s ci ti s
ca ,
e ou ,
an oc a an n .
”
e r o e e

c o ti ued t pl y t hid e d s k ft r th c ssi

'

n n o a a f -
an - ee a e e ac e on o

L uis N p l
o but w r ot i m m di t ly p t d w th ugh
a o e on , e e n e a e u o n, o

h issu d th m st s v r e pr hibiti
e e e s g i st th m d t h
o e e o on a a n e ,
an e

m m b e rs w h
e uld b e ppr h e d e d w r e c o d m d t
o co a e n e n e ne o

tr sp ort ti to C y
an a Alg i rs ; th y o ti u d t
on a enn e or e e c n n e o

e xist f s m y e rs ft r th up d ét t
or o e a a e e co
’
a .

6 00 C us f
. S taS i ti i F es o — Th succ ssi o ecre oc e es n ra nce e e n

o f se r t ss ci ti o s g i st th g v r m t o f Louis
c e a o a n a a n e o e n en

Philipp is ot t b w o d re d t Th ki g h i m s lf w s
e n o e n e a . e n e a

s ol ly b t
e th ggr dis m t f his o w dy st
en on e a an e en o n na y ,

e ith r by f r ig m rri g s o
e o e fe r i g th e m m b s
n a a e ,
r con r n on e er

o f his w f mily e v y ffi

o n i th e st t whi h
a uld s cu er o ce n a e c co e re

th e p m u t p w r i
a ra di e ti g th d e sti i s f Fr e
o n o e n r c n e n e o a nc .

Th pri c s h d
e e st blish d t h
n e rgi s f th R g y ;
a re - a e e o e o e e en c

th c ur t th e m i ist rs t h rist r ts t h e i f ri r fu
e o ,
n e ,
e a oc a ,
n e o nc

ti i
on a r e sm d th public fl a d ti l i stituti s
e e o i c es an na on a n on

th bj cts f sh m ful c rrupti ; th d p uti s sp ul t d

e o e o a e o on e e e ec a e

with th i p lit i l fu ti s ; p rs f Fr
e r o cap tr is d nc on ee o a n ce a on e

g mbli g i th fu ds d ilw y s ip ; pri c e s m i ist s

a n n e n an ra a cr n ,
n er ,

a m b ss d rs
a d th r p s
a o g s i high p siti s w r
,
an o e e r on a e n o on e e

c on st tly m ki g th ir p p
an i th a ssi n u ts d e a e a ra n c e n e a ze co r an

f u d guilty f swi dli g f g ry r p

o n o d m urd r ; c m n n ,
or e , a e, a n e o

m ci l er d m a uf turi g i t r sts w re f fully d pr ss d

an an ac n n e e e ea r e e e ,

h c th f qu t risi gs o f t h w rki g l ss s ; h
en e e re en n e o n c a e e n ce

s cr t ss oci tio s to put

e e a e d t o this r ott e
a n c diti o an n n on n

o f s oci ty e .
208 C
S E RET S O IE TI E S C
fe w p rs o s o ly it did t l st l o g I 1 8 1 8 a oth e r
e n n ,
no a n . n n

s ect r s e th t of N ti l Fr e m s ry which b orr w d

a o ,
a
“
a on a e a on ,
o e

t h rit e s d e gr
e s d l a gu g o f Fr m s ry b ut i m ed
, ee ,
an n a e ee a on , a

a t a tin l i d p e d c e Th s oci e ty w pe t p rs o s
on a n e n en . e as o n o e n

o f ll cl ss s but s ought chi fly t e list s ldi rs

a a e , d ffici ls e o n o e an o a ,

s o t t r th e ir t e ch ic l k owl edge t
as o u n c u t i th d y n a n o ac o n n e a

o f t h e struggl But th ugh u m e us t h s ci ty l st ed

e . o n ro , e o e a

on ly f w y e rs ; f disu i o ros e m g t h e m m b rs
a e a or n n a a on e e ,

an d it sc p d t t l diss olut i o
e a ly by tr sf r m ti
e It
o a n on an o a on .

a lt r e d its rit s d c re m o i s d h c f rth c ll d its lf

e e an e n e , an en e o a e e

S cyth rs i r m m br c e of t h r e v lut i o o f 1 7 9 4
“ ”
th e e ,
n e e an e o n ,

i
n which wh l e r gi m ts rm e d with s yth s h d g o e en ,
a c e , a on e

i t o b ttl e Th y m t i 1 8 2 1 t W rs w d dr w u p
n a . e e n a a a ,
an e

a e w r v l uti
n y sch m d pti g a t t h s m ti m e th
e o on a r e e, a o n e a e e

w d m i ti P tri tic S oci e ty I t h e m “ ”

ne of
en o na on a o . n ea n

whil th stud ts O f th U i rsity f Wil h d f rm d

e e en e n ve o na a o e

th m s lv s i t o s r t s ci ty ; whi h h ow v e r w s dis
e e e n a ec e o e c , e ,
a

c v re d by th e R ussi G v e r m t d diss lved I

o e an o n en an o . n

1 8 2 2 th P tri otic S ci ty m bi e d with th e m s o i

e a o e co n a n c

rit f M d r T m pl rs f u d e d i P l d by C pt i
e o
“
o e n e a , o n n o an a a n

M i w k i ; t t h thr e rit s f sy m b olic l m s

a e s o y w s e e e o a a on r a

a dd d f urth i whi h t h i it i t d sw r t d ll i his

e a o ,
n c e n a e o e o o a n

p w r t o w rds th e lib r ti o o f his c u try Th s c m

o e a e a n o n . e e o

b i d s ci ti e s bro ught b ut th i surr e ti

ne o e f 1 8 30 I a o e n c on o . n

1 834 w s st blish d th s oci ty o f Y u g P l d

a e a e e e e
“
o n o an on

o f its m o st disti g uish d m m b rs d chi e fs b i g S i m o

n e e e an e n n

K rski w h h d lr dy disti guish d hi ms l f i th e i s

on a ,
o a a ea n e e n n ur

r cti
e f 1 8 30
on H th o m a d his e sc p d i . rd r e en e a e, an n o e

b tt r t c c l hi m s l f l e r d th e t f w tch m ki g
e e o on ea e a ne ar o a a n .

H vi g r t ur d to Pol d d j oi ed Y u g P l d
a n e ne an an n
“
o n o an ,
”

he w discov r d i 1 8 3 8 d su bj ct d t t h t r tur to
as e e n ,
an e e o e o e

e xtort from h i m th m s o f his cc om plic s B ut o e na e a e . n

r v l ti s c uld b bt i d from h i m
e e a on o d h e b r his e o a ne ,
an o e

s uff ri gs with such ur g th t th m ilit y g v e r r f

e n co a e a e ar o no o

VVi l naxcl i m d Thise m of iro

a ! A R ussi
e ,
“
i s a an n
”
an

O ffic r ff r ed to ssist h i m i sc pi g d b i g d t t d
e o e a n e a n , an e n e ec e ,

w as s e t t th C uc si
n rm y f lif K rski w
o e a a an a or e . on a as

e x cut ed i 1 8 3 9 t h e p e pl t i g his cl th s t pi c s
e n , o e ear n o e o e e

t o p ss e ss a r lic
o f hi m Th h i s h h d b e l d ed
e o . e c a n e a e n oa

with w r f rm d i t ri gs d w or by his d mi rs
e e o e n o n an n a re .

M enlik th e s e r d m th si s o f m y o c ll d P l ish
e e ee e n an s - a e
“
o

p tri ts
a o .
”

60 3 S t N ti
. l G r nm t — S m e ti m e b f r th e
ecr e a on a o ve en o e o e

o utbr k of th e Cri me w
ea s ecr t a ti o l g v e r m t an ar a e n na o n en

w as for med i P l d of cours e with th obj e ct o f o rg i si g

n o an ,
e an n
 P O LI S H S O IETI E SC 2 09

an surrecti o g i st R ussi L ittl w as k w fo

in n a a n a . e no n r a

l g ti m b out th ir pr di gs S tr g e st ri s w r
on e a e o ce e n . an o e e e

i ul t ed f m id ight m ti gs i subt rr
c rc a o p ss g s ;
n ee n n e an ean a a e

o f tr it s c o d m d by c ou rts c om p s d f m sk d
a or n e dne o e o a e an

h d d j udg s fr m wh s s t e c th w
oo e e ,
pp l
o o e en n e e re as no a ea

an d sc p ; f d m i ili ry v i sits fr m whic h e ith r th

no e a e o o c a o n e e

p l e
a ac th h v e l w s x m pt ; d f c orps e s fou d
n or e o a e e an o n

n ightly i th m os t cr wd d str ets f th city o o th

n e o e e o e ,
r n e

l li st w ste s f th p c u try th d gg r which

on e e a o e O en o n , e a e

h d kill d th
a victim b ri g l b l st m p d with th
e e ea n a a e a e e

w ll k w d vic f th e i surr ti ry c m m itt e S O

e - no n e e o n ec on a o e .

p rf tly w s th s cr t o f th m d r V h m ge icht k ept

e ec a e e e e o e n e r

t h t tha R ussi p olic e w e r com pl et ly b ffl d i th i r

e an e e a e n e

a tt m pts to disc v e r its m em b e rs At th at p ri od th P l s

e o . e e o e

w er divid e d i t t wo p rti e s th white s

e n o d th r ds a ,
e an e e
”

t h f or m r r e pr s e ti g th e rist cr tic th e l tt r t h e d m o
e e e n n a o a ,
a e e

c ar tic l m e t of th e ti
e e E ch h d its o w
n rg is ti na on . a a n o an a on .

Th whit s w r m ostly i
e e f v our f strictly c stituti o l
e e n a o on na

r sist
e ; th e r e ds w e r f
a n ce op r b lli o d imm e or en e e n an an e

di t pp l t rm s But u i w b o ght b out b

a e a ea o a . a n on as r u a e

tw th
ee n tw p rti e s i c s e qu c e f th c s ripti o
e o a n on en o e on c n

i t duc ed by R ussi i t P l d i 1 86 3 which s et fi t

n ro a n o o an n , re o

th t e i of r b lli th t h d o l o g b e pr ep ri g But
ra n e e on a a s n en a n .

L g i wi c
an t h e P lish l e d r h vi g b
e z, d f t ed th o a e , a n een e ea ,
e

m v m ts f th e i surg e ts i th
o e en o p fi ld w r rr st d ; n n n e o en e e e a e e

th ugh th e r b ellio w as prol g e d i th e r w ys chi fly

o e n on n o a ,
e

with vi w of i duci g th We st r Pow rs to i t e rf e re i

a e n n e e n e n n

b h lf of P l d But th s e turally th ought th t th

e a o an . e na a as e

P lish p opl e th p s try h ad t k v ry littl e sh r

o e , e ea an , a en e a e

i n th i surr e cti
e n d s Al e x d e r I I h d r lly i tr o
on , a n a an . a ea n

d ce d a s ri e s f r f r m s whi h m t e ri lly i m pr v d th
u e o e o c a a o e e

p ositi f his P lish subj cts th e r e w as o j ustific ti o f

on o o e , n a n or

t h e o utbr k ; d th er for e j ustic w ll w e d to t k e i t

ea an e e as a o a s

c ours S ubs qu t tte m pts t i surre cti with vi e w

e . e en a a n on , a

to st blish th e i d p d c of P l d w e r e d fe t ed
r e -e a n e en en e o an ,
e a

by th e cti f I t li
a d oth r re v luti
on o y s ts b a an an e o on a r ec , e

ca us P truc elli d ell G ti d cl r d i th e Ch m b r f

e, a s e a a na e a e n a e o

Deput i s t Turi i 1 86 4 t h e Pol s b e i g R om

e a C th li s
n n , e , n an a o c ,

w uld i m m di at ely th ir e m ip ti o thr w th m s lv s

o ,
e on e an c a n, o e e e

a t th f t f th p p
e ee d ff r h i m th ir sw ords bl d
o e o e an O e e , oo ,

an d f tu s Th s re vol ut i o ists a e f r m or e st ut th
or ne . e e n r a a e an

o ur bel ov e d di pl om tists a .

VO L . II .
 THE OML AD INA

6 0 4 Th e P a ns la v i s ts — Th e e
. d sir . rc s
e of t h e S c l a v on i c a e ,

c pris g h i s
om in vi s il si s P l s Cr ts
Bo e m a n , M o ra a n , S e a n , o e , oa ,

Se rvi s
a n , a n d Da m a l ti s a n , to b e u it d t
n e gr d
i n o on e an c on

f d r ti is
e e a on of a n ci t d t
en
,
a e c r g d by ussi
I t w a s e n ou a e R a .

a s ea rly a s th e d ys C th ri
a of a e l x d r
n e I I a n d of A e an e I , who . .
,

as w ll th ir succ ss rs h p d
e as e e o ,
o e s cur
to e th s lv s
e for em e e

th e h g
e e m on y in this c f d r ti
on e e a on cl v i
But th e S a on a n s .

dr d d
ea e th e supr em ac y ussi
of R rli r d ys
a , a n d i n th e e a e a

cl v i writ rs subj t
t h e S a on an e ec ustri wish d giv
to A a e to e th e

pr p s d
o o e v t
P a n sl av i s t m o em en th e a pp r c r
ea an e m o e of an

i t ll ctu l
n e e a a nd lit r ry th
e a , p litic l
a n of a o s ci l l gu
a an d o a ea e .

B ut th e E ro ea nu p r v luti
e o on of i fus d pur ly
1 84 8 n e a e

p liti l t d cy i t
o ca en en id s which lr dy
n o P a n s la v i s t ea , a ea in
Ju n e o f th e a o e b v y r ea d r tic
l e d t o a S c l a v on i c - e m o c a i n s ur
r ecti on t Pr g u a which h w v r w sp dily put d ow
a e, , o e e ,
as ee n,

Pri c e Wi dischg atz b m b rdi g th e t w d uri g tw o

n n r o a n o n n

d ys Th furth r pr ogr ss of t h P a l i ti c m v m t
a . e e e e n s av s o e en

is m tt r f p ublic hist ry ; b u t a s ci ty r s e out of th

a e o o o e a o e

S cl a v on i c r c es wh s d i gs h v
a ,
fl t b o e bro ught i t o n a e o a e een n o

pro m i ; this s
n en ce i ty is t h O m l d i Th e e x ct d t e
oc e e a na . a a

o f th rigi f this s oci ty is t t pre s e t k ow ; prob bly

e o n o e no a n n n a

it a ro s t th e ti m wh th I t li p arty f ti l ed
e a e en e a an o ac on ,

by M zzi i b ut 1 86 3 tt m pt e d by ssisti g th s call e d

a n ,
a o ,
a e ,
a n e o-

na ti o l p rty o f S rvi M t e gr
na a d R m ie to a, on ne o, an ou an a ,

crippl A stri i I t ly d O re d r th r ec ov e y f th
e u a n a ,
an S n e e r o e

V en e ti a t rit o y m r
n er sy S i m De utsch J w w h
r o e ea . on ,
a e ,
o

h d b
a xp ll d fr m A st i fo his r v luti ry id s
e en e e e o u r a r e o on a ea ,

a d
n ft rw rds o th s m gr u ds fr m C st ti pl
a e a ,
n e a e o n
,
o on an no e,

who w t h fri
as d of G m b tt
e eng t f th I t r ti o l a e a, a n a en o e n e na na ,

d o f Y u g Tu k e y w f t h m st ti v m m b rs ”
an o n r ,
a s on e o e o ac e e e

of t h s o i ty wh os i e r rg i s ti o w as k w s th
e c e , e nn o an a n no n a e

S o ci ty S l v sk
e L ig oth an S l v L i m tr e
a This l tt r
a, e a e e . a e ,

h w v er did ot tt t th tt ti o f th a uth riti s ti ll

o e , n a ra c e a en n o e o e

1 87 6 wh e ,
i ts chi e f Mi l e tich a m em b e r f th e H u g ri
n , , o n a an
 T U R KI S H S O CI ET I E S

60 5 . vi vifyi g w a v e of re v olutio a ry
Y ou ng Ta r key — Th e . n n

id s which sw pt v r ur p e i th e first h lf of this ce

ea e o e E o n a n

tury e xt d d v en e urk y d i i m it ti o f its e ffe cts

e en t o T e ,
an ,
n a n o

in o th r u t i s p oduc d Y u g Turk y it h d p o
e co n r e ,
r e a o n e , as a r

d ce d
u Y u g G m a y a Y o u g P ol d Y u g I t ly
a o n er n ,
n an , a o n a ,

an d M D vid Urquh rt a vi ol e t Tu c phil

s o on . r . a s a ,
s n a r o e a

h e w as R uss oph b a tt ib ut ed t o M ust ph F y l P ch o e, a r o a a az - a a,

wh m h o lls Turkish C tili

e ca th d ubtful h ur
a
“
a n e,
”
e o on o

o f h vi g ba th e f u d e r
n f Y u g Turk e y wh s
e en im s
o n o o n ,
o e a

w r t h e b liti f t h K o
e e a o d f t h e S ult
on o s uth ority e ra n a n O an
’
a ,

th m
e e ip ti i f ct f Tu rk y fr m r ligi us d civil
anc a on, n a ,
o e o e o an

d sp otis m Th e s i ty did t m k m u h pr gr ss i th e
e . oc e no a e c o e n

ea rli e r h lf f th c tury h e c e i 1 86 7
a o ew ss oci ti o
en ,
n ,
n , a ne a a n

with th e s m titl d u d r th e s m e hi f w s f rm e d
a e e , an n e a c e ,
a o

a t C o st nti pl e P ris d L o d
an no It bj e cts w r th
,
a ,
an n on . s o e e e

s m a th s of th e first s oci ety with th e a dditi o l ai m f

e as o e , na o

d stroyi g R ussi i fl ue c i t h E st by th m a cip ti

e n an n n e n e a e e n a on

o f th e Christi a subj cts of th P o rt e Th m em b rs f th e

n e e . e e o

d ir e cti g c om m itt ee i
n P ris d L o d o w r Z i B y n a an n n e e a e ,

Aghi a E ff di C o u t Pl t e r
- en P l livi g t Z urich K m l
,
n a ,
a o e, n a ,
e a

B y a d S i m o De utsch Th chi e f g t o f t h c om m itt e

e ,
n n . e a en e e

a t C o st nti opl w s M Bo a l Fr e ch b k r t P e r
an n e a . nn , a n an e a a .

Mo ust ph P ch gr ee d to co tribut e
a a a ua ll y thr ee h u
a a n an n n

dre d th u s d fr cs to th e fu ds f th e a ss ci ti
o an an M ur d n o o a on . a

B y t h e br th r o f th e pr e s t S ult
e , o is w th e l d r of
e en an , no ea e

th Y ou g Turk y p rty f which M idh t P ch w s a

e n e a ,
o a a a a

pro mi e t m m b er M ur d Bey ttribut s to t h e S ult

n n e . a a e an

hi m s lf d th p l ce c m rill a ll th vils from which th

e an e a a a a a e e e

c o u try isn w suffe ri g no n .

6 06 A m i . S o i ty r We sh ll s ee furth e r
en a n
( 37)
6 c e .
- a on

th t th Ar m i s f R ussi for m e d s e cr t s oci ty g i st

a e en a n o a a e e a a n

th t c u try i 1 88 8 r
a o n t e v ts ( 1 89 6 ) h v pr m i e tly
n e ce n en a e o n n

brought b f r e E ur p th e e ist c i Turk y of Ar m e i a

e o o e x en e n e n n

s ci ti s Th y
o e e . rg is d i th e s m w y
e a re th e ld
o an e n a e a as o

v en di t f t h C rb o ri ; th t i t
as o e
y t h a mm itt s dna a s o sa , e co ee o

no t k w no oth r v th e c tr l o m m itt e fr om
on e a n e ,
n or e en en a c e .

which th y r ceiv e ord rs Th ey um be r fi

e e d c m pri s e e . n v e, a n o

a ltogeth e r ab out two h u dr d m emb e rs E ch c mm itt e n e . a o e

h as a sig ific t
n an h y
n a me . c ll d l r
T e a r e a e H un t c h a k ( A a m ) ,

Fl g ll ws hu d b lt
Froc h a k ( a ) Ab da g ( Be o ) , Ga i z a g ( T n e r o ) a n d
, ,

Votc hi n tch a k ( De stru ti c on l st

) . T h e a t w sto a re t h e m o re

cr t d
c e n t ly ea e .c itt s
Th e o mm cc rdi g
e e a ct a pl fix d
o n to a an e

by th e occult c tr l c en a itt om m hu s ee . T rg
t h e H un t c h a k o a
n i s ed t h e d st ti
e m on ra on i n P t wh l
1 89 5 a t th e or e i e the
,

a tt ck
a tt
o n th e O k
om a n Ba n d v lv d
( 1 89 6 ) e o e o n t h e Fr o c h a k

c om m itt ee h r r i thr
. T e e ema n will h v
ee, w h o a e to a ct s uc

c es s i v el y . f ll wi g
I n t h e o o n m on th ct b r of O r i o e th e A m en a n

r v luti ry l d rs s t l tt r
e o on a ea e en a e F ch
e to th e b ssy re n Em a at

C st ti pl thr t i g furth r utr g s

on an no e, ea e n n e o l t st
a e .Th e a e
d t il d c u t
e a e a co n s i ty publish d
o f th e oc e , b r
e i n De c e m e 1 89 6 ,
s ys
a disc v ry s diti us p p rs f u d
Th e o e of e o a e p ss s
o n i n th e o e
si r i c spir t rs wh
on of A m e n a n on a o rr st d
, en a c b r
e e i n De e m e
1 89 6 at K r Hiss r Ch rk r v ls
a a a a i , e ea d t ilsa l l th e e a of th e

r v luti ry pr gr
e o on a o irc l t d by l d s
a mm e c ,
u a e t h e e a er o f t h e i n
surr ti i p s d th ir dh
ec on , a n d m o e on e ts a pr gr
e re n . Th e o a mm e

i lud s thirty
nc e dr
-on e ic rul s whi h
a c on e to ,
b rs
c th e m e m e of

u r us r i b ds h v sub it
th e n m e o A men a n an a e to i st cm . F or n a n e ,

eac h b d ust c p s d
an m l st s v
b e om o e o f a t e a b rs e en m em e wh o ,

t k
a e a n oa th th t th y a esub it t rtur
w il l m to o v e a n d e e n to
,

d th r th r th b t y
ea ,
a e an e ras cr ts
th e e e s i ty o f th e oc eul By R e .

1 4 th e b d is d r d
an or e e rry to c ai t o ff u t i s
n o th e m o n a n an
y
u j ust
n ru l tt
or c e O ffi i l c p l
om a n o c a , to rv l
om e h i m t o e e a a n
y
t t s cr t which
S a e e e p ss ss v
h e m ay o e , a n d e e n t o put h i m to
d th
ea . ul th ris s b d
R e 1 5 a u o e t h e a n to a a tt ck plu d r and n e

th e m a ils c uri rs but it ust

an d o e ,
mss i p rs
n ot a a l an
y e on

f u d tr v lli g l
o n a e n r ds u l ss it is bs lut ly
a on e on th e oa n e ,
a o e

ne ec ss ry a i t r st b d
i n th e n e e of th e an t o d o s o b r . An y m em e
sh i g c w rdic wh fighti g is
ow n o a e, en sh t
n , c
to b e o a t on e Th e .

chi f is
e bs lut
th e a o st re ma eb d o f th e an pu ish,
an d ma
y n

as he ch s s oo e an b r with wh
y m em e is diss tisfi
om h e a ed

Am on gst s st st i g t cl u s s
om e o f t h e m o r n en wh ch
a e i s on e i
o rd rs
e b rs
th e m e m e spi s p
t o a ct a s h th r
e u on e a c o e a n d to,

r p rt
e o chi f
to t h e e d i gs
a ll th e o n v ts
a n d m o e m en of on e

an o th r e . ch r ct istic f tu s
O n e of th e a a er ea r re of t h e A m e n i a n

r v luti is
e o on u r us disguis s which
t h e us e o f n m e o bl
e , en a e

th e m to
g s r tly thr gh t w s
o e c e o u o ircul t r s
n an d c a e a m and

s d ti u s lit r tur p phl ts

e i o e a e, am v pict r s with
e ,
a n d e en u e , th e
vi w i citi g
e of n n i p pul ti
th e Ar m e n an g i st
o a on a a n th e I m
p ri l Gov r
e a t
e n m en . glish git ti
Th e E n a pr s t
a o n o f th e e en

f v ur
d ay i n a o r i sh ws
of t h e A m e n a n s cr ss ig r c
o th e a n o an e

x st g this c u try
e i in in o n tru ch r ct r th t p pl
a s t o th e e a a e of a eo e .

r i s w r w rthy
I f t h e A m en an e e o t lib rty th y
o f, or fi for, th e e e

l i th y w uld
c a m , e o wiss p r ti wh lst
d o a s th e S — a oo n a on , i th e
r i s
A m e n a n ar e r c — i h did hu dr d y rs
fiv e n e fight g
ea a o in
g i n

A i a— e
ustr th y wo ld fight rk y u Tu e .
 THE U N I ON OF S A F E T Y

60 7 Hi s tor
. i ca l S k etch f
o S oci ety
— R ussi a h a s ve r b e a e e n

hotb ed f s cr e t s i ti e s but to withi v ry r c e t ti m s

o e oc e , n e e n e

s uch s oci eti e s w re pu ly l oc l ; th e R u ssi p e pl m ight

e re a an o e

r e v olt ag i st s om l l ppre ssi o

a n s om sub lt r tyr t
e oc a o n , or e a e n an ,

but th ey e v e r r s g i st th e m p r o th y v e r t ook up
n o e a a n e e r, e ne

a rm s f p liti l qu sti
or a o Wh t v r s e cr t a ss i ti o s
ca e on . a e e e oc a n

w e r form d i th t co u try m oreov r w re f rm e d by th e

e e n a n , e , e o

a ri st ocr cy d m y f th em w e r e f th e m ost i c e t
a ,
an an o o nn o n

n a tur e ; i t w s at o ti m e l m ost f shi o bl e t b e l o g t o

a ne a a na o n

such a s ci ty s th r e e p e pl ow w h o f cy it a
o e ,
a e ar o e n an n

h o o ur to b e F m
n But ft e r th w rs of N p l eo
a ree as on . a e a a o n,

t h e s e ct a ri spirit spr e d i t o R ussi S om f th ffic r s

an a n a . e o e o e

o f th R ussi e rm y ft e r th e ir c m p i g s i C tr l E ur op e
an a , a a a n n en a ,

on th e ir r tur to th ir ati v c ou try f lt th i r o w d egr d

e n e n e n e e n a a

t i o a d th oppr ssi u d e r which th y e xist d a d co

n n e e on n e e ,
n n

c ei e d t h
v d e si e t f e th m s lv es fr m th s a m I 1 8 2 2
e r o r e e e o e e . n

t h e th e g v r m n t of R ussi i ssu d a d e cr e pr hibiti g

o e n en a e e , o n

t h e f or m ti o f aew o th
n ti u c e f l d s e cre t
o a n ,
r e c on n an o o ,

s ci tie s Th e d e cr e mbr e d th e m s o ic l odg s E v ry

o e . ee ac a n e . e

e m pl yé of t h S t t e w a
o blig d t d l a r o
e a th th t h s o e o ec e n oa a e

b el g d t o s r t s o i ty with i o w i th ut th e m pir
on e o n ec e c e n r o e e

o r, i f h e d i d h d i mm di t ly t br k ff l l c
, a e cti o e a e o ea o a on n n

with th m p i of d is m iss l Th e d cr w x cut d

e , on a n a . e ee as e e e

with gr a t ri g ur ; th e fur itur f th e m s ic l odg s w s

e o n e o a on e a

s old i th e p e str ts
n O t xp s th m yst ri s f
n ee ,
so as o e o e e e e o

m s ry t o ridi ul e Wh
a on th e S t t b g
c t o pr hibit s cre t
. en a e e an o e

s ci ti s it w ti me to f r m s m e i g h t r st Al x
o e e , as o o n r1 ea n e . e

a d e r Mo u
n i ef f u d d th ra v U i S
f f y to wh sn rit e e n on o a e ,
o e es

an d c r m i e s w e r ch i fly m s i — frightful o th d g g e s
e e on e e a on c a s, a r ,

an d p is fi guri g l g ly th r i
o on It w n c m p s d of thre
ar e e e n . as o o e e

cl ss e s— Br thr M
a d B y rds Th
e en , hi fs w r t k e
e n , an o a . e c e e e a n

from th l st cl ss Th d om i ti o f th l st d gr e
e a a . e en na n o e a e e

sh ws h w m uch th a rist ocr tic e l m e t pr d m i t e d i

o o e a e n e o na n

th e a ss oci ti o which l d i f ct to th e f r m ti of a
a n, e ,
n a ,
o a on
2 16 C
S E RE T S O IE TI E S C
s e rvi c e who w a s e obl d r ece iv d s om e i ti ma ti on of th e
, nn e , e n

pl ot b ut s e em s t h v e gl ct e d t ki g pr uti s ; whi ls t
,
o a ne e a n e ca on

h e w s lyi g i ll t T g r g C o u t De Witt br ought h i m

a n a a an o ,
n

fu rth r e ws f th pr gr ss of th e c spir y but th

e n o e o e on ac ,
e

e m p e r r w s to o r his d th fo ctiv m e su r e s H
a o n ea ea r a e a . e

di d i f ct f w d ys ft er of typ h oid f v r h h d ught

e ,
n a , a e a a e e e a ca

i th Cri m ea
n e It w ru mo ur d th t h di e d f p ois but
. as e a e o on ,

such w s ot th e ca s th r p rt f S i J m s Wyli w h
a n e : e e o o r a e e, o

w as with h i m t th l st dispr v s th e ru m our o B sid e s i te a , o e . e ,

i s c e rt a i th t t h co sp i r t ors w r e guiltl ss of t h mp r r s
’
n a e n a e e e e e o

d ea th si it t ook th em u pr p re d d s tte r d t i n co
,
n ce n e a an ca e a n

v eni e t dist a c e s ov e r th e e m pir

n I m m e di t e ly
n Al e x e . a on

a de r s d th G e r l Di e bitsch c om m di g t Ki eff
’
n ea en a , an n a ,

o rd e r e d C ol l P e st l d b ut d z O ffic ers t b
on e e an a o a o en o e

a rre st e d But th c spir tors did ot th re for gi v e up

. e on a n e e

th i r pl
e Th ey d cl a r d Nich l s w h o s u cc e d e d Al x
an . e e o a , e e

a d r to b e
n e ,
u surp r h i s ld e r br th e r C st ti b i g
a e ,
e o on an ne e n

t h e ri ghtf ul h ir t o t h e thr o But C o st ti e h d s om e

e ne . n an n a

y a rs be f r e sign d d e d of bdi c ti o i f v our f h i

e o e a e a a n n a o s

br th e r which h ow v e r w as ot publicly k ow ; d Al x
o ,
e n n n an e

a d e r I h vi g di d with ut
n . am i g his succ e ss or th e c
n e o na n , on

sp i t
r a or st o ok dv t ge of this gl ct to furth e r th i r ow
a an a ne e e n

purp os e s But th y w e r e t su pp rt ed by th e b ulk f th

. e no o o e

a rm y or th e p opl ; still wh e i t c m e to t ki g th oath

e e ,
n a a n e

o f fid lity t th e e w e m p r or a oi surre ctio brok o t ne e ,

n n n e u

a t S t P t rsburg which w
. e e o ly qu ll d by ru e l d
,
as n e e a c an

m e rcil ss m ss cr e f t h e r e b e lli o us s ldi rs

e a a P st l with o o e . e e ,

m y th e s w a x cute d but hi e q u i m ity e v e r d s rte d

an o r ,
s e e ,
s an n e e

him ,
d h e di d with s e l d lips th ough t o rtur e is s id t
an e a e , a o

h v b e em pl y e d to wri g c o fe ssi s from hi m Pri n c

a e en o n n on . e

T ub e t k i w h h d b ee
ro s pp oi t d Dict a t or by th e c
o ,
o a n a n e on

s p i t
ra or s but w h a t
,
t h l st m om t pusill i m o usly
o e a en an

b tr y d th m w e v rth e l e ss by th e m rci le ss Ni h ol s I
e a e e ,
as n e e c a .

e xi l e d t o S ib ri a f life d co d m d f fo urt e y rs
e or ,
an n e ne or en ea

t o w o rk i th m i s d h e b el o ged t o a f m ily which h d

n e ne , an n a a ,

with th Rom o ffs c mp te d fo th e thr !

e an , o e r on e

Th e s s cr t s ci ti s with
e e th e r discov re d t M sc w
e o e e ,
an o e a o o

i 1 8 3 8 wh s m em b rs w e r s m e f th e high st obl e s f
n ,
o e e e o o e n o

t h e e m pir e a d w h o w r e pu ish d by b e i g s c tt e r e d i
,
n e n e n a n

t h a rm y s priv t s oldi rs — th e s e s e cr t s oci ti s w r e th e

e a a e e e e e e

prec u rs or s of th e N i h i l i sts wh os e history w e h a v e ow to t e ll , n .

 THE N I HI L IST S

T h is t w h
e re a re f u p th issu s f th s
l
a a rm s o con er on e er o e e re v o l u

ti y [ N i h i li ti ]t
on a r t th di g i fi d ti tl
s f s
c t s i tyrac s e n e e o a e c re oc e b ut
i i s h u t y us i ] is l
,

th pe l t lo t m f th
ca a [ R o ere o e co n r s a no o ng e r s o
f v u bl it
a o ra t b t th i d v l p m
e as us et o e o e r e e o en .
”

- ATE E N E UM, 2 9 1k J a n u a ry
. 1 870 .

A p ol iti ca l mo v e m en t th t i s a p er h psa th e m o st my st i us
er o and
i th w ld h v k w
rom an t c e 3 d S p t mb
or 88 as e er no n .
”
2 r e e er 1 2 .

N ihil is m i s th ight u s d h u b l s i s t f e r
pl eo an on o ra e re a n ce a
N ihi lis m
o eo e

crush d u d e i f N i hi lis m i v i d
n er a nf li f ron oe s e en c e o e

is u h d hum i ty s ly m s f m ki g th p p ss t mb l
.

’ ”
cr s e an on ea n o a n e o re or re e
—W N PH I I P ( i sp h t H v d U i v sity )
.

E DE LL LL S n eec a ar ar n er .

60 8 . Mea n i ng of Wh th first e diti th e ter m N i h i li s t — en e on

o f this w rk w publish d but sc ty i f rm ti c c r

o as e , an n o a on on e n

i g this s i e ty h d
n
y t r ch
oc e d W st r E u r p a A will as e ea e e n o e . s

b s e by th first qu t ti
ee n b ove its sc p d i m p rt c
e o a on a , o e an o an e

w r t th t d t ot u d rsto d ; tw lv e y rs a ft e r th
e e a a a e n n e o e ea ,
e

s m public ti i l oqu t a d— c m i g fr m s uch

a e a on n e en n o n o an

a uth ity— i g i fi t l gu ge p id d h ur t i t A d
or s n ca n an a a ue on o o . n

i d d si
n ee 1 8 7 0 th Nih i lists h v m d th eir e xist c
n ce e a e a e en e

k w to th w rld b th by bur i g w rds d st ou di g

no n e o o n n o an a n n

d e ds which w e will r e c rd s co cis ely p ssibl

e ,
o a n as o e .

Th t e r m Nihilist w first s ed by Tu g h ff th
“ ”
e as u r en e ,
e

ov list i his F th rs d S s wh r ch ”
n e ,
n of t h a e an on ,
e e on e e ar

t s A k d i d s rib s his fri dB Nihilist “ ”

a c er ,
r a ff, e c e en az a r o as a .

A Nihilist s ys his i t rl ocut r A f I u d rst d

a n e o . s ar as n e an

t h e t rm Nihilist is m w h d m its thi g — O ” “

e ,
a a an o a no n . r

r th er w h r sp ts thi g is th e re ply
a , o e A m ec wh no n ,
”
.
“
an o

b ws t o uth ority w h
o o n c pts a pri cipl e with o ut ,
o ac e no n

ex m i a ti h ow v r high this pri cipl m y st d i th

na on , e e n e a an n e

o pi i s f m
n on This w o Tu g h ff en ri gi l d fi iti
.
”
as r ene
’
s o na e n on

o f Nih i list ; t pr s t h m e s s om ethi g ve ry diff r e t

a a e en e an n e n .

Th t r m w
e e at first us d i c t m ptu ous s e s b ut
as e n a on e n e,

a ft rw rds w as
e cc ept d f om p rty prid by th os g i st
a a e r a e e a a n

wh om i t w as m pl y d just th e t erm of C ueux h ad i

e o e ,
as n a
2 1 8 S E C RET S O C IE TIES

f or m e r ag e b ee n a d opte d by th e no bil i ty of th e Neth er

l ds
an .

60 9 . rs f Ni hi li m — Th e o rig i l Nihilists w e r
Foun d e o s . na e

n ot o spir a t rs
c t a l l but f o r med
n o lit r ry d phil
a ,
a e a an o

s ophic l s oci ty which h ow e v e r ow is quite e xt i ct I t

a e , , , n n .

fl urish e d b tw
o 1 86 0 a d 1 8 7 0e I t s tr sfor m ti o t
een n . an a n o

t h e ctu l Nih i lis m is d u

a a i a gr t m sur e to th e P i s e, n ea ea ,
ar

C mm u ists d th I t r ti l wh o s e pr c ee di gs l d
o n an e n e na on a ,
o n e

t h e y outh of R ussi a t f r m s cr t s ci e ti e s h vi g f th ir o o e e o ,
a n or e

o bj ct th e prop g ti of th L ib r l id s whi h h d l o g
e a a on e e a ea c a n

b for e th e b ee pr e ch e d by B k u i
e n d H e rz
n wh o a a n n an en ,

m y i d e d b l o k e d up o as t h e r l f a th e rs of Nihilis m
a n e e o n ea ,

with wh m m y b e j oi d C e i s ceff k i wh i 1 86 3 pub

o a ne rn s , o, n ,

l i h e d his ov l Wh t is to b Do ? f which h e w s “ ”
s n e ,
a e ne or a

s te c d t xil i S ib e ri but whi h m ightily stirr d up

en n e o e e n a, c e

t h e r v ol uti o
e ry Spirit f Ru ssi a H rz w h o d i d i
na o . e en, e n

1 86 9 a i m e d
,
ly t p e c ful tr sf r m ti f th Ru ssi
on a a a e an o a on o e an

e m pir e ; but B ku i w h o di d i 1 87 8 dre m t of i t

a n n, e n ,
a s

vi ol e t o ve rthr w by m ea s o f a revoluti o
n o d fra t e r is a n n an n

ti o with th e r E ur p e
n St tes
o qu lly r v olut i o is ed o an a e a e n .

Ev enduri g his life tim e ultr Radic l p a rty w as fo m ed

n an a- a r ,

h vi g f its rg th e O w d fou d e d i 1 87 4 by L a off

a n or o an n ar ,
n n vr ,

wh o s e pr gr m m e w as Th p rty of a ctio i ot to w a st e
o a ,
e a n s n

its ergi s o futur e org is ti o but to proc ed t o c e

en e n an a n, e a n

t o th w o rk o f d e structi o
”
e n .

6 1 0 S rg i N h y qi fi— A oth e r i m p ort
. e e t d i flu e ti l
ec a n an an n n a

p ers o ge i th e e rly d ays of N i hi li m w S rg i N ech y ff

na n a s as e e a e ,

a s lf edu t e d m
e - d t th e ti m wh
ca h first b ca me
an , an a e en e e

a ctiv s a co spir to r i 1 86 9 t ch r t sch ool i S t

e a n a ,
n ,
a ea e a a n .

P t rsb urg H dv c t d t h e ov rthrow th o ugh ot t h

e e . e a o a e e ,
n e

d th f th e Ts r But th e c spir cy w as pr m a tur ly

ea , o a . on a e e

disc ov re d ; N ech y ff h d
e i ti m t e fri e d th stud ta e a an n a n ,
e en

I v off but u lti m t ly th e y dis gr ee d i

an ,
p litica l m tt s
a e a n o a er ,

an d I v a ff d cl ri g th t h i fri d w
no ,
e g i g to f
a n a s en as o n o ar,

thre t d t o l v th s cr et a ssoci ti o This w l ok d

a en e ea e e e a n . as o e

up s
on a ct f tr s o an a d o th e 2 1 s t N v m b r 1 86 9
o ea n , an n o e e

N ech y e ff sl w I v
a ff i g tt e r th Ac ad m y of
e an o n a ro o n a e e

Agriculture t M sc w This m urd r l d t o th dis v ry

a o o . e e e co e

o f th e s ci e t d e ighty s v e m e m b e rs th r o f w e r e tri d
o y , an - e n e e e

i n 1 87 1 Pri c C h e k off w i m plic t d i thi tt m pt ;

. n e r es as a e n s a e

h e h d o a s e v e r l oc si o s s uppli d th r qu i r d fu d s
n a ca n e e e e n .

H w s d priv d o f his ri ghts

e a e d privil g s e d b ish e d an e e ,
an an

t o S ib e ri f fi e y ea rs a N ech y ff hi m s lf
or sc p d to
v . a e e e a e

S witz rl d but s o gr t w r his p o w rs f o rg is ti

e an , ea e e e o an a on

a d p e rs ua s i o n th t t h e R ussi a
n Gov e r men t s e t high a n n a
2 20 C
S E R ET S O I E TI E S C
ri v r Do e n ; L e on a S c i s ek o id s
ffice r b e c me a h d ,
an o ,
a an

w ve r i
ea n P t sburg m a ufacto i e s t rry
on e o f t h e S t e er . n r o ca

o n th prop g d a th e r ; D m trius R g a ff
e a an th r e e e o ce , an o e

O ffic r ed fri d of his w t i t th e pr ovi c e f Tv r

, an a en , en n o n o e ,

a s s wy rs t o S pr e d th ei r d ctri
a e ,
s m o g th p s ts ; a o ne a n e ea an

S phi P
o a sk i wh lik K p tki
e r ov b l g d t th e
a a, o, e ra o n e, e on e o

high e st rist r y— h e f th r w s G v r or G r l f
a o c ac r a e a o e n - en e a o

S t P t rsb rg— t k t v cci ti g vill g childre

. e e u ooi th e o a na n a e n n

s cr t m m oi r dr w up i 1 87 5 by ord r of C u t P hl e
e e e a n n e o n a n,

t h e th e R ussi M i ist r of Justic w ls o fi d th e

n an m s n e e, e a n na e

o f th e d ught rs of thr e a ctu l C u cill s f S t t t h

e e a a o n or o a e, e

d a ughte r f g er l LO ch e v o H e rzf ld o a en e g ged a ,

s rn n e ,
as n a

i this p p g d ;
n rod fr m th e s m d cu m e t it pp r s
a an a an o a e o n a ea

th t e rly s th y rs 1 87 0 d 1 87 1 m y s thirty
a as a a e ea an as an a

s v r vol uti ry i cl s w r i e x i st c i
e en e on a m y c r e e e n en e n as an

pr ovi c s m ost f which h d e st blish d sch ls f ct i s

n e ,
o a a e oo , a or e ,

w orksh ps d ep Ot of f rbidd e b oks d fly i g sh ts f

o ,
s o n o , an
“
n ee ,
”
or

t h pr p g ti o
e o f r v luti
a ary id e s But th o ugh th p
n o e o on a a . e ro

p g a d i s
an t m e t with s o m e
s s u cc e ss s m g t h m or e duc t d e a on e e a e

l ss e s d r c iv d gr t p ecu i ry ssist c fr m th m
c a , an e e e ea n a a an e o e
— thu s Ge m ol o ff stud t s crifice d his wh ol e f rtu
r , a en ,
a o n e,

m i t i ni g s v
a n a l fri ds t t h Ag i ult ur l Ac d e my o f
n e e ra en a e r c a a

Mosc o w ; V i a l ki a e — Justi c e f th e P c g v e f rty

o n ar s , n x o e a e, a o

th us d roubl s t th e prop ga d — y e t m o g th
o an e o a n a a n e

p e s try th e ir s ucc ss s w r
a an t qu l t th i r e rgy e e e e no e a o e en

an d z l Th R uss i
ea . p s ts t i gn r t t u d rst d
e an ea a n ,
oo o an o n e an

th i t ch rs o t o ti m id t foll w th ir dvi w re t
e r ea e ,
r o o o e a ce , e no

t o b e stirr e d u p t ss e rt th rights b l g i g t th citiz so a e e on n o e en

o f y S
an t t M o r v r t h
a ee y .u g m a d w m e w h eo e , o n en n o n, o

w e t f orthn th e p stl e s f r e v luti

as w re l cki g i a o o o on , e a n n

e xp ri e c e d c uti ; h
e n an th ey ttr ct d th e tt e ti o
a on en c e a a e a n n

o f G ve m e t o d m y w r a rr st d
rn n , H w m y w
an an e e e e . o an as

ne v r k ow Th prop g d w s st m p e d ut with e v ry
e n n . e a an a a a o e

c ircu m st c f cru e lty th g ls w e re fill e d with pris o e rs

an e o , e ao n ,

th p e l s ettl em e ts wi th c victs h lf th stud ts at t h

en a n on a e en e

u i v rsiti w r i d ur c a d th th e r h lf u d r th e
n e es e e n an e, n e o a n e

b an o f t h e l a w .

. Nihilis d ctri ir
6 1 2 N i h i l i s m becomes Agg res si ve m o na e .

h v g thus pr v d f ilur it b c
a in o e a a Nihilis
e ilit t
e am e m m an ,
.

Th e Nihi ists
l sc p d g ll ws
who h ad e a e pris
th e a o t ,
im on m e n ,

or e xil d t r
e, d th t r v luti
e e mi n e a y git ti
e o on a r a a on w a s to
t k
a e th e pl c p c ful pr p g d
a e of a ea e h y b g by
o a an a T e e an .

f r i g th s lv s t gr ps
o m n em e e in o i r t districts wh s
ou i n d ffe e n ,
o e

obj ct it
e c rry
w a s to th r git ti
a on ei g th
a a on a m on ose

p s ts o ly who th y k w
ea a n n m c ut
e ne as pr d t
a i ou s a n d u en
 THE N I HILI S TS 22 1

p opl Th S t P t sburg group w

e e . e t first 1 8 7 6 —
.
78 e er as a , ,

con e t m ptu usly c ll d Th Tr gl dyt s but ft rw rds

o a e
“
e o o e ,
”
a e a ,

a ft r th p p r publish d by th m L d d L ib e rt y The r
e e a e e e ,
“
an an .
”
e

w as a ls l g g up t M sc w M s t f its m mb r
o a ar e
“
ro a o o . o o e e s

h d b
a stud ts t t h Z uri h U iv sity ; it i lud d
ee n en a e c n er nc e

s v l gi ls
e e ra f wh m w s B rdi r ,
f wh om m r e i
on e o o a a n a, o o n

th e xt s ti
ne S m f th m h d ec t r d i t sh m
on . o e o e a en e e n o a

m i g s whi h th y th m s lv s i th ir l tt s c ll d
a rr a e ,
c e e e e , n e e er ,
a e

f c s
ar e d whi h w
,
an p f m d with ut y r ligi u s c e re e r or e o an e o

ce er m y d w r i m ost s s v c su m m t d
on ,
an e e, n ca e ,
ne er on a e ,

th i obj t b i g si m ply t r e d r th w om e i d p d t
e r ec e n o n e e n n e en en ,

an d t bl th m t obt i p ssp rts d t m y tri l

o en a e e o a n a o ,
an a an a a

it w prov d th t th s w m h d i spit f th ir
as e a e e o en a , n e o e

a dv tur us liv s d i ti m t ss ci tio with m e p

en o e an n a e a o a n n, re

s rv d th i irtu u i mp ir d But th groups th ugh

e e e r v e n a e . e , o

th y h ld th ir g u d with v ry i g f rtu s fo s v e l
e e e ro n a n o ne r e ra

y rs r m i d w ith ut r sults ; th i m m e sity of R ussi

ea , e a ne o e e n a,

t h vi ie ti f th p s t y
s n er d th e c ssity f cti g
a o e ea an r ,
an ne e o a n

with th u tm o st circu m sp cti o r d er e d th s l c l ff rts

e e n, en e e o a e o

futil Th l d rs t M sc w wr ot d e sp iri gly Th u s i

e . e ea e a o o e a n . n

a l tt r fr m S d w i tc h to th m mb rs t I v v
e e o ano e e e a an o o, a

v i ll g f tt -spi rs w e r d : Th e ws fr m th
a e o co on nn e ,
ea
“
e n o e

s uth e u s tisf ct ry
o ar We s d y u b ooks
n a d a o . en o an

r v lv ers
e o K i l l sh t w o k cr t ri ts !
. Th , oo ,
r , ea e o
”
e re

s m s t h ve b
ee osc r ity f b o ks
a m ey : e en no a c o o or on on e

m mber e f th ss i ti w s f u d i p ss ssi
o e f a oc a on a o n n o e on o

8 5 4 5 r ubl s i c sh o ot fo 1 1 0 0 r ubl s
e nd 3 00 a , a n e r o e ,
an

p hibit d b ks d with oth e r 24 5 0 prohibit d b ks

ro e oo ,
an an e oo

w r disc v r d Th c tr l d m i istr ti o t M sc w
e e o e e . e en a a n a n a o o ,

whi h b c m c c ss ry whe a ft e th e rr sts i M ch

e ne e a en , a r a e n ar

1 8 7 5 th ,
m m b rs w t t th pr ovi c s pr vid e d b ks
e e e en o e n e ,
o oo ,

m y ddr ss s
on e , d f ls
a p ssp rts ; c rri e d
e orr
e ,
an a e a o a on c e

sp d ce ( i ciph r) g v e w
on en i g f ppr h i g d ge r
n e , a arn n o a oa c n an

an d tic e f t h e rr st f br thr
no o d k pt up c m a e o e en , an e o

m i c ti
un with pris o ers B t thi s M sc w s ci ty w
a on n . u o o o e as

disc v r d i August 1 87 5 d t ot lly xti g uish d

o e e n , an a e n e .

T i l — B t Nihilis m
’
6 1 3 S p hi B di
. od oth a ar na s an er r a s u

w as n o t t b supp ss d I t c ti u d to g th r st gth
o e re e . on n e a e r en ,

e v en m g t h p s try
a on w sh w by th e tri l f
e e a an ,
as as o n a o

Al xis O i p ff w h i co d m d t i y s ’
e 1 87 6 w
ss o , o n as n e ne o n ne ea r

p l s rvitud e f h vi g dist i but d pr hibit d b ks

en a e or a n r e o e oo .

F or th s m ff c Al x dr B ut k i
e a e y u g o en e e an a o ov s a a, a o n

girl w s t c d i th e s m e y r t f our y rs p e l
, as e n en e n a ea o ea
’
na

s rvitud
e e .

I M rch 1 87 7
n e w r e v l uti o
a ry s ci ety w dis a n o na o as
222 C
S E RE T S O I E TI ES C
c ove re d t Mosc ow ; of fifty pris e rs wh s e g s r ged
a on , o a e an

fr m fifte t tw e ty fi e y s thr w e r c d e m ed
o en o n - v ear , ee e on n

t t o y rs p l s rvitud e six t i e y s ( tw of th m
en ea
’
en a e , o n n ea r o e

w e re y u g girls ) e t fi e y rs ; th r st w re shut
o n , on o v ea e e e

up i pris o s o xil d to dist t pr vi s S phi

n n ,
r e e an o n ce . o a

B rd i
a th e g d tw ty thr e w
n a, n ao f t h e p is e rs en - e, as on e r on e ,

t h e d ught e r a f g tl m ; h h d o l vi g c ll ga en e an s e a on ea n o e e

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,
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n e a, e r on e n e e e

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2 24 C
S E RE T S O IE TI E S C
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.

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 TH E N I H I LIS TS 2 25

co e ctio wit h G r m lit r tu

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pri t d Th Ts r h vi g pp l d t S i ty t ssis t
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up th m G ld b rg th ir v g m d g d h i
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P li w fi d t by Nihilist c ll d Mi k i w h m g d
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a ca e a on e e an e r r n o

e sc p ; s ec o dly his ge e r l cr ue l ty whi h h d provok d

a e n ,
n a , c a e

VO L I I . . P
2 26 SE C RET C
S O I E TI E S

th er hu ge r m uti ny
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Nihil ists to pris on .

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s ee th t a p rs s i d by
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uc e a em Pri on n ce ls
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t h e zu d A i pr l fir d f ur sh ts
1 87 9 , h e e o o p r r
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l tt r
th e a e w a s w lki g up
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s iz d tri d
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on t h e 6 th f ll wi g un e o o n , of

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'

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pr s rv d his c p sur
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. ft r
6 1 8 N u merou s E xecu ti on s — A e S ol ov i e ff s a e m tt pt a
’

v rtu l st
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2 28 C
S E RE T S O IETI E S C
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r e or a a e e ea o o er

Ni h l s G e i tch f h vi g b t y d s m of h i
c o a o r n ov ,
or a n e ra e o e s

f ll w Nihilists
e o - I t pp d th t Go o i tch h d a e a re a re n v a

be en tic ed t o l o ly pl
en i O d ss wh re M l k
a ne a ce n e a, e a e en a

fell d h i m with bl w s th h d whil c m p i thr w

e o on e ea , e a o an o n e

sulphuri cid v r wh t w s supp s d to b t h e c rps f

c a o e a a o e e o e o

G it h i
o re n o v rd r to d str y ll tr c e s But th e victi m
c ,
n o e e o a a .

s u rviv d d pp d e ,
an wit ss t th tri l H p e
a ea re as a ne a e a . e r

s t d h orribl e pp r c t h e id h d d e stroy e d his

en e a a ea a n e : ac a

sight d ll his f e tu s d v his rs ; c s qu tly

an a a re , an e en ea on e en

his h d w s v l p d i
ea whit l th l e vi g othi g
a en e o e n a e c o , a n n n

but his hi visibl I t m y by th w y b e m tio ed

c n e . a ,
e a , en n ,

th t h w th i flicti g his wful pr s

a e as en p r p e pl
n n a e en c e o n oo o e

as a scriptu r r d r b i g l d b ut by d v t d sist r
e ea e , e n e a o a e o e e .

M l a een k d t w o of his f ll w p is o e rs w e r s e t c e d
a an e o - r n e n en

t be h
o gd an e .

6 2 1 E xp l s i
. i th l Vi t P l
o — Th f ilur f th
on n e n er a a ce e a e O e

Mos w tt m pt did
co a t disc ur g
e th Nihilists Th y no o a e e . e

no w d pt d t h titl f Th e Wi ll f th P pl
a o e e d e o
“
o e eo e, an

th ough i J u ry 1 8 80 t w f th ir s cr t p i ti g pr ss s
n an a o o e e e r n n - e e

w e e dis v r d d s iz d by th p li
r co e e d u m r us rr st
an e e e o ce , a n n e o a e s

w e r m d e th y m g d t issu
e a ,
th
e 2 6 th J u ry
an a e o e on e an a a

progra mm i which th y d e cl a re d th a t u l ss th e Gov e r

e, n e n e n
 THE N I HI LI S TS 2 29

m en t gr te d co stituti l ri ghts th e m p e r r m ust d i

an n on a , e o e .

Th e m p r r r epli e d by rd ri g gr t r s v rity
e e o d m r o e n ea e e e an o e

a rr sts Th t h Nihilists pl
e . en d fr sh tt m pt m r e an n e a e a e , o e

d ri g th
a n
y pr vi o us o
an an to bl w u p th e e m p r r i e h i n e, o e o n s

o w p l
n It
a a ce x uti w u d rt k by Ch ltu i th
. s e ec on as n e a en a r n, e

s on f p s t v ry rg tic git t r d xp i c d
o a ea a n ,
a e ene e a a o an e e r en e

or g is r f w k m e s u i s B i g ls cl e v r c bi e t
an e o or n
’
n on . e n a o a e a n

m k r ha e sily u d th ssu m e d m of B ty ch k ff
e ea ,
n er e a na e a s o ,

o bt i e d situ ti o i th i mp ri l p l ; h s ce rt i d
a n a a n n e e a a ac e e a a ne

th t th m p r s di i g h ll w
a e e b ov th e c ll r i which
e ro
’
n n - a as a e e a n

t h ca rp e t rs w e r
e t w ork th ugh b tw e
n e it d th l tt e re a ,
o e en an e a

th e r w th gu rdr om us d by t h s ti e ls f th p l c
e as e a o ,
e e en n o e a a e,

an d his pl sw r m d an rdi gly S bli d d stupid

e e a e a cc o n . o n an

w r th Russi p lic th t— th ugh t w rds th e e d of t h

e e e an o e a o o a n e

y ear 1 8 79 ( C h l t u i f u d m pl y m e t
a i t h p l c i
r n t h e o n e o n n e a a e n

m th of O ct b r)
on pl f t h e Wi t e r P l c
o e i which a an o n a a e, n

th di i g h ll w s m k d with cr ss w f u d o
e n n - a a ar e a o ,
as o n n a

m m b r f th E x e cutiv e C mm itt
e e o wh
e h d b pp e o ee o a e en a r

h e d ed i
n ,s qu c of which th p li m d
n c on e sudden e e o ce a e a en

i rupti o i t th c rp t rs qu t e rs— thi g w s dis

r n n o e a en e
’
ar no n a

co ve r d y t Ch l t i u s d p ck t f dy m it v ry ight
e ,
e a ur n e a a e o na e e e n

fo his p i ll w ! A g d r m e h w v r w s i st ll d i t h
r o en a , o e e ,
a n a e n e

ca r p t rs ll rs d st ict r surv ill c x rcis d v r

en e
’
ce a , an a r e e an e e e e o e

a ll p e s o s r t ri g l vi g th e p l
n en e Th i s r d r e d th e
n or ea n a ac e . en e

i tr du ti
n o f dy m it e xc di gly di ffi ult
c on o d gr e tly
na e ee n c , an a

d el y d th e x e cuti of th pr j ct
a e e on e o e .

I t m y h e r i cid e t lly b
a m e ti e d th t wh t m y
n n a e n on e a a a

a pp r t th e r e d r t h v b
ea o x pti lly difficult
a e o a e ee n an e ce on a

u d rt ki g viz t i tr du e dy m it i t th i m p ri l
n e a n
,
.
,
o n o c na e n o e e a

p l its lf w
a a ce ft r l l v ry sy Th Wi t r P l
e ,
as, a t i ll
e a , e ea . e n e a a ce ,

th e lw ys— h g w m d ft r th tt m pt— h d b e
n a a a c an e as a e a e e a e a en

a r fug f u mb l ss v g b ds w rk m fri e ds f s
e e or n er e a a on ,
o en , n o er

v ts d th e rs m y with ut p ssp orts w h c ould ot h v

an ,
an o ,
an o a , o n a e

liv d ywh e r ls i th c pit l with i mpu ity I t ppe rs

e an e e e n e a a n . a a

th ise re ol d l w whi h giv s ri ght

an f s ctu ry a f c e o an a ,
as ar a s

re g rds th rdi ry p oli t i m i ls t ki g r f g i

a e o na ce , o cr na a n e u e n an

i mp i l p ler a Wh G r l G u k o s r h d th Wi te r
a a ce . en en e a o r ea c e e n

Pl a ace , it w s fou d th t f w th fi th us d p rs o s
a n a no e er an ve o an e n

h d b
a l ivi g i it d o
e en k w th pr cis duti s f
n n , an n on e ne e e e e o

h lf f th m
a o C h l t u i g v st tl i g c u ts f t h dis
e . a r n a e ar n a co n o e

or d r p rv di g th p l c
e e a d f t h r obb ri s omm i tt d
n e a a e, an o e e e c e

by s r v ts Th y g v p ti s f th e ir ow i vit d sc r s
e an . e a e ar e o n, n e o e

o f fri ds w h o fr ly w e t i
en , d ou t y st y d ov r ee n n an , ea, a e e

n ight whilst th g d st i s r m i d i cc e ssibl e t ev e

, e ran a rc a e e a ne na o n

highly pl ced offici l s Th s e rv ts w e r e such thi ev e s th at

- a a . e an
2 30 S E C RE T S O I E TI E S C
C h a l tu ri n xcit th ei r suspi i s w a c omp e ll d occa
, n ot to e e c on s e

s i on a l l
y to t k e f od d oth r t i fl a p rquisit e s Tru
o an e r es as e .
”
e,

th e w g s f th upp r d m e stic s rv ts w r o ly fi ft
a e o e e o e an e e n ee n

roubl s m o th e a n .

T r su m ou
o err tiv C h lt i su ff r d t ribly from
e r na a e . a ur n e e er

h e d ch e s u s d by th e p ois o u s e xh l ti o of th it
a a , ca e no a a n e n ro

gly c e r i whi h his h d r st d t ight H w v r h

n e on c ea e e a n . o e e ,
e

c ti d to w rk with ut xciti g y suspici y th

on nue o on o e n an on , e a, e

g e d men ar gu rd tri e d t s ur t h e cl v r w rk m w h
on a o ec e e e o an , o

a t Chr i st m s h d r c e iv d agr tuity f hu dr d r ubl s

a e e a a o a n e o e ,

fo his s
r i l w At l st fifty kil g m m s of dy m it
on - n - a . a o ra e na e

h d b e i tr du d ; t h E x cuti v C m m itt
a e n n o ce rg d Ch l e e e o ee u e a

turi t cti n d
o a th sth F bru ry 1 8 80 th e xpl si
on an on e e a e o on

t ook pl c Ch ltu i h vi g h d ti m to l v t h e p l c
a e, a r n a n a e ea e a a e

b for i t c urr d It pi r e d th t w sto fl rs

e e o c e . d e c e o ne oo , an

m d a
g p t
e af t l o g d six f e t wid e i t h di i g
a en ee n an e n e n n

h ll i whi ch gr d di r i h o ur f th Pri c f
a , n a an nne n on o e n e o

Bulg ri w s l i da aThro ugh a ccid t l d el y th i m p ri l

a . an a en a a e e a

f m ily h d t y t ss em bl d d th u s sc p d t ot l d s t uc
a a no e a e ,
an e a e a e r

ti on Th. xp l si kill d fi e m of th e p l c gu rd d
e e o on e v en a a e a ,
an

i j ur e d thirty fi — s m e c u ts
n -
y fif t
ve
y thr e S m o f a co n sa - e . o e o

th e p a rti s i m plic t d i th pl t w e r br ught t tri l i

e a e n e o e o o a n

N ov m b er 1 8 80 b ut C h l tu i w as ot c ptur d till rly

e ,
a r n n a e ea

in 1 882 ; h w s h ged th e 2 2 d M rch o f th t y e r

a an on e n a a a ,

an d ly th r g is d th e c bi e t m k r f th W i t
on en ec o n e as a n a e o e n er

P l c Th E x c utiv C om m i tt i
a a e . e pr ocl m ati
e e ee , n a a on , re

g e tt e d th e s oldi rs w h o h d p e rish d but e xpr ss d its

r e a e ,
e e

d t m i ti t kill th e m p e r r u l ss h gr t d th
e er na on o e o ,
n e e an e e

c o stituti l re f rm s sk d f
n on a Th Ts r i r ply i v st e d
o a e or . e a ,
n e ,
n e

C ou t L oris Mel i k ff with u li m it d uth o ity

n - o Di t t or n e a r as c a .

Th tt m pt th l tt r s life m d o 3 d M rch by Hip

e a e on e a e
’
,
a e n r a o

lyt e J s ph K l d t k i f whi h h su ff r d d e th th sth

o e a a e s ,
or c e e e a on e ,

w s a ot pr m pt d by t h e E x cutiv
n o C omm itt w h
e th e e ee , o, on e

c tr ry xp ss e d th ir dis ppr v l f it b e c u s C u t
on a ,
e re e a o a o ,
a e o n

M l i k off h d sh w s om e t d
e a y t ow rds L ib r l id e s
o n en en c a e a a .

6 2 2 As s s i .ti f th E m pas — D uri

na g t h e r m
on o i d r e
'
cvor
'
. n e a n e

o f t h e y e r 1 8 80 l rg u m b e rs f s u sp e ct d p rs s w r
a ,
a e n o e e on e e

a rr st d tr i e d by a s cr t t ibu
e e , l d m y f t h pri s rs e e r na , an an o e on e

c o d m ed t o d th
n e n tr sp rt ti t S ib e ri ea I thor an o a on o a . n e

pr evi u s y e r o c victs w r d sp tch d stw rd

a , on e e e a e ea a ,

an d i th spri g f 1 880 th re w e r i th pris o s t

n e n o e e n e n a

Mo sc ow 2 9 7 3 pri s e rs w iti g t r sp o rt ti t
on S ib ri a a n an a on o e a

an d h rd l b ur i a th e m i e s a og v e r m t f t ori s n n or o n en ac e .

But t h e Nih i listic m v m t i st d f b i g kill ed o e en ,

n ea o e n ,
ao

q uire d fr sh s tr gth by th s e wh ol e s l e p e rs ecuti o s ; th

e en e a n e
23 2 C
S E RE T S O I E TI E S C
th e pro l m t i of th e e w Ts r s a sc e t to th e thro e w as
c a a on n a
’
n n

fo u d o h i m o th b ck f which w r e m rk d i p e il
n n , n e a o e a e n nc

thr ee pl a s of th ity with c rt i h ou rs d d ys g i st

ce e c , e a n an a a a n

ea ch O e pl c e thus i dic t d w
. n c f e ti r s sh p t
a n a e as a on c on e
’
o a

th ecor r of G rd S tr t Just r u d th c r e r from

ne a en ee . o n e o n

this c f cti r s i G rd S tr t w
on e on e h s em o ge r s
’
n a en ee as a c ee n
’

sh p k pt by e K ob i ff d his wif wh s e m yst ri ou s

o , e on zo an e, o e

d i s pp r c e th d y of t h ss ssi ti o l d t th e di s
a ea a n on e a e a a na n e o

co y f
ver m i e u d e r th str t
o a Fr m subs e qu e t dis
n n e ee . o n

co e i
v it b e c m e vid t th t this m i e w
r es a ot i t d ed
e en a n as n n en

to bl ow u p th e m p r or but t st p his c rri ge d a ff ord

e ,
o o a a e , an

oth rs ti m t ss ssi t h i m ft r th f shi of th e h y

e e o a a na e , a e e a on a

ca rt whi h st pp d G r l P im s c rriag t M d id
,
c o e en e a r
’
a e a a r .

6 2 4 Cons ti tu ti on sa i d to h a ve been Gra n ted by la te E mp eror

. .

— It w as a s id th t a b f r his d th
th e d ay e o e p r r
ea th e e m e o
h ad sig d C stituti
ne a on th t by th ir cti
on , a n d a e a on t h e

Nihilists d priv d th r c u ry
h ad e e ei o nt b fits of th e en e it
w uld h v c f rr d
o a e on e e wh t B ut sig d
a h e h ad . r lyne was m e e
th e a pp i t t
o n m en r pr s t tiv c
of a e e en a issi e c sid r
om m on t o on e

wh th r pr vi ci l i sti uti s ight

e e o n a n t on m id d n ot b e w en e , an d

th e c lli g t g th r
a n o e e of t h e zems k i c u l
j s obor , or om m n a
c ou cil
n ,
a msu ea ris
e L o r str gly dv s d
-Me l i k o ff h a d on a i e h im
to a od pt ,
s
a s a m ean listi g
o f en p pl s
n p r ti
th e e o e co-o e a on i n
’

putti g d w Nihilis
n o n i ist r t ki g c r
m , th e m n e a r i d
n a e to em n

p r r th t s ch
th e em e o a u ss bly w uld ft r
an a em o , aly e a ll, b e on

d lib tiv
e e ra th
e , an d fi l d cisi w uld lw s r i
a t th e na e on o a a
y em a n

with th ecr w o n wh l s h
Th e o e . r bli d
c em e w a s a m e e n to
ll y public dis t t with
a a c on e n , i t ti no n en s r s p rt
on o n t h e T a
’
a

of r l quishi g
e in n p rti
an
y o his bs lut pr r g t v s
o n of a o e e o a i e .

p r r s d th thu s did
Th e e m e o ea
’
d priv n ot e u ssi e th e R an o f

an
y subst ti l b fit but s v d th
an a en e a ed l s em a e u i on
, .

6 2 5 Th e N i h i li s t P r ocla m a ti on — Te n a
. d ys ft r s r a e th e T a
l x d r
A e a n e II h a d e e n b put . d th to x cutiv
ea ,
th e E e e C om

ssu d th ir bly c c iv d
m i t te e i e e no - on e xpr ss d pr cl
e an d e e e o am a

ti on t o his succ ss r l xe r
o , A e an de whi hI II , i n c diti c on on on .
,

p r r gr ti g
o f th e e m e o an c pl t fr d
n
( )
1 om e e sp h
ee o m of e ec ,

( )
2 c pl t fr d
om e e e e om o pr ss
f t h e c pl t f d
e
( )
3 o m e e r e e om o f ,

public ti g
m ee n c pl t f d
( )
4 o m e ,
e r l cti
e e o m o f e e o n , a n d ( 5) a
g r l
en e a a m n e sty p litic l f d rs th y d l r th ir
fo r a ll o a o f en e e ec a e e ,

p rty will sub it u c diti lly

a m n on on a N ti l s bly
t o th e a on a A s e m

which ts up
mee on b sis
th e a b v c d ti s
of th e a o e on i on .

Hu r ds
nd e st ggs c t i i g this pr cl ti w r
of E a er e on a n n o a m a on e e

sc tt d b ut
a e re a o str ts
th e ee sc wof Mo st r t
o a t Ea e i me N ay .
,

a ru ur
mo th u v rs lly c rr t
was en ni e a P t rsburg th t
u en i n S t e e a .
,

th e Nihili t d p td
s s h ad e u e th r
on e o f b r to w it
ei n um e a on
 THE N I H ILI S TS 233

t h e Em pe ror Al x d r d xpl i t h i m i u mbi gu us e an e an e a n o n na o

w rds wh t th ey r lly w t d Th mp r r r iv d
o a ea an e . e e e o ece e

him d ft r h avi g h rd wh t h h d t
,
an a e
y rd r d n ea a e a o sa ,
o e e

h i m t b pl c e d i d r c e i t h e F rtr ss P t op w l
o e a n ki u an n o e e r o ov s

t h e p lic h w v r f il d to fi d y clu t his id tity

o e, o e e ,
a e n an e o en .

S ru s t h story
o n d th e r ise othi g i m pr b bl e i ,
it an e n n o a n ,

c sid eri g th e d ri g s lf c i fic e which ch r ct ris s ll

on n a n e -s a r a a e e a

th e ts f th Nihil ists
ac o e .

to — Th e mp r r s r ply
’
6 2 6 Th e E mp s R p ly th
’
. eror e ere e e o e

t o t h e Ni h i li ti c pr ocl m ti ski g f such c stituti o l

s a a on , a n or on na

rights s e p oss ss d by v ry civilis e d ati w giv

a ar e e e e n on , as en

in a m if st issu e d o th 1 1 th M y i which th
an e o, n e a ,
n e

e m p ror e xpr ss ed his d t e m i ti fully t r t i

e e d e r na on o e a n an

m i t i his ut r tic privil g s

a n a n F urth rm r e fre sh
a oc a e e . e o ,
ex e

c ut i o w e rd r d th us ds f his s ubj ts w er xil d

ns er o e e , o an o ec e e e

t oS ib ri gr t r rig ur w ex r is d g i st th pr ss
e a, ea e o as e c e a a n e e

an d v ry L ib r l t e d cy
e e N ot ly d i d th m p r r t
e a n en . on e e e o no

g t y r f rm s but h v e r tr t d c o c ssi s l dy
r an an e o , e e n e ac e n e on a r ea

m d a f i st c th r du ti o
e, as, or f th r d m pti
n an m y
e, e e c n o e e e on on e ,

wh r by e e rly f ur milli s f h i subj ts

n ea oti d t on o s ec c on n ue o

b k e pt i virtu l s e rfd m
e n I g ti ff t h e a wly pp i t d o . na e , ne -a o n e

M i ist e r f t h I t ri or whilst br v ly s
n o e di g his m st r
n e , a e ec on n a e

i his ppr ssiv e m sur s tri d t

n O e p s f ty v lv t o ea e ,
e o o en a a e - a e

publi diss tisf ti

c d i dig ti
a by fom ti g ti
ac on an n na on en n an

J wish ri ts th bl m of whi h w l a id t o th e ch rg of
e o , e a e c as a e

th Nihilists w h h w v r publish d a v ry spirit d r ply

e ,
o, o e e , e e e e ,

sh wi g th t it w
o n t th ir p li y t
a i cit th p pl as no e o c o n e e eo e

a g i st th J ws th ey b i g w p v d t m y t i l
a n e e , e n , as as ro e a an a r a ,

an d sp ci lly th o s
e e f S uth e r R ussi
a gr t supp t rs f e o o n a, ea or e o

t h N i h i li ti c m v m
e t But irr sp ctiv of this it w
s o e en . e e e , as n o

p t f Nihilistic t tics t s et
ar o r c o r l i gi g i st ac o on e a e r e on a a n

an oth r i the m pi n N did th d sp oili g f priv t

e e re . or e e n o a e

i dividu ls such
n a disti gu ish d th vi l
,
g i st t h
as n e e o en ce a a n e

J ws e t r i t th i pl s Th y r bb d th y d m itt d
e ,
n e n o e r an . e o e , e a e ,

but ly i th i t st f th c us
on n e d f t h p pl
n e re o e
“
a e an o e eo e .

Th ey w r d t h m p r o r g i st list i g t o p
a ne e ci u s
e e a a n en n e rn i o

co u s l But th m p r or l s d his
n e . s t this dvi
e e e c o e e ar o a ce .

T m bli g f
re his lif h e shut hi m s lf p t G t h i a t
n or e, e u a a s n ,
o

which pl h h d fl d Th d y wh h w t st t f u
a ce e a e . e a en e as o ar , o r

i mp ri l tr i s w r st t ti u sly dy t f ur d i ff r t
e a a n e e o en a o rea a o e en

st ti s i S t P t rsburg w ith ll t h ffi i l d m ilit y

a on n . e e ,
a e o c a an ar

a tt d ts whil th m p r fi d i t i with out tt d

en an , e e e ero e n a ra n a en

an ce , whi h h d b w iti g t sidi g

c a ee n a n a a n .

Wh i Ju 1 88 1 th C urt r m v d t P t h ff th
en n ne e o e o e o e er o ,
e

r ilw y b etw e th t w o pl c s w s strictly gu rd d by

a a e n e a e a a e
3 34 C
S E RE T S O I E TIE S C
t ro o ps ; fo ve ry h lf v e rst — b out e third of a mi l
r e a a on - e

E gl i sh — th e r w
n s ti l with t e t B sid s this
e as a en ne a n . e e ,

th e ph t gr phs of ll t h e r ilw y offi i ls w e r e l dg d i

o o a a a a c a o e n

th e M i istry f W ays n d C mm u i ti o s s o th t a y an o n ca on ,
a n

Nih i list disguis d i r i lw y c st um m ight th e m or sily

, e n a a o e, e ea

b d t ct e d
e e e .

6 2 7 A tt mp t g i t G
. l Th
e i — O a N v mb e r
a ns en era c er ev n . n o e

25 ,
y o g m pr s t d hi m s lf t t h e De p a rt m t
a un an e en e e a en

o f S t t P li e w h i h w s t h
a e o l d third s e cti o
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c a e o n or c

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r v i th h i f dir t r f m sur s fo ssuri g t h s f ty

e n, e c e ec o o ea e r a n e a e

of th m p r o r st ti g th t h h d t o discl s s m busi
e e e ,
a n a e a o e o e

ne ss gr v ly ffe ti g th S t t e O b i g sh e r d i t
a e a c n e a . n e n u e n o

t h pre s e c
e of Ge r l Tc h e i h i mm di t ly dr w
n e ne a er v n , e e a e e a

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of th rs d fo th e g od of R ussi b ut m e d
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p l i ce s His
. w m w S k f ok y A s t
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an o s pr b bly tri d with cl os d d rs a d as o a e e oo ,
n

wh t w his pu ish m t re m i s u k ow
a as n en a n n n n .

6 28 T i l . d oth e E e t i
r a s a n 1 8 8 2 — Nu m e r us rr sts r v n s n . o a e ,

an d tri ls f p rs o s w h o h a d l
a o g b e i pris o t ok pl ce
e n on e n n n , o a

i 1 88 2
n Of tw ty p is o e rs tri d i F bru ry t
. en i cludi g r n e n e a ,
en , n n

o e w m
n o w r s e t e c d to b h g d O 1 2 th J u
an , e e n n e e an e . n ne

C u t I g ti e ff h vi g r d r e d hi m s elf u p opul r t
o n na ,
a n en e n a o

th e public by h i ti J wish sch m s d i u rr d th s an - e e e ,

an nc e e

disf v our f h i s i m p eri l m a st r by i ti m ti g t h i m th t

a o a e n a n o a ,

with ut th i trodu tio f th e ci e t S t t e s G e r a l of

o e n c n o an n a - en

t h e Ts rs t h e g o v e r m
a t f th c u try c uld t b s tis
, n en o e o n o no e a

f t i ly c ri d o
a c or u d r t h ti me h oured ficti o f ill
ar e n, n e e - on n o

h lt h s t i his r sig ti o
ea en C ou t Tolst i w h o w
n e na n . n o ,
as

k w t dis pprov f th
no n o ti S e m iti p licy f C ou t
a e o e an - c o o n

I g ti ff w s pp i t d his succ ss r
na e , a a o n e e o .

Fi ve d y s a ft r th Nih i lists r c iv d t rri bl bl ow I

a e ,
e e e e a e e . n

a h ou s e ccupi d by th e m o isl d i th e N v th e r
e on an an n e a, e

w as d i s v r d gr t u m b r of b m bs d l rg q u tity
co e e a ea n e o an a a e an

o f dy m it e but of m re i m p ort c w e r th e p p rs f u d
na o an e e a e o n

o n t h N i h i lists ppr h
e d e d t th e s m e ti m fr m which
a e en a a e, o

i t pp r e d th t th e y w r e k e pt n
a ea ua t f th e G v e r e a co ra n o o n

m t c rr e sp o d
en o e iph r w i th f r ig c u tri s a s fa
n en c in c e o e n o n e ,
r

as it r f rr d to th m s lv s which i f rm ti o th y h a d
e e e e e e ,
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r c i ve d from Vol k fi o e of th e high e r offici ls i t h

e e o
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, n a n e

M i i s try f F r eig Aff i rs I J uly s ecret p i ti g pr e ss

n o o n a . n a r n n -
2 36 C
S E RE T S O I ETI E S C
b el o g n cl ss li k ly to ppr v f a r ev lutio ry pl ot
to a a e a o e o o na .

But t h Nihilists pr fit e d i
e th e r w y by th cor ti o o n an o a e on a n .

Th wh l forc e o f t h G o v e r m t
e o e d its m o st i t llig e t e n en ,
an n e n

sp i s b e i g c c tr t d t Mosc w t h Nihilists s ei z d this

e ,
n on en a e a o ,
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o c si o t S pr d th ir d tri s d t
ca n o ear l supp rt s e oc ne an o en o o er

a t S t P e t rsburg
. d o th r l rg c t s t o which m y b
e an e a e en re ,
a e

a ttribute d t h gre t ri ts whi h ft e r th c ro ti o ccu r d

e a o c , a e o na n, o r e

i t S t P t e rsburg whi h w re i t e sifi d by th

. e f t th a t
, c e n n e e ac

n on e of t h xp ct d stituti l r f rm s w r gr t d
e e e e con on a e o e e an e .

Th m e ife st issu d by th mp r r
an o th e c ti d y
e e e e o on or o n a on a

c o s i ste d si m ply
n f r m issi f rr e rs f t x s ; cri m i ls
o a e on o a a o a e na

co d e m e d with o ut p iv ti
n n f ivil ights h d o e th i rd r a on o c r a n -

o f th ir t r m s r e m itt d ; xil s t S ib ri fo lif h d th eir

e e e e e o e a r e a

s t e c s com m ut e d t tw ty y rs p e l s rvitud e ; th s
en n e o en ea
’
na e o e

still lyi g u d r s t e c fo th e P lish tr oubl s i 1 86 3

n n e en n e r o e n

w er t b e t fr ; but
e o fisc t e d pr p rty w
se ee ot t o b c on a o e as n e

r e st ore d Much m or h d b . xp ct d d th Burg e a ee n e e e ,

an e o

m st e r o f M sc w h a d b e b old e ugh i his c gr tul

a o o e n no ,
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t ry ddr e ss t th e m p r r to e xpre ss th os h p s fo
o a o e e o , e o e ,
r

which p re su m pti o h w visit d with th e e m p e r r s

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an a ne an a on n a a o e e

spr d of Nihilistic d ctri e s Th e Nihilists c ti u e d t o

ea o n . on n

h ld s e c t m ti gs issu th i r p p e s flyi g sh e ts a d
o re ee n ,
e e a r , n e ,
n

m a i f st sn I S pt m b r 1 8 8 3 a u m b e r o f ffi c e rs w e r e
e oe . n e e e n o

a rr st d d l rge d p Ot dis v e r ed t C h k off c t a i

e e ,
an a a e co a ar ,
on n

i g n r m s o f e ve ry ki d l rge qu titi s f gu powd r

a n , a an e o n e ,

dy ami t b om bs d w pri ti g pp r tu s It w s f u d
n e ,
an ne n n a a a . a o n

th t dy mi t w b i g m uf ctur e d i K lpi
a na e as cl o s e e n an a n o n o,

by S t Pe t e rsbu g H e r 1 3 8 va l d 1 7 rtill e ry ffic rs

. r . e na an a O e

w r rr st e d d c v ey e d t th e S t P t r d P u l fo
e e a e an on o . e e an a r

tre ss I S i m birsk
. a rt i ll ry c l o
n l w rr e ste d w h o an e o ne as a ,

h d g i d
a e or m o u s i flu
a ne c with th e p s ts d
an n n en e ea a n ,
an

i ci t d th e m t r v luti o ry d e ds
n e o e o na e .

6 30 Colon el S u d ei ki n s h ot by Ni h i li s ts — O u t h e 2 8th
.

c b r
De e m e Nihilists t k th ir r v g by h ti g
th e oo e e en e s oo n

C l l ud iki
o on e S e Chi f
u th e e r t P lic
of t h e S ec eh s o e in a
, ou e ,

to whi h c b tic d by
h e h a d ee n e n f ls i f r ti
e th e a e n o m a o n o f a n
t d d ci list
i n en e S o a ti g h y ls l ft l tt r st ti g
m ee n T e a o e a e e a n .

th t a xt victi s w uld
th e n e m C u t lst i i ist r
o be o n To o , M n e o f
t ri r
th e I n e o r l
a n d Ge n e a Chi f
GrOs s l e r th e
,
e Of th e St
'

,
.

t rsburg p lic
Pe e o e v r ss ssi ti
If e e a auldna on co . b e p al
s y
l i a te d , c b r
a s t h e E ven i ng S ta n d a rd o f t h e 3 1 s t De e m e

1 8 83 it is
“
uch c s
,
in s a pr s t
a e a s th e h e en k w W e n m en n o .

th t o s or br th r
a s n , o wv s
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i e a re e n d ss e n to m a n e ,
 THE N I H I L I S TS
or d th by pr l o g e d d d lib r t cru elty
ea o E glish m
n an e e a e ,
no n an

c an bl m th m v ry gr tly if th y t k v g
a e e eth i ea e a e en ea n c e o n e r

tyr ts I fr c u t y u d er j ust l ws ss ssi ti

an . n a ee f o n r ,
n a , a a na on o

offi s f
ce r f i d wr g is lt g th r j ustifi bl
or a an c e d on a o e e un a e an

wick d ; but u d r su h egi m

e xists i R u ssi it
n e c a r e as e n a, ca n

h rdly b j udg d i t h s m w y M m y shudd e bu t

a e e n e a e a . en a r,

th y c
e t u r s e v dly d m
ann o n e r e c on e n .

63 1 A ttemp t a a i nst G a ts n — Th e
th e E mp er or
h i at
.
g a

Nihilists c ti u d issu j ur ls
on n e to e o pr l ti s
na an d oc a ma on and ,

to e xt d th ir i flu
en e n g w rki g cl ss s
e n c e a m on th e o n a e Of .

co urs th y ls
e e a ti u d
o c on n e t with ch cks
t o m ee rly e Ea in .

J u y
a n ar u r us rr sts w
1 8 84 n me o a e d g
e re m a e a m on th e
f ct y h ds
a or an P r at e m K o n th e y rv l
am a a n d m an
, e o a ,

d cu
t i on a ry o ts w r f u d th ir p ss ssi
m en e e o n in e w rds
o e on To a .

th e e n d of t h e m on th c br o f De e m e pr c di g y
o f th e e e n e ar

p r r
th e e m e o h a d m e t with wh t th ughta w as l t o or a t ea s ,

of fici lly r pr s t d
a e e en e c id t whil
t o b e a n a c en ; ,
hu ti g e ou t n n ,

his h s s t k fright ups t

or e oo sl g e th e ed e
,
p r r a n d th e e m e o ,

su st i d s v r i jury his right sh uld r

a ne a e e e n to o e But i n t h e .

f ll wi g J u ry it
o o n an a ru ur d th t
w as mo e id t a th e a cc e n w as
r lly Nihilist tt pt
ea a a emss ssi ti
at a a na s id th t
on It w as a a .

b ut f rt ight b f r
a o a o n urd r
e o e th e m C l l e of o on e S ud e i k i n ,

J , g s t ud iki
a b l o n s k i a li as De a i e ff w h o h a d en l ttS ,
e u t h e e e r

whi h c his d th cc p i d by w
led to ea a o m an e rriv d, a om a n a e at ,

h us i p i lg k pr
t h e o e of th e m e r a a m e ee e a t Ga ts h i n a , a n d
p ro

l tt r fr C l l
d uc i n g a e e om o on e i fr d
S ud e i k i n th tn o me hi m a ,

th e w r iv d i t his h s
o ma n w a s t o b e ec e e n o rd r ou e i n o e to
a ssist d t tiv s lr dy
th e e ec e a ea w
a t Ga t s h i n a Th e om a n re .

i d
ma n e wh v r
an d
, en e e s w t sh ti g
th e T a r en tt d oo n she a en ed , ,

disguis d e p s t
as a ea a n b oy c id t
On th e d a y o f th e . a c en
”

th e w th
o m a n w a s n ot but d er e ppm a e h er a t ea r a n c e n e x
,

r p t d th t
d ay a n d e or e as with
th e T a r h a d m e t cid t an ac en ,

on e O f th e g k p rs h vi g r l ssly dis h rg d his

a m e ee e a n ca e e c a e
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l s
c o e t o th e i p ri l sl dg
m e a ef ght d
e an d h rs s
ri en e th e o e On .

th e d a y a eft r ss ssi ti
th e a a naud iki
on o f S wh it e u an d en ,

w as k w th t J
no n a pl y d
a b lon s ki h a d hi f p rt
a e th e c e a i n the
t g dy thr d t tiv s rriv d
ra e ,
ee e ec e a e r st d
a t Ga ts h i n a a n d a re e

th e w om a n s id
Sh e was a
. sist r
to b e a e o f S tr e i a k off, w h o

w as h gd an e pli ity
for c o m c urd r
i n th e m l x d r e of A e a n e II .
,

and th w
e re ru u s urr t ft w rds th t
e re mo r c en a er a a s h e h ad

s tly b
ec r e h gd
een an e s t s P tr
i n o n e o f t h e c a e m a e o f th e e o
F rtr ss
p o w l ov s k i o e tt pt d urd r
fo r t h e a e m e m e a t Ga t s h i n a .

d ss th b
O e a en t r us
ec am e n o o i o fr qu t urd s
for th e e en m er

an d a tt pt d ss ssi ti s
em e a a na on g d r ri
o f o fli c e rs o f th e en a m e e

by Nihilists uri g s
D n th e umme
. r C l l o on e S tri e l ni k off a n d ,
238 C
S E RE T S O I E TI E S C
C pt i G h d i w e r k i ll d ;
a a n ez th e l g th Augus t a d e t r e e on e

mi d tt m pt t o kill C pt i K t k y th e succ ss or of
ne a e a a n a an s , e

S t i l i k ff w
r e n m d e by o s ,
d V r Z s l i Th girl
as a a e con e a as u c. e ,

M ry K lj h i w h o m d th
a a us tt m pt w
n a, m e rch ts a e e a e , as a an
’

d ught r b r ly
a e i t , a d h a o bj
e t t v g h
n n e ee n , n er ec ,
o a en e er

br th r w h h d b
o e ,
s t o d t p e l s rvitud f lif
a een e n e n ce o na e e or e

i S ib ri
n S h h d fo s om t i m b
e a . eu d r p lic sup e r
a r e e ee n n e o e

visio ; h r d m is r bl subs i st
n s e ea n e by giv g l ss s
a e a e e n ce i n e on ,

m i t i i g h rs lf
a n a n n b out f urp c d y H r qu sts
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t o b ll w d t o g br d w er p rsist tly re fus d O

e a o e o a oa e e en e . n

the d t b va e m d h e c ll e d o
a o eC pt i K t s k y
na e ,
s a n a a n a an ,

a v w dly with th O bj ct f r e wi g h r q u st but

o e e e o ne n er e e ,
i n

t h c ou s e f
e v rs t o h sudd ly dre w r e v lv r d
r o con e a i n s e en a o e an

fir d str ight i t th offic er s f c But th b ll o ly

e a n o e
’
a e . e a n

gr z e d his
a ; sh e w s s i z d bef r e ar h c uld fi g i a e e o e s e o re a a n,

an d th on l o t h S e pt e m b r f ll wi g s
e t c d t tw ty e o o n en en e o en

y rs h ard l b u r S h e w a tri d by t h O d ss Milit ry

ea
’
a o . s e e e a a

Tribu l with cl o s e d d rs
na S v r l p liti l a rr e sts w e r oo . e e a o ca e

m d a b ut th e s m e tim e sp e i a lly of stud ts d y o u g

e a o a ,
e c en an n

l di s o f th l tt e r d ct r f m e dici
a e ,
ne o e a a o o o ne .

6 3 2 T i l f th F ou te n — I
. r a th o m o th of Oct ob e r a
e r e n e n

tri l t ook pl
a i S t P t e rsb u rg f f o urt ee Nih i lists i
ac e n . e o n ,
n

c l udi g six offic ers d th e c el b t e d f m l e r v luti ist

n an e ra e a e o on

Fi g e n li V r Fi li p
r, a wh
as h d ffe e d sh lt e r to th e
e a av a , o a o r e

r egicid S ophi P e o k e d of th e r w m
a r vs m ed y , an an o o an , na

V lk o t i wh o h d b e
en s e n , i m plica t d i t h e m urd r of a e n e n e

Pri c K p otk i e t K h k ff i 1 87 9
n e ra n Th e tribu a l
a ar o n n

w s virtu lly
a c urt m rti l with l s d d rs
a a o d th e - a a c o e oo ,
an

gre t e st s cre y w
a bs rv d thr ough out th e w ee k f
e c as O e e or

which th tri l l st e d Th e six offic rs d th tw o w om e

e a a . e an e n,

Ei gn e r d V lk an t i w r c d m d t o d th a d th e
o en s e n , e e on e ne ea , n

o th rs s e t c d to h a rd l b ur i th m i s
e n en e a o n e ne .

6 33 R c t u ti o
.
f th e N
e on s ri hi l i t P t yc— A ft r yn rs o s ar e a ea
’

sil c t h org publish d cl d sti ly i Ru ssi by th e

en e, e an e an e ne n a

Nihil i sts th N d i V li ( Th Wi l l f th P op l ) e
, e a ro na a o a e o e e e , r

a pp e r d d t d 1 2 th Oct b e r 1 884 m l rg 4to Th l ss e s

a e , a e o , a e . e o

su ffe r d by th p rty w r d m itt d th e i typ d pri ti g

e e a e e a e ,
r e an n n

m chi s h d f ll
a ne i t th h ds f th p lic
a a en d s omn o e an o e o e, an e

o f th e ir chi f m w e i pris e Th e s l o ss e s th y t t i
en re n on . e e a r

b ut d to th d u ci ti s of D g i ff th ss ssi f
e e en n a on e a e , e a a n O

C l o l S ud i k i u w h o h d b
o ne e l di g Nihil i st h d
,
a e en a ea n ,
a

tur d tr it r but fi di g th G v r m t t gr t ful

ne a o ,
n n e o e n en no a e

eno u gh d f ri g th v e g
,
an eaf th Nihilists h d p
n e n ean ce o e ,
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c h s d his s f ty by cti g g i fo th l tt e r d killi g

a e a e a n a a n r e a an n

S ud e iki u Th i s l tt e r b i g k i ll ed a d Deg a i eff r e d e r ed

. a e n ,
n n
2 40 C
S E RE T S O I E TI E S C
to d ecl i e A Nihilist m i f st publish d i Aug ust 88 5
n . an e o, e n 1 ,

l m e t e d Truth com p ls u s t o w th t th e fi r str uggl

a n e o n a e ce e

with th R ussi G v r m t d t h spirit f ti l dis

e an o e n en ,
an e o na on a

c on ent t whi h g v str gth t

,
p ty whi h w i f ct
c a e en o ou r ar ,
c as, n a ,

it r i
s d ét
a s on h d d i th triu m ph of bs lutis m I
’
r e, as en e n e a o .
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n

t h fo ll owi g De m b r
e t i l t k pl e t W rs w t which
n ce e a r a oo ac a a a , a

si x p rs s b l gi g t t h r v luti ry ss i ti c ll d
e on e on n o e e o on a a oc a on a e

t h Pr l t ri t i
e o e a ludi g j usti f th e p lic d c pt i
a e, nc n a ce o o e an a a a n

o f E gi n rs w s t n ee d t b h g d ; e ight e w e r
, e re en en ce o e an e en e

c on d e m d t sixt e y a rs h rd l b o u r i t h m i e s t w
ne o e n e
’
a a n e n ,
o

t o te y rs d ight m ths p l s rvit ud

n ea an d tw e on
’
en a e e, an o

o th e s t tr sp rt ti t S ib i f l i f E ly i J u ry
r o an o a on o er a or e . ar n an a

1 8 86 t h p li e disc ve d Ni h ilist r e d ezv ous O pp sit

e o c o re a n o e

th eA it hki e P l
nn t S t P t rsburg
c n A u m be r of a ac e, a . e e . n

e xpl siv e b m bs d p i ti g-pr e ss w e r s iz d d s e ve r l

o o an a r n n e e e ,
an a

a rr sts w r m d I April it w s r p rt d th t Nihilist

e e e a e . n a e o e a a

c o spi y dir cte d g i st t h lif f th e m p r r h d

n ra c , e a a n e e O e e o ,
a

be e dis v d t pl c e
n co r N v Tc h k k t h e c p i t l
ere a a a n ea o o er as ,
a a

o f th D e C ss cks t which th e m pe ro r w s e xp ct e d t
on o a ,
o e a e o

m ke a visit E rly i D c em be r s om e fi hu dr d stud ts

a . a n e ve n e en

a tt m pt d t c l b t th
e e iv rs ry f a rt i B goli
o e e ra e e an n e a o ce a n o n

b off ,
c p pul r p t ; b t t h e p lice i t e rfe r ed d
a on e o a oe u o n ,
an a

n u m b r of rre sts w m d i cludi g m

e a l dy stud ts e re a e, n n an y a en ,

e ight e f wh m w
en s t ff fr m S t P t rsburg by
o o e re en o o . e e an

a d m i ist tiv rd er with ut t h e l s t t i whith r th e y

n ra e o ,
o ea no on e

w re t b t k
e o wh t w s t o b e om e o f th em
e a e n , or a a c .

Su h c th s ty ti s w h v e f Nihil i s m i 1 8 86
a re e c an no ce e a O n .

6 3 6 N i hi li ti P
. di g i 1 88 7 — I s1 8 8 7 t h e Nihilists
c r ocee n s n . n

displ y e d gr at r tivity I F e bru ry

a e th e r c spir y
e ac . n a an o on ac

w as disc v r d but t h d t ils w e r ot ll ow d t tr spir

o e e , e e a e n a e o an e .

A ll th t b c m k w w s th t
a e a y u g pri e c det no n a a a o n n ce , a a

in f t h m ilit ry s h ls tt m pt d t c m m it sui id e
one o e a c oo ,
a e e o o c

by sh ti g hi m s lf t h r e s
oo n ll g d b i g his m plicity e ,
e a on a e e e n co

i n s m p l ot whi h h th ught h d b e disc v d A

o e c e o a en o e re . n
’

i quiry i t th e m tt e r i
n n o o two f t h m ilit ry d a n on e r o e a an

na v l sch ls r e sult d i t h
a oo r s t f l g u m b er f e n e ar e o a ar e n o

y u gm
o n w ell f t w o th
en , a s v l ffi s as o o r re e n a a o ce r .

O S u d y t h 1 3 th M rch th
n n a iv rs y f th ss s
,
e a , e ann e ar o e a a

i
s na ti f Al x d
on IIo d t r m i d tt m pt t kill his
e an er .
, a e e ne a e o

s ucc ss we m d or Th Ru ssi as p li h d pr vi u s i f r m
a e . e an o ce a e o n o a

ti th t su h
on tt m p t w ul d b e m d f m B li
a c an a L d e o a e, ro er n, on on ,

an d Bu h r st O S turd y ight c o upl

c a e .fm i e n a a n a e o en n a r s

t u a tran t h N vsky ttr ct e d th

0 11 tt ti f th e d t t i v s
e e a a e a en on o e ec e ,

w h f ll w do o d w t h e d th m l l ight N e xt d y t h p li
o e an a c e a n . a e o ce

w ere a bl t w tch th e posti g o f s i i dividu ls i cl udi g

e o a n x n a ,
n n
 THE N I H ILI STS 24 1

thr e st ud ts at three diffe r t p rts of th e r oute t b fol

e en ,
en a o e

l w ed by th Ts r Th y c rri d b mbs i th e sh p e of b o ks
o e a . e a e o n a o ,

o f b g a p r gl ss d r oll f m usi A s oo s th y
a ,
an o e a- a ,
an a o c . s n a e

h d pp r tly t k
a a th ir p siti s th ey w e re p u ce d p
a en a en e o on o n u on

by th p olic e d s cure d Alt g th e r fift e p rs o s w e r e

e an e . o e e n e n

a rr st d tw lv e m
e e ,
d thr w om o of th l tt r
e en an ee en , ne e a e

b i g th l dl dy f th e h o s e t P ul v
e n e an t h Fi
a ish o u a a o n a , on e nn

r ilw y wh e re th b m b m uf ct ory w discov r d d y o

a a ,
e o an a as e e a a r

t w o ft r t h e tt m pt o f t h e 1 3 th
a e Ni e of th e tw lv m e
a e . n e e n

w er e stud ts d th e oth r thr w er t w o Polish obl s from

en ,
an e ee e n e

Wil d
na an poth c ry s ssist t S ev e f th ccus d
an a e a
’
a an . n o e a e

w r e c d e m d to b h g d d th oth e r e ight to v ri us
e on ne e an e ,
an e a o

t m s f i m pris o m t with h rd l b ur from tw ty y ea rs

er o n en a a o ,
en

d w w rds I t w s rep ort d t th e t i m th a t e ch pri s o e r

o n a . a e a e a n

w as fou d to h v a s m ll b ttl
n ta i i g m st activ e
a e a o e c on n n a o

p ois o susp d d rou d t h

n k xt to th e b r ski I
en e n e n ec ,
ne a e n . n

ca s e f f ilur e o r fus l t t h l st m om t to ccom plish

o a ,
r e a a e a en a

th e t sk s cre t g e ts of th p rt y w h o w r
a , e t h w tch
a n e a , e e on e a

a l l th ti m e w r t strik th e ch st f th f i t-h e rt ed
e , e e o e e o e a n a

or u suc c ssful c o spir t r thu s s m shi g th b ttl a d

n e n a o ,
a n e o e n

ca u si g th e p ois t o e t e r th w u d m d by th brok e
n on n e o n a e e n

gl ss Th e Nih i lists s eem t t h v b d isc ur ged by

a . no o a e e en o a

th el st f ilur fo o th 6 th April xt fr e sh tt mpt

a a e, r n e ne a a e

th e m p r or s lif pp e rs to h v b e m d th ugh p ’
on e e e a a a e e n a e, o ar

t i c ul s b y ar d th os e f th s i ur of s v r l susp ct d
, e on o e e z e e e a e e

p rs s w e r t ll ow d to tr spire But it w r p ort e d

e on , e no a e an . as e

fr m O d ss th t i th m th f th s m y r ( 1 8 87 ) 4 8 2
o e a a n e on o e a e ea

o ffi c rs of th e r m y rriv d i
e th t t w u d e r a stro g a a e n a o n n n

m ilit ry e sc ort
a Th ey w r ccus d of p rticip tio i t h e
. e e a e a a n n

l st tt mpt o th e Ts r s l i f
a a e d w e r e t b tr sp o rt e d to
n a
’
e, an o e an

E st r Asi
a e n a .

I Ju th e tri l f tw ty
n ne Nihilists accu s d f a o en -on e
,
e o

v ri ous r v luti o ry acts i th y rs 1 88 3 d 1 884 t ook

a e o na n e ea an ,

pl c t S t P et rsburg Th pris rs i lud d th e so s

a e a . e . e on e nc e n

o f c ll e g e c u cill ors pri sts sup ri r

o o fli e s nDo , e ,
e o o
‘
c r , a n

C oss ck tr d s m p e s ts d tw o w m
a , a e f th men , a an , an o e n , on e o e

a st ff-c pt i s d ught e r Fift

a a a n w r o d m e d to
’
a . ee n e e c n e n

d th but
ea , th C ourt s r e c mm e d ti
on ight d e th e
’
o n a on , e a

s ten e n c es w r m itig t d to fr om f ur t o fiftee y rs h rd

e e a e o n ea
’
a

l b ur d subs qu tly t h e m p r r fo o c e r epri v e d

a o ,
an e en e e o r n e

t h e r e m i i g s ev fi o f wh om w e re to u d
a n n g h rd en , ve n er o a

l b ur i S ib ri fo lif a d th e oth ers from e ight e to

a o n e a r e, n en

tw ty y rs ch
en ea ea .

A th r bl w w as sust i d by th Nihilists t th e e d
no e o a ne e a n

o f N v m b e r wh e
o th
e p oli ce disc ov e r d l b r t ri e s fo
,
n e e a o a o r

VO L . II . Q
24 2 S E C RE T S O C I E TI ES

th e m a n ufa ctured y m it e i th V ss i li Os t ou a d of na n e a , r ,
n

P e ski qu a rt e rs f S t P te rsburg N o w o d r th t th e y o . e . n e a

b g t utte r cri s of d e sp ai r t w rds th e e d of th y a r

e an o e o a n e e

L ib r lis m th ey s id i f th ir publi ti o s
“ ”
1 8 87 . e a ,
a ,
n on e o e ca n ,
“
h as ot r di t d th e fe li g f loy lty i s oci ty
n e a ca e e n o a n e .

E v e th i t llige t L ib r ls h v e r ej ct d th e i vit ti o
‘ ’
n e n e n e a a e e n a n

t o e st blish fr e p i ti g o ffic e s
a o e v e to s rv th
r n n ,
r e n e e e

r e voluti o ry pre ss bro d by s di g it rticl e s fo public

na a a en n a r a

ti o Th e Mess g of th Wi l l of th e P p l whi h w
”
n . en er th e eo e, c as e

O ffici a l e xp o e t f t h p rty duri g th e y e r c s e d t

n n o e a n a , ea o

a pp r f w t of i t ll e tu l d m t ri l i d from
ea
“
or an n e c a an a e a a

Ru ssi L ittl is t o b e xp ct d th e Nihilists s id e ls e

”
a . e e e e , a

wh e re fr m th pr s t ge r ti of R ussi a s
,
“
o e e en ne a on n .

R u ssi s ci ety with its dul ss m pti ss d ign or ce

an o ,
ne , e ne ,
an an ,

i s t o bl m Most o f th
a e o ca ll d cultur d cl ss e s
. e s - e e a

b e l o g t o th t c a t gory f p a ss e ge rs wh
n a e m d e to
e o n o ar a

tr v l i c ttl e trucks
a e n R ussi
a s oci ety h b c m e
- . an as e o a

fl ock of sh ee p driv by t h whip d th e sh eph e rds d ogs

,
en e an
’
.
”

6 3 7 Ni h i li m i
. 1 888 — L ittl o othi g w
s n h e rd of . e r n n as a

Nihilis m i th t y r Th e r w i d e d a ru m o ur i
n a ea . e as n e n

J u ry th t
an a w Nihilist o spir a cy g i st t h
a a ne l i f e of c n a a n e

th e Ts r h d b ee d i sc v
a d t S t P e t ersburg d th t
a n o e re a .
,
an a

m y o ffic e rs
an d o th rs h d b a rr e st e d ; b t i t w
an t e a ee n u en

n o furth r th ru m our E xt siv p olice pre c uti o s

e an a . en e a n

w e r d pt d t S t P te rsb urg ly i M r h i
e a o e a .ticip e ea r n a c ,
n an a

ti of Nihili st m if st ti s March 1 3 t h e iv e rs a ry
on an e a on on , ann

o f th e d ea th f th e l t Ts r ; but th d y w e t by with o ut
o a e a e a n

dist urba c s of y ki d Th ccid e t which oc urr e d to

n e an n . e a n c

t h e Ts r s tr i i N ove m b e r 1 8 8 8 is v e ry ge er lly sup

’
a a n n n a

p s e d t h v b e th r sult of Nihilist pl ot But th

o o a e e n e e a . e

u ch g bl d sp otic ch r ct r of th e R ussi G v r m t
n an ea e e a a e an o e n en

w as ga i e x m plifi e d duri g th e y e r by its ti S m itic

a n e n a an - e

p licy a t tw o e xtr m iti s f E urop e R ussi a S om e tw

o e e o an . o

th ous d J e ws r iv e d n tic t q uit Od e ss

an ec e d th e o e o a, an

e xpulsi l ws g i st th p e rs ut d H br ws w re ls
on a a a n e ec e e e e a o

en of rc d i Fi l d Th Fi ish Di t h vi g r f us e d t
e n n an . e nn e a n e o

a dopt th R u ssi v i e w of th
e s th e G ov e r m e t d e t r
an e c a e, n n e

mi d u pne e f r i g th l w
on it e xists i R ussi ; ll th e
n o c n e a as n a a

Je w to l ve w i thi a y e r with t h e xcepti

s ea f th s w h
n a , e on o o e o

h d s rv d i th rm y A c rdi g t th e e m p ror s ow ’
a e e n e a . c o n o e n

t t m e t this wh l s l e xpulsi of th e J ws w s d ue t th
s a e n ,
o e a e on e a o e

f ct th t J ws h v b m i x d up with l l Nihilistic pl ots

a a e a e een e a .

I De c e m b r 1 88 8 t h e p p rs r p ort e d th e disc ov ry by
n e a e e e

th e R u ssi a G v r m e t f nr m ific ti o of s cre t soci eti e s

o e n n o a a a n e

a m o g th e y ou g a d e d uc t e d Ar m e n i a n s upo n th e m od el
n n n a ,
244 C
S E RE T S O IETIE S C
m en t e d ea v oure d to r epr e ss th em which l ed to rep ea te d
n ,

ri ots a d e dl ss rre sts s m y fi h u dr d a d fifty

n n e a ,
a an as ve n e n

stud ts w h o h d pr t e st e d g i st th
en ,
a w d O ppr ssiv e o a a n e ne an e

st tut e s prom ulg t d by t h uth riti s b i g rre st d at

a a e e a o e , e n a e

Mo sc w i M rch 1 89 0 I April ll th e p lic e st ti s

o n a . n a o a on

an d pris s o f S t P t rsburg w r e full f rr e st d st ud e ts ;

on . e e e o a e n

t h e ri gl d rs m stly y ou g m b e lo gi g to good
n ea e , o n en n n

f m ili e s w r e v e tu lly s t s priv t e s oldi e rs i t th e

a ,
e e n a en a a n o

discipli ry b tt li s na r O r e burg
a a on nea n .

I M y f urt ee R ussi
n a , s w e r rr e st e d i P ris which
o n an e a n a ,

h as a lw ys b e a f v o uri t pl c of r sid e c with Nihilists

a e n a e a e e n e ,

C l e l S ok ol ff w h o w
o on xp ll d from Fr c K uk off
o ,
as e e e an e, r ,

a pri t r d P i
n e K p tk i
,
an b i g a m o g th e ir chi efs
r n ce ra o ne e n n .

Th pri s e rs b ov m e ti
e on d w re pr v d t o h v be e i
a e n on e e o e a e n n

p oss e ss i of b om bs m y o f which h ad b ee m a ufactur ed

on ,
an n n

i S witz e rl d
n Th r w e r e t wo w m
an . m g th e ccus e d ; e e o en a on a

th ey w e r cq uitt e d th e m e w r s t c d t three y rs
e a ,
n e e en e n e o ea
’

i mpri s m t on en .

I N v m b r i th e s m y r th e Ru ssi
n o e e G e e r l S eli
n a e ea an n a

v k off w s f o u d i his r o m i
ers a P ris h ote l sh ot i th e
n n o n a a , n

h e d ; h di e d o t h f ll wi g d y with ut h vi g r c v e re d
a e n e o o n a o a n e o

c sci us e ss H h d b ee R ussi spy o th e Nihilists

on o n . e a n a an n .

I th e s m m o th fi
n Nihilists w e r tri e d t S t P t e rs
a e n ve e a . e

burg o of th m b i g a w om S ophi Gu zb urg wh o

,
ne e e n an , e n ,

wa rre ste d i R u ssi i p oss ssi o f b om bs d e ol u

s a n a, n e n o an r v

ti on a r
y pr o cl m ti s F ur f
a t h e prisa rs w e r e
on c o . o o on e n

d e m d t o d th
ne A oth e r tri l t o k pl c
ea b out th e s m e
. n a o a e a a

ti m e d i th e fi t m ti o ed tri l th pri cip l figu re

,
an as n rs - en n a e n a

w a s a w om s i this s c o d tri l th e chi e f p e rs o g w as

an , o n e n a na e

a y ou g girl n Olg I v vsky i e c e of Privy C ou ci ll or

,
a ano ,
n n

I di k y dir ect o r f
ns , d p rt m t f th e H ly S y od As o a e a en o o n .

th e m e s of high ccl e si stic l fu cti o a ri e s w r e c o c e r e d

na e a a n n e n n

i t h e ff i r t h e uth riti e s shr o ud e d it i

n a a ,
m or tha th o n e an e

u s u a l s e cr cy s o th t o d e t ils h v
e ,
r e ch e d th out e r a n a a e a e

w rld
o .

6 40 O u r . ce f m 1
cc 89 1 r to P es
en t D t — Th e N i h i
s ro r en a e

lists pp r t h v b e r th e r but ot quit e i ct i v e

a ea o a e en a ,
n ,
na

d uri g th s e l t r y rs I May 1 89 1 a s ecre t pri ti n g

n e a e ea . n n

pre ss w d isc v e r d d s i d t S t P t e rsburg I

as o e an e ze a . e . n

N o v e m b r f t h e s m e y r f r chi g p litic l co
e o a ea a a r- e a n o a n

s
p i c
ra
y w dis v d tas M sc w d s
co m sixty p rs
ere s a o o , an o e e on ,

b el gi g t o th e bility th e lit r ry prof ssi

on n no d th ,
e a e on , an e

u pp r m iddl cl ss w e r e rr st d I D c e mb r a gr t
e e a ,
a e e . n e e ea

n u m b r f rr sts w e r m d s m e of th e cc us e d b e i g
e o a e e a e, o a n

f u d to b e i p oss e ssi o of pl a s a d d et i ls of th e i mperi al

o n n n n n a
 THE N I HI LI S TS 24 5

p l c e s I 1 89 2
a a . um b r n f Nihilists w e r e rres te d t
a n e o a a

M s ow f
o c a ll g d
,
spir y t kill t h Ts r
or an e his e c on ac o e a on

r tur j our y fr m t h C i m e A
e n ne y mo us l tt h d
o e r a . n a n on e er a

w r d t h e uth oriti s th t th e tt m pt w t b m d
a ne a e a a e as o e a e

a t a s m ll r ilw y st ti a Th e li
a w x mi d d
a a on . ne as e a ne ,
an a.

b omb disc v e r d u de r ch li o f r a ils

e I pit of th e s
n ea ne o . n S e e

f ilure s th e Nihilistic git ti w s ctiv ly c a rri d o

a ,
a a on a a e e n .

Th r e v luti ists
e o d v ur d t stir up th l ow e r cl ss s
on en ea o e o e a e

a g i st th Ts r by t lli g t h m th t th ough h p e
a n e a e n e a , e r

t e d e d to supply th m a ss s with f od duri g th f m i e h

n e e o n e a n ,
e

a ll o w d his sub ordi

e t s t b th p pl Th i si u na e o ro e eo e . e n n a

ti h w e v e r h d but l i ttl succ ss with th R ussi p eopl e

on , o , a e e e an

o f th e l o w r l ss br o ught u p i e sl vish d r ti o f th
c a ,
n a a o a n o e

e mp er r w h o c o d ,
wr g I th m th f D m b e r
an o no on . n e on o ece ,

M j r G e l D o g s k i w a ss ssi at d t T shk d i
a o - en ra r sz ov as a n e a a en ,
n

R ussi Turk st an H h d b ee e ti g pr sid t of

an . e a n ac n as e en a

c ourt m rti l f th tri l f a u m b r of Nihilists m st f

- a a or e a o n e , o o

wh m w r s t c d t v ri u s t r m s f i mp is me t
o e e en e n e o a o e o r on n .

T a v g th m th i r fri ds kill d t h e pr sid e t

o en e e e en e e n .

I M y 1 8 9 3 th d c pit t d b dy f
n a Ru ssi estud en t e a a e o o a an

w a s disc v r d i of r st e r P l s a S t ti o th e W
e e n a o e ,
n a us a on , n ar

sa w r ilw y aTh d c s d w s supp s e d t o h v e b

a . e e ea e a o a ee n a

m e m b e r f a s cr t s ci ty o d t h v be ekill d to p o e , an o a e ee n e re

v e t his r e v li g its s e r ts Tw y u g m w r e rr st ed
n ea n c e . o o n en e a e

fo r th e cri m e d i mm di t ly h g d , A wid e spr d

an e a e an e . ea

Nihilisti c spir cy g i st th life of th Ts r w dis

c on a a a n e e a as

c v r d ( i S pt m b e r 1 89 3 ) t Mosc w i
o e e n e e s equ e c e o f a o , n c on n

which ighty fi e u iv e sity stud ts ight pr f ss rs d

e -
v n r en , e o e o ,
an

fiv l di s b l g i g t o t h
e a e rist r cy w
e on r ste d
n e a oc a , er e a r e .

E rly i a 1 8 9 4 th G ov e r m t C m m issi
n pp oi t d t
e n en o on a n e o

i quir e i t t h e c o diti
n n o f S ib e ri pris s issu d its n on o an on e

r p ort i whi h i st c s with ut u m b r w e r r c rd d

e ,
n c n an e o n e e e o e

of m rcil ss fl g g i g
e e l ppi g ff f r m s d fi g rs by
o n s, o n o o a an n e

s bre uts f c ib lis m u d e r stre ss f f m i

a c , o an n Duri g a n o a ne . n

t h e wh ol f 1 89 2 th r w
e o l m o st c o ti u u s stri g f e e a s an a n n o n o

c o v ys f c orps s fr m O r t h e pris o th e isl d f

n o o e o no , on n an o

S gh li
a t o Ryk o vsk y
a en , th r s i d e c of th uth iti s a a, e e n e e a or e ,

an d m o st of th b di e s w e r t r ibly m u til t e d
e o I 1 89 3 if e e r a . n ,

an
y o of neb d of co vi ts f il d i h i s w rk h w s t
a an n c a e n o , e a a

on ce put o h lf r ti s th e n third r ti s ; d wh e h
a a on ,
n on a on an n e

c ul d w rk o m r th i sp ct r fi ish e d h i m with
o o n o e, e e n e o n a r

v olv r bull t Wh t w d e r th th t i N v m b e r 1 894

e e . a on , en , a n o e

thr s r t pri ti g p ss s i f ll w rki g rd r with

ee ec e n n - re e ,
n u o n o e , a

g t qu tity of Nihilistic lit r tur w re discov e r d t

rea an e a e, e e a

Ki ff t K h a k off a d at Ni colai e ff r e sp e cti v ly ? Th e

e , a r , n e
2 46 C
S E RE T S O I ETI E S C
pre ss t K h a k off w s b e i g w rk d by th e stud e ts of th e
a r a n o e n

u iv rsity i th t city Upw ds of ighty p rs o s w e r

n e n a . ar e e n e

a rr e st e d I S epte m b e r 1 89 5 it w r p rt d th t wid
. n ,
as e o e a a e

spr d Nihilisti pl t g i st th e l i f f th Ts r d th e
ea c o a a n e o e a an

i mp ri l f mi ly h d b
e a disc v e re d by th R ussi p lic e
a a een o e an o .

S om f t h l d rs w r qui e tly r e st d whil dy m it e

e o e ea e e e a r e ,
e na

b om bs rm s ,d pil s o f r v oluti o ry p m phl ts w r

a , an e e na a e e e

s iz e d d uri g
e u m b r of d om i ili a y visits t M sc w I
n a n e c r a o o . n

M rch f th y r 1 89 6 six offi c rs of t h g rris

a o e ea f e e a on o

Ki eff i cludi g c ol e l w r
,
n st d fo p rticip ti g
n a on ,
e e a rr e e r a a n

in Nihilist c spir cy Accordi g t th C t l N w

a on a . n o e en r a e s,

in O ct b r 1 8 9 6 th e R ussi
o e Cu s t m h us e ofli ce an o - o rs c on

fi c t d
s a e th S il si fro ti r qu tity f light c e s
on e e an n e a an o an

d e st i d f s l t t h upp e cl ss s d c o t i i g i
ne or a e o e r a e , an n a n n n

th ir h oll w i t eri r th us ds O f Nihilist pr cl m ti o s

e o n o o an o a a n ,

p i t e d o tissu p p r Th Nihil i sts vid tly st i ll

,

r n n e a e . e ,
e en ,
a re

a t w rk o Th e r e is . Nihilist club c om p s e d chi fly f Je ws a ,

o e o ,

in L do w h o publish
on p p e r si m il r i h a ra ct r to
n, a a ,
a n c e

M st s F i h i t ( 5 1 2 ) i Yiddish
o
’
re ed pri te d with H ebr e w n ,
an n

ty p e .

6 4 1 Ni h i li ti F i
. Th u m b e r of ctiv N i hilists
s c n a n ces - e n a e

ne v e r m o t d to m or e th
a fe w d z
un e me d w me ; an a o en n an o n

th e y m y h v e h d tw l v a thirt
a hu dr d supp ort e rs
a e e or een n e ,

w h o ssist d th l e d rs by distrib u ti g th eir b ooks p m p h

a e e a e n , a

l ts & c c c li g th m wh e p u rsu d by th e p olic

e , .
, on ea n e n e e or

o th rwis i d g r ssisti g th m t o e s p e fr m pris o

e e n an e , a n e ca o n,

a ssisti g th m with m o ey & c ; th ou gh th os e w h sy m p

n e n , . o a

t h i e d with th Nihilists with ut h w v

s et ki g y ctiv e ,
o ,
o e er, a n an a

p rt i th pr p g d m y b e ssu m d to h v b e p
a n e o a an a, a a e a e e n er

h ps e hu dr d th us d Wh e c e did th Nihilists
a on n e o an . n e

O b t i th e m
a n s fo x e cuti g th ir sch e m e s ? f r ti g
ean r e n e or c e a n

a lit r tur pu ch a si g m t ri ls tr v elli g c rryi g ut

e a e, r n a e a ,
a n ,
a n o

t e rr ristic m sure s supp rti g d d liv ri g pris e rs

o ea , o n an e e n on

I 1 86 9 N c h y ff h d bt i d fr m H e rz
n e th
a lu
e a O a ne o en e rev o

ti o n ar
y f d ll ct d i S wit
un rl d cod m u ti g t
e e n ze an ,
an a o n n o
'

m o r th e £1 000 ; th m m b s of th s o i ty o f c o urs
an e e er e c e , e,

g v th ir c tributi s ; L i g b s rifi e d his f rtu e f

a e e on on zo oo ac c o n o

a b o ut r ubl e s t th u s ; th Justi o f th o e
“
ca e
”
e ce o e

Pe c V ia e l ki g v r ubl e s ;
o n a ra s D W im r a e o a r . e a ,
a

v y activ Nihil i st suppli d l g su m s ; rich p pl w h

er e , e ar e eo e, o

sy m p this d with Nihilis m but w uld ot c mpr m is th m

a e ,
o n o o e e

s lv s c tribut d m y ith e r a y m u sly

e e , on o st
e sibly on e e n on o , Or en

for h a rit bl pu rp o s s B sid s th s v l u t ry c t i b u

c a e e . e e e e o n a on r

ti o s t h e Nih i lists obt i d c m puls ory e s by thr at i g

n ,
a ne o on e en n

ti m oro u s ri ch m o such w ere k w to h v e e rich e d en, r as no n a n

248 C
S E RE T S O I ETI ES C
hous e wh ere th e pri ti g ofli w d pr oduc i g th e k ey o f
n n ce a s, a n n

th e r o m s t h e w om
o t old th e l dl rd th t h e w S t ph a o
,
an an o a s as e n

i t h s i st e r w h h d giv it h d giv e h e hu s
’
v c s , o dh a en e r, a n n r an er

b d p r missi t occupy th r m s till his r e tur Th

an e on o e oo n . e

l dl rd h d s u spicio
an o d m de
a no obj e cti o Th e p ir n , an a no n . a

s e cr e tly r em v d ll th e pri ti g pp r tus d l e ft th

o e a n n a a a an e

h us e S o a ft r th p olic e m d th ir pp
o . on e c ; th y e a e e a eara n e e

h d m d
a h us e t o h ou s vis i t ti o t Ki eff i s rch f
a e a o e a n a n ea o

t h e pri ti g ffic e n d th fe w typ s

n o d pr oofs th y f u d
, an e e an e o n

h e r d th e r l e ft i cor rs s tisfi e d th m th t th ey h d
e an e n ne ,
a e a a

c om t oo l t
e Th pri ti g pp r tus w c rri e d to
a e . e n n a a a as a

O d ss e but wh t b c m f it th r is t k ow
a, a e a e o e e, no n n .

A cl v r d e t rprisi g J w A r Z u d l i c
e an en e ti v e n e , a on n e ev ,
a na

o f Wil i 1 87 7 m
n a, g d t s m uggl i t o S t P t e rsb urg
n ana e o e n . e

a ll t h e c e ss ry pp r tus fo pri ti g offic whi h c ould

ne a a a a r a n n e, c

pri t w rks of s m s i z H l ea r ed t h e com p osit r s t

n o o e e . e n o
’
ar ,

an d t ught i t t o f ur th r p rs o s
a F f u r y rs th o o e e n . or o ea e

p lic disc v r e d thi g u til tr ch ry d

o e o e no cci d e t n ,
n ea e an an a n

c am e to th e ir i d N ot o ly th e m e m b e rs of th e rg is
a . n o an a

ti o L d d L ib e rty which m i t i e d th offic but

n
“
an an ,
”
a n a n e e,

e v th e dit ors a d c o tribut ors f th j our l pri t d th r

en e n n o e na n e e e,

d i d n t k o w wh re it w a s
o n I t w s ccupi d by f o ur p e
e . a o e r

s o s M ry K i l off w h o ct e d m istr e ss of th e h u s e wa
n . a r , a as o ,
s

a w om of b ut f orty fi e S h h d b ee i m plic t d i
an a o - v . e a n a e n

v ri u s c o sp i r ci e s A pr tty f ir girl p ss e d th e s rv t
a o n a . e , a a as e an

of M d m a K i l off
a I t rc o urs with th
e r ut e r w orld w s
. n e e e o a

m a i t i d by a you g m
n a ne of rist ocr tic but sil e t m n an a a ,
n ,
an

ne rs H w th e s o o f g r l d ph w of s t o r
. e as n a en e a , an ne e a en a ,

a d wa
n s upp os d to h old m i ist ri l pp i t m t but his
s e a n e a a o n en ,

p ortfoli c t i d ly MS S d proofs of th prohibit e d

o on a n e on . an e

p p r Th e oth e r c om posit r L ub k i w s o ly k ow by
a e . o ,
n, a n n n

t h e ick bird giv t h i m o a c u t of his “ ”

n m e of t h na e , en o n co n

v oice He w as o ly tw e ty three y e rs o f g co um p
. n n - a a e ns

ti o w s writt
n a his f ce ; h vi g o p ssp ort h e w
en on a a n n a , as

c m p ll e d lw ys t r m i i d oors Wh e ft r four h ours

o e a a o e a n n . n a e
’

d sp t r sist ce th pri ti g O ffice f L d d L ib erty

e e ra e e an e n n o an an

f ell i t o th e h ds of th e m ilit y h e sh t hi m s lf
n an ar ,
o e .

Th e pp a r tu s a s rul w axtrem ely si mpl ; few

, a a e, as e e a

c s s f v ri u s ki ds of typ
a e o a s m all yli d r f k i d
o n e, a c n e o a n

of g l ti o us subst
e a c
n l rge cyli d r ov r d with cl oth an e, a a n e c e e ,

which s e rv e d s th e pr ss f w j rs f pri ti g i k
a e , a e a o n n n , a

fe w br ush e s d sp g s E v rythi g w
an s rr g d th t
on e . e n as o a an e a

in a q u rt e r of h ur it c ould b e c ce l d i
a an l rg o on a e n a a e

cupb o rd To ll y a y su spici o th d
a . a i h c o uld c o
a n n e vor n n

c e i v e th e y m a d e h i m e t e r t h e roo m s u d e r v ri o us p e
,
n n a r
 THE N I HILI S TS 2 49

te n c e s , h v i g first rem ov d v ery v e stige

a n e e of th e pri t i g n n

o p r ti
e a on .

We h a v e s een pr c di g p r gr phs h w th c pturin e e n a a a o e a e

by th p lic e pri t g-pr ss p ed fly l d to th

o e of on e n in e s e e e

s tti g up o f oth e r ; d th t th u m b r sc tt e d l l
e n an an a e n e a er a

o v e R ussi m ust h v e b
r a gr t is vid t fr m th a ee n ea e en o e

n u m b r whi h w r e disc v e r d d fr m whi h th m ulti

e c e o e ,
an o c e

tud e of th os e u disc v re d m y b i f rr ed A d th ir n o e a e n e . n e

publicati s w e r sc tt r e d ll v r th e c o u try H d
on e a e a o e n . an

bills d pl c rds s eem d t gr w ut of t h e rth Th

an a a e o o o ea . e

a r my w d lug d with th e m t h e l b our r f u d th m i

as e e ,
a e o n e n

his p ck e t th e m p r r
o ,
his writi g t bl e Nihilists e o on n - a e .

w d r e d l l ov e r R ussi l vi g th m i th ou s d s t
an e a a, ea n e n an a

e v ry h lti g pl c J ssy H l fm
e a n -w a tr v lli g p ost
a e . e e ann as a e n

offi ; h e p k ts w r
ce r lw ys f ull of pr cl m ti s ws
oc e e e a a o a a on ,
ne

p p rs h dbills a d tick ets fo c o rts d b lls f

a e ,
an , n r nce an a or

th e b fit f pris rs
en e of t h e s e r t pr ss
o on e , or c e e .

6 4 3 N i hi li ti M
. u of S f ty sWh e N i h i li m b eg
c ea s r es a e .
- n s an

t o assu m t oristic f e tur s d t h vigil c e of t h e p lic

e e rr a e ,
an e an o e

c s e q u tly b c m m or e strict a d rr sts w e r of d ai ly

on en e a e ,
n a e e

o ccurr c th e Nihilists h d t a d pt v ri ou s m s f
en e, a o o a ea n or

th eir s lf-prot cti e A pri m ry c o diti o w

e th p o ss s
on . a n n as e e

si o of p ssp rt f i Ru ssi e v e ry o a b v th p
n a a o ,
or n a ne o e e ea

s try m ust b r egist r d a d h v e p ssp ort M y

an e e e ,
n a a a . an

y u g m e m tricul t d a stude ts ot with vi e w f

o n n a a e s n ,
n a o

a tt e di g u iv ersity l ctur s but t bt i th e c rd f

n n n e e ,
o o a n a o

l gi ti m ti o N stud e ts t first p id high pric s fo

e a n . on - n a a e r

p ssp rts but e v e tu lly t ook t o m uf cturi g th m

a o ,
n a an a n e .

E v ry s ci ty e st blish d its o w
e o e p ssp rt ffi c e f gi g
a e n a o o , or n

s e ls a d sig tur s O e of th s e offic s fur ish d with

a n na e . n e e ,
n e

e v ry e ce ss ry ppli c w disc v r d by th p olic t

ne a a an e, as o e e e e a

Mo sc ow i 1 88 2 I ll g l
n m th t i t s y th s
.
“
e a
”
en , a s o a , o e

wh l i v d with f ls p ssp rt o o l e t by f i d
o e a a e a o ,
r ne n a r en ,

of c ours did t g by th ir tru

e m s
no d th ir c rr o e e na e , an e o e

s p d
on c wen s t a k e of by fri
a ds T h e Nihilist h den c a re en . a

t o l e d a v ry r gul lif ot t o xcit th suspici s

a e e ar e, n e e e on

o f th d o ih
e Th ir l rg r m eeti gs t o k pl c
r rn . i e a e n o a e n
“
co spir y qu rt rs which w e re c r fully s el ect ed Th
n ac - a e ,
a e . e

wi d ows m u st b
n pl e d th t sign ls c e sily b d i e so ac a a an a e s

pl y d a e ch g d Th w lls of th r m m ust t b
or an e . e a e oo no e

t o thi
o d t h e d rs cl s
n , an ccur t ely s th t s ou ds m y oo o e a a , o a n a

no t r ch th e o utsi d
ea Th e m ust b e l di g utsid e . re a an n o e,

t o c om m d th st i c s e o th t i c s of surp is e
an e a r a ,
s a n a e a r a

f w r s lut e m e
e e o c r e sist troop f ge d rm e s u til
n an a o n a ,
n

a l l c o mpr om isi g p p e rs d oth e r bj cts

n r em ov ed a an O e a re .
 50 C
S E RET S O I E TI E S C
Th e co spir y q u a rt rs ge r lly w r r gul a r rs ls ;
n ac - e ne a e e e a en a

a t t h st or m i g of th e ffic e f t h e Wi ll of th P p l
e n v e ry o o e eo e, e

one f th fi o Nihilists w s r m d with t w o r v lv e rs ; th

e ve a a e e o e

d z ge d rm e s w e r f id t o adv ce d s ldi rs h d
o en n a e a ra an , an o e a

to b s t f ; fr m ighty to a hu d d sh ts w r fir e d
e en or o e n re o e e

o n th t occ si a Wh to s om of th e Nihilists ll th e s e
a on . en e a

prec a uti s b c m irks m on d th e y c o s q ue tlye a gl ct d e o e, an n e n ne e e

th m Al x d r Mi h i l off to wh m th y th r e f r e g v
e , e an e c a , o e e o a e

th ic k m f d
e n i h s v r ly
na sur d th m ; h w uld
e o v or n , e e e c en e e e o

f ll ow his ss i t s i th str t to
o a if th y b h ve d
oc a e n e ee , s ee e e a

w i th ca uti o h w ould sudd ly st op o on , d k hi m

r e en n e , an as

t o r d a sig b o rd d if h e fo u d h i m sh ortsight d
ea n a ,
an n e ,

i sist h i s w a ri g gl ss e s H i sist d th ir dr ssi g

n on e n a . e n e on e e n

re sp e ct bly d w o uld ft e hi m s lf fi d th m s fo
a , an o n e n e e an r

th ei r d i g He hi m s e lf liv d lik e t h R d I di
o n so . e e e n an 0 11

th e w p th H d v ur d to k o w ll th e spi e s t
ar- a . e en ea o e n a ,
o

b w re o f th m ; h e h d list f b ut thre b u d e d
e a e a a o a o e n i

p ss ge s t h o ug li h u s e s d o urty rds
a a r d by his i o an c a ,
an n

ti m te k o wl e dge of pl c s f c c l m t s v d m y
a n a e o on ea en ,
a e an a

c m p i fr om rre st Th e Nihil i sts fr qu tly ch ge

o an on a . e en an

th ir l odgi gs d k e p th e m s ecr et Th th e y r e l y ls o
e n ,
an e . en a

fo th ir s f ty o t h e U k i h e l i o C o c e l rs w h o f r m
r e a e n r va ,
r n a e , o a

l rge cl a ss i e v e ry p siti b gi i g with th e rist cr cy

a n o on , e nn n a o a

an d th e u pp e r m iddl cl ss a d r chi g v e d w t th e a ,
n ea n e n o n o e

p l i c e w h o sh ri g th e r v oluti ry id s m k u e of
o , ,
a n e on a ea , a e s

th i r s ci l
e ffi i l p s i ti to sh lt e r t h
o a or o m b t ts by c a o on e e co a an

c ce li g wh e v e r
on a ce ss ry b oth bj ts
n , d m ne ne a , o ec an en .

S tr a g e nus s s om ti m s l ed t o th m ost u lik ely p eopl e

ca e e e e n

b c m i g C o c l ers Thu s M d m H or
e o n D ish
n ea .
”
a a a e n, a an

l dy s e v ty y e rs of a g e b c m
a , en e S h h d m rri d a , e a e on . e a a e

a R uss i wh h ld som s m ll pp i t m t i th p olic e

an , o e e a a o n en n e .

Wh e th e Pri ce ss D g m r b e cam th e wife o f th h r edi

n n a a e e e

t ry Pri c e of Ru ssi M d m e H
a n wish d t h e D ish a, a a o rn e an

a m b ss d r t a bt i fo h e husb d s m pp i t m t i
a o o O a n r r an o e a o n en n

t h e e st bl i sh m t f th e w rchdu h ss Th m b ss d r
a en o ne a c e . e a a a o

w as rud ough to l ugh t h e en Th i s tur d h i f v ur a a er . ne er n a o

o f th e Nihil i sts w h sh h op d w o uld pu ish t h m b s ,

o e e n e a a

s d r S h e b eg by t ki g r of th Nihilists f bidd
a o . an a n ca e e
’
or en

b ks tt d d t th ir
oo ,
a sp d c en d v tu lly c
e o e c o rr e on en e, a n e en a on

c e li g th
a n c spir t rs th m s lv s Th ks to h g h
e on a o e e e . an er a e, er

prud c p s c f m i d h e sca p ed ll suspi i

en e, re H
en e o n ,
s e a c on . er

husb d wh m h rul e d bs olut ly h d t fur ish h with

an ,
o s e a e ,
a o n er

a l l th p olic i t llig c e h c uld g th r

e e n e en e o a e .

6 44 Th Ni h i li s ts i P i s — I spit o f ll th ir
e c n r on n e a e re au
.
p
ti o m e sur e s m a y o f th e Nih i lists as w e h v e s e
n ar a fell n a en,
y , ,
25 2 C
S E RET S O IE TI ES C
Th e priso e rs i th e fo rtr e ss P t Op ul ki e n o b tt e r
n n e r a ov s ar e

ofl
’
T . h e ir c lls e d rk c old d d m p ; t h e wi d ows
e ar a , , an a n

b i g d rk e d with p i t lights h ve t b e bur t

e n a en rly a n , a o n n ea

a ll d y Th e ir fo od c o sists f w t ry s o up
a . d p rridg n o a e an o e

f ordi r d p i nne f br ea d m r i g
,
an d v i g a Th ece o o n n an e en n . e

st ov s e h t d ly c e v ry three d ys h c t h w lls
a re ea e on on e e a ,
en e e a

a re w t d t h e fl o rs lit r lly full of p uddl e s

e ,
an Th pris e rs o e a . e on

a re ll w d t t k x rcis v ry oth e r d y but fo

a o e o a e e e e e e a ,
r a

q u rt r f
a h ur o ly Th y h v e o oth e r distr cti o
e o an o n . e a n a n .

Wh e S ub k off k i c e m d e cub s of br d t o study ste r o

n s on a e ea e

m try th y w r e t k
e ,
w y fro m h i m
e Pris o e rs e ot
e a en a a . n ar n

a ll w d m us m ts h w t ld No w d r th t d i a e i
o e a e en ,
”
e as o . on e a se s ,
n

s ity tt m pts at suicid a d d e ths a f d ily occurr e c

an ,
a e e, n a re o a n e .

Hu g r m uti i s w r
n e - th r c o s qu n e o f this tr e t e e ano e n e en ce a

m t en A v ry s ri u s o e ccurr d t O d ssa i D c m b r
. e e o n o e a e n e e e

I t r s e i this w y A pris r sk ed fo i v lid s ’

1 88 2 . a o n a . on e a r n a

food but th pri s o d ctor re pli e d Y u

,
e w km ; n o ,
“
o a re a or an

i v lid s f d c osts s v ty k p cks ; y ou will d o with ut it

n a
’
oo e en o e o .
”

A th r p is
no r stud t sk e d fo s m m edi i fo
e r on e , a en ,
a r o e c ne r a

di s s e d b o e i his h d Th e s m e d ct or re plie d S uck

ea n n an . a o ,

y u r h d y u h v pl ty f ti m e Wh this pri s e r
o an , o a e en o .
”
en on

S h o rtly ft r w t d t o c s ult oth r surg o t h pris o

a e an e on an e e n, e n

d ct r r pli d Y ou w t o d ctor but h g m

o o e e ,
“
Th an n o ,
a an an .
”
e

fi l ci u m st c which br ught b ut t h e m uti y w t h

na rc an e o a o n as e

o rd e r of t h e g l r t c o fi e pri s e r w h o w c ao e o n n a on as on

s um p t i a d h d v e, sk ed fo a h mm ock i th e c a rc r
n a a r a , n e .

Th e th pris n rs s e t f th h d of th e p l i c e b ut h
e on e n or e ea o , e

on ly bu s d th m Th th e hu g r m uti y br k e out
a e e . en n e - n o .

Th pri s o rs r fus e d t o t k th e ir f od but th gov r r

e ne e a e o , e e no

o f t h e pri s o rd r e d th o s e w h o c uld n ot b
on p rs ua d e d to
e o e e

ea t t o b k e pt l i ve by m e s f i j e cti o s a ea n o n n .

Th h rr s f tr sp ort ti o t S ib e ri h v o ft
e o or o b e an a n o a a e en e n

d e scrib d We e d t r p e t th f rful t l e But w

. n ee no e a e ea a . e

m y st t e th t th s e h o rr ors
a a e i t e sifi d f
a p oliti c l
e ar n n e or a

pris rs whilst c m m o cri mi ls e ll ow d to s ft

on e ,
o n na ar a e o en

th e m if th y h v e m ea s Thu s Y k h k ff th e w ll
e a n . o an e ,
e

k ow forg r w h o w tri e d a t S t P e t rsburg i 1 87 9 fo

n n e ,
as . e n r

e m b e zzli g th o us ds i stea d of h a vi g to m k his w y

n an ,
n n a e a

p rtly o fo t d p tly by r il w s ll ow e d to tr v l with

a n o an ar a ,
a a a e

e v e ry c m f o t c mp i d by a fe m l e d t put up at
o r , a co an e a , an o

th e b st h t e ls e e o ute o n r .

Th R ussi e G ov r m t e v u d e r Al e x
an der II e n en , en n an .
,

b c m e sh m d it s e ms of th e m a y tri ls d r e s ort d
e a a a e ,
e ,
n a ,
an e ,

t o a v o id this public s c d l to rem ovi g s usp ct ed p e rs s an a ,

n e on

by wh a t i s c ll ed th e a d mi i strati v proc e ss a e xtr n e ,

an a
 THE N I H ILI S TS 25 3

j udici al procedur e d r which h u dr ds of p e rs s w r un e n e on e e

d r gge d w y fr m th ir h o m s
a a a d f mili e s with ut tri l
o e e an a o a

o f y ki
an d n o k n wi g,
wh t b e c m f
on e th m W no n a a e o e . e

m y h ow e v e sur m is e th t m y w r s t t S ib e ri
a ,
r, si c a an e e en o a, n e

in 1 8 80 f ur th r p is o cc om m d ti o h d t o b e c struct ed
e r n a o a n a on

in E st r a S ib ri i e n c o s qu ce f th gr t i flux f
e a n n e en o e ea n o

p liti l pris rs
o ca on e .

Wh t I h v st te d to th e tr e t me t f pris rs is but
a a e a as a n o on e

wh t b s d o uth tic d c um ts H d I qu te d fr m
a IS a e n a en o en . a o o

u d rgrou d pr e ss I sh uld b ccus e d f e g g

“
th e n e n , o e a o xa era

ti o ; but t ki g th e b v e st t m ts o ly d e s such
n a n a o a e en n , o

c o duct b e c o m
n civilis d gov r m e t e a e e n n

6 4 5 N i h i li t E mi g
. ts — I t is diffi ult t e sti m t e th ir
s ra n c o a e

n u m b r M y f th e m c ce l th m s lv e s t sc p th e
e . an o on a e e o e a e

R ussi S pi e s sc tt e r e d
an l l o v r th e C o ti e t a d ot t a e n n n ,
an n o

i v olv th c ou tri s ff rdi g th em

n e e n sylu m i dipl om tic
e a o n an a n a

difficulti s Th r m y b b ut e . hu dr d xil s i
e e a e a o on e n e .
e e n

S witz e rl d ; th r an s id to b e b ut s v e ty i P ris
e e a re a a o e n n a ,

an d p e rh ps fifty i n L d a ; but th s e u m b rs c ly b on on e n e a n on e

a ppr xi m t e a d fr m th e tur e f circu m st c s m u st

o a ,
n o na o an e ,

a lw ys b ch gi g S om f th s fugitiv e s d t fr m th e
a e an n . e o e e a e o

e a rli st st g s
e f th e r v o luti o ry m v e m e t b f r
a e o 1 86 3 e na o n e o e ,

a s fo i st
,
rc M E lp i di th e b ks ll r t G e ev O th rs
n an e, . n, oo e e , a n a . e ,

lik e L av ff w r i v olv d i th c o spir i s of 1 86 6 d

ro ,
e e n e n e n ac e an

1 86 9 O th rs b e l o g t th
. e S i listic pr p g d lik n o e oc a o a an a, e

Pri c K p otk i e O th e rs g i w e r e m mb s of th
n e ra n .
, a a n, e er e

L d d L ib e rty Bl a Divisi p arti s Afte r “ ”

an an or on e .

1 87 8 th r e w a s a l rg e e dditi o to t h migr ti o a a n e e a n .

B ut f w o f th e s e xi l s h v e b e
e bl t s av y p rt i o e e a en a e o e an o n

o f th ir pr p e rty
e B f or e e g gi g i th e m v e m t s om
o . e n a n n o en e

s ld th ir st t e s th e rs l e s d th e m t th ir r el ti o s d
o e e a ,
o a e o e a n ,
an

a ll w e d th em t b burd d with d ebts o th t i th

o o e en e ,
s a n e

en d but littl r e m i s t o b e c o fisc t d by t h e G ov e r m t

e a n n a e n en .

Mo st v ,
th s w h o re c iv e ssist c fr m h m e
e en o e . e
'
a an e o o , are

com p ell d t o r ly o th e ir ow e xe rti o s S m giv e l ss s

e e n n n . o e e on

i n m usic i R ussi ,
i sci e ce ; oth rs writ f R ussi
n an , n n e e or an

an d f r eig o wsp p e rs Oth ers g i ( b ut tw ty)

n ne a .
,
a a n a o en , a re

e m pl oy d i t h e thr ee R ussi a
e n pri ti g ffic t G v ; n n n -o es a en e a

an d p e rh aps th e s m u mb r pr tis th t d s f l k a e n e ac e e ra e o oc

s miths c rp e t e rs d sh em k ers which th y c l r d

,
a n ,
an o a , e on e ea n e

fo th purp os s f t h pr op g d
r e eM y u bl t o w o k
o e a an a . an ,
na e r ,

th ir m t l d physi a l p w ers h vi g b br k by l g
e en a an c o a n e en o en on

i c rc ti o
n a e ra supp ort e d by thn , a re t ibuti s f th p ty e c on r on o e ar .

T supp s o s it fte h s b
o e, supp s d th t th
a o n a ee n o e ,
a e

N ih ili s ti c m ov men t i R ussi a i s dire ct d by th s e emigr a ts

e n e e n ,
 2 54 C
S E R E T S O I ETI E S C
is a ist k e Th e t l gr ph c ot b e mpl oy d by th em
m a . e e a an n e e ,

an d c rr sp o d e c is t
o e slow d u s f Wh t v e r h
n n e oo an n a e . a e as

t b d
o e i R u ss i m ust b e d cid d
on e n d c rri d o u t by
a, e e on a n a e

th e m m b e rs r e sid i g th r e
e Th xil s e s to t k e y
n e . e e e c ea a an

a ct i v p t i th r v luti
e ar n t h m th ugh h m y i
e e o on a o e, o e a n

d i r ctly i flu c i t by his l i t r ry ffo rts

e n en e f i st c e a e , as, or n an e,

K p ot k i
ra d St p i k h ve d
ne an to l rg e xt t Th
e n a a on e a a e en . e

d th f this l tt r
ea o w ll k w by his brilli t d
a e ,
so e no n an an

a uth rit tiv w ork L Russ i S tte

o a e ea c us e d gr t
,
a a o rr a n , a ea

s orrow t l l t u e l ov rs of Ru ssi H w
o a r c i d t ally e a . e as a c en

kill d o th e 2 3 d D c mb r 1 89 5 wh e cr ssi g th e
e n r e e e ,
n o n

r ilw y
a r Chiswi k by b i g c ught by th
a n ea gi e f
c ,
e n a e en n o

a tr i k ock e d d w
a n, n d f rfully m util t d o n, an ea a e .

St p i k e r l m e w S rg e Mi ch elo i tc h Kra v
n a
'
s ea na as e a v

ch i kyns Aft r h i d th t h e S t P e t e rsburg pr e ss ss rte d

. e s ea . a e

th t it w h e w h ss ssi t d Adj ut a t G r l M s t
a as o a a na e n - en e a e en

s ff
o th hi f of th e pol itic l p li by st bbi g h i m
e c e a o ce, a n

with d gg r But th i s w ev e r prov d

a a e . as n e .

Acc rdi g to D l i l six ffi c rs o f t h e g rris o o f Ki e ff

o n a z e , O e a n ,

i cludi g
n c lo l w r
n a r st d i M r h 1 89 6 fo p
o ne , e e ar e e n a c r ar

t i c i p ti ai on Nihi l i st pl ot ; wh e ce i t w o uld pp e r th t
n a n a a a

Nihilis m is ot d e d y et o is it l i k ly to d i u til it h
n a ,
n r e e n as

a tt i d i t i m ; d t h e pr s e t m p r r d oe s ot s e m
a ne s a an e n e e o n e

lik ly t v lu t rily s tisfy it

e o o n a a .

6 46 N i i h li
. ti L i t tu e — s Th bibl i ogr phy of N i hi lis m
c era r e a

i s lr dy a
a ea xt s i v o n Am o g th e m ost i m p o rt a t
e en e ne . n n

n e wsp p rs ad p ri o d i c ls w e h v e
e an e a a

1 T . B ll ( K l ok ol ) d i t d by H rz
he e o d Ba ku i fr om ,
e e e en a n n n,

1 st July 1 8 5 7 to 1 8 6 9 Lo d d G e ev Aft r H rz e s
’
. n on a n n a . e e n

d e th it w r v i v e d f
a as h ort ti me i 1 87 0 i x n u m b e rs
e or a S n s

i 4 to a pp r e d
n ea .

2 F lyi ng S h ts
. H i d elb e rg 1 86 2 7 8 pp 8 vo
ee . e ,
. . .

3 F . W o r d
r ee B e rli 1 8 6 2 5 9 0 pp
. 8 n, . . vo .

4 L i b ty
. 1 86 3 er Two u mb e rs th e org
. o f th e p a rty
. n , an

La d d L ib e rty
n an .

5 Th U d g u d Wo d by M E lp i di
. e n er r o G e e v 1 866
n r , . n . n a, .

Two p m phl e ts a .

6 C u .
f th P e p l by B ku i
a se o e d E lp i d i o 1 86 8 d
e, a n n an n . an

1 869 Ni p mphl ts
. ne a e .

7 O .w d n r vi e w
ar i i
s, ae v o lu m e s 1
e 8 —
7 3 77 Tw n n n . . o

th ous a d C opi s n e .

8 O w d. na fort ightly publ i c ti o

ar s, o f thr e th o u s n d a n e an

c opi es i l rg 4to 1 87 5 d 1 8 7 6 Publish e d i Lo do

n a e . an . n n n .

9 Th T i
. e Mo thly ocs n 1 87 5 to . n .

10 Gen r a l Ca use
. eMon th ly G e e v a . . n .
256 S E C RE T S O C I ETI E S

S u bs eq en t
u Coll ected f rom oth er S ources .

S e n te n ce s

I) a te .

36 14

b ve s t e ce s re th s e pro ou c e d by th e tribu ls ;
Th e a o en n a o n n na

but m any of th e cc us d w e re i r a lity pu i sh d more

a e ,
n e ,
n e

s v e re ly th is pp re t Th o s w h o w e r e cquitt d w e r e
e an a a n . e a e ,

as a r ul e pl c d u d r p o lic e sup rvisi

,
a e i m pris o ed
n e e on , n , or

b ish e d to n o o c ould t ll wh e r e Th e t bl e m r eove r

an ne e . a ,
o ,

d oe s ot h o w th o s e w h o w r e v r tri e d but d a lt w i th
n S e ne e , e

ad m i istr tiv ly it is m i ldly t er m e d : th ey di d i pris o

n a e ,
as e n n,

or w e r e h a g e d with o ut tri l This h s fr qu e tly b ee t h

n a . a e n n e

c s e si c 1 8 8 3 wh c e i t is i mp ossibl t o g i v t h e um
a n e , en e e n

b rs with th e s m e ful e ss a s b efor e th at d te H w m y

e a n a . o an

victi m s w re so quickly r em ov ed it will prob ably b e i m

e
“
,
”

p o ss i bl e e v e r to sc e rt ai a n .
 GE RM AN S OCI ET I E S

64 8 T.h e M o s el C l u b — .In 1 737 c rp t r

e e w as a th r a en e

n am e d gt livi g W i r
Vo , n at e ma tiv
w h o, e n , r ua nab i g e of T a

b ch
a ,
sl cc d g
on th e M o e , w a s , a cust
or i n cr fts
t o th e o m of a

c ll d
m en , a e th e Mos e l er st blish d t v r wh ch
”
He e a
. e a a e n, i
w as a l rg ly p tr is d by stud ts
e a on e enti f r d
w h o, i n , m e , o me a
c lub which ll d its lf
,
ca e es l Club
th e Mo e bc
, a
nd i n 1 762 e ame a

s cr t p litic l club wh s bj t
e e o a ,
o e o r is Prussi to
ec w a s t o a e a th e
r gp w r G r y
ul i n o e of ff ct which
e m an to e e , b rs v t h e m em e e en

pl g d th s lv s s d Fr d r ck
ed e em e e t o en e e i F
I I , wh o w a s a
. re e

s r d ssist
m a on , a m e a an c e . r s r t l gu
I n 1 77 1 a m o e ec e ea e was

f o rm e d withi s l Club c sisti g chi fly

n th e Mo e on ,
nls ti s e of A a an

d i
a n d Ba o e, a n d c lli g its lf
a n rd r
e th e Fri dship
“
O e of en
”
.

N on e w as r c iv d i t it
e e e n o br
w h o w a s n ot a m e m e of th e

Mo e s l Club sig
Th e . p culi r pr ss
n was a e a h d
e ure of th e an ,

and t u hi g
o c n f c
th e a e b rs w r cr ss tt ch d
.Th e m e m e o e a o a a e

to a y ll ribbo
e ow ft r
n y r
. c did t
A e t h e e a 1 7 8 3 th e a n a e h ad

to sw r fid lity
ea e rd r v r f ur sw rds l id cr ss
t o th e O e o e o o ,
a o

wis e ou a t bl a which f r c dl s w r bur i g

e , on ou an e e e n n Th e .

w rds w r
o e e :
“
bc
If I u f ithful
e om e n a th t o m y oa , m y
br thr sh ll
e en a ustifi d
be j th s sw rds g i st
e to use e e o a a n me .

L odg s w r st blish d J
e e e e a e Gi ss
at rfurt G tti g
en a , e en E , o n en , ,

Ma rburg rl g
an d E
,
an en stud ts d fi d
Th e
. en st tut s
e e th e a e

o f th e u iv rsiti s which
n e e , j dici l i quiry
i n 1 77 9 l e d to a u a n

a n d th e a ob liti rd r which h w v r
on o f t h e O e , qui ly
o e e , w as , ck

re -fr d d r
o me un e l k rd r
th e n ew n a m e of t h e
“
B ac O e
”
; at
H ll it ssu d th t
a e a me a U i ists
o f th e
“
n on
”
But i n t h e
.

co urs e o f a fewy rs ea rd r b c
th e O e xt ct till
e am e e in S Ge r
.

y ti u d till
m a n con n e iddlthe m this tury e of h tb d
c en to b e a o e
of e s cr t s ci ti s which
e o e e in, stud ts its
th e eny iv rof m an u n e
siti s w r
e chi f ct rs
e e th e e a two y rs
Be . e en t h e ea 1 8 1 9 an d
1 84 2 such ss ci ti s w r sp ci lly u r us l g l
a o a on e e e e a n me o ; e a

i v stig ti s
n e a on p rt
on t h e a diff r t g v r
of t h e ts
e en o e n m en

pr v d
o e l tt r y r
i n th e a e xist
ea th e e thirty
e n c e of -t w o of

th em . How m u ch b rs
th e m em e such s i ti s l v d
of oc e e o e
25 7
VOL . 11 . R
258 S E C RET S O C I ETI ES

th e rul ers re stor e d to th em pp e rs fro m th e f ct th t ,

a a a a
“
Yo u g G e r m y m us e d its elf o th e ki g s ( of Prussi )
n an
”
a n n
’

b i rthd y wi th sh oti g t his p ortr it Th ir st tut s w r

a o n a a . e a e e e

v e ry s v er e g i st t s o e v e m re i discr ti
e a a n A
re a on , r n e n e on .

D Br e id st i wr ot t M zzi i i Ju e 1 8 3 4 th a t
r . en e n e o a n n n on e

S tr h m ay e r
o m e m b e r o f t h soci ety h d b e s t e c d t
,
a e , a e n en n e o

d e th t th t h w s tr it r but his i discr ti o w s t

a , no a e a a a o ,
n e n a o

be f r d ea eS ixt e m o ths ft r o
. th m or i g o f 4 th
e n n a e ,
n e n n

N o ve mb r 1 8 3 5 m ilk m f u d t h e b ody of th stud t

e ,
a an o n e en

L uis L ssi g pi e r d with f rty i

o e n ,
d gge r w o u ds i ce o -n n e a n ,
n

th lo ly S ih l v ll y e r Z urich Th o ugh th l eg l i
e ne a e ,
n a . e a n

v e s ti g ti adid ot p sitiv ly pr v it y et it w th g e r l
on n o e o e ,
as e en a

op i i th t L ssi g h d ct e d G r “
n on a py o
e t h e n e m a a as S n an

Y o uth s oci ty a d b e s e t e c d t o d th by th m
”
e ,
n e n n n e ea e .

S till wh t th s o bscur e st ud e ts i m e d t is
,
a o e ow a n a a n n

a cc om plish d f ct ; d th pr e dicti o f C rl Julius W b r

e a an e n o a e e

i his D m oc i t
n ( publish
e d i 1 8 r th t Pr osu ssi a u i td e n a ,
n e

wi th th e s m ll e r G e rm st t s w uld b e th dict t or o f
a an a e , o e a

E ur op e a r e lity But
,
s d r ea lity fo E ur op e si c e it h
a . a a r ,
n as

Th ust b k this g f s u d i d u s t i us
r s ac a e o o n n r o n es

T th t f m i l it y s v g o ss a o ar a a en e

Ye G er m y s m s to b r tr gr di g t th e d y s f
s, an ee e e o a n o a o

H i ld e br d fo h an t Bis m rck g e t C ss a i spi t

r as n o a on o ano ,
n e

of h i ss e rti o h w uld ot d s o ? d h s t th
s a n e o n o an a no e

mi ghty m p r or ki g k lt t th e P p e ?
e e - n ne o o

6 49 G r m . F e li g ge i t N p ol
an o — N p ol eo whil st
e n a a ns a e n a n,

h e could i G e rm y f rm c urt m p s d of ki gs a d
n an o a o co o e n n

pri c e s b di e t t o his slight st d ls f u d i m pl c bl

n o e n e no , a o o n a a e

an d i rr uptibl i dividu liti s w h sw or u dyi g h tre d

n co e n a e , o e n n a

t o h i m w h ru l e d h lf th w rld o S till th o s e w h o pp o s d
a e o .
, O e

t h e Fr ch e mp r r h d o d t r m i e d pl
en e od w r e m isl e d a n e e n an , a n e

by f ll ci o us h o p s ; d th l d s lw ys cl ev r i t ki g
a a e an e ea er , a a e n a n

a dv t g f th e p pu l r f rc e s thr w th m ore d ri g
an a e o o s a o , e e a n on e

i fr t li k a v gu rd wh o s d structi o is pr d t r m i d
n on e an a ,
e e n e e e ne ,

i ord e r t fill u p t h e h s m th t s p r t s th m i b ody

n o c a a e a a e e a n

fr om vict ry o .

F or m a ti on a n d S cop e of Tug en d bun d -Tw o o f th e

6 50 . .

first
m e n w h o e e th e gst fi st
, or a m o w r
ndit tth e r to m e a e th e ,

d w f ll
o n a c qu r b f r wh
of t h e on e ro G r
e o e g v r
om a l l e ma n o e n

ts
m en f ll pr str t w r C u t t di
h a d a en o a e, e e s ul
o n S a on , th e o of

Austri p litics
an o ,
a ti
n d tiv
a r N ss u
B on S e , a n a
n
1
e of a a , who

1 Th ei gi l MS f t h g
or na o e re a t re o rg a n is ti a on p ro j s f
ect or th e P ru ssi an
f d i 88 i St i f
.

S ta t 8 7 w
e, 1 0 as o un n 1 1 . n t h e g a r tenh a us of th e e n a mi ly at Gro ss
h b g S lf ld i Th i g i
, ,

K oc er . aa e , n ur n a .
2 60 C
S E RET S O I E TI E S C
th e f te
still m or e to th h ou r f Prussi ; a d th e re
a ,
an d e on , o a n

for e i t tur lly m d e c mm c u s with th Tug db u d

na a a o on a e e en n ,

which i m d t th e s m e obj e ct th xpulsi o f t h Fr ch

a e a a ,
e e on e en .

6 5 1 Di i i . m g Jll embe s f Tug dbu d — Th b s e s

v s on s a on r o en n e a

o f th org is ti
e f t h e Tu g e db u d h d b e l a id i
an a on o 1 80 7 n n a e n n

a t t h e ss e m bly t K o igsb e rg wh r s om o f t h e m o st
a a n td , e e e no e

p tri ts w r pr s t— S t i S t di Bli i c h J h
a o e e e en Th e n, a on , e r, a n . e

a ss oci ti d e lib r t d 0 th m s of r evivi g th

a on e a e rgy 11 e ea n n e en e

an d c our g o f th p e pl a rr gi g th e i surr ecti o ry

e e o e, a an n n na

sch e m e d suc ouri g th e iti s i j ur e d by f r i g occ u

,
an c n c z en n o e n

p ti ou S ti ll th e e w
a . t suffici t u i m ity i th e
r as no en n an n

c o u s ls o f th e ss oci ti o
n e d A ustri a p rty b g a n, an an an a e an

t o b f r m ed whi h pr op os d th
e o , st blish m e t of th
c e e r e -e a n e

G e rm a E mpi with th Archduk e Ch rl s at its h e d ;

n re , e a e a

but th pp siti to this sch e m c m from th sid from

e o o on e a e e e

which it w l st t b e xp e ct ed from th e Archduk h i m

as ea o e , e

s elf S m pr p s e d o rth e r
. o e d a s o uth e r st t e ; but
o o a n n an n a

th em y s m ll c o urtsan d pr ovi ci a l i t e r e sts str gly

a an n n on

opp os e d this prop s l Oth rs w t d a r public w hich o a . e an e e , ,

h ow e ve r m e t w i th v e ry littl e f v ur
,
a o .

6 5 2 A ti i ty f th Tug d bu d — O e f t h e first a cts o f

. c v o e en n n o

th e U i of Virtu
n on w a s t o s e d uxi li ry c o rps t o ssist th e
e n a a a

R ussi s i th e c m p ig of 1 8 1 3 Pru ssi h avi g by th e

an n a a n . a n ,

c ours e of v e ts b c om p ll d t o b d o its t em p risi g

e n , e en e e a an n o n

p olicy Gre is e u S ch r h orst

, d G ll m
na , e m br d a n , an ro an n a ce

t h e m ilit ry pl f th e Tug e d b u d
a A l vy
an o m s w n n . e en as e as

o rd e r d Th e duc t of th s e p tri ots is m tt r f hist ory

. e c on e a a e o .

B ut l i k e th e r
, ti s th e y f ught a g i st N pol eo to
o na on , o a n a n

i mp os e th ir cou try m r tyr ic l gov e r m e t th a

on e n a o e an n a n n n

th a t f th f reig r h d e ve r b e
o e o Th e y f ou ght s m e
ne a e n . a n

on ly fight fo g t c us e d thos w h o di e d f ci d th ey
r a r ea a ,
an e an e

sa w t h e d a w of G r m a fr ee d om n B t th os e w h o su rviv e d
e n . u

s a w h w m uch th y w e r o d c e iv d Th e Tug dbu d b ee e e e . en n ,

t yed i
ra its e xp ct ti o s w s diss olv e d ; but its m mb rs
n e a n ,
a e e

i cr s e d th e r ks o f oth r s ci ti s lr dy xisti g o
n ea an e o e e a ea e n , r

a b o ut t b for m e d Bl ck K igh ts f u d ed i 1 8 1 5
”
Th
o e . e a n ,
o n n ,

an d o c ll d b e u s e th y w
s a e bl ck cl oth s s id to b e th e
ca e o re a e , a

o l d G e rm stu m e h d d by J h an co ti u d t e xist
, ea e a n, c on n e o

a ft r th e w
e did Th e K ights f t h Qu e f Prussi
ar , a s n o e en o a .
”

D L g pl d hi m s e lf t t h e h d of th C o c di t ”
r . an ac e a ea e n or s s, a

s e ct f u d d i i m it ti
o n f si m il r s o ci e ti s lr a dy e xisti g
e n a on o a e a e n

i th e G r m
n u iv rsiti s e A m r i m p rt t ss ci ti
an n e e . o e o an a o a on

w s th t f th G e r m U i o ( D ut h Ru d ) f u d d i
“ ”
a a o e an n n e sc er n , o n e n

1 8 1 0 wh o s ,
bj t w th e promoti o f r pr s e t tiv i sti
e o ec as n o e e n a e n

t uti o s i th e v ri ou s G e r m n s t t e s which U i o co m pris e d

n n a a a , n n
 G E R MAN S O I E TI E S C 26 1

withi its elf n re s e r t f th e

th e m oU co d i ti o l c e on e o n n na s

( D i Ue b di g t ) wh
n e s bj ct wn t h pr m
en ti ,
f L ib e r l o e o e as e o o on o a

id s v e with out th c curr c f th e a ti

ea , e n Th e on en e o n on . e

W stph li G v m t w th first t disc v r t h xi st

e a an o e rn en as e o o e e e

en c f this s i ty I ts s l w s li r p si g b sid th
e o oc e . ea a a on e o n e e e

tr f lib rty surm u t e d by th e Phrygi c p All t h s

ee o e , o n an a . e e

s i ti e s w r i c rr sp d c with ch th r d p
oc e e e n o e on en e ea o e ,
an eace

fully divid d th t rrit y m g th m s lv s ; whil st th

e e e or a on e e e e

G r m U i tru t its m k e w oth r li m its th

e an n on , e o na e, n no e an

t h s e f th G e r m
o o c fed r ti o D J h w ctiv i
e an on e a n . r . a n as a e n

Pr ussi D L g i th a, rth d B r N stitz i th

r . an n e no ,
an a on o n e

s outh This l tt r by m s f f m u s t ss f Pr gu
. a e ,
ean o a a o a c re o a e,

M d m B d w
a a e v r H ssi pri c w h did t
ro e, on o e a e an n e, o no

disd i t h ofli c f gr d m st e r
a n e e o an a .

6 5 3 H ti li ty f G
. m t g i t Tug d bu d — Aft e r
os o ov er n en s a a ns en n ,

th d w f ll o f N p ol o
e o n a th G rm G v r m t th ough a e n e e an o e n en ,

n ot v tu i g Op e ly t o tt ck th T g d b u d y t s ought
en r n n a a e u en n ,
e

t o supp e ss it Th ey ss il d it i
r p m phl ts writt e by
. a a e n a e n

m en s retly i th p y f Prussi O of th s e C ou cill r

ec n e a o a . ne e ,
n o

S ch m lz s o lib ll d it s t o dr w f rth i di g
a ,
e t r pli s
e a a o n nan e e

f m Ni buhr a d S chl i rm ch e r Wh t th e Germ s uld

ro e n e e a . a an co

l e st f giv e w s th e s urril us m
a or r i which S h m l
a c o an n e n c a z

h d c lu m i t d Ar dt th h ly S h m lz h d t fight ”
a a n a e n ,
e o . c a a o

s ve r l du els d v th e f v ur f t h C rt f Prussi
e a ,
an e en a o o e ou o a

co uld ot pr t ct h i m from p ers l ut g s Th ki g

n o e on a o ra e . e n

th th ught it fit to i t rfer H publish d

en o di c n e e . e e a n or nan e,

i which h c mm d d th disput t c e s
n e o d m itt d th t h
an e e e o a e a e a e

h d f v ur e d t h
a a o lit e ry s o i ety k w et h Tug e d
“
ra c no n as e n

bu d duri g th e d ys wh e th c u try h d e d f i t
n n a n e o n a ne o s

a ssist e but d e cl d th t i ti m e s f p c s r t s ci ti e s
an c ,
a re a n o ea e ec e o e

co uld t b b fi i l but m ight d

no e gr t d e l f h r m
en e c a ,
o a ea a o a ,

an d th r f r e f b d th i r c ti u
e e o c Th cti of th
or a e e on n an e . e a on e

G v e m t h w v e r did t suppr e ss th s e r t s oci e ti s

o rn en ,
o e ,
no e c e e ,

th ough it omp ll d th m t ch g th ir m e s Th e T g
c e e e o an e e na . u

e dbn d w s r e viv d i 1 8 1 8 i t h B
un a h s haft e ss ,
n ,
n e ursc en c ,
or a o

i ti
c a f st ud ts f th u iv rsiti s wh r th y i tr oduc e d
on s o en o e n e e , e e e n

gy m stics na d m rti l x rcis s an Th e s e ss ci ti o s h d a a e e e . a o a n a

b ee n pr j t d ly th y r 1 8 1 0
o ec e pp e rs fr om
as e ar as e ea ,
as a a

J h u s p p rs Th eir c tr l c om m itt w s i P ussi ;

a
’
a e . en a ee a n r a

an d ub om m itt e s e xist d t H ll
s -c L ipzig J e e GOt e a a e, e ,
n a,

ti g E rl g
n en , Wii b u g H id lb erg Tii b i g
an en , d rz r ,
e e ,
n en , an

Fr iburg G r ma y w divid d i t o t c i r l e s d th r
e . e n as e n en c ,
an e e

w e r t w k i n ds f ss em bli s pr p r t ry d s cr t This
e o o a e ,
e a a o an e e .

s r t s cti w s th t f th Bl k K ights m tio e d i

ec e e on a a o e ac n ,
en n n

th e pr e c e di g p a r a gr ph Th e lib e r tio a d i d ep e d en c
n a . a n n n n e
26 2 C
S E RE T S O I ETIE S C
of G e rm y— W t e rl o h d ot ff ct e d th e s e bj ects
an s o, a o a n e e o

w as th subj ct discu ss d i th l tt r ; d R ussi b e i g

e e e n e a e an a n

c on sid r d s t h gre t st ppo e t f th e ir p tri tic spir

e e a e a e O n n o a o a a

ti s th e m m b rs dir ct d th ir p e r tio s e sp e ci lly g i st

on , e e e e e o a n a a a n

R ussi i flu e c s I t w s th h tre d a g i st R ussi th t

an n n e . a e a a n a a

p u t t h d a gg r
e i t th h d eo f Ch rl s
n o L uis S d t he an a e o an , e

st ud e t of J n w h o st bb d K tz ebu
en a ,
( 9 t h M rch a e o e a

w h o h d wri tt a a g i st th G rm s oci ti s f which th e r

en a n e e an e e ,
o e

w as c sid r bl e u m b r This m urd e r le d to stri ct r

a on e a n e . a e

surv il l c of th u iv rsiti e s t h e p rt f gov m e ts

e an e e n e on a o e rn n ,

an d s e cr t s o ci e ti e s w r ri g or usly pr ohibit d u d r st r
e e e o e n e e n

p e a lti s ; th e Pru ssi Gov e r m e t sp ci lly b i g m ost

n e an n n ,
e e a ,
e n

s v r
e d pr s cuti g s om
e e, a n f th e m st disti g uish d p o
o e n e o o n e r

fe o s f
ss r th ir p liti l pi i o s Th e B u h h ft w s
or e o ca o n n . rsc en sc a a

br ok e u p n d its obj cts fr ustr t d t o b e r vi v d i

, an e a e ,
e e n

1 8 3 0 ; th i surr ti ry tt em pt m d by s om e f th
e n ec on a a a e o e

stud ts t Fr kfort o th e 3 d April 1 8 3 3 th e bj ct f

en a an n r , o e o

whi h w th e v e rthr w of th e d e sp otic i ord e r t st blish

c as o o ,
n o e a a

c o stitut i o l gov r m e t l d to th p os cuti o of m a y

n na , e n n ,
e e r e n n

m m b e rs of t h Bu s h
e h ft d t o t h suppr ssi o — t
e r c en s c a ,
an e e n a

l ea st n o mi ally a d pp r e tly— of all th e ir s e cr e t s oci eti e s

n n a a n .
25 4 S E C RET S O C I ETI ES

s a id h e rec a t ed n an d r ev ok e d al l his cl i m s ; but s w e h a v

a a e

n o e but M uss u l m
n an hist ri s— h i s
o an m i e s — t o e ly o
en e r n , as

th e e x m i ti o w h ld with cl s d d ors w m y d ubt

‘

a na n as e o e o , e a o

this st t m t
a e en .

655 . P r og ress f B b s t chi g

a bi s m — Th e Ba
o ly
e
, a n h
’
a d n ot on

th l gi l but ls p liti l i s P rsi r l rs h v

eo o ca ,a o o ca a m e an u e
. a e

a lw ys b
a c s rv tiv
e en on e a bis e b ut Bar f t ry
m w a s e o rm a o , a n d
,

c
t h e om m on p pl r dily br c d it it s
eo e ea em a e d f v ur,
as e em e a o

a bl e to th e br k g d wea i n d sp tic p w rs x rcis d

o n of t h e e o o e e e e

by pr vi ci l g v r rs by wh
o n a o e no , c u try o m th ef rfully o n w a s ea
O ppr ss d Wh th r f
e e . en , b s c sid d th
e e or e th e Ba i on, e re em

s lv s stro g
e e n gh th y s i d
e n ou e e ze b ut f u rt
Maz a n d era n a o o ee n

m eil s s uth st
o -ea rfuru sh but
o f Ba h h s tr ps h vi g
; t h e S a o o a n

cut suppli s th y
o ff a l l e surr d r
e h a d to , w r sl i
en e , an d e e a ll a n .

hs
T i w a s i n 1 84 7 cc ssi l t
I n 1 8 4 8, on t h e a e on of th e a e
.

h h th us d bis r s g i st
S a a o an Ba th y h w v r
o e a a n him ; e , o e e ,

w r d f t d by hdi K uli rz u cl
e e e ea e Me o h h
Mi a , n e of t h e n e w S a ,

a n d th e thr hu dr d surviv rs
ee n e surr d r d cru lly
o wh o en e e e

sl ght r d th ugh th y
au e e o , b e pr is d th r liv s
h ad een om e ei e .

h d l d r
Mo ull a Mo a m m e Ali , a Ba b ea e , i n 1 849 on e e c v rt d
s v th us d
e en o an tw lv th us d i h bit ts Z j
o f th e e e o an n a an of a n an ,

s i d
e ze t w
th e o n a n d dr v g v r r fr
o e th e
,
cit d l
o e no om th e a e ;

e ight th us d r y l s ldi rs w r s t g i st
e en o an o a o e e e en a a n hi m , a n d
mo e r th ight th u s d
an e o co b t ts kill d
an o f th e m a an e , a n d th e

surv vi g bis
i n Ba surr d r
h ad t o w r
e n e , an d d th e e p ut t o ea

with h rribl t rt r s
o e o u e f ll w r . biti us
I n 1 8 5 0 a o o e of Ba b , a m o

r th r th f ti l yid Y hy
a e an an a ca Sa r bi pr ch d bis
a ,a Da a ,
ea e Ba m
at Niriz g th r d r u d
and , a e e o n th us d f ll w rs
h i m tw o o an o o e ,

with wh s h lp h p d h ld
o e e h e o e to o t w h hs
th e o n But t h e S a .
’

tr ps tt ck d
oo a a e ss ssi t d by b i g str gl d
h i m h e wa s a a na e e n an e

with his g rdl

own i st rv d
e ; th e bis
a yi ld
e -o ut Ba h a d to e ,
an d

w re e a llcru lly butch r d

e e e s bis tt p
I n 1 8 5 2 om e Ba . a e m ted

to m urd r e h h i qui y f ll wi g th r
th e S a ; th e n r pr v d
o o n e eon o e

th ta sp h
at I gr t t w s P rsi th r
a a n a n d i n a ll t h e ea o n of e a e e

v t ss ci ti
w a s a a s a o a on o f Ba bis wh s b t
a n d L ofiti s , o e o j ec w as
th e o ev rthr w o r ig i g dy sty
o f th e e n n vict d
na Al l c on e. of

Ba bis w r s iz d
m e e e e , and e e x cut d p ly es cr t t rr bl
o en or i n e e e i e
sc s w r
en e t d by
e e en a c e h h s rd rs
th e S a yt w s
o e
’
i n m an o n of

P rsi duri g r ig
e a n a t r r which l st d
e n of e ro , rly a e n ea tw o
y rea s . h hs g r
Th e S a
’
an e tt pt but sp ci lly his
a t th e a em e e a ,

l r
a a m , w as s o gr t th t t st
ea a l y lty his sub cts
to e , th e o a of je
d vs d
h e e i e th e d ilish sch
“
ev writ r lls it
em e
”
a s on e ,
e ca of ,

ki g
m a n a ll cl ss s s c ty h r
a e of o ie rv g t k
S a e i n th e e en e h e oo

on th e Ba bi sh s . fir d
T u th e m a n w h o h a d sh t which e th e o

wo d d
un e k g kill d by
th e i n w as e th e farras h e s —
lit r lly e a , t
he
 THE BABI S 26 5

ca rp t-S pr d s but ffi ci lly th e lict rs f E ste r rul r

e ea er ,
o a , o o a n e s .

Th y first t rtu d h i m by t h i s rti

e o f light d
re dl s e n e on o e ca n e

in i isi o s m d e i his b dy Wh e th c dl e s w r
nc n a n o . n e an e e

b u r t d w t t h fl sh th e fi w s fo s m ti m f d by
n o n o e e ,
re a r o e e e

th t I th
a . d h w
n s w i t w Th M st r f th
e en e as a n n o . e a e o e

H s e d t h tt d ts f t h r y l st bl s sh w ed th ir
or an e a en an o e o a a e o e

l y lty by ili g d h ot h rs S h s t th f t f th
o a na n re - o e- oe o e ee o e

v icti m h d d v r t th m an d fi lly
e br k up his h d
o e o e , an na o e ea

d b dy with clubs ils A th r B bi h a d h i y ”

an o d an na . no e a s e es

pluck d t by th rtill ry m
e ou d w th bl ow fr m e a e en , a n as en n o a

g u n A. th B bi w s
no kill d by t her m e r h ts da sh p a e e c an an o

k p e rs f T h e
ee v e ry
o of wh o m i flict d
e w u d
ra n , e on e n e a o n

on h i m u til h di d V m b é y i his
n W d i gs d
e e . a r ,
n
“
an er n an

E xp ri c s ie P si m e ti s e K sim of Niriz w h
en e n er a, n on on a ,
o

w a s sh d with d h t h rs sh s h d bur i g ca dl s
o re - o o e- oe ,
a n n n e

i s ert d i his b ody ll his t eth t r o ut a d w

n e n tu , a e o n ,
n a s ev e n

a lly kill d by h vi g his kull s m sh d i with cl ub Th e s

e a n S a e n a . e

a re but f w sp ci m s f th ru lti e s i fli t d by rd er f
a e e en o e c e n c e o o

th m i bl g tl m
e a a wh o e h i s visits t o this c u try w
en e an , 0 11 o n ,
as

so l udly h r d by th e ss m bl ed c wds Am g th
o c ee e a e ro . on e

victi m s f th t p rs cuti w s K u t l Ay (th C s l

o a e e on a rra u
’ ‘
n e on o a

ti o f Ey s ) b utiful d c mplish d w om w h p
n o e ,
a ea an a co e an, o ro

f ss d d pr ch ed B bis m Th e m
e e an ea r of h d th is a . an n e er ea

u c rt i
n e ; s m a n y sh w bu t oth rs th t h e w
o e sa e as rn ,
e a s as

str gl d D P l k w h o a ctu lly wit ss d h e x ecuti

an e . r . o a , a ne e er on ,

in his P rsi th e L d d I t I h bit ts si m ply s ys

“
e a, an an s n a an ,
a ,

I w wit ss t o th x cuti
as a f K
ne t l Ay wh i ch e e e on o u rra u
’ ‘
n,

w as p rf rm d by th M i ist r of W
e o e d his dj ut ts ; e n e a r an a an

th e b utiful w m u d rw t h sl w d e th with sup e r

ea o an n e en er o a

hu m f rtitu d an H giv s o d t ils s t o th e m

o e .
”
r of e e n e a a ann e

it I spit e of this p rs cuti o

. n r th r i c o s e qu e e n , or a e ,
n n en c e

of it B bis m spr d with st o ishi g r pidity thr ough o ut

,
a ea a n n a

P rsi e v p etr ti g i t I d i
e a, en N t o ly th l o w r
en a n n o n a . o n e e

cl ss s but p ers o s of duc ti

a e ,
d w lth h v j i d th n e a on a n ea a e o ne e

s ct Th o ly p rti
e . f th
e P rsi p pul ti
n ot o on o e e an o a on n

a ff ct d by its d octri s a pp e r to b e th N s ei i y h a d
e e ne a e u r e n

th Christi
e s an .

6 5 6 B bi Do t i e — I t is c o t i d i
. a th e Bi yy
c r n th n a ne n an , e

E xp sit or a ttribut d t th e B b hi m s e lf d c sisti g

”
o , e o a ,
an on n

o f thr p rts writt

ee t diff r e t p ri ods
a I t is t a gr e t en a e n e . o a

e xt t rh ps odic l fre qu tly u i t e lligibl I t b u ds

en a a , en n n e . a o n

with mysticis m d g r t e Pl t is m b li fs b rr w d , e en e a a on ,
e e o o e

fr m th Gu br s v stig s of M gis m d i m y pl c s
o e e e , e e a ,
an n an a e

d i spl ys th i flu e f a tr sf rm e d Christi ity d

'

a e n en c o an o an an

Fre ch phil os phy of th e l ast c e tury pr op g t e d s f r

n o n ,
a a a a
2 66 C
S E R ET S O I E TI ES C
as Pe rsi a thr ugh m s o ic l odg s th ugh th ey w r o v r a n e , o e e ne e

t le r t e d i P rs i W sh ll
o a n furth r o h w o
e a . e a s ee e n o ne

r c tly st b lish d m t gri f Th B bi KO i

e en e a e ca e o e . e a ra n n

c ulc t s m g th r supe rstiti

a e ,
a s th w ri g of m ul e ts
on o e on , e ea n a ,

m e i th e f r m f
n n st r w m e i th t of c i rcl e ; th
o o a a , o n n a a e

r li is p rtic l rly r e mm d e d t o b put

co ne an a u ath co en e on e

fi g e rs o f th d e d
n l l which i m pli s e r tur to Ar m
a , a e a e n a ea n

P g is m Th b ok m i t i s th e divi ity o f t h B b ;
a an . e o a n a n n e a

h e a d his discipl e s
n e i c r ti o s of sup eri or p w rs ; ar n a na n o e

f rty d ys ft r d th th e y r pp e r i
o a a e th e r f r m s ea ea a n o o .

G d s ys th Bi y y
o , a cre t d th world by His Wi ll ;
e an , a e e

t h e Will w xpre ss d i w rds but w ords

as e c m po se d e n o ,
are o

f l e tt rs ; l e tt rs th e r f r p ss ss d ivi e pr p e ti s
”
o e e ,
I e o e, o e n o r e . n

g i v i g th e ir u m ric l v lu t o th l tt rs fo rm i g th w ords
n n e a a e e e e n e

e xpr ssi g G d th ey lw y s pr d u c t h e s m t t l viz

e n o ,
a a o e a e o a ,
.

19 H e c th
. cl si stic l syst e m o f th B bis ; th ir
n e e ec e a a e a e

c ll e g s
o lw y c o m p s d of 1 9 pri sts ; th y e r is
e a re a a s o e e e a

divid e d i to 1 9 m ths o f 1 9 d ys e ch ; t h e f st of th e
n on ,
a a a

R m d a l sts 1 9 i st d o f 3 0 d ys
a a n a Duri g his l i fe Ali n ea a . n

M h m m d ch os e ight e e discipl s c a ll d L tte rs of th e

o a e e n e ,
e e

L ivi g w h o t g th e r with h i m s lf th e P o i t ( th P i t
”
n , , o e e ,
n e o n

o f R v e l ti o Fi rst P i t fr om which ll e cr t d ”
e a n , or o n ,
a ar ea e ,

a d u t
n wh i ch a ll r tur ) c stitut ed th s cre d hi e r rchy
n o e n , on e a a

o f i te n ne c ll e d th e First U ity Now Mirz a Y hy

en , a
“
n .
,
a a

h e ld t h e fourth pl c e i this hi r r hy d th e d th of a n e a c ,
an on ea

th e Poi n t which ccurr d , lre dy st t d i 1 849 d

”
o e , as a a a e ,
n , an

t h e first t w o L tt rs ro s to b e chi e f o f th s ct ; but

“ ”
e e , e e e

B h e wh s pr op r am is Mirz H ey Ali f N w
a, o e e n e a us n .
o u r, as

a ls o i clud e d i this u ity d h ss e rt e d th t h e w th e

n n n ,
an e a a as

o e by wh m God S h ll
n B b h d pr ph e si ed m k His
o a ,
as a a o ,
a e

fi l re v el ti o ; f b it bs e rv d th e B b i K r which t
na a n o r, e O e ,
a o an , a

pr s e t co sists f l v e p rts o ly sh ll wh c o mpl e t

e n n o e e n a n , a ,
en e,

c o t ai i t e
n n d wh e th a t r v l ti
n ne is m d B bis m
en , a n n e e a on a e, a

will b fi ish d d with i t will m e th e e d f this p

e n e ,
an co n o re

s t w orld ; fo cc rd i g t o th b li e f of his f ll w rs th
en r, a o n e e o o e ,
e

B b w
a th f re ru as of S h eb e Z m o th e L rd o f n n er a ~
ez - e an , o

Ag s w h o r s i d s i t h e i
e ,
d will ot b e s e e till th e
e e n a r, a n n n

d y o f r e surr ct i o
a I c o s qu c e of t he l im of B h
n .
l
n n e en e c a e a

t h s ct w
e S plit up i t o t w o divisi o s t h
e as B h i d th n n ,
e e a s an e

f ll w e rs f Mi rz Y hy a S ubh -i E z e l ( th M r i g f E t e r
o o o a a - e o n n o

n i ty ) a d ft e r h i m c ll e d E l i s
,
n a Th e m j ority o f th s e ct a ze . a e

ar e B h i d th e xil d chi f Y hy liv e s a t F m gust

e a s, an e e e a a a a a,

I fi d this m ti d b y w i t
1
n ly P f ss d F ili p p i i h is
en one on e r er on ro e or e n
Vi g g i i P si l p u b lish d i h I t li
, ,

a o n er a ne p i di l P li t i e n t e a an er o ca o ec n co,

vo l xi i p 5 w h t h is l gt hy
. x . . 2 2, u t f h Bbs ere e re a en a cco n o t e a i .
26 8 C
S E RET S O I ETI E S C
in this c tury S h eykh Ah m a d f Ahs pr e ch e d a e w doc
en o a a n

tri c sid r d h t r d x by t u e b li ve rs ; still h fo u d

n e, on e e e e o o r e e e n

m any dh r ts d o his d e th b ut th y r 1 8 2 7 w
a e en , an n a ,
a o e ea ,
as

succ e d d by his d i s ipl H j i S eyyid K zi m f R sht H

e e c e a a o e . e

di d i 1 844 pr ph e sy i g t h e c om i g f o e gr t e r th
e n ,
o n n o n ea an

hi m s lf Th M irz Ali M h mm d w h c m i c o t t
e . en a a a a ,
o a e n n ac

with s m e dis i pl s of th d c s d S eyyid K zi m w his

o c e e e ea e a , sa

o pp o rtu ity d pr l i m d h i m s lf t h B b t h
n ,
an l d S h ykhi oc a e e e a e o e

p rty str gly supp rt d h i m But s m f th e f ll ow s f

a on o e . o e o o er o

S yyid K zi m di d
e t cc pt t h e
a w pr ph e t a d b e c m no a e ne o ,
n a e,

as th e w S h ykhi p rty his m s t vi ol

e n t p rs ecut rs Th
e a ,
o en e o . e

B b c s qu tly ca ll d t h e l d r gf t h e l tt e r p ty t h
a on e en e ea e a ar e

Qui t ss n e f H ll -fi whils t h i his tur wr t e

e n ce o e re ,
”
e, n n, o a

tr tis e g i st th B b ti tl ed Th C ushi g f F ls
ea a a n e a ,
en ,
“
e r n o a e

h ood F m such m utu l c urt si s th tr siti to m utu l

.
”
ro a o e e e an on a

r cri m i ti o
e d c us ti o o f bj cti
na n bl e t hi g a d
an a c a n o e on a eac n n

pr ctic is e sy d c o s qu tly quit e usu l d th er e f r e

a e a , an n e en a ,
an o

no t t o b t oo r dily b e l i v e d
e ea e .

6 5 7 Rec t Hi t y f B bi m — Th f
. en ful re p is ls th e
s or o a s e ea r r a

l t S h ah i 1 8 5 2 t o k
a e t h e s e ct o f th
n B bis wh t v e r o on e a ,
a e

m y b th ught f th ir m or l sp ct a pp r to h a v e h d
a e o o e a a e ,
ea a

th d sir d p litic l ff ct From th t d y till th r c t

e e e o a e e . a a e e en

a ss ssi ti o of th S h h th o utc m e of l d gri e v c s

a na n e a ,
e o o an e ,

an d of u c ll d f r w l f fi rce p rs ecuti th y
an n a e - or en e a o a e e on , e

h v c m m itt d o o v rt a c t of h stility g i st th e P e rsi

a e o e n e o a a n an

G ov r m t e n p pl th ugh th e ir u m b e r d str gth

en or eo e, o n an en

a re n o w d o ubl wh t th e y w er e i 1 8 5 2 B t this h s t
e a n . u a no

s ft e d th f eli g f th S h h o f th e Mull hs g i st
o ne e e n o e a or a a a n

th m This w cl e rly h w i 1 86 3 I th t y r
e . as a S o n n . n a ea a

P rsi w h h d tr v ll d i E urop sugge st e d to t h e S h h

e an o a a e e n e a

th est a blish m t f m s o ic l odg with hi m s elf s th

e en o a a n e, a e

gr d m st r wh e r by h w o uld h v e m r l gu a r t e f
an a e , e e a a o a an e o

th fi d lity f his s ubj e cts si c e ll p rs o s f i m p rt c

e e o ,
n a e n o o an e

an d i flu ce w uld o d o ubt b ec om m m b e rs d m s i
n en o n e e ,
an a on c

o ths c
a ot b e bro k an n Th S h h gr a t d p e r m issi en . e a n e on ,

w i th ut h ow ve r be i g i iti t d hi m s lf ; l dg c ll e d
o ,
e , n n a e e a o e, a

th F e m o u h -K h
e ra ek th H ou s e f O blivi o —si c e o
s an ,
e o n n n

l vi g th l odg e th m m b r w as supp s ed t f rg t ll
ea n e e e e o o o e a

h h d se
e a i i t— w sp dily p d d th e S h h u rge d
en n as ee o en e ,
an a

a ll his c o urti rs t j i i t H th qu sti o e d th m a t

e o o n . e en e n e s o

wh t th y h d s e i i t but th e ir a sw e rs w r u ti f c
a e a en n ,
n e e nsa s a

t ry th y h d list d t s m e m r l discours dru k tea

o e a en e o o o a e, n ,

an d sm k d Th e S h h c uld ot u d rst d th t th te rribl

o e . a o n n e an a e e

m yst ri e s o f Fr e m s o ry o f which h e h a d h rd s o m uch

e e a n ,
ea ,

c ould am ou n t to o m ore th thi s ; h e th ere fore s ur mi s ed n an

 TH E BABI S 269

th t a gr e t d e l w s withh ld fr m h i m d b c a m dis
a a a a e o ,
an e e

s tisfi ed This diss tisf cti w t k

a . dv t g f by a a on as a en a an a e o

s om f his fri e d s w h dislik e d th e i v ti

e o n d th y o n no a on , an e

sugg st d t h i m th t th l d g w s pr b bly t h h om of
e e o a e o e a o a e e

th gr ss st d b u h e y d fi lly th t it w
e o e e a m ti g
c r , an , na ,
a as a ee n

pl c of B bis D b uch ry th S h h m ight h a v wi k d

a e a . e a e e a e n e

a t but B bis m c o uld ot b t ol

,
a t ed Th l dg w as i m m e n e e ra . e o e

d i t ly rd r d t o b cl s e d
a e o e ed th e uth o r f its st blish e o ,
an a o e a

m ent b ish ed fr m P rsi I quit r ec e t ti m s th B bis

an o e a . n e n e e a

h v u d rg
a e gri v u s p e rs cut i o s I 1 8 88 S yy id
n e on e e o e n . n e

H s a an d S yyid Hu s y w r e put t d th by ord r f

an e e n e o ea e o

t h e th S h h s e ld e st o Pri c Zi ll u S ult f r fusi g

’ ’
en a s n, n e s an , or e n

to bj ur B bis m Wh d e d th ir b odi e s w r dr gg d
a e a . en a e e e a e

by th f t thr ugh t h str t d b z rs f I sp h

e ee o d e ee an a aa o a an , an

ca st ut f th g t b ey d th e ity w lls I th m th of
o o e a e on c a . n e on

O t ob r f t h s m e y e r Ag M irz a Ashr f f Ab d w
c e o e a a a a o a e as

mu d r d f r his ligi
e e d t h e Mull s m util t d t h p oor
or re on , a n a a e e

b dy i th e m ost s v g m
o n r I 1 890 t h e B bi i h b ia a e a nn e . n a n a

t ts f distri t c ll d S h d h w r e tt ck d by m ob
an o a c a e e - e e a a e a ,

an d s v o e ight
e en f th m kill d
r d th i r b di e s bur t o e e , an e o n

with i l But it pp rs th t o v ri ous cc si o s th e S h h

o . a ea a n a o a n a

r stra i e d th e f ticism of w ould b e p ers e cutors f th e

e n an a - o

B bis ; it did o t h ow e v e r s v e h i m fr om t h e v e g e c
a n , ,
a n an e

sw r g i st h i m by th e s ect fo f rm r p rs e cutio s O
o n a a n r o e e n . n

th I st M y 1 89 6 N sr ddi S h ah th e D f d r f th
e a a e n ,
e en e o e

F ith w sh ot i th e m squ e f S h h Abdul Az i m

a ,
as n r o o a ,
n ea

T h r
e d di e d i mm di t ly ft r h w s br ught b k t
e an , a n e a e a e e a o ac o

th city e Th e ss ssi. w h o w s t o ce r st d w M irz

a a n, a a n ar e e ,
as a

M h om e d R ez f Kir m
a f ll ow r f J m l d di w h o
a o an, a o e o e a -e - n,

w s a xil e d f e tt m pt t d thr i g th S h h i 1 89 1
or an a e a e on n e a n .

A ft e r Je m l s d p rtur M h m e d R z w i m pris d ;
’
a e a e a o e a as on e

a f t r s om e ti m h w et fr e but co ti ui g t sp k
e e e as s e ,
n n n o ea

a g i st th P rsi G v e r m e t h e w
a n e e g i i m pris o ed
an o n n ,
as a a n n ,

but s om ti m ft r obt i d his r l e s e d v

e e a ep si a ne e a ,
an e en a en on

fro m th S h h H e f ss d th t h e w ch s t kill th e
a . e c on e e a as o en o

Sh h a d th t h e b ught
,
an r v lv e r f th purp s e but h d
a o a e o or e o ,
a

t w i t t w o m o ths fo
o a f v ur bl pp ortu ity His ec u
n r a a o a e o n . ex

ti s m m o ths ft r th e d d— h a it i spir d th B bis

on , o e n a e ee s n e e a

with suf fici t drea d to d et r th m from si m il a r a tt empts i

en e e n

t h e fut ur e ?
 I R I S H S O CI ET I E S

6 5 8 Th e IVh i te-E oys — I e a n

. r l d h lpl ss g i st is ry
. e , e a a n m e
and sup rstiti
e isl d by h tr d g i st
on , m e a e c q r rs
a a n h e r on u e o ,

th e rul rs e gl d f r d s cts fight

o f En an , o me e to uch n ot s o m th e
vl
e i , a s th e supp s d uth rs
o e a o vilof t h e e first s cr t Th e
. e e

s i ty
oc e r l d r rd d p blic d c
o f I e an , eco e In u ts d t s fr
o um e n ,
a e om

1 76 1 , i n whi h y r c ea s tu ti
th e p s ts lw ys
i a on o f t h e ea a n ,
a a

b u b bl
b a d , h a d ec o m e n e a ra e h y w r d priv d
T e . e e e e of th e

gi
ri l t o f fr p stuee a pr pri t rs
re , a n d t h e os v c s s
e o ,
i n e en a e o ut

i
o f n n e n ot I rish l dl ds but glish
an or , by bl d
En m en oo and

sy p thy b g
m a ,
e an to encl s c
o e th e s Fisc l ppr ssi
o m m on . a O e on

als b c
o e ame v ry gr t
e ea du d d sp ir
. c spir
R e c e t o e a , t h e on a

t rs
o r c urs
h ad e o r pr s ls
e to e i a k th s with r
a n d to m a e
, e e mo e
s curity f r d
e , o m e s cr t s ci ty
t h e e e o eWh t o f t hys
e
“
i e -Bo
,
”
so

c ll d b c us
a e , e a h p
e i n the disguisi g th s lv s th y
o e of n em e e , e

w r v r th ir cl th s whit shirt lik

o e o e e o e a e , e t h e Ca mi s a r d s o f

th e C v s
e en n e h y ls
T e
. all d th s lv s
o ca e v ll rs
em e e
“
Le e e ,
”

b c us th
e a e bj ct
ei r O e l v l gr u d
w a s to e e t o t h e f c s o n th e en e
of the d t st d
e e e l sur s
en c o e N v br In. th y spr d
o em e 1 76 1 e ea

thr ugh u st r c
o M n e , om m itti g ki ds
n a llxc ss s dur g
n of e e e in
th e n e xt f ur o tw ty rs
-a n d - en
y e a .

b v s ci ty
6 5 9 R i g h t-Boy s a n d Ga le-Boy s — I n 1 7 8 7 th e a o e o e
.

is pp r d
d a ea e k r
to m a e ight ys
oom fo r t h e
“
R by -Bo
,
”
who
l g l
e a s i d
m ea n a me bt i g
at o r ducti
ai n n th e e i p sts on o f m o ,

high r w g s
e b liti
a e , th e a o d gr di g p rs l s rvi s
on of e a n e on a e ce ,

a n d th e e r ecti C th li hurch
o n o f a R om a n a o c c v ry for e e P ro
t st t church
e an isl d
i n th e anh ugh s i ty
T o . guilty
t h e oc e w as
o f s om e r pr h sibl cts g i st P t st t p st rs it
e e en e a a a n ro e an a o ,

y et a s a
,
rul r i d with
e ,em a n e li its l g l pp siti
i n th e m of e a o o on .

Th e vi i s d i str ti i tr duc d i t r l d ft r
c ou a m ni a on n o e n o I e an a e th e
risi gn burd
o f 1 7 8 8 th e ,
which
e n of hi fly f lt by
w as c e e th e
C th li s c uld
Rom a n a o c o , pr v i uri u s
n ot b ut o e nj o t o th e Pro
ls
t es ta n t s a o . i h bit ts wh th r C th lic Pr t s
Th e n a an , e e a o or o e

t t w r subj ct
a n , e e e bj ct bl p rs l s rvic h c
t o o e i o n a e e o n a e e — en e

p titi s r j ct d by
e on e e e h ghty rul rs t
th e au lts qu ch d
e ,
um u en e
2 70
27 2 C
S E RE T S O I ETI E S C
proc e ede d to a ggre ss i o Duri g th e r e volt of 1 7 9 8 th e n . n

D f d e rs c mbi e d with th
e en o U it d I rish m e w h o h d
n e
“
n e n, a

i iti t e d th m ov m e t
n a Th e U it d I rish w r d f ea te d
e e n . n e e e e ,

an d th i r l d e r L o rd E dw rd Fitzg r ld h vi g b
e ea b a e a ,
a n ee n e

t y e d by Fr
ra c s Higgi s rigi lly p ot b y d ft er
an 1 n ,
o na a - o ,
an a

w rd s pr pri e t r of t h e F m
a o Jo n l w
o t k d r ee an s
’
ur a ,
as a en an

c d m d to d th ; b ut h di d of his w u ds b f e th e
on e ne ea e e o n e or

ti m e fixe d fo his e x cutio Th r s oc i ty of th e U ite d e n . e e n

I rish h w e v e r w s
, o t disp rs d , I t m m b e rs still c o
a no e e . s e n

ti d t o h old s cr t m e ti gs a d t r pp r i th e p oli
n ne e e e n ,
n o ea ea n

tica l r a u d r th d om i tio f Rib b o me

a en n e e so en na n o
“
n n,

na m d b ca u s e th ey r e g is e d
e e ch th r by c rt i co n ea o e e a n

ribb s Th Ribbo m a s th which o ly b c a me k ow

on . e n n
’
oa , n e n n

s f ll o ws — pr s c of Al m ighty “
in 1 89 5 w s , I
a th a o n e e en e

G d o d th i s m y br oth e r I d o sw e r th t I will suff r my

an ,
a a e

right h d t b cut o ff m y b ody d l id t th g ol d o r

an o e an a a e a o

b e for e I wi ll w yl y b t y br th r Th t I wil l p a a or e ra a o e . a er

s ever d w ill ot p a r e fr m th cr dl e t th cr utch o

e, an n S o e a o e r

t h e ru tch t th
c cr dl th t I will n ot pity th e gr oa s o
o e a e, a n r

m o s o f i f cy o
an l d g but th t I w i ll w d e k ee d e p
n an r o a e, a a n - e

i O
n
g e m e
ra n bl d d d as Ki
n s
’
g J m e soodi d ,
an o n a .

66 1 S t P t
. i k B y s.
— T h e s s
a r ce m t h v issu
o e d fr o m e e o a e

th e r ks o f t h e R i bb m
an Th ir st tute s w e r e discov r e d
on en . e a e

an d publish d i 1 83 3 Th e ir oa th w s :
e n I sw e r to h v . a
“
a a e

m
y right h a d c ut ff t be n il ed t th e d o ro f th
,
or o na o o o e

priso t Ar m gh r th er th d c e iv o b e tr y br th e r ;
n a a , a an e e r a a o

t o p rs v e e i th e c u se t
e re which I d elib r t e ly d v ote
n a o e a e

m ys lf ; t o p rd
e ith r s e a
g e sh o uld t b e i
on ne e x n or a ,
i n

t h e w y of m y v a g c g i st th e O r gem e en ean Th e a a n an n . e

br thr r cog is d each oth r by di l g s

e en e n e Her i s e a o ue .
“
e a

A fi r e is t c om — Th e r d i v ry
” ” “
fi ne d y! a
“
ne on o e . oa s e

I t S h ll b e r e p ir d Wh t with ? With ” “ ” “
b d a . a a e . a

th b o s f Prot e st ts
e ne o Wh t is your pro f ssi o of an .
”
a e n

f ith ?
a Th
”
di s c m fit u e“
f t h e Philisti e s — H w
e o r o n .
” “
o

l o g is y our stick ?
n Lo g ou gh t o r a h m y e mi s n en e c ne e .
”

To wh t tru k d oe s t h e w ood b e l g ? Fr ch ”
a n T on o a en

t u k th t bl m s i Am ric
r n a d wh s l v s sh ll sh e lt r
oo n e a , an o e ea e a e

th s o s of E ri
e n Th ir i m w s chi e fly t h e r dr e s of
n .
”
e a a e s

a gr ri a d s ci l gri v
an a n es o a e an c .

6 6 2 Th O em — Th is s ci ty g i st which th e S t
e ra n en o e a a n
.
g .
, .

P t ick B y s sw r such t rribl v e g c w

a r o o e Pr t e st t e e n ea n e, as a o an

s ci e ty M y f r m s t k e from R m C th lics h vi g
o . an a ,
a n o an a o ,
a n

f ll i t th h d s of Prot e st a ts th s l tt e r w e re s w
a en n o e an n
,
e e a ,
a e

h vea s ee n xp s d to t h e tt cks f th f rm e r Th e
e o e a a o e o .

Prot st a ts i n s elf-d e fe c e form e d th e m s e lv e s i n t o s oci ty

e n n a e ,
 I RI S H S O I ETI E S C 27 3

t ki g th e m e of O r g m
a n nat o i di ca te th e ir Prot s an e en , n e

t t ch ract r d pri cipl e s Th e ir first r egul r m ti g

an a e an n . a ee n

w as h eld th e l t S ep t m b r 1 7 9 5 t th e obscur e v i ll g
on e e , a a e

o f L ough g ll which w s tt d d by d puti s f th e Br k

a ,
a a en e e e o ea

o f-D y -Boys a d c stit ut d i to gra d l odge an on e n a n ,

a uth oris e d t o f u d m i or l dge s At first th s oci ety h d

o n n o . e a

on ly o e d gr : Ora g m n Aft rw rds i

e ee 1 796 th n e an . e a , n , e

Purpl d gr e w s dd d ; ft r th t th e M rk Ma
e e e a a e a e a ,
a n s
’

d gre
e d th e H e r oi n e f J ri ch o (
e an 7 0 1 ) w e r e a dd e d o e see ,

but e v tu lly disca rde d Th e oath v rie d b ut littl from

en a . a e

th a t of th e e t re d Appre tice M so f Th m s Wi lson e n a n, or o a n,

t h e f u d r of th e O rd e r w s
o n e F m o Th e pa ssw ord ,
a a re e as n .

w as Mi gd ol ( th e me of th e pl ac e wh e r t h e I sr aelite s na e

en c m p d b efor e th ey p ss e d through th e Red S — E x od

a e a ea .

x v i . th m a i p ssw rd w s S hibb ol e th
e Th p ss S ign
n a o a . e a

w s m d by lifti g t h e h t with th e right h

a a e d thr e fi g r s
n a an , e n e

on th bri m th e e p utti g th e thre fi ge rs o th e cr w

,
n n e n n o n,

a d pr ssi g th e h t dow
n e ; th
n d rti g ff th h a d t a n en a n o e n o

t h e fr t wi th th e thum b d littl e fi g r tog th e r Thi s

on ,
an n e e .

S ign h i g b e disc ov e r d i t w s ch a g d t e xhibiti g

av n en e ,
a n e o n

t h e right h d with thr e fi ge rs an th e thigh o k e or e n on r n e,

m rki g th e figur thr

a n with th fi ge r o th e k ee Thi s e ee e n n n .

w as th h lf i g ; th full ig w a by pl ci g th firs t
e a S n e s n s a n e

thre e fi g rs of ch h n d up o t h e crow f th e h at r isi g

n e ea a n n o , a n

th e lbows a high a s p ossible a d th droppi g th e

e s ,
n en n

h d p rp dicul rly by th e S id e This ign w as s id to b e

an e en a . S a

e m bl m t i ca l o f th e li t e ls a d sid e p o sts of t h e d o rs o
e a n n - o , n

wh i ch th e bl oo d of th e p ss ov e r l m b w a s spri kl d Th e a a n e .

distr ss w ord f broth e r O r g em w s Wh o i s o

e o a an an a ,
“
n

m y id e ? w h o ? ( 2 Ki gs ix Th e gr d h i li g S ig
”
S n . an a n n

w as m d e by st di g with b th h ds r sti g o th e hips

a an n o an e n n .

I t h Purpl e d gr e th e m e m b e r w s sk ed
n e e Wh t i y ou re a a ,
a s

n u m be r Tw o d h lf Th e gr d m i word wa s an a a .
”
an a n ,
“
R e d W lls ( th e R d a S ) Th p ss w rd w G i d e o e ea . e a o as n,

giv i syll bl e s Th e s oci ty spr e d ve r th wh ol e isl d

en n a . e a o e an ,

an d ls o i t E gl d
a d e sp ci lly i t o th m u f c tu
n o n an ,
an e a n e an a r

i g districts
n A gr d lodg w .st blish e d t M ch st e r an e as e a a an e ,

which w ft erw rds tr sfe rr d t L do

as a d its gr a d
a an e o on n , an n

m st r w
a o l ss
e p ers o th a th e Duk e f Y rk At th
as n e a n n o o . e

d th of th t pri c which occurr d i 1 8 2 1 th Duk of

ea a n e, e n ,
e e

Cu m b rl d ft rw rds Ki g of H ov e r succ d d h i m
e an , a e a n an ,
ee e

b oth of th em m to h v e t h e i te r sts of r ligi o c o fid d en a n e e n n e

t th m ! I
o e1 8 3 5 th I ri sh st tut s h vi g b ee r v i s d
n e a e ,
a n n e e ,

w r m d public Th s oci ty b o u d its m m b r s ov e r t

e e a e . e e n e e o

d f d th e roy l f m ily o lo g a s i t r em ai d f ithful t

e en a a ,
s n ne a o

VO L I I . . S
274 C
S E R ET S O I E TI E S C
Prote st t pri ci pl e s I th e form e r sta t ut e s th re w e r
an n . n e e

o blig ti o s a ls o to bj ur e th e supr e m a cy o f th e C ourt f

n a a o

Rom d t h d ogm a o f tr subst t i a ti o ; a d lth o ugh

e an e an an n n a

i n th e m o d r st tut e s th e s w r m i tt d oth rs of t h e
e n a e e e o e ,
e

s m t e d e cy w e r e substitut ed th e s ci e ty d e cl ri g th a t
a e n n , o a n

its obj ect w as th e pr e s erv tio of th e r e ligi e st bli sh e d a n on a

by l w th e Pr ot esta t s ucc e ssi o f th crow

a , d th
n n o e n, an e

prot ecti o of th e l i ves d pr op e rty of th ffili t d T

n an e a a e . o

c o c ed s om e thi g to th e sp i rit of th g e i t pr ocl im ed

n e n e a ,
a

i ts e lf th eor e tic lly t h e fri d of r li g i o us t ol e r ti o ; but

a en e a n

fac ts h a v e how th i s s i m st S i m il r c s e s to b a m r
S n , a n o a a ,
e e e

i ll u s i o nF om E gl d th e s ct spr e d i t o S cotl d th
. r n an e a n an , e

Col o i e s Upp e r d L w e r C a a d wh e re i t r e ck o e d
n ,
an o n a, n

m em b ers ; a d i t o th e r m y with s om e fifty l odg e s

n n I a , . n

th e U n i te d S t t e s t h e s oci e ty ha l tt e rly b ee sh owi g its as a n n

tol era tio ! I ts p ol i tic l cti o i s w ell k ow ; it e d ea v o urs

n a a n n n n

t o i flu e c e p a rli m e t ry l e ctio s supp o rti g th e W hi gs

n n a n a e n ,
n .

Th e ffort s of th British H ous e o f C omm o s to suppre ss

e e n

i t h a v e hith e rt o b ee i e ffe ct u a l n n .

Th t th e cust om o f i d ulgi g i
a di sgr ce ful m umm e ri e s n n n a

a t th e c e r e m o y o f i it i ti o i t o this O rd r h a n ot go e
n n a n n e s n

o u t of f sh i o ais pr ov e d by a cti o br o ugh t i J u ry

n, n a n n an a

1 89 7 i , t h e Middl s e x ( M ss a chu s e tts ) S up e ri o r C ourt by

n e a

o e Fr
n k Pre bl e g i st th e ofli c e s f l dg h e h a vi g t
an a a n r o a o e, n a

his i i ti a ti o b e r p t e dly struck wh e bl i df ld e d wit h

n n en e ea ,
n n o ,

a r tt a h oist e d o a st e p-l dd e r d thr ow i t o a sh ee t

an , n a , an n n ,

from whi ch h e w as s e v e r l ti m e s t oss e d i t o th e a i Aft e r a n r .

w ard s ed-h ot iro w brought to his brea st d h e w

a r n as ,
an as

s e v e r e ly bur t Th e j ury dis gr e e d but t h e o utsid e w orld

n . a ,

wi ll n ot dis gree s to th e ch r ct r of such pr oc ee di gs

a a a a e n .

O th e r I ris h s oci ti es h vi g fo th e ir chi e f obj e ct th e

e , a n r

r e dre s s of a gr ria a d r eligi u s gri e v c e s w e re th e

a n n o an ,
“
C ord e rs i E st a n d W e st Mea th ; t h e S h
,
n a e ts
“
an a v s
”

an d C a v t s i Ti pp r ry Kilk e
ar a ny C rk d L i m e ri ck ; e a , nn ,
o ,
an

th e Wh i t e f e e t d Bl ckf t a d oth e rs wh i ch ee d ot b e
an a ee ,
n ,
n n

m or e f ully p rticul ris d a a e .

66 3 Molly M gui s — This I ri sh s e ct w

. a th e s u cce ss o r
re . as

of th e White Boys th e H e rt s f O k d oth r soci ti e s

-
, a o a , an e e ,

an d ca rri e d o its O p e r ati o s ch i efly i t h e W e st o f I re l a d

n n n n .

I t a f te rw rds s pr ea d t o Ame ri c wh e r e i t c om m itt d g

a t a, e r ea

o u tr ge e sp e ci lly i th e F W e st Thu s i 1 87 0 th e
a s, a n ar . n

Molly M g uires b c m e v e ry fo rm id bl e i Ut a h wh r
a e a o a n , e e n

E gli s h m a wa s s f fr om th e i r m urd e r o us tt cks a d t h

n n a e a a ,
n e

offi ce r s of th e l aw w e re u a bl e o u wil l i g to bri g th e n , r n n ,

n

c ri mi n al s to j us ti c e Th i s led to th e for ma ti o of cou t e r

. n a n
276 C
S E RE T S O IETI E S C
chi e f office rs w er p ublicly k ow n as such th op e r ti o s e n , e a n

o f th e Br oth e rh d w e r hidd e fr om t h pu blic vi e woo It e n e .

r pidly i cr ea s e d i um b rs pr a d i g thro ugh e ve ry S t at

a n n n e , S e n e

of th Am e ric a U i
e through C d n d t h e British
n on , an a a, an

pro vi c s But i N ovem b r 1 86 3 th e Fe i o rg is ti o

n e . n e n an an a n

a ss u m e d w h a r ct e r
a ne A gr d ti o l c v ti of
c a . an na na on en on

d l eg t e s m t t Chic g
e a a de v ow d th obj ect of th e
a a o, n a e e

Br th h o d
o er m ly t h e s p r ti
o ,
na o f I re l d fr om E g
e , e a a on an n

l d d th st blish m e t of
an ,
an e e I ri sh r e public th s m e
a n an , e a

ch g s b e i g first t o b e e ff ct e d i C ad A oth e r gr d
an e n e n an a . n an

c o v e ti w s h ld i 1 86 4 t Ci ci ti th e d e l eg t e s t
n n on a e n a n nna , a a

which r pre s e t d s om e m m b rs e ch of which

n e e e e , a

m m b ers w s c ll d u p o fo a c o trib uti

e a a f fi
e d oll rs n r n on o ve a ,

an d this c ll it is s id w as pr om ptly r e sp d e d t o
a ,
a I d d , on . n ee ,

t h e r e d r will pr e s
a e tly s ee th t th e l de rs of th e m ov e en a ea

m t w re
en v e r sh ort of m ey wh t ve r th e dup e s w e r
e ne on , a e e .

O ne o f th r e s luti s p ss d t Ci ci ati w as th at th e
e o on a e a n nn
“

e xt c v e ti o sh ould b e h eld o I rish s oil Ab out th ”

n on n n n . e

s am e tim e a Fe i S ist erh od wa s e st blish e d n an d th o a , an e

l di e s w r e ot i ctive ; fo i tw o m ths from th e ir

a e n na r n on

a ss oci ti g th y re tur d u pw rds of

a n e st e rli g tone a n

th F i e xch qu e r fo t h pu rp os of purch si g rm s
e e n an e r e e a n a

an d oth e r w a m t e ri l At th t p e riod th e F i s co fi
r a a . a en a n n

d e tly r e li d o th e a ssist a c of th Am ric

n e n G ov e r m e t n e e e an n n .

Th N ew Y rk pr e ss r ath e r fa v o ur e d this oti

e o I I rel d n on . n an

t h Broth rh od
e v e r tt i d to th e di m si o s it re h d
e o ne a a ne en n ac e

i th e U ite d S t t e s
n n d with ou t th e ssist a ce o f t h e l tt e r
a ,
an a n a

c ould d othi g o n S till th e I ri sh n w e ll th e Am e ri c

.
, as as an

F i en a n , ass oci ati o h d its chi fs ffic e rs both civil d m il i

n a e ,
o , an

t a ry its c om m o fu d a d fi ci l g ci e s its s e cr t o th s
,
n n n n an a a en ,
e a ,

p ssw rds d m bl em s its l ws d p e lti e s its c o c e l e d

a o ,
an e , a an na , n a

st or e s f r m s its ightly drills its c orr sp o d ts a d

o a ,
n , e n en n

a g e ts its j ou r
n ,
ls a d e v e its p opul r s gs d b ll ads
na ,
n n a on an a .

Bu t tr it o s s o a s et to w ork t o d str oy t h e o rg
r on is ti e an a on

fr m with i
o Thu s t h e H e d C tr O M h o y w h w s
n . a en e
’
a ne , o a

i r c ipt f a ofli c i l s l ry of 2 000 d oll rs i s th u s sp k e

n e e o n a a a a ,
o n

o fi t h O ffi i l R e p o rt of t h I v stig ti g C mmitt
n e c a of e n e a n o ee

t h e Fe i Br th rh o d o f Am ric ( 1 866 )
n an o e o e a z

Aft e r c r ful e x m i ti a of th e a ff irs of t h e Br o th e r

a e a na on a

ho od y ur C mm itte fi ds i l most e v e ry i st ce th
,
o o e n n a n an e

c us e of I r l d m d subs e rvi t to i dividu l gai ; m

a e an a e en n a n en

who w r l ud d s p tri ots s ught v e ry O pp rtu ity t

e e a e a a o e o n o

plu d e r th tr sury of th e Broth rh od but l g lis d th ir

n e ea e o , e a e e

a tt ack by s ecu i g th e d ors m t of J h O M h o y

s r n en e en o n
’
a ne .

I J oh O Mah o ey s i t e gri ty th c o fid e ce of th
n n
’
n
’
n e n n e
 I RI S H C
S O I E TI E S 27 7

B r oth rh ood w s b u dl ss d th b tr y l f th at c o fi
e a o n e ,
an e e a a o n

d c wh th e r through i c p city pr em dit ti is ot

en e, e n a a or e a on , n

a qu e sti fo u s t d t r mi e
on r S uffic i
o t th t h h e e n . en a e as

pr ov d recr t to th trust
e ea n N v r i t h hist ry f e . e e n e o o

t h I rish p eopl e did th y r p s s o m u h c

e fid c i th ir
e e o e c on en e n e

l e d rs ; v r b fore w r th y o b s ly d c ive d d
a e ne e e e e e s a e e e an

tr ch rously d lt with I f ct th M ff t m si ( th
ea e ea . n a ,
e o a an on e

h e dqu r te rs o f th e Ame ric F i s ) w

a a t ly an en a n as no on an

a l m sh ous f p up er offi i ls d hu g y dv tur rs but

e or a c a an n r a en e ,

a g r l t e l gr ph offi c e fo t h C di
en e a e a uth riti s d r e an a an a o e an

S i Fr e d rick Bruc
r e t h e British M i ist e r t W shi gt
e, n a a n on .

Th e s e p id p tri ots a d pr of ssia l m rtyrs ot s tisfi e d

an e on a a ,
n a

with mptyi g ou tre sury c o iv d t p osti g t h E glish

e n r a ,
nn e a n e n

a uth riti s io dv c of u m ov m ts
e n a an e o r e en .

Fr m this r ep or t it furth e r pp rs th t i 1 86 6 th er
o a ea a n e

w as i th F e i
n tr sury i th S t t s s u m of
e n an ea n e a e a

d oll rs ; th t th xp s s of th M ff t m si
a a e e d th
en e e o a an on an e

p r sit e s w h fl ock d thith r i thr e m o ths m ou t e d t

a a o e e n e n a n o

d oll rs ; d th t S t ph e s th e I rish H d C tr
a an a e n , ea en e,

i t h e s m sp c of ti m r e c e iv e d fr om Am ric i m e y
n a e a e e e a, n on

s e t t P ris th um f upw rds of

n o a , e s d ll rs th ugh
o a o a ,
o

J h O M h y i m y of his l e tt rs xpr ss d th e gr t st
o n
’
a on e n an e e e e ea e

m istrust f S t ph e s He o d o ubt l ook d up

o e n . th l tt n e on e a er a s

t h m r e cl v e r
e o d d ri g r og u w h o m t e ri lly di m i ish d
e an a n e, a a n e

his w h r f th s poi l S tep h

o n S a e o c reer i I r l d is
e . en s s
’
a n e an

suffici tly w e ll k ow
en d th e r is sc rc ly
n
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n , an t h t e a e an o a

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e a a n e a e a a o e n,

h e ct d a espy up th em as d th a t th e r e e xist d s om
on ,
an e e

u d rst di g be tw ee h i m d t h e E glish uth iti s

n e an n n an n a or e .

How ls ca w e e xpl i his livi g f

n e e ly tw o m ths i
a n n or n e a r on n

th e ne ighb ourh o d f Dubli i h us m g ific e tly fur

o o n, n a o e a n n

n si h d whilst h e t o k o pr c uti o s t c c l hi m s lf
e , o n d e a n o on ea e , an

y e t s p
e ca d t h v i giel c e o f t h peo lic f l g tim e ?
an e e or s o on a

His c du t wh on t l st
c p p r h d d his br v d i th
en a a a e en e ,
a a o n e

p olic co urt d fi l sc p e fr om pris o his tr v e si g th

e an na e a n, a r n e

str ts f Dubli s i li g fo S cotl d tr v e lli g thr ough

ee o n, a n r an ,
a n

L d o t Fr c wi th o ut
on n o c e b i g m l e st e d— ll p i t t
an e on e n o a o n o

th s m e c
e a l usi Th o ly th r p e rs o
on c on . f t mo g e n o e n o no e a n

th e F i s w s J h Mit h l w h h d b e i m p li c ted i
'

en an a o n c e , o a en a n

t h tro ubl s f 1 84 8 w s tr
e e o sp ort d e sc p ed d m ad his
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w y t th U it e d S t t s
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in th t ou try h w s supp ort e r of th e S outh r c us

a c n e a a e n a e,

w as ta k pris o r by th N rth but lib rat d by th e P

en ne e o ,
e e re

e id t t th r equ e st f t h F i s i Am ric
en a e o e e n an n e a .

Th e F e i git ti o ls sprea d i t o E gl a d Meeti gs

n an a a n a o n n n . n
 78 S E C R ET S O C I ETIE S

w er e h eld i v a rio us tow s e sp ci lly at L ive rpool wh r

n n ,
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m en o f co sid r bl e me s w e r e fo
n d t s upport t h e Fe i a
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t o th L iv rp o l C tr
e wh ee cus ed f pl u d ri g his
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brethr e s pp d his fi g rs t th em d d e cl r d th t if
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th y b th r d h i m b ut th e m y h e w uld giv e e vi d c e
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a g i st th m d h v th e wh ol e l t h g d Th F e i s
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t o r a is m o e y i ssu e d b o ds t
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,
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N i ety d ys fte
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THE I RI S H RE P U BLI C
Re d ee mab l e b y

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Ori g i n
6 66 .
f o

w e r e a n a n c i en t m iliti a em pl oy e d on h om e s e rvi c e for prot ec t

i n g th e c oa sts fr o m i n v a si on E a ch o f t h e fo ur pr ovi n c e s h a d .

i ts b a n d th a t of Le i n st e r t o wh i ch Fi on n a n d his f a m ily
, ,

b el on ge d , b ei n g a t th e h ea d of th e oth e rs Th i s Fi on n i s .

th e Fi n ga l o f Ma c P h e r s on a n d th e l ea d e rs of th e m ov e m e n t ,

no d oubt s w dv t g e i c e cti g th eir p rty with

a an a an a n on n n a

t h e hist o ric l d tr diti o ry gl ori e s of I r el d

a an B t th
a na an . u e

F i s w r e t c fi e d t o E ri
e n an e no Th m w i ve t d
on n n . e na e as n n e

t h s o ci e ty by O M h o ey but th I ri sh e v e r d pt e d it ;
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for e a n ,
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th y ll d th e ir ss o i ti t h e I rish Rep ublic B oth rh o d

e ca e a c a on an r e o ,

or bri efly t h e I R B F i is m w s ffici lly r e strict d t

,
. . . e n an a o a e o

th Am e ri
e br ch f th e m ov m t
ca n an o e en .

66 7 F i . Li t y — Fr m th P t i otic L it y f S i t
en a n an o e a r an o a n

L wr e O To l publish d f th e u f th Fe i a
’
a n ce o e, e or se o e n n

Br th rh o d t h f ll o wi g xtr ct m y suffic
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C ll t o thi
a i d 0 m st lib e rty l ovi g O T ol e , th s
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c a t h e m ee k
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co sci c e ex m i i g pik which t em p e r d by m rtyr s

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2 80 C
S E R ET S O I ETI ES C
e sca p e wh i lst S e rgea t Bre tt was sh ot d e d by W i lli m
,
n a a

OM All e w h w s h g e d f th e d ee d A sti ll m or
’
e a ra n, o a an or . e

a tr ci o us
o d f t l Fe i an tt e m pt w as th t m d o th
a a n an a a a e n e

Cl erk e w ll H o us e f De te ti o w i th a vi e w f lib e r ti g
n e o n n, o a n

two Fe i pris o rs Burk a d C s ey wh e

n an ne gr a t ,
e n a ,
n a e

l e gth of th e ou t e r w ll of th e pris o w as bl ow up by
n a n n

gu p wd e r w hi ch ls o d stroy d wh ol e row f h us e s
n o ,
a e e a o o

o pp sit e kill e d s v e r l p rs o s d w u d e d d m i m e d
o ,
e a e n , an o n an a

a
g r e t u ma b r n O th t o cc si o e g .i G ov e r m e t h a d
n a a n a a n n n

r ec iv e d i f rm ti o of th e i t d e d a tt empt by tr it r s i
e n o a n n en a o n

t h e c a m p b ut str ge ly e ough f il e d to t a k e pr op r p c u
,
an n a e re a

t i o a y m e su re s
n r O D c em b r 2 4 1 86 7 th e Fe i s
a . n e e , , n an

m de a tt ck o th M a rt ll o Tow e r a t Fot e r Qu e s
an a a n e e a, n a e n

t ow C o C rk
n, d c rri d o ff a q u a tity o f a r m s
. o , an d a e n an

a m m u i ti o ; n d th ir l t e st e xpl oi t i
n an 1 87 1 w th e r
e a ,
n ,
a s an o

C di a r id wh e th ey cr oss e d th e b ord r t P e m bi
a na n a ,
n e a na,

a d s ei z e d th e C di Cust om -H o us a d Huds o s B y ’
n an a an e n n a

p ost Th ey w e r h o w e v e r tt ck d
. d disp e rs e d by
e, ,
a a e an

Am rica troops d G e ra l O N i l w s m d e pri s o e r ’

e n ,
an ne e a a n .

This r id th e obj e ct of which w s to s e cur a b s e of cti o

a , a e a a n,

a d n ls o to r e ce iv e fro m th e Am ric G ov e r m e t r cog

a e an n n a e

n i ti o f b e llig r e cy w a s
on rri e d o ut t ot ally i d ep e de tly
e n , ca n n n

o f th e w I ri sh F e i c fe d e r ti o f which O Do o ’
ne n an on a n, o n v an

Ro ss w s t h e m ovi g spirit ; a d th e I ri sh p p ers th r f o r

a a n n a e e e

pooh p ooh e d th e cc ou t f this fi

- ltoge th e r o m e rely
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g v e th e t l gr ms d e yi g th a t th e t e rpri s e h ad y
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c e cti o with Fe i i m Ab ut this ti m it s e m d

on n n n an s . o e e e as

if th e F e i Broth e rh ood w s br e ki g up ; O D ov
n an a a n
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on an

Ro ss a r tir e d from th e e Dir e ct ry o f t h e c o f e d r ti o “

o n e a n ,

a d we t i t
n th e wi e tr d e
n n o Th e F e i a s th e m s e lv e s n a . n n

d e u c d th e otori ou s S t e ph e s w h o r e pp e r e d i
no n e n n ,
a a n

Am e ric tra it or d g ov r m e t i f r m r ; a d
”
s a a, a an e n n n o e n

th ugh th e cquitt l of K lly f th m urd r of h d c

o a a e or e e ea -
on

s t bl e T lb t s e m e d to p oi t to
a a o stro g sy mp thy s u v i
e n a n a r v

i g a m o gst t h e I rish p e pl e with F e i

n n is m th e j ury p rh aps o n an ,
e

c ould g i v o th e r v e rdict th
e no th e o e th e y rriv e d t an n a a ,

t h e pr o s e c u t i h a vi g b ee a lt oge th e r m i s m g d by th
on n n an a e e

Gov r m e t e n n .

6 6 9 Th S i di sa n t G e l Clu s et — A oth e r p e rs on g
. e o - en ra er . n a e

h d i th e m a ti m b e c ome c o e cte d with th e F e i s

a n e n e nn n an , a

s i -d i s
o t G e e r l C l u e e t w h o h d b ee
an n a c pt i i th s r ,
a n a a a n n e

Fre ch r my but h d b e e c om p ell d t o quit it i co

n a ,
a n e n n

s e q u c e of s om e i rregul ri ty i th e r gi m t l fu ds f
en a n e en a n , o

which C lus e et h d k ept th e b oks d t h c sh He ft e r

r a o an e a . a

w a rds s erve d w i th G a ri bald i i S icily a d Fre m o t i t h n , n n n e

 I RI S H S O I E TI E S C 28 1

U ited S t t e s a ft r which h e b stow d

n a hi ms elf th e r k
, e e e on an

of G r l He c m t E ur p e with th mi ssi of r e p rt
en e a . a e o o e on o

i g t t h e F i s f N e w Y o rk
n o E glish rs
e n an ls m g o on n a en a ,
a a

zi s d p orts of e try I
ne , an rticl publish d by h i m n . n an a e e

i F n i 1 87 2 e titl e d
r as er My C o e tio with F
n m n
“
nn c n e n 1an 1 s

h e t lls t h w orld th t h e ffe r d t o c om m d th F i n

, ,

e e s a o e an e en a

if me uld b r is ed but th e m ey to d o o w
n co e a ,
on s as

n ot f rthc m i g o He ss e rt e d th t h e h d c om m u i c
o n . a a a n a

ti o s with th R form L e gu e wh os e m mb er s f v o ur e d his

n e e a , e a

d e sig s ; but h e f il d s h e s ys b ec u s h e h d k t
n a e ,
a a ,
a e a a no

o f s lf s e k rs
e d ig r t i tri gu e rs to d l with ;
- e e an d n o an n ea
“
an

tr ai t ors h e m ight h v dd ed fo it is c rt i th t t h
,
”
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n en a n e a a n

G ov r m e t h a d h d e rly oti ce of th e pl ot A risi g

e n n a a n . n

C l us e e t tt em pt ed t h e d i I r l d c m e t gri e f
r a d th o a n e an a o ,
an e

ge e r l spe dily m ad e his e sc p e to Fr c e wh r e h b c m

n a e a an ,
e e e a e

m i x e d up with t h e C mm u o ne

6 7 0 P h oe i x P k Mu d d C u s — F e i is m on s e e n ce n an
.
q
n ar r ers , a n

fo r a ti me w a q ui sc t b ut b ut 1 880 th e L d L gu s e en ,
a o an ea e

w as e st blish d d b y i t g ts th e Moo l i ght rs e t

a e , an d s a en ,
n e ,
n er e

on a c o urs f o utr g s h i fly a g i st f rm ers f p yi g

e o a e ,
c e a n a or a n

r t whi h h as ot y t c s e d th ugh th eir l e d r D

en , c n e ea , o a e ,
.

C on n ell d u m b r of his foll ow rs w r ppr eh d d

,
an a n e e e e a en e

e rly i
a 1 882 This y e r w
n fa rth r disti g uish d i th
. a as e n e n e

ann a ls f cri m by th e m u rd e r of L ord F C a v dish th

o e . en , e

Chi f S cr et ry fo I r l d
e e d M Th om s Burk
a th r e an ,
an r . a e, e

U d r S cr t ry i Ph oe ix P rk Dubli ; but th e ss ssi s

n e - e e a ,
n n a ,
n a a n

w r ot ppr h e d d u ti l J u ry 1 88 3
e e n a e of th guilty n e n an a ,
on e e

p rti e s J m s C r y h vi g tur d i for m r He r c iv e d

a , a e a e , a n ne n e . e e

a p rd o a d w s s t out of th e ou try but sh rtly ft r

a n, n a en c n , o a e

Sh ot by O D ll w h w x e c ut d fo this m urd e r Th
’
on n e , o as e e r . e

l w o f c ours c
a ,
t s ti o th l yi g f e, i f rm an n o an c n e S a n o an n o e r,

b ut public s ti m t s ys S e rv d h i m right e sp e i lly i

en en a ,
e , c a n

th i s c s e s C rey w s s d eply i mplic t d i th Ph oe ix

a ,
a a a a e a e n e n

P rk m urd rs s y f th e oth e r cri m i ls Th tri l f

a e a an o na . e a o

th s l d to th e discl osur f
e e e org is ti k ow th e o an an a on n n as e

I rish I vi cibl s wh os e chi ef w as P J Ty

“ ”
n n wh e , . . nan , o

p a s d u d r th s obri qu t of Nu mb r O e a d which
se n e e e e n ,
n

or g is tio w th e i stig t or d e x cut r of th Ph oe ix

an a n as n a an e o e n

P ark d f m y th e r m urd e rs i cludi g fo i st c t h

an o an o ,
n n , r n an e, e

m ss cr
a f th M m t s
a e of m ily e aa ra n a a .

6 7 1 Dy m i t Ou t g — I this y r 1 8 8 2 ) t h F i s
. na

beg th u o f dy m it ; a l a rge qu t ty f this m at ri l

an e se
( e

na
ra es

e
. n ea

an i o
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e a

w as di sc v r ed t g th e r with o qu ti ty f rm s c
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c e l e d m a v ult I
a th e tow o f C o rk ; l t r o
a th F e i s n n a e n e n an
2 82 C
S E RE T S O I ETI E S C
a tt em pte d th e sto ri n g up of dy ami t e d a r m s i Lo d o n an n n n

an d o th r E glish t o w s ; e c sid e r bl e u m b e r of ri fl s
n n a on a n e

an d l rg e qu titi s o f m m u i ti on w r e s e iz d i n a hou s
a an e a n e e e

a t I sli gt i n J u ly 1 8 8 2 ; dy a m i t
n on w s t to this n e as en

cou try from Am e ri ca but its i troducti o b i g difficult

n ,
n n e n ,

t h e F ni a s tt em pt d t o m u f ctur it h e r e ; a l b r
e n a e an a e a o a

t ry stock d with l rge q u titi e of th e aw d fi ish d

o , e a an s r an n e

m t e ri l w s dis ov e r d t L dy w ood
a a ,
a r Bi r m i gh m i
c e a a ,
n ea n a ,
n

April 1 8 8 3 S ti ll th e xpl osiv e a d i f r a l m chi s

.
,
e n n e n a ne

c o ti n ue d to b
n s mu ggl e d i to this ou try a d tt em pts
e n c n , n a

w e r m d e to bl o w up public buildi gs i L o d
e a d n n n on an

e lse wh e re th e tt m pts h o w e v e r d i g fortu t ly i m ost

,
a e , , o n ,
na e n

cas e s but littl h rm O e of th e m o st s e ri u s w th

,
e a . n o as e

on e m de t Gl a sg w a rly i 1 88 3 I a m if st o issu e d
a o ea n . n an e

i April 1 884 by t h e F i n br o th rh ood sig e d by P trick

n en a e , n a

J oyc e s e cr et ry th e Fe i s ca ll this i n a ugur ti g c i

,
a ,
n an
“
a n s en

t i fic w rf r e d d e cl r th e ir i t e ti o to p r s e v r e u til
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a a ,
an a e n n n e e n

th ey h v e tta i e d th e ir obj e ct th e fr ee d m of I r l a d
a a n , o e n .

I De c e m b r 1 8 84 a n tt e m pt to bl ow u p L o d o Bridg e
n e a n n

w ith d y m it e h d o oth e r r s u lt b ut t o bl o w up
na a th e n e

two m w h o m ad th e tt em pt ; th e ch i e f i stig tors of l l

en e a n a a

th e s tte m pts w r tw Am e ric o rg i s tio s ; th e first

e a e e o an an a n

w s th a t f O Do ov a Ro ss a t h e s c d th t
’
a o f th n n , e on a o e

a ss ci tio c ll d th e Cl a - -G e l Ross h a d ge ts i
o a n a e n na a . a a n n

C rk L o d o a d Gl a sgo w ; but tw o f th e m ost i m p rtan t

o ,
n n, n o o ,

F eth e rsto e ( whos e r l a m e is K e dy) a d Dalt o

n ea n nn e n n,

w e re ppr h e ded d s e t ce d to p l s e rvitud e fo life

a e n ,
an n en en a r .

S i c th e t h e p a rty o f R oss a h s b ee n p w e rl ss
n e n A a o e . n

u succ ssful ttem pt

n e O Do ov R ss a s life w
a m d on
’
n an o
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as a e

ea rly i 1 88 5 by E glish l a dy a M Dudl ey Withi

n an n , rs . . n a

f rt ight ft e r
o n dve rti s em e t pp e r d i O Do
a an a n a a e n
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p p e r ff ri g r e w a rd of te thou s d d oll rs fo th
a ,
o e n a n an a r e

b dy of th Pri c e of W a l e s d ea d o liv e A d y e t but

o e n ,
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a fe w m o ths g this w ould b e ss ssi o i

n a o - a a n, r n

s ti g t o o f a ss ssi ti o w s p e r mitt d to w lk b ut i
r a a na n, a e a a o n

E gl d i p rf ct free d om
n an ,
nd ev to e n t e r th e H o us s
e e , an en e

o f P a rli m e t ! Th Cl - a G l is
a n m ore s e ri o us ff ir ; e an n - ae a a a

or i g i lly it w na pur ely p tri tic sch e m fo th e r m v l

as a a o e r e o a

o f British p w r o v e r I r l d ; it did o t e dv o ca t e th e an no a e

sl ught r of i oc e t p eopl e by th i discri m i t e u s e of

a e nn n e n na

dy am i t But e v e tu lly c e rta i vi ol t f cti o bt i ed

n e . n a a n en a n o a n

c o tr ol d g i e d p oss e ssio of th e l rge fu d s of th e Cl

n , an a n n a n an ,

th ebulk f which th e y bs orbe d fo thei r ow

o ri ch m e t a r n en n .

D r Cr i w h o could h v e prov e d this w m u rd e r d

. on n , a , as e .

Th e br ch e s of t h e Cl a - a Gae l xt e d ov e r t h e wh ol e
an n n e n
2 84 C
S E RE T S O I ETI E S C
I will de a vo ur to gi ve a e l i ve i g fi ish t o this ece
en n n n n n n s

s ari ly d y cco u t f th e F e i
r a m ov e m e t u p t 1 8 8 8
n o n an n o .

6 7 3 C omi A p ts of F i
. ism — I
c Th e N w G o sp l
s ec en a n . n
“
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of P c e a ccordi g t o S t Be j m i
ea Am ric
n public . n a n, an e an a

ti n f th e y r 1 86 7 th e uth r s ys
o o ea Ab ut th s ,
a o a :
“
o o e

d ys th r e r o s e ce rt i
a e me P dh es c lli g th ms lv e s
a a n n, a e ,
a n e e

Ph i y a n w h o c o spir d t g th r t
an s, wr e st th e isl fn e o e e o e o

O ul d i i from th e qu e
a r n of t h l d f J o b o l Now it en e an o n o .

w a s fr m t h isl f O ul d i i n th t th e P d h e s c m
o e e o a r a a e a e

i t o th l a d f U c ul p l m
n e n Alth ough t h e P dh ee
o n sa . a s

n e ve r h d st blish d g v e r m t o d m i ist r d l ws i
a e a e o n en r a n e e a n

O uld i i th y dilige tly sought i ste d th r o f to h v

a r n, e n n a e e a e

s hy d n th e r i first with th e m w h s ought t st blish

e es e n, en o o e a

a gov r me t fo th e m ; but i f ot with th m th wit h

e n n r n e , en

ea ch th r o N w th P d h ees i th e l d f U ulp s lm
e . o e a n an o nc a

s ai d t o n oth e r A e w
on e t ia th e l d f U c ulp lm
, r e no n an o n sa ,

wh e r th p w e r of J o b ol c ot t o uch us d w e
e e o n o an n , an a re

m y an d r c iv e m o y l et u s th e r f r c o spir t o m k
an e e ne e o e n e a e

a gre t h y dee i th e isl e of O ul d i i

a s n A d th ey
n a r n . n

t k a l rg upp e r r om d th ey pl c ed m e t th
oo a e o an a n a e

o utsid f t h e out r d o r cl d i
e o r im t f gr e e d o , a n a en o e n an

gold d h vi g dr w n sw ords i th ir h ds F o th e y
,
an a n a n e an . r

s i d How sh ll m e k w th t w e c o spiri g s e cre tly

a ,
a n no a e ar n n ,

u l ss w e t a gu rd ov e r o urs lv s ? A d th y ch os e
n e se a e e n e a

chi f m t r ul th m d th ey c ll d h i m t h e Hid S i t e r
e an o e e , an a e - n ,

which b i g i t rpre ted is th e t op m iddl ; fo i th

,
e n n e ,
- e r, n e

t gu of th e P d h ee h i d is top d si t is m iddl
on e a s, ,
an n er e .

A d it c m e to p ss th t a ft r m y d ys th Hid S i t r
n a a a e an a e - n e

s e t ut t g th e r rs d th e y w e t m o g th e P dh e
n o ax - a e ,
an n a n a e s,

an d chi efly m g t h e Bi d h ees thr ugh u t t h c i ty of Go

a on o o e

th m d th e oth e r citie s i th e l d o f U c ul p l m d
a ,
an n an n sa , an

th ey g th re d tribut e a a d th e
e u m th r eo f w gr t ,
n s e as ea ,

ev enhu dreds f th ou ds f p i ce s o f silv e r Th t h

n o sa n o e . en e

Hid-S i t e r d his ch i e f offic e rs t o k u t o th em s lv e s gr t

n an o n e a ea

h u s e d p aci ous i th city of G oth a m

o an S d f red n e , an a

s u mptu o usly th re i a d p o ur e d out dri k-off ri gs

e n, ight n n e n n

an d d ay u t o t h e i sl o f O uld i i n A d th y t up e a r n . n e se a

g v e r m e t th e re i which th ey c ll d th gov er m t f
o n n n, a e e n en o

O ul d i i d ch s e u t o th e m s e lve s c rt i l wgiv rs which

a r n , an o n e a n a e ,

th y c ll d t h e S i it
e a e N ow it c m e t o p ss wh nn . a a en ce r

t i f th e P d h e es P h i y s w th t th Hid Si t e r d
a n o a ,
a n an ,
sa a e - n an

h i chi e f ffi c e rs
s f e d s umptu ou sly v e ry d y
o d ar e a , an

l i ve d s i f ll th ir k i n sf lk w e r dyi g d y by d y a d th r
a a e o e n a a ,
n e e

w s a u io w i th ut e d th a t th e ir s uls w r e m v d with
a o a o n ,
o e o e

en vy nd th y s a id ea ch withi his ow h e rt Why sho uld

, a e n n a ,
 I RI S H C
S O I ETI ES 2 85

I n ot live i gr e t h us d f re su m ptu ously But u t

n a a o e an a n o

ea ch th e r d u to th e w ld th y s id B h ld th Hid
o an n or e a : e o , e

S i te r
n d h i s ffice rs d
an t g ver O ul d i
o right usly o no o n a rn eo ,

an d th y w st e th subst c e f th e p e pl
e a e L t u s th e r an o o e . e e

f r d cl r th i r g v r m t to b e a t
o e e a e e d o d l t us
e n ten a n en ,
an e se

up a w gov r m t with a e w Hid -S i t r d

ne e n en , w n n e , an a ne

Si nn i t ev ,
o urs e lv e s en A d th e y di d s o A d th y d e
. n . n e

cl ar e d th t t h e first Hid S i t r w a s
a l o g r Hid-S i t e r - n e no n e n ,

but th t th i r Hid S i t r w th e r e l Hid—S i t r

a e - n e d as a n e , an

m or e v r th y e sp ci lly d l r e d th t tribute m o y S h uld

o e e e a ec a a - ne o

no m r b e p id t o t h first Hid -S i t r but u t th e irs

o e a e n e , n o .

But t h first Hid— e S i ter d his offic e rs w o uld ot b n et

an t n e s a

n ought ,
d s o it c m to p ss th t th r e w r thr
an a e a a e e e ee

g ov r m
e n e ts f o t h e ni sl e o f O l d i r
; o e i t h e l d o f u a rn n n an

J o b ool a d tw o i th e city of G th m i th e l d of U
n ,
n n o a n an n

c ul p lmsa But wh . th e P h y s g th e r e d
en u t th m an an a n o e

s elv s m P d h e i th e isl d f O ld i i w h o w e t
e en , a e s, n an o u a r n, n

a b ut th e re i th ight-tim with sw rds d with S p rs

o n e n e, o an ea

an d wit h st v e s th e g o v e r rs s e t th r e by t h qu ee
a , f no n e e n o

J b l t o k th s e m
on oo o d c st s o m of th e m i t o pris o
o en an a e n n,

d b ish e d th rs i t o f ou t y
”
an an o &c
e n a ar c n r ,
.

6 74 E ts f
. m 1 88 8 to 1 89 6 — Th r e v l ti o s m d e i
ven ro . e e a n a n

d 1 8 9 0 b f or t h S p ci a l C m m issi h v e “ ”
1 8 88 an e e e e o on , a e r n

d er d th hist ory of th e Fe i c o spir cy quit e f m ili r u p

e e n an n a a a

t o th t d t e a Of subs equ e t e v ts t h f ll o wi g
a . e ot n en e o n ar n e

w rthy O th e 2 2d Oct b r 1 890 th e C o v e ti of th

o . n o e n n on e

F i br th erh o d i Am eric w h ld t N w Jers y

en an o o n a as e a e e ,

wh e it w r s lv e d t m k it
n as e o op e ss oci ati — d o a e an n a on e

f act o i t w, a lr e dy o asft r t h discl sur e

a s b f os e t ha C m e e o e r e o

m issi o — th e c u il
n ly b i g b u d by th d th a t th
o nc on e n o n oa ,
an e

o bj e ct h u ld b t fo m v l d m ilit ry v lu t ee r f rc e s
S o e o r na a an a o n o

to i d th U it d S t t s i th v e t of w with y for ig
a e n e a e n e e n ar an e n

St t a e At c v ti o h ld t N w York i July 1 89 1 it
. a on en n e a e n ,

w s ag i
a rgu d th t th
a n a ly o g is ti o ow dvis bl
e a e on r an a n n a a e

w a s on e with m ilit ry b sis Th Cl

a G l c ti u d
a a . e a n -n a - ae on n e

t o h ld b rtiv m ti gs ; o utr g e s o f e v ry ki d i
o a o e ee n ludi g a e n ,
nc n

m urd r w r rife i I r l d up t 1 89 2 S i c e which ti m e I e

e ,
e e n e an o ,
n r

l d is supp s e d to b p ci fi d th ugh th fr e qu e tly r p t d

an o e a e ,
o e n e ea e

dy m it e o utr g s i E gl d d th e r viv l f F i is m
na a e n n an ,
an e a o e n an

i Am rica w uld l e d t
n e , v ry di ff r t c o lusi
o a A o a e e en nc on . s

t o this r viv l th e I rish C v ti c m m o ly ll d th

e a ,
on en on , o n ca e
“
e

physi l f rc c o v ti
ca o m t ie S pt m b er 1 89 5 t Chi
n en on ,
”
e n e e a

c ga d r s lv d
o, a n th f r m ti
e o fe p rm on t g ie o a on o a e a n en or an

s ti fo th r c v ry by rm s of I ri sh i d ep d ce
a on r e e o e ,
a ,
n en en .

A mo g th e d el g t e s — th er e w e r e m or e th
n e a o e th ou s d an n an
2 86 S E C RE T S O C IE TI E S

pr e s e t— w er O Do ov n Ross a d Ty
n e
’

( N o n d t h a an n an . an e

ch i rm M J h Fi e rty e -m e m b e r f C o gre ss
a an , r . o n n , x o n .

I Aug ust 1 89 6 a B lf st p p r st t e d th t o wi g t o
n e a a e a a , n

th e disc ov ry o f s e cre t s ci e ty of Ri b b m i Arm gh

e a o on en n a ,

sp e ci l d e t ctive duty h d b ee ord e re d by t h e c st bul ry

a e a n on a a

a uth oriti e s t Dubli C stl a n a e .

A d y t in spit e of l l this G ov e r m e t h s rec tly

e , n a ,
n n a en

r l s e d s om e of th e m ost tr ci o u s dy m it s origi a lly

e ea a o na er , n

a d j ustly s e t e c e d t o lif e l
n g p e l s rvitud !
n n on na e e

I S epte m b e r 1 896 t h e
n t ori ous P trick Ty k ow ,
no a nan , n n

u d r th e
n e me of N o 1 na d who w i m plic t e d i t h e .
, an as a n

Ph oe i x P rk m urd rs w a s rr st d t Boul g ; but t h e

n a e ,
a e e a o ne

d m d o f th e Briti sh G ov e r m e t fo his xtra ditio w

e an n n r e n as

re fus d by th t of Fr ce
e t h e gr o u ds th a t suffi ci
a tan , on n en

e vid e c e id e ti fy i g h i m w i th N o 1 h d ot b e produc ed ;
n n n . a n en

th a t v e if such i d e ti fic ti o w e re st blish d th e re w
e n n a n e a e ,
as

n ot suffi i e t pr oo f t o i d
c tify Ty a as
n of t h e m e wh o en n n on e n

p rticip t e d i th e m urd e r of M Burk e ; d l stly th t

a a n r . an , a ,
a

his c s w c ov r d by pr scripti o which i Fra ce is

a e as e e e n,
”
n n

a cquir d ft r t e y e rs
e a e xt e si o
e t o tw e ty y rs b i g
n a ,
an n n n ea e n

a llow e d o ly ft r tri l t which th e ccus d h d be e

n a e a a a a e a n

pre s e t B ut Tyn . h d e ff e ct d h i sc p ft e r th e m u
nan a e s e a e a r

d e rs A d s o h e w s t t libe rty by t h e Fr h G ov e r
. n a se a en c n

m e t th ugh it w
n ,
sh o w th t h e h d b e i fr equ e t
o as n a a e n n n

c om m u ni c ti o whilst at Boul g e with E glish dy m it e r

a n o n n na s,

pl otti g g i st E gl d t th t v e ry ti m Of c ours e th
n a a n n an a a e . e

Fre h t d th strict l tte r o f th e C d N p l eo

nc ac e on e d e o e a o n an

o f th E xtr di ti o Tr e ty b tw e
e a th t w o c o u tri s ; but
n a e en e n e

wh e th e l w d t h tr ty a fford such l ooph ol e s to th e

n a an e ea

vil e st o f cri m i ls i t i s h i gh ti m e both w e re r vis ed O

na , e . n

his r e l ea s e from th Fre ch pris o Ty wr te l g l e tt e r

e n n, n an o a on

t o his w ife—why sh uld it b publi s h e d — i whi h h e

o e n c e x

pr e ss s h i s a d mi r ti of R uss i ci vi lis ti o
e a on d th ks an a n an an

God f t e m p ri g th e wi d to th e sh o r l m b
or e n Be w are n n a

of m urd r r w h o gi v s v t t s uch l gu g ; h e i s m r
a e e e en o an a e o e

d g ro us th th
an e e w h o is vi ol e t
an d brut l i hi s
e on n an a n

S p e ch
e .

67 5 M t R cen t R l ti s — O e of th e dy m it e rs
. . os e eve a on n na

wh om Ty h d b e i nan cl s e d r ec t comm u ic tio

a e n n o an en n a n

wi th w s E dw a rd J I v ry l i B ll a Am ric wh o h d
a . o , a as e ,
n e an , a

b e en appre h e d d o British t rrit ry d w ch rge d t

n e n e o , an as a a

t h e B w S tree t P lic C ourt o th e 1 3 th N o v m b r 1 89 6

o o e ,
n e e ,

with c spi i g wi th oth e rs to c us dy m it x ploS I S

on r n a e na e e
‘
OD

with i th e U it e d Ki gd m H w c omm itt d fo tri al

n n n o . e as e r ,

but wh e th a t took pl a ce a t th e Old Bai l ey i n Jan ua ry 1 89 7

n , ,
 BO O K XI V
M I S C E L L A N E O US S O C I E TI E S
29 2 S E C RE T S O C I ETI E S

si xty -fi e pr op e rti e s I this positi o h e r em i s f rty d ay

v . n n a n o s
—this u m b e r too c st tly r curs i
n ,
tiquity— his r l
,
on an e n an e a

ti o s visiti g h i m t o r e w th e
n n i ti g ft r which p ri d en an o n n , a e e o

h e is gr e t e d with j yful s o gs
e d c duct d h m o He i n an on e o e . s

supp os e d to h v e r c i v d a ew s oul d e j ys gr eat co

a e e e n ,
an n o n

s i d r tio a d a uth rity m g his trib

e a n n o a on e .

6 80 A o y m ou S oci ty — This s o ci ty which xist e d f

. n n s e e ,
e or

s om e ti m i G e rm y with a gr d m a st e r r e sid e t i
e n an , an n n

Sp i a n, o ccupi d its e lf with lchy m y

e a .

6 8 1 A ti -A. l as on i P ty — I
n 1 8 26 j our list Will i am
c ar n a na ,

M org wh
an , h d b d m itt d t o th high e st m s i
o a een a e e a on c

d e gr e s publish e d t N w Y rk b ok r ve li g ll th i
e ,
a e o a o e a n a e r

s e crets Th e Freem s s rri d h i m ff i

. b t d h
a on ca e o n a oa ,
an e

w s a ever
n ft rw rds s ee g i a e His fri ds ccu s ed th e
a n a a n . en a

M s o s of h vi g ss ssi t e d h i m Th e l tt e r ss e rt e d th t
a n a n a a na . a a a

h e h ad dr ow e d hi m s lf i L k O t a ri o
n d pr du e d e n a e n ,
an o c a

c orps e which h ow v r w s pr ov e d to b th at f o M o r o
, ,
e e ,
a e o ne n e .

Judici a ry i quiri e s l ed to o r s ult Mo st f th e fli ce s i t

n n e . o o r ,

is s id w er th em s e l ve s M s s Th i dig ti o c u s d by
a ,
e a on . e n na n a e

t h e cri m d its e -p u ish m e t l d t

an t h e fo r m ti
n on i n n e o a on , n

th e S tat f N e w Y o rk o f
e o A ti M s ic p rty wh s e ,
an n - a on a , o

o bj ct w t o e xclud fr m th e public s rvic ll m e m b e r

e as e o e e a s

o f th m a s o ic fr t r ity But th s o i ty s oo d e g
e n a e n r ted . e c e n en e a

i t a l ecti ee ri g e gi
n o n e Ab ut fifty y e rs ft r th e
on n n ne . o a a e

occ u rr e c Thurl ow W e d publish d from p e rso l k o w

n e, e e , na n

l dg pr cis e i f rm ti
e e, e t o M rg
n o s ss ssi ti by a on as o an
’
a a na on

th Fr m s o s
e ee His gr v w disc ov e r e d i 1 8 8 1 t P m
a n . a e as n a e

br ok e i th cou ty f Bat vi S t t e f N ew Y rk a d i
,
n e n o a a, a o o , n n

th gr v e ls o w
e a f u d p p r b e ri g o it th
a as o me f n a a e , a n n e na o

a Fr ee m s o c ll d J oh Br ow wh m t th e ti m publ i c
a n a e n n, o , a e,

ru m ur m d e o of th ss ssi s of M rg
o a ne To this l tt e r e a a n o an . a

a st tu e w s e r cte d t B t vi i 1 8 8 2 C rt i Am ric
a a e a a a a n . e a n e an

tr v ell e rs i d ed a ss e rt d h vi g y rs ft e r m t Morg
a ,
n e ,
e a n , ea a , e an

a t S m yr ; wh e r e h e t ught E glish ; but th e ir

na sse rti o s a n a n

w r s upp rt d by o pr ofs
e e o e n o .

6 8 2 A ti M . ns — This w as
n - s oci ety fou d e d i I r l d
aso . a n n e an ,

i C o u ty D w i 1 8 1 I
n n d c om p o s d f R ma C th lics
o n, n ,
an e o o n a o ,

wh os obj e ct w th xpulsi o of ll Fr ee ma so s of wh t
e as e e n a n , a

e v r cr
e d th y m ight b
ee e e .

6 8 3 Ap o lyp . K i gh ts of thca This s cr t s ci e ty w

s e, n e .
- e e o as

form d i I t ly i 1 6 9 3 t o d f d th Ch urch a g i st th e
e n a n ,
e en e a n

e xp e ct d A tichri st
e Au gusti
n G b i o th o. of a ne a r n , e s n

m e rch a t o f Br sci n w s i t s fo u d e r e O P l m -S u d y
a, a n . n a n a ,

wh th e choir i S t P t r s w i t o i g th e w rds
en n . e e
’
as n n n o ,

R G l i ? G b i o c rryi g a sw o rd i hi
Q u i s t i tes ev or j
s e ce a r n ,
a n n s
 MI S C E L LAN E OU S S O C I ETI E S 29 3

b an d, r ush d g th ch orist rs xcl i m i g E go su m R

e a m on e e ,
e a n , ea:

Glor i ae H did t h e s m i t h church of S

. e S lv t o a e n e an a a re ,

wh er up o h w shut up i
e n e m dh us Th s ci ty
as n a a o e . e o e ,

h ow e v r c o ti u d to fl u ish u til w d-ca rv r w h o h d

e ,
n n e o r n a oo e , a

b een i iti t d d e u c e d it t th e I quisiti whi h i m

n a e ,
no n o n on , c

pris d th k ights M ost f th m th ough o ly tr d rs

on e e n . o e , n a e

an d p e r tiv e s
o lw ys c ri d sw ord e ve wh t w rk
a ,
a a ar e a , n en a o ,

a d w or
n t h br st
e on st r with s v e r ys d
e pp
ea a a e n a an an a en

d ge sy m b olisi g t h sw o rd s e by S t Joh i th Ap
a ,
n e en . n n e o

c lyps o Th e s ocie ty w ccus ed of h vi g p litic l i m s

a . as a a n o a a .

I t is f ct th t t h e fou d r c ll e d h i m s lf M a r h f th
a a a n e a e on c o e

H oly Tri ity which is ot e xtr ordi ry i a m d m

n , d n a na n a an , an

w a t e d t o i tr d u p olyg m y f which h e o ught to b

n n o ce a , or e a

f v urit e with t h e Mor mo s

a o n .

6 84 A oi ti — This is
. re s oci ty o f T hiti o rigi a d
. a e a an n, n

h s m em b rs thr o ugh ut th t rchip l g

a e Th e y h v th e ir o a a e a o . a e

ow ng l gy hi r rchy d t diti o s Th ey c ll th em
e n ea o e a an ra n a

d ts f th e g d O o—
.
, ,

s e lv e s t h e d e sc enT ti f d divid d
an o o r e a, an a re e

i to s ve ( s m
n e
y i
n t o tw e lv e
o
) d gr s disti
e sa guish e d by n e ee ,
n

t h m d s f t tto oi g ll ow e d t o th e m
e o e o a Th e s ci ty for m s n a . o e

an i stituti si m il r t th t of th e E gypti pri sts ; but

n on a o a an e

l ym
a ls o m y b e d mitt d Th e chie fs t o c e tt i t o
en a a a e . a n a a n

th high e st d gr s but th e c m m p pl m ust obt i

e e ee , o on eo e a n

th e ir i iti ti thr ugh m y tri ls M m b e rs e j y gr t

n a on o an a . e n o ea

c sid r ti a d m y privil eg s Th ey e c o sid ere d s

on e a on n an e . ar n a

t h e d p sit ri s
e f k
o wl edg
a ed a m edi a tors b e tw n
o no e, an s ee

God d m
an a d a f r d a s th e m i ist e rs of th t b o
an , n re ea e n e a o ,

a ki d of x m m u ic ti th e y c pro ou c lik th
n e co n a on an n n e, e e

an ci t hi r oph ts of Gr c o th c ourt of R m Th ugh

en e an ee e r e o e . o

th c e m
e re i s disgusti g d i mm r l th er is f u d
on e a re n an o a , e a o n a

ti o f bl id s c c l ed u d e r th m ;
n o no e ea th t w e m y on ea n e so a a

a ssu m th pr s t rit s t b c rrupti s f for m e rly

e e e en e o e o on o a

pure r c r m i l Th m e i g th t u d rli s th d og m s
e e on a . e an n a n e e e a

o f t h e i iti ti is th e g r tiv e pow r f tur e Th e

n a on en e a e o na .

l g e d of th s l r g d ls h e re pl ys
e
'

n e o a i m p ort t p rt o a o a an an a ,

an d r g ul t s t h f stiv ls ;
e a e d fu ere l c r m y
e e a an a n a e e on ,
re

m i di g u
n n f t h t f th m yst i s of a tiq u ity is p
s o a o e er e n ,
er

f rm e d t th e wi t r s olstic e Through ut P oly si

,

o a n e . o ne a,

m or v r th e r
eo e ists b li f i a supr e m e d eity T r
, e ex a e e n ,
aa oa ,

T g l o T g
on o a, o f wh m
r c s m g ic hy m k ow t
an a r oa , o a o o on n, n n o

t h e i iti t d s ys
n a eH w ; h w c ll d T
,
a : h c ll d e as e as a e a a roa e a e ,

but o no sw e red h th
n e an ly ns tr sfor m d hi m s e lf e, e on e ,
an e

i to th u iv rs ; h is t h light th e g r m th e fo u d ti
n e n e e e; e ,
e ,
n a on

h e, t h e i c orruptibl ; h is gr t w h cr e t d th u iv e rs e
n e e ea ,
o a e e n ,

t h e gr a t u iv e rs
”
e n e .
2 94 C
S E R ET S O I ETI E S C
6 85 . A veng ers s ecr et s oci ety form d
, or Ven d i ca tor i — A . e

a b ou t 1 1 86 i S ici ly t v e g p u blic wro gs o th e pri

n , o a n e n ,
n n

c i pl e of th e V h m d Be ti P li At l e gth Adi olp h us

s e an a ao . n or

o f P o te C rv o n gr d m st r of th e s ect w s b g ed by
o ,
an a e ,
a an

o rd e r of Ki g Willi m II th N or m a d m a y o f t h e
n a . e an , n n

s e ct ri s w e r br d d with h ot i r o
a e e an e a n

o —Am o g th
.

6 86 B lly P . e e gr oe s of G u i
a ar th e r e . n e n n ea

e m yst e ri s c ll e d B lly P a o which c l e br t e d “ ”

ar e a e a r , a re e a

s v e r l ti m e s i th e urs e of c tury Th spir t

e a n co a en . e a an ,

h vi g l id sid e all cl thi g d e v ry pr ci ou s m t l is

a n a a o n , an e e e a ,

l d i to a l a rge w ood wh e r t h e ol d m
e n th t pr e sid t th e ,
e en a e a

i iti ati o giv e h i m a ew am whilst h r e cit e s v e rs e s i n

n n n n e, e

h o our of t h e god Be lly j oi s i liv e ly d ce s d r c e iv es

n , n n an , an e

m uch th ol ogic l d m ystic l i structi o

e Th e
a ophyt e an a n n . ne

p ss es fi e y a rs i n bs lut e is l ti
a v e d w oe t o y w om a o o a on , a n an an

th t d r e s t ppr o ch th e s cre d w ood ! Aft r this oviti t e

a a o a a a e n a

th sp i r a t h
e a c bi ssign e d to h i m a d is i iti t ed i to
n as a a n a ,
n n a n

th e m st s e cr e t d octri e s of t h e s ct
o I ssui g th e c e h e n e . n n ,

dre ss e s diffe r e tly fr m th e th rs his b ody b i g dor e d

n o o e , e n a n

with fe th e rs a d his eck sh ow i g th e sc a rs of th e i iti t ory

a ,
n n n n a

I n c l s 1 on s .

6 87 . N orth e r C a l i for i n
Ca lif or n i a n S oci ety — S evera l n n a

tr i b e s h v s cr t s oci ti s which m ee t i l odge s t p rt

a e e e e e , n a e a a ,

o r i n sw at -h ous e d g ge i m u m m e ri e s of v a ri ou s
a e ,
an en a n

ki ds ll to fright th e ir w om e Th e m e pr t e d to c o
n ,
a en n . n e n n

v rs e wi th th e d evil a d m k e th e ir m ee ti g pl ac e S h k e
e ,
n a n - a

a d ri g
n g i with y lls a d wh o ps I s om i st c s
n a a n e n o . n e n an e

o e n f th e ir u m b e r disguis e d s t h e m a st e r fie d hi m s lf
o n , a - n e ,

i ss u e s fro m t h e l odge a d rush e s lik e a m d m through ,

n a an

t h e vill g doi g his b e st to fright e c o t u m ciou s w om e

a e, n n n a n

an d childr o ut of th e ir s e s e s
en This h as b e t h c u st m n . en e o

fr om ti m i m m m ori l d t h w o m a still gull e d by it

e e a ,
an e en re .

6 88 C mb i dg e S r t S o i ty — I
. a r 1 8 86 u m b e r of ec e c e n a n

y ou g m e form d th e C om p i o s of S t J oh
n n s ecr e t
e an n . n

s i e ty u d e r th e l d e rship f th Re E r e st Joh H e riz

oc ,
n ea o e v . n n

S m ith M A F ell o w f P m br ok e C ll e g e
,
. .
, I 1 89 6 it w as o e o . n

supp os d to u m b e r u pw rds of o e th ous d m em b rs

e n a n an e .

Th pri m ry a d v ow e d bj ct w s t o i culc t High Church

e a n a o e a n a e

pri n cipl s d co fe ssi o ; its r e l obj e ct to b m m b e r f

e an n n a e a e o

a s e cr e t s ci ety Th y t ok o th ; th c did t h d h i s
o . e o an a e an a e a

h ds ti ed k e lt at t bl e h d his y s b a d g ed d t o k
an ,
n a a , a e e n a ,
an o

a v w t o ob e y th e h
o d of t h e s oci ty i ll th i gs d ea e n a n ,
an

n e v e r t o m e ti a ythi g r e l ti g t o th e s oci e ty e xc pt t
n on n n a n e o

a m emb e r I f h e dis obe y d h e w

. s e t to his ro m d e as n o ,
an

ti e d to a t bl e leg Th ey w r e for s om e ti me a b dg e with

a . o a
296 C
S E RET S O I E TI E S C
tr bl f r sts b tw
Tup ay a s , i n th e i m e n e a e o e e e en th e i e p
r v rs
Pr d c
a o a n d Do e i n B a r zil
t h e Abi p on es o f a aP r gu y
a , th e ,

tr b
Ba ch a p i n s , a Ga fl re i e th e n e gro s
e on t h e o G ld C st
oa an d , ,

fir ly b li v d by
m e e e in gr s
th e n e oe o f t h e e W st di s th y
In e e ,

b i g d sc d d fr
e n e en e om t h e a e sl v s f r rly i p rt d fr
o me m o e om

Afric a .

I th e j u j u h o us e s o f t h e E gb s ci ety a
n - w o d e st tu e s o o re o n a ,

t o which gr t v r ti i p id si ce by th ir m s th
ea en e a on s a ,
n e ea n e

s oci ety pr ctis divi ti o a C rt i f e stiv a ls e h ld duri g

e na n . e a n ar e n

th y a r wh
e e t h e m e m b e rs w
, r bl ck w ood e m sks with
en ea a n a

h o r s wh i ch it i s d th fo a y w om t o ee Th e re
n ,
ea r n an s . are

thr ee d gree s i th e E gb s ciety ; th high e st is s id t o

e n o o e a

c o f e r such i fl ue c e th t from 1 000 to £1 5 00 e p a id

n n n a ar

for tt i i g it
a a n n .

6 9 5 F r ti c lli — A s e ct w h o w e r e s id t h v pr ctis e d
. a e . a o a e a

t h e cust m o f s lf r e str i t u d r th e m ost tryi g c rcu m

o e - a n n e n i

stan c s of discipli ry c r l t mpt ti o Th y w e re fou d

e na a na e a n . e n

chi fly i L om b rdy ; d Pop e Cl eme t V pre ch d

e n a an n . a e a

cru s d g i st th m d h d th m e xti p at d by fi e d
a e a a n e , an a e r e r an

s w ord hu g e r a d c old
,
But th y w e r guilty o f
n n m u ch . e e a

high e r cri m th a th o f whi h th y w e r e o st e sibly

e n e ne or c e n

p ers ecut e d ; th y h d d u c ed t h e tyr a y of t h e p op s

e a en o n nn e ,

an d t h e a bus e s f pri stly p ow e r d w lth which of o e an ea ,

c o urs d e s erv e d othi g l ss th e xt e r m i ati o by fi e a d

e n n e an n n r n

s w ord !

6 9 6 Go l Th e — Ab ou t th y ea r 1 7 7 0 th t e r i tory o f
. a s, e e r

L i m b urg w th e th e tr e o f s tr as g proc eedi gs Church s a an e n . e

w r s ck e d c stl e s b ur t d ow
e e a ,d r bb e ri e s w r e com
a n n, an o e

m i tt d e v e rywh e re
e Th c ou try p opl w e re tryi g to . e n e e n

s h a k e off t h e y o k e f ud a lis m h d i m p os d o th e m Duri g e a e n . n

th e n ight a d i th e s olitud e o f th e la des th m ost d a ri g

, n n n ,
e n

a ss e m bl d a d m rch e d f rth t o p e rp e tr t e th e s e d e v st
e n a o a a a

ti s Th e t e rr or spr e d e ve rywh er
on . n d th cry w s a e, an e a

h rd Th e G o ts e c m i g ! Th e y w r thu s c ll d
ea ,
“
a ar o n
”
e e a e ,

b ec us e th ey w r m sks i i m it ti o f g o ts f ce s ov e r
a o e a n a n o a
’
a

th ei r ow O s u ch n ights th e sl v e b e c m e th m st e r
. n n a a e a ,

a d a b a d o e d hi m s lf with fi rc e d e light t
n n n a v e gi g t h e e e o n n

wro gs h h d su ff r d duri g th e d ay I th m r i g ll
n e a e e n . n e o n n a

dis pp ear e d r tur i g t o th i r d ily l bour whilst th c stl s

a ,
e n n e a a , e a e

an d m a si o s s t o fi n i th
n ight w e r e s di g th e ir
e n re n e n en n

l urid fl m e s up to th e sky Th e gr eat r th e u m b e r f

a . e n o

m lc o t e ts th e gr e t e r th
a n n u m b r of G o ts w h o t l st
,
a e n e a , a a

b ca m e s o u m e r us th t th y w ould u d e rt k e si m u l
e n o a e n a

tan eo u s e p e d i ti o s i differ t dir e cti o s i o e ight

x n n en n n n n .

Th ey w e r e s a id to b e i l e g ue w i th th e d vil w h o i t h e n a e , ,
n
 MI S C E L LAN E O U S S O C I ETI E S 29 7

f rm o f g t w b li v d t t sp rt th m fr m o
o a oa , as e e e o ra n o e o ne

pl c to a e th r Th e i iti ti i t this s t w p
an o e . n a on n o ec as er

f r m d i t h foll wi g m
o e n r — I s m ll ch p l si tu t
e o n ann e n a a a e a e

in d s wo d
a en l m p w light e d duri g d k d
e o ,
a a as n a ar an

st m y ight Th c did t w s i troduc d i to th ch p l

or n . e an a e a n e n e a e

by t w o g df th rs d h d t o u r o u d th e i t e ri r of t h
o a e ,
an a r n n n o e

buildi g thr ti m s o ll f urs Aft r h vi g pl tifully

n ee e n a - o . e a n en

dru k f str g f rm e t d liqu or h e w put st id

n o a on e n e , as a r e on

a w d e g t hu g piv ts Th e go t w th swu g
oo n oa n on o . a as en n

r u d f st r a d f st e r s o th t th e m
o n ,
a e n by t h str g a , a an , e on

dri k a d t h m ti o s oo b e m giddy d s m eti m s

n n e o n, n ca e ,
an o e

a l m ost r vi g m d ; wh a t l st h
n w t k d ow h
a en a a e as a en n, e

w s a sily i du e d t b e l i v th t h h d b e ridi g through

ea n c o e e a e a e n n

S p ce d vil s crupp r Fr m th t m m e t h e w s ’
a th on e e e . o a o n a

s ld b ody d s o ul t o th e s ci ty of G ts which f r
o , an ,
o e oa , ,
o

n ea rly tw ty y e rs fill d L i m burg with t rr or I v i

en a ,
e e . n a n

th uth oriti e s rr st ed a u m b e r of su sp ct d p e rs s ; i
e a a e n e e on n

v i i ll th c m m u s i ll th e vill g s gibb t d
a n, n a e o ne ,
n a a e , e an

c o rd w r i c o st t r qu e st Fr om 1 7 7 2 t 1 7 7 4 l o e th e
e e n n an e . o a n

tribu l of F qu m t h d c o d m d f ur hu dr d G o ts
na o e on a n e ne o n e a

t ob e h g e d o q rt r d an Th s ci ty w r t e xt e rua e e . e o e as no

mi t e d till b ou t t h y r 1 7 80
na a e ea .

697 G d A my of th
. ra n R p ubli c — A s cr t s oci e ty
r e e . e e

f ou d e d a fte r th Civil Wa i th N o th r S t t s f
n e r n e r e n a e o

Am ric t e ff d ssist c e t o i dig t v t e

a, o a or s d th i ra an n en e ra n an e

f m ili e s Th O rd is pur ely m ilit ry o ; its chi e f is

a . e er a a ne

c ll d th e C m m d t G r l th c tr l uth rity th
a e o an an - en e a ,
e en a a o e

N ti l C m p d sub rdi t s cti o s

a on a a , styl d P o sts
an o na e e n a re e .

I 1 887 th e s i ty c o u t d
n m m b e rs
oc e n e e .

69 8 G e I l d — A s oci e ty f r m d t Vi
. r en s an i 1 85 5 . o e a en n a n .

Th l gu g u s d t th e ir m e ti gs w
e an a e p r dy t h
e a e n as a a o on e

k ightly styl e
n it w s supp os d t h a v e b ee ; its obj ct
as a e o n e

w s m re ly m us m
a e t Th s ci ety r ck o d m y lit r ry
a e en . e o e ne an e a

me f ot
n o m g its m m b e rs
n e a Wh c e it t k its m e
on e . en oo na

is t cl e r but it pp rs t h v b ee
no a , r viv l of t h a ea o a e n a e a e

O d r
r f K ights f ou d e d i
e o 1 77 1
n S e i f u d r n n . e n ra , n e

K ights O rd e r f
n , o .

6 99 H g . i — A s cr t
a rn
e s o ci ty d t
ari n g fr o
.m 1 84 8 e e ,
a ,

a m g G rm s i
on N rth Am ri
e Th y pr t d d t o
an n o e ca . e e en e

b e d sc e d d fr m a
e a ci
n t G e rm
e rd r f k ight
o n n en an o e o n

h d d p oss ss a bout tw hu dr d l odg e s with

oo , an e o n e ,

m m b e rs
e Th e diffusi o . f th e G rm l gu g is e f n o e an an a e on o

th ir chi f obj cts But why surrou d th m s lv s with th

e e e . n e e e e

m ist f s cr cy b u t fr m a childish l ov e for myste ry

o e e o

m o g ri g ?
n e n
29 8 C
S E R ET S O I ETIE S C
7 00 . H emp -s moker s , Af ri ca n — At K a shi a-C a l e m b a, t h e
c pit l f t h e a tiv s
a a o n e of Ba sh i l a n g e-Ba lub a i n Afric a ( l a t , .

3
°
l o g 21 n . s cre d fi e is a lw ys k e pt up i n th e
°
a a r a

c e tr l squ re by old p eopl e pp oi t d fo t h purp o s

n a a ,
a n e r e e,

who ls o h v e t cultiv a t a d pr p r fo s m oki g th e

a a o e n e a e r n

c hi a m b ( C a b i s i di
a n na ) ; it is k o w n i Z
n zib rca s n n an a a

Ch gi o Ch n g I t is s m k d priv a t ely d ls o c er e
an r a . o e ,
an a

m o i lly
n a t k of fri e dship d is ls o a d m i ist e re d
as a o en n , an a n

to cc u s d p rs s a
a e esp eci e s of ord e l A t h sy m b o l
on s a a . s e

of fri dship it is c o sid e re d s a r ligi us rit k ow

en , n a e o e, n n

a s
“
L u b uk u pr ctis d by a org is ti o of which th e
,
”
a e n an a n,

k i n g is ex ofi i o t h h d ; a s ci a l org is a ti
e e ly iea o an on on n

d i r ctly f p litic l i m p ort c

e o o It rul e s si g s a d
a an e . s ,
n , n

w o rki g a e s cr et ; its a i m s d bj e cts u k n ow t o

n r e an o n n

o utsid e rs ; its i iti tory rit e s h v e v r b e wit e ss d

n a a e n e e n n e

by an u i iti t e d p rs o m u ch l e ss by y E ur op
n n a e n, an ean .

C rt a i xt e r a l evid c e s of its i w a rd a ture e h ow

e n e n en n n ar

e v r s ufli c i tly o bvi us t o a ll w h o c r to i v stigat e th e

e en o a e n e

subj e ct Ch i am b s m oki g h a s
. m o st dis str o u s e ff t
a- n a a ec

o n b th th h e lth a d w ea lth of its d e v ot e s A d rk

o e a n e . a

i fe r c e of its tru e t ur e m y b dr w from th l

n en na a e a n e ax,

a d n i d d pr m iscu o us i t rcou rs b tw e th e s e x s
n ee o ,
n e e e en e .

A oth e r i dic ti o o f its lic e ti ou s ss is ff rd e d by th e

n n a n n ne a o

c ust om s bs rv e d at th m a rri ge s of its m l m em b rs a d

o e e a a e e ,
n

r p e te d fo thr ee succ e ssiv ights i whi h ll d c e y

e a r e n ,
n c a e nc

i s o utr g d i a t h e m o st r v olti g
e n d m o st public w y e n an a

i m gi bl e Th i iti t y rit e s e p e rfor m e d g e e r lly

a na . e n a or ar n a

by th e ki g or by M et S k ll th pr e s e t ki g s sist e r
n ,
a an o a, e n n
’
,

on anisl e t i th L u lu n fflu e t of th e S k oro R iv r

e a, an a n an e ,

a sh ort dist c e b ov L ul uab u g E ur p ea st tio

an a e r , a o n a n on

th et op f b i l l 40 0 f t b ov t h e riv e r
o a Th e p ublic ee a e .

s m ki g is b egu by th e chi e f s i or m pr s t pl a ci g
o n n or en an e en n

t h pr e p r e d w e d i t h e Ki d hi a m b o pip e d ft r ”
e a e n n en a, r , an a e

s m oki g littl hi m s lf p ssi g it o to th e m

n a e e e xt t o
,
a n n an n

him .Th pip e c o sists o f a s m ll cl y b owl i s e rte d i

e n a a , n n

t h e l rg e r e d o f
a h oll o w g urd th e s m a ll e r e d o f which
n a o , n

h as l a rg e p rt u re g i st which th s m k r pl ac s h i s
a a e ,
a a n e o e e

m ou th d i h l s t h e s m ok i
an n a e gre t gulps till his br ai e n a ,
n

i s ff ct d
a e d h e b c om s fo
e , an ti m a r vi g m ad m
e e r a e a n an .

7 0 1 H . oi f erJ i l — T
ne his d e gr ee is c
o f rr d
er c i o i . on e e ,
n

Am e ric a e xclusiv ly ,
R y al Arch M s o s th e ir wiv s
e on o a n , e

an d wid o ws I ts rit u l is f o u d e d o th st o ry o f R h b
. a n n e a a ,

in t h e s c o d ch pt r of th e Book o f J o shu
e n a e Th e first a .

S ig i s i i m it ti o of th e sc rl e t li which B h a b l et
n n a n a ne a

d ow n from th e wi d w to ssist th e sp i es t m a k e th eir n o a o

3 oo C
S E RET S O IE TI E S C
th e ck e t th e Be v e r a d th e E gl
Ra , This l st w
a ,
n a e . a as

t h e t tl f th
i e chi e f c orr sp o di g with u r k f
o e , e n n o r an o

col o l ; th e B v e r w s a c pt i com m di g six R ck ts

ne ea a a a n, an n a e ,

e v e ry R ck e t c o sisti g of
a i e m e ; th e c om p a y of th
n n n n n n e

Be v e r c sist e d of s e v e ty fli li t
a on Hu t rs E v e y n a a es or n e . r

a spir t h d t o b e i troduc e d by thr Hu t rs to B v r

an a n ee n e a ea e ,

an d his d m issi o w a pr ce d d by f r i spiri g tri ls d

n as e e ea -
n n a an

t rribl e oa ths Th ough th s cie ty l st d tw o y rs ly

e . e o a e ea on ,

i t d isti gu i s h e d its e lf by br v a cti s i

n th fi eld ; m y a e on n e an

o f its m e m b rs di d o t h e sca ff ld
e e n o .

7 4
0 H u é
. w e — T h
s a na tive s of Virgi i a ga v this
r . e na n e

n m a to th e i iti ti o th e y c o f re d on th i r ow pri sts

e n a n n er e n e ,

a d t o th
n oviti a t e th s e
e n ot b e l o gi g t th pri sth ood o n n n o e e

h d to p ss thro ugh Th e c a did t s b ody w oi t d

’
a a . n a e as an n e

with fat d h w s l d b e f r th e a ss e m bly of pri e sts w h o

,
an e a e o e ,

h ld i th e ir h ds gr ee twigs S cr d d c e s d fu e re l
e n an n . a e an an n a

s h o uts lt r t ed Five y ouths l d th e spi t through

a e na . e a ra n a

d o ubl fil e f m e r m d with c e s t th fo t of c rt i
e o n a e an o e o a e a n

tre cov e ri g his p e rs o with th e ir b od i s d r e c i vi g i

e, n n e , an e n n

his st d th e bl ws i m d a t h i m I th m a ti m e th e
ea o a e . n e e n

m oth e r pre p r e d fu e r l pyr f th si m ul a te d s crific e

a a n a e or e a ,

a d w pt h e
n e so as de d r Th e t h e tr e w as cut d w
n a . n e o n,

an d its b o ughs l o pp e d o ff d f or m e d i t crow fo th e an n o a n r

b ro ws of th e c did t e w h duri g an protr ct d r et i r em t

a ,
o n a a e en ,

an d by m a s f p ow e rful
e n c otic c ll d vi oc
o a w n ar a e s ea n , as

throw i t o a st t e of s m m bulis m Th c e h iss u d

n n a o na . en e e

a m o g his trib e
n g i a d w s l o k d up o s a e w m
a a n n a o e n a n an ,

p o ss ssi g high e r p ow r s d high e r k owl edge th a th e

e n e an n n

n o i iti t d
n- n a e .

7 5
0 I d i.a ( N on th A m ri na n ) S i ti — N rly ll th e
r e c oc e es ea a

I din trib s w h o o c e r m e d v e r th e v st pl i s of N orth

an e n oa o a a n

Am ric h a d th e ir s e cr t s ci e ti s
e a d s cr e d m yst ri s but e o e an a e e ,

a s th differ e t tri b e s b orr ow e d from o

e n th r religi u s n e an o e o

c e r m i e s d sy m b ls th r e w gr t si m il rity b e twee
e on an o , e as ea a n

th m ll th ough h e r d th er e ch a r c te ristic sig s o t ok s

e a ,
e an a n r en

disti guish e d th e s p r t e tribe s Da ci g with ll f

n e a a . n n a o

th em w form of w rship from th b rigi s of Hisp

as a o e a o ne a

i l to th s f Al sk
n o a o e i f ct it w with ll s v ge
o a a, a s , n a , as a a a

na ti o s wh th e r Afric Am ric
n ,
e P ly si Th an , e an , or o ne an . e

R e d I di ntribe s all h d th e ir m edici e h uts d m e th ir

an a n - an n, e

k i v s cou cil r om s or wh at e v e r m e th ey g v e to wh t
a ,
n - o
,
na a a

w e re r e lly th e ir r eligious h us s M ost trib s k e pt u p a

a o e . e

s cre d fi e
a which w as xt i guish e d c e y r d th
r ,
e n on a ea , an en

r elight d Th e s cre d d ogm s d rit e s of th e I di s f

e . a a an n an o

th e Gulf S t t e s bor e so cl s e a r e s e m bl
a c e t o th o s e o f th e o an
 M I S C E L L AN E O U S S O C I ETI E S 30 1

an ci t J e ws th t it w l g s eri ously t d e d by e th o
en ,
a as on c on e n n

l gi t
o d hist ri
s s an s th t th y w r t h L st T ib s Th e
o an a e e e e o r e

Ch e r k s D l w r s d Chipp w s k pt r ords sticks

o ee ,
e a a e ,
an e a e ec on ,

six i ch s i l gth d ti d up i bu dl s whic h w re

n e n en ,
an e n n e , e

c ov d with d vic s d sy m bols whi h w e r c ll d K p

ere e e an , c e a e e

n wie wh i c m m o u e d K k w i wh c e ct d
n en n o n s ,
an e no n en on n e

with th m yst ri e s f w rship Th m st r mark bl r c rd

e e o o . e o e a e e o

w s th t
a at i d i th W lu m Olu m o e d sc r ; it
con a n e n e a -
, r r o e

c t i s th e
on a n ti o m yth d th st ry of th e m igr ti s
c re a n an e o a on

o f th trib s r pre s t d i pict ori l l gu g S uch pi t o

e e , e en e n a an a e . o

gr phs a ow d by v e ry trib Th Oj ibw s h v p

a re ne e e . e a a e ro

d u c d s m v ry l b r t
e o e s sh owi g th i sid f th e
e e a o a e on e , n e n e o

m di i
e l dge fill e d with th pr s e c f th e G t S pirit
c n e- o e e n e o re a ,

a c did t e f
an d m issi st di g th e r i cr w d with
a or a on an n e n, o ne

f th rs d h oldi g i his h d
ea e , an tt r —ski p uch ; th e
n n an an o e n o

tr w ith th ro t th t suppli s th m di i n ; th g ods

ee e o a e e e c e e o

o ffe re d fee f as d m issi ;

a I di w lki g i th e
or a on an n an a n n

sky dru m r v
,
a r ow d s o Th e I r qu ois my
,
a en , c , an o n . o s

t ie w r
er s l b r t but e t w ll k w ; but it pp e rs
e e e a o a e, ar no e no n a a

th y w e r i stitut e d t o s l M ab o k o fo th d i p
e e n o c n o e an z r e sa

p e arance f C hi b i b o w h ft rw rds w s m d rul

a er f t h
os , o a e a a a e o e

d d— th p r ll e l i this c s t P rs eph o is curi ous

ea e a a n a e o e ne as as

is th si m i l rity f th i stru m t us d i th Kur m i i iti

e a o e n en e n e a n a

ti o t o th Gre k 166q
n e Th I r qu is w r e rigi lly
e e o o e o na

m d e up f fi
a diff r t tri b s which ft rw rds w re i
o ve e en e , a e a e n

cr s e d t o s v e a d th ir ti a l rg is ti w b s d
ea e n, n e na on o an a on as a e ,

no t ffi ity but o
on a n rtifici l d rbitr ry br th rh od
,
n an a a an a a o e o ,

h vi g sig s d c u t rsig s r s m bli g th s f m od r

a n n an o n e n e e n o e o e n

s r t s oci ti s Th e s cr t ss i ti s f th e D k t s
ec e e e . e e a oc a on o a o a

w r m r u m r ou s d m or m rk d th th s e o f t h
e e o e n e an e a e an o e

I r q u is but s om of th m w r m e r s oci l s oci eti e s wh i l

o o ,
e e e e e a , e

o th rs w r si m ply r ligi us Miss Ali Fl tch r w h o h

e e e e o . ce e e , as

liv d m g th m d th e R v J O D rs y t stify t th e
e a on e , an e . . . o e , e o

n u m b e r f s ci ti s m g th m but t th i r s cr ets th ey
o o e e a on e , o e e

w r e t d m itt d M Fr k Cushi g w i 1 88 3
e no a e . r . an n a s, n ,

i iti t d i t th e s e cr t s i ti e s of th Zu is ; D W sh
n a e n o e oc e e n r . a

i g t o M tth ws h
n n agiv u s d scripti o s f th s cr d
e as en e n o e a e

c r m i s of th N v j s d C pt i R G B u k f th
e e on e e a a o , an a a n . . o r e o e

s ke d
na o f th
- an ce M quis D Fr z Boo s h d scrib d e o . r . an as e e

th ecust m s f th Al sk s o d sh w
o th t th r e a an ,
an o n a e e a re

m a y s ci ti s am o g th m s m
n o e ef which q ire th t n e , o e o re u a a

p e s sh uld b b or i t th m t o b m m b r I 1 89 0
r on o e n n o e e a e e . n

t h e S i ux gh st -d o c e ttr ct ed m uch tt ti
o B ut wh t
an a a a en on . a

o f ll th s I di
a m yst ri s whi h i r
e e n t y rs h v b e
an e e c n ec e n ea a e e n

e d w d with
n o e factiti ou s i t r st a d i m p ort c ? Th ey
a n e e n an e
30 2 C
S E RE T S O IETI E S C
m ay a h v a sp e ci l ttr cti o f th e c om p a r a tiv e eth o
e a a a n or n

l og i s t to th e ge e r l re d e r th y m r e ly c v ey th e c n a a e e on on

v i c ti o n th t fr om Chi to P e ru d fr m th e Ar tic t o th e
a na ,
an o c

A t rctic P ol e m
n a is e v rywh e re rul d by th e s m i
,
an e e a e n

s ti ct s
n fe rs a d a spir ti o s which re v e l th e m s elv s i n
, a , n a n ,
a e

th e s m c st m s b eli fs
a e u d r e ligi u s rit e s
o , e ,
an o .

7 0 6 I i. i bl s T h
nv s e — We k w ot h ow m uch or h ow
e , no n

littl e of truth th r i i th e acc ou ts v ry m gre i d e d e e s n n ,

e ea n e ,

o f this s oci ty supp o s e d to h v e ,

e x i st d i I t ly i th e l st a e e n a n a

c tu y d t h v e a dvoc t e d in octu r l ss m bli e s

en r ,
an o a a , n na a e ,

a th e is m d s u icid an e .

J — T his s i ty f r m d i Fra ce
7 7
0 h u. S i tey f ,
o oc e w o o . c e as e n n

duri g th R e v ol uti t o a ve g e its xc ss e s by still grea t e r

n e on , n e e

vi l c
o en I t w s first e st blish d t L y o s
e . a I t t oo k its a e a n .

na m fr m th t ki g w h o w
e o a s cr t e d by E lish a t
n as c on e a o

pu ish th e si s of t h h ou s e o f Ah b d to sl y ll th
n n e a ,
an a a e

pri sts f B l ; th t i s t o y t h e r el ti o s fri ds a d

e o aa a sa , a n , en ,
n

a ge ts of t h T rr i sts I g r t p eopl e c ll d th m th
n e e or . n o an a e e e

S oci ty o f Je sus th ugh this

e m sc a rc e ly suit d th m
, o na e e e ,

si c th y spre d t e rr r d bl oodsh d thr ough o ut Fra ce

n e e a o an e n .

Th e s o ci e ty dis pp e re d u d r t h e C o sul t a ad th e E m p i r e n e n a e an ,

but r a pp e re d i 1 8 1 4 1 5 u d e r th
e a n w m e o f K ights- n e ne na n

o f Ma i Th e re s d by th e m Bord e ux
”
r a o of th e S u a, r n, an a

w a s b e tr y e d i t o th e h a ds f th e E glish d th e ss ssi s
n an o n , an a a n

o f th M y or of T ul o us t Bo rd ux o f G e r l R m l t
e a o e a ea , en a a e a

To ul us e o d of M rsh l Br u e t Avig o
,
an w e re m m b e rs
a a n a n n, e

o f this s oci ty e .

70 8 K .
p h t i ar — A r ligi ou s s oc i ty f o u d e d by K ar
o ra a na e e n

p o k t e
ra w h o liv
s, d i t h ti m of th e E m p e ro r A dri
e n at e e an

Al x drie an He t ught th t th e s ou l m u st ris e a b ov e th e

a . a a

sup e rstiti o of p opul a r creeds a d th e l ws of s ci ety by

n n a o ,

whi h i fe ri r spirits ch i m
c n o d by c o t e m pl ti en a n an , an n a on

u itn w ith t h e Mo
e s o high e st d ity To his s o E p i na r e . n

ph e s te m pl e w r ect d a ft e r his d e th o th e isl d

an a as e e a n an

o f C e ph a l o i Th e s e ct i
n a spit e o f i ts m or l w orthl ss
.
,
n a e

n e ss c ,
ti u e d to e xist t o th e s i xth e tury ; th m emb e rs
on n c n e

r c og is d e ch oth e r by g tly ti ckli g th e p a l m of th e

e n e a en n

h a d th e y sho ok with t h e p oi ts o f th e ir fi g e rs
n n n .

7 9
0 K ld b b .
g O ll — A ssoci t
eri o s o th e M icro es i a I sl ds
'

. a n n n n an ,

l i vi g t og th e r i h o us e s p rt a d bou d to a cco m p y
n e n a a , n n an

th ir chi fs
e th e ir w a e xp ditio s a d p e rform c e rta i
e on r e n , n n

s rvice s fo th e m Th e r e e o th e s e isl a ds also f m l

e r . ar n n e a e

clubs th m e mb ers of which tt e d a t f stiviti es giv e to

,
e a n e n

for ign gu e sts a d r d e r th e m v rious s e rvice s

e ,
n en a .

— A s tiric l o rd e r to ri di c ul
7 10 K g i h
. t t h e nO d of s, a r er . a e
3 04 C
S E R ET S O I E TI E S C
t h e l a w w as but p w l ss d th e w g v r m ts i
a ll o er e ,
an ne o e n en n

t h S o uth supp o s i g th e m t h a v e b
e , m st willi g w r n o e en o n , e e

c rt i ly u bl t r pr ss d is rd r A r l t r r r ig e d
e a n na e o e e o e . ea er o e n

f or a ti m e a m g th e whit p opl ; d u d r th s e circu m

on e e e an n e e

st ce s th K u Kl ux st t d i t e xi st c a d x e cut e d
an e - ar e n o en e, n e

th Ly ch -l w which l
e n s m s eff ctiv i dis ord e r e d
a ,
a on e ee e e n

st t s f s oci ty Th e m m b e rs w r dre ss m ad e f bl ck
a e o e . e o e a o a

c l ic a d c ll d
a o, S hr o ud
n Th stuff w
a es t r ou d to a .
”
e as en n

priv t e h us e s with r qu st th t it sh ould b e m d i to

a o ,
a e e a a e n

a ga rm e t ; d f ir fi g rs s e w d it up d h ad it r dy
n an a n e e ,
an ea

fo th r s e cr e t m ss g r wh e h e r t u d d g v his
e e en e n e rn e an a e

pre c o rt d t ap t th d r Th e w om
n ce e d y o u g gi rlsa e oo . en an n

h d f ith i th e h ur of th e Kl d o its w i ll
”
a a n don o an , an n an

a bi lity t prot ct th em Th e K u Klux wh out o th e ir -

o e .
,
en n

m issi o s ls w ore high t p ri g h t with bl ck v eil

n ,
a o a a e n a , a a

o v r the f c e Th e s e c t of th e m m b rship w s k pt with

e a . re e e a e

r m rk bl e fid elity ; a d i
e a a i st c it is s id h n n no n an e, a , as a

m e m b r of t h e K u Klux b e
e succ e ssfully r aig d d - e n a r ne an

pu ish d th o ugh th F d r l G ov e m e t p ss d s p e ci l
n e ,
e e e a rn n a e a a

Ac t g i st th s oci e ty
a a n d t w o p r l m ti o s w r issu e d
e ,
an oc a a n e e

u d r this Act by Pr e sid e t Gr t l t e O ct ob r 1 87 1

n e n an as a as e ,

an d t h e h b s co p u A t s u sp e d e d i
a ea i e c u ti s of r s c n n n n o n e

S o uth C r li Wh th e m em b e rs h a d a l o g rid t
a o na . en n e a

n ight th e y m d r e quisiti o s t fa rm h u s s f h ors e s

,
a e n a o e or ,

which w r ge r lly r tur e d e e ight foll owi g with out

ne a e n on a n n

i j ury I f c om p y f F d r l s ldi rs st ti o d i a
n . a an o e e a o e , a ne n

s m l l t ow t lk e d l udly to wh at th y w uld d o w ith t h

a n, a o as e o e

K u Klux t h m
- i shr uds p r a d e d i t h e e v e i g b f r e
,
e en n o a n n n e o

th gu rd h ous i u m b ers o v e rwh e l m i g

e a - e t o c n n s o n as a n e

r educ d th littl g rris t sil c e Th ov rt a cts of t h e

e e e a on o en . e e

K u Klux c o sist e d f t h m o st p rt i dis r m i g d g er u s

- n or e a n a n an o

e gr s i flicti g Ly h l w o ot ori o us O ff d rs d
n nc - a n n en e an
n oe ,
n ,

a b ov l l i cre ti g o e f e li g of t err r a c u t rp is
e a ,
n a n n e n o as o n e o e

to th e r Th th fts by th e egroe s w r
an o . subj ect f
e e n e e a o

pre v il i g c m pl i t i m y p rts f t h S uth A b a d

a n o a n n an a o e o . n

of m i th e K u Klux c o stu m o
en n ight c m to th d oor - e ne n a e e

o f All Cr e ich groc r of W i lli m s s C k s eiz e d d ’

an ,
a e a on ree , an

dr gg d h i m s m dist c e wh e th y d sp t h d a d
a e o e an ,
n e e a c e n

thre w hi m i t o th Cr k wh re his b ody w f o u d Th e

n e ee ,
e as n .

a ss ssi s th e pr d d to th h ou s e of All s br th r but

a n n oc e e e e an
’
o e ,

n ot fi di g h i m
n t h om nth e y li it d fr m his lit tl childa e, e c e o e

wh e r h w stayi g H r up o th y i m m e di t ly p
e e as n . e e n e a e ro

c e d e d t o th e h ou s e
e m ed ; d h vi g c ou t r e d th na an a n en n e e

m an th ey s ought th y d e lt with h i m th e y h d d lt with ,

e a as a ea

h i s br oth r All a I t pp r s th t All

e h d lo g b n . a ea a an a n ee n
 MI S C ELL AN EO U S S O C IETI ES 30 5

bl am e d fo buyi g goods d produc stol by th groe s

r n an e en e ne ,

an d h d ft b
a w r d t d sist but with out v il
o en ee n a ne o e , a a .

Th e i stituti n lik ll of si m il r tur th ugh th e

on , e a a a na e, o

ne c ssity fo its xist e c h s c s d to gr t xt t y t

e r e n e a ea e a ea e en , e

survi v s i m e d g e r t f or m h a vi g p ss d i t o th
e n a or e en a e ,
n a e n e

h ds f utt r sc u dr e ls with
an o e g o d m otiv
o n d with , no o e, an

fo ul p ssi s f r e v ge o plu d e r
a on o l st of dr d d
en r n ,
or u ea an

m yst ri us p ow r l o
e o i th ir h e rts e Thu s i
a N ov e mb r
ne n e a . n e

1 88 3 s v m m b rs of th s o i ty t h e ri gl d rs b i g
e en e e e c e ,
n ea e e n

m enof c o sid r bl pr p e ty w r e f o u d guilty t th e

n e a e o r , e n a

U it ed S t t s C urt At l t G rg i f h vi g cru e lly

n a e o ,
a an a, eo a, o a n

b t ea e n a n d fir d o s om e gr s fo h vi g v t d i f vo ur
e n ne oe r a n o e n a

o f o ppositi
an c di d t of th e Y rb orough p ty i th e
on an a e a ar n

C gre ssi l e l e cti

on on a Th ey w e re s t e c d t on v ri ou s
. en n e o a

t r m s of i m pris o m t
e n en .

7 3
1 K n i
. I i ti t i o
ar — T h e
a K in Aus tr lia trib e
n u rn a ,
an a an ,

p erf rm ed rite s of in i ti ti i t o m h d s m wh a t si mi l ar
o a on n an oo ,
o e

t th o s e f t h e O K
o o P s did - ls l l th T sm a i
ee - a a a o a e a n an

trib e s But d t i ls e t k w ; th
. e a tur e of th e ri t e s
ar no no n e na

is o ly i f rre d from th f ct th t l l y o u g m e x mi d
n n e e a a a n n e a ne

by E urop s w e r f ou d t o b d ply c i fiede an e th n e ee s ar on e

S h uld rs thighs d m u scl e s of th br e st Th e Ku ai

o e , ,
an e a . rn

m yst e ri s e hi e fly r e fe rr e d t o h ere b ec us of th e curi o us

e ar c a e

p r ll l th ey o ff e r i th e u f
a a e i stru m t r e s em bli g
n se o an n en n

t h e po i £ 9 which w / 0 o e o f t h e s cr d
,
bj cts i th e
as n a e o e n

E l usi i
e m yst ri e s
n an Th K u e i c ll th i str um t e rn a a e n en

th tu e d u ; it is a fl at pi e c of w d f st
rn n d by o d e oo , a en e n e en

to th o g fo whirli g it r u d d pr duci g r ri g
a n ,
r n o n , an o n a oa n

no is t w r O ff th wom e Fo a w m to s it o
e, o a n e n . r o an ee , r

a m t o sh o w it h
an w s by tiv e l aw d th t both er , a ,
na , ea o .

I t is ot u k n w i E gl d ; w c ll it whizz e r o bull
n no n n n an e a a r

ro r r A si m il r i stru m t is us ed by th e K h rs f S outh
a e . a n en a o

Afri c wh e r e it is u s d fo j ust i t s t w o pri cip l Au str li

a, e r n a a an

purp o s s a m ly f r a i m ki g d i
e ,
n e , or ecti with n- a n ,
an n c on n on

t h e rit e s o f i iti ti to w r n th e w om a ff on Th h u ll a n en o . e

r o r r w ls i u s i N w Z l d I Austr li it i s
a e as a o n e n e ea an . n a a

k ow by th m s f wft
n n e na d m uy u m k e o arn a a n ar .

7 4
1 L i b .ty K i g h ts erf —A s ,
ct f r m n d i 1 8 2 0 i Fr c
o e . e o e n n an

a g i st th gov r m t of th e Bourb o s I t i d ep d e t
a n e e n en n . s n en n

e xist en e w s bri e f c it w s s oo m e rge d i th t f th

a ,
as a n n a o e

C rbo ri
a na .

K — This w of th e tr s
7 5
1 L i . i g h t f
on , th n o s o e . as ne an

f r m t i s a ssu m d i G erm a y i th e l st c tury by

o a on e n n n a en

M s o ic T m pl rs
a n e a .

7 1 6 L i o T. h Sl e p g in, — T h i s w a s
e soci e ty f or m e d i
e n a n

VOL I I . . U
3 06 S E C RET S O C IE TIE S

P ris i 1 8 1 6 with th e obj ct f r stori g N p ol eo to th e

a n ,
e o e n a n

thro e of Fr a c e Th e xisti g g v r m t suppre ss d it

n n . e n o e n en e .

L dl m C — A c om ic s ci e ty fo r m e d t V i
’

7 71 u . a s ara o , a en n a

in 1 81 8 d m d ft r
,
an s om wh t u succ e ssful pl y
so na e a e a e a n a

o f O hl e h lag Th e m e m b rs w r
en s c ll d b odi s ; c di
er . e e e ca e e an

d t s sh d ws Th l tt r u d rw t f rci l e x m i ti
a e , a o . e a e n e en a a ca a na on ,

an d if f o u d v ry i g r t w r n cc ept ed M y lit r ry m
e n o an , e e a . an e a en

b l o g d to it ; but th o ugh th e ir pro fe ss e d bj t w o ly

e n e o ec as n

a m s m t t h s oci e ty w
u e en i ,
1 8 26 suppr e ss d by t h e p oli c e
e as n e

o f Vi en n a .

8 M d C u i ll s — This c om ic l o rd r w fo u d e d
7 1 .o a nc or a e as n

in 1 80 9 by a D ct or E hrm o f Fr k f rt ou th e M i
o an n an o - - a n .

Dipl m s o o c e iv e d i
a ,
ludicr u s styl writt e i L ti
c n n a o e, n n a n,

an d b e i g l rg e s l w e r e gr t d to t h e m em b rs
ar n a a J ea an e e . ea n

P ul A dt G o th I fli d h d such dipl om s ; l a di s ls o
,

a ,
rn , e e, an ,
a a e a

r e c ei v d th em O th e gra ti g of th e hu dredth i 1 8 20
e . n n n n , n ,

t h e j k w s dr pp d
o e a o e

7 91 M g i .O d f t h a I supp
,
o s e d to h v e xi st e d
r er o e
.
- s a e

i I t ly
n t h e l st c
a tu y
In m di fic t i on o f th e R o si
a en I ,
as a o a

cruci s It m e mb er s e s id t h v e w or th e costu m e
an . s ar a o a n

o f I quis i t ors
n .

M hd j
t — This is a I di a s ct f pri sts I t n n
7 2 0 . a re a a e n e o .

a pp e rs bu d tly fr m th w orks of r e c og is e d a uth ority

a a n an o e n

w ritt e by M h araj a s d from xisti g p opul a r b e li e f i

n a ,
an e n n

t h e Val l b h ch a y a s e ct th t V a ll b h
a a h y a i s b eli v e d t
r ,
a a ac ar e o

h v b ee
a e i c r ati o of th e g od Krish a a d th t th e
n an n a n n n , n a

M h araj s a d sc d a ts of Va l l ab h c h a y h a v cl i m d
a a ,
s e en n a r a, e a e

a d r e c i v e d fr om th ir f ll ow e r s t h e l i k e ch r ct e r of i c
n e e o a a n ar

na ti o s of th t g od by h r edit ry succ ssi

n a Th e c r e e a e on . e

m o i e s of t h e w o rship p id t Krish
n through th e s pri e sts a o na e

a e r ll of t h m o st lic e ti ou s ch r ct e r
a e Th e l ov d sub n a a . e an

s erv i e cy d n t a S upr e m e Be i g ue e h e r e m a t e ri lis d

o d n ar a e an

tr a sf rr e d t th s w h o cl i m t b e th e livi g i r ti s
n e o o e a o n n ca n a on

o f t h g od e H e th pri e sts e x e rcis e u limi te d i fl ue ce

. n ce e an n n n

o v e r th e ir f e m l v t ri s w h c sid e r it gr e t h o ou r t
a e o a e ,
o on a a n o

a cq ui r e th t emp ora ry re g rd of th v luptu o us M h a raj s

e a e o a a ,

th b e li e f i wh o s e pr t e si o s i s ll o w d t i t e rfe r e a l m st
e n e n n a e o n , o

vi t a lly wit h th d om e stic r el a ti o s of h u sb d d wife

,
e n an an .

Th e M h araj lib l c s tr i d i 1 8 6 2 i t h e S upr m e C o urt

a a e a e, e n n e

o f Bom b y pr v e d th t t h w e lthi e st a d l rg e st of th e
a ,
o a e a n a

Hi d oo m e rc a tile c omm u iti e s f C tr l d W e st e r

n n n o en a an n

I di worshipp e d s
n a g o d d pr v d pr i e st c om p a r e d with
a a a e a e ,

wh om cie t s atyr w s
an a n gel I d d o b e com i g
n a an an . n ee , n n

foll ow e r s of th t g od th e y m ak e to hi s pri e st th e ffe ri n g of

a , o

t n ma n an d d ha n or body m i d a n d prop rty ; a d s o f

a , , , ,
n , e n ar
30 8 C
S E RET S O IE TI E S C
I sl ds th e N ew H brid e s N ew C l d o i a d lso th e
an , e , a e n , an a

Fij i I sl ds ll ab ou d with s r t s oci ti e s which h w eve r

an ,
a n ec e e , ,
o ,

h a v othi g f rm id bl e i n th m i c e l l th e ir s cr ets e
e n n o a e ,
S n a e ar

k ow ; t h p eopl j oi b ut l ugh at th m ; th i r l dge s

n n e e n, a e e o

ar e th ir clubs e chi fly d v ot ed t fe sti g ; str ge rs, e e o a n an a re

a d m itt e d to th em to i s ; th y e xclud w om e th ugh as nn e e n, o

on th e Fiji I sl ds th r s ci t i s which d m it th m
an e e a re o e e a e .

Y ou g m e n e xp e ct d t o b e i iti t d
n a re th os e w h o ote n a e are n ,

d o ot t k e
n p siti o f full s o i l e qu lity with th os e w h o
a a o n o c a a

ar e m em b e rs Wh e th ce r m o i e s d d o tri s w e re s
. n e e n an c ne a

y t
e m yst ri s o u tsid rs th ou ght th t t h
e e ,
i iti t e d t eer d a e n a en e

i t o a ss o i ti o with th e gh sts of th d ea d
n c a n d e lusion o e , a

str e g th e d by th str g
n en d u rthly ois s h rd at e an e an n ea n e ea

ti m e s i d a r o u d t h e l dge s
n an d t h e hid eously disg uis e d
n o ,
an -

figu r s s upp s e d to b e gh sts which pp ea re d t th e d g

e ,
o o ,
a o
“
o s

o utsid N ow it is k w th t th e ghosts m e r e ly
”
e . no n a a re

m e m b e rs w e ri g str g ly d e c or t e d h ts m d e of b a rk
,
a n an e - a a a

an d p a i t d which h ts c ov e r t h e wh ol e h e ad a d r e st o
n e ,
a n n

t h e sh o ld rs whil e t h e m u m m e rs a e d e ss e d i
u e ,
lo g cl oa ks r r n n ,

m d e f l av e s
a o d sh a p e d i f t stic d s i gn s
e ,
an I t i s a ls o n an a e .

k ow t h t t h
n n is e s which u s d t fri ght e th e a ti v e s
a e no e o n n

ar e pro duc ed by a fl at s m ooth st o e o which th e butt -e d n ,

n n

of fa f p l m is rubb e d th vi br a ti
an o a o f which pr duce s ,
e on o

t h e e xtr rdi ry s u d At th e c e rem on y of i iti ti o th e

ao na o n . n a n

u su a l pret ce of i m p arti g s e cr t k wl edge i s go e thr ough

en n e no n

o n a
p with th
ar a t i m p rt e d i s om e s oci e ti e s r e r h o m e a n n ea ,

a d a
n with th l tt r it is al l qu e sti of f e s th ough i
,
s e a e ,
a on e ,
n

s om e s oci e ti e s th r i s ls o som e r ou gh r c e rem o y t b e e a e n o e

sub m itt d t ; thu s i th t a ll ed w lu th e ophyt e h s t o

e o n a c e ,
ne a

li d w o his f
e o n i a h le i
n th e gr ou d out e x a ctly to
ace n o n n ,

his sh ap e d light d c oco ut fro d e c a st up his b ck

,
an e an n s ar on a .

He c t m ov a d d ar e ot cry ; th e sc ars r m i o hi
an n o e, n n e a n n s

b a ck m rks f m emb rship Th n e phyt e wh e i itia t ed

as a o e . e o ,
n n ,

re m i s g t th t i s e cl ud d fo
a n o o, um b e r of d ys — i
a s, s om e e r a n a n

soci eti s fo o e hu dr e d d ys — duri g which ti m e h e h a s

e r n n a n

t o att d t o th e ov a d d o t h e dirty w ork of th e l odg

en en n e .

L r i g t h d c s which th i iti t d o
ea n n e ane rt i e f sti
, e n a e n c a n e

v a ls p e rf o r m i public a s p rticul rly pl e si g t o th e ir

n , a a a n

gods s e m s to b e th e pri cip l it em o f th e i structi o e

,
e n a n n r

c i ved i
e th e s ctu ry Th e um b r of s oci ti s a lr dy
n an a . n e e e , s a ea

st t d i v ry l rg
a e , s d th e y a
e k ow by v ri ou s m s
a e , an re n n a na e .

Th N w Bri t i S oci ety is c a ll e d Duk -Duk

e e a n th t of a

Fl rid a M t m b l a ; th t f th B k s I sl a ds T m t e ;
o , a a a a o e an n ,
a a

th t f th N rth e N w Heb i d e s Q t ; th t of Fi ji
a o e o rn e r ,
a n a ,

N ga Th e ghos ts s uppo s ed to b e pre s en t are c all ed d uk ;

an . a
 M I S C ELLAN EO U S S O C I ETI ES 3 09

in Fl ori d a th e co sult tio of th e gh sts is k w s p i n a n o no n a a n

duk Th e l dg is c ll d S al g ; it is u su lly sit u t i

a . o e a e a or o a a e n

s m e r tre t r th e vill ge i th e m idst f l ofty tr s d

o e a n ea a ,
n o ee , an

m ust t b ppr ch d by w m ; m sk d figu s gu rd

no e a oa e o en a e re a

t h p th t o it which is m rk e d by bri ght o r

e a , ge c ol ur d a an - o e

fruits stuck o r e ds d th cust om ry s ol oi t bo m rk

n e , an e a a o a s,

forbiddi g tr e Th m mb rs f di ffe r t s oci tie s

n en an c . e e e o en e

ar e disti g uish d by p rticul r b dg e s c o sisti g of l eav e s

n e a a a , n n

o fl w e rs
r o d t w a r such , b dge with ut m em b ership is
an o e a a o

a pu ish bl offe c e
n a e n .

7 3
2 M u m b J u
. m ba —. We h v e s e e (6 87) th t th r e is
o- a n a e a

C l i f r i s oci ety wh s e bj ct it i s to k e p th ir w m e
a o n an ,
o o e e e o n

i d ue subj cti o
n Am g t h M di g oe s
e n trib e b ve t h
. on e an n ,
a a o e

s urce s f th e ri v e r G mbi a s om e wh a t si m il r a ss oci at i o

o o a a, a n

e xists Wh e v r th m h v y disp ute with th w m

. ne e e en a e an e o en ,

an i m ge ight o n i e f t high m d f th b rk of tree s

a , e r n ee ,
a e o e a ,

dr ss d i
e e l g c o t crow d with w i sp of str w a d
n a on a ,
ne a a , n

c ll d Mu m b o Ju m b o M mm J m b h is s t f
a e a -
A , or a a a a , en or .

m m b r o f th e s oci ty
e e c e ls hi m s lf u d er th e co t d e co n a e n a an

a cts s j udge Of c urs e his d e cisi s e l m st lw ys i

a . o on ar a o a a n

f v our of th e m e Wh th e w om h e r h i m mi g th y
a n . en en a co n e

r u w y d hid th m s lv e s but h e s ds f th em m k s
n a a an e e e , en or ,
a e

th m sit d ow
e d ft rw rds ith e r si g o d ce
n , an s he a e a e n r an , a

pl e s s Th s w h o r fu s t c om e e brought by f rc e
a e . o e e e o ar o ,

an d h whips th em e Wh s o is dm itt d i t o th e s i ety h . o a e n oc as

t o sw e r i t h e m st s l m
a m
n er v e r t divulg th o o e n an n ne o e e

s ecr t t o y w om
e o t an
y o e o t i iti t d T p
an , n r o an n n n a e . o re

s rv th s ecr et i vi ol abl
e e e b ys u d r sixt y e rs of g
n e, n o o n e e en a a e

ar e d m itted Ab ut 1 7 2 7 th Ki g of J gr h vi g v ry
a . o e n a a, a n a e

i q uisitiv wif
n dis l os e d t h e th e s e cr t f his m em b e r
e e, c o r e o

ship d th e s cr ts c o e ct d th e r with S h b e i g
,
an e e nn e e . e, n a

g ssip t lk d b out it ; th e r sult w s th t sh e d th e ki g

o ,
a e a e a ,
a an n

w r kill d by t h m m b rs of th e ss c i ati o
e e e e e e a o n .

Obea h , s e e E g bo S oci ety .

7 4
2 O d d . F ell ows —
his rd e r w fou d e d i E gl a d
T O as n n n n

a b ut o iddl
th e m l st c tury Th i iti tory rit e s
e of th e a en . e n a

th w r en usu l t rr fyi g ch r ct e r w h ve s ee
e e of th e a e i n a a e a n

pr ctis d
a e ci t yst eri e s a ccom p i d by all th e
i n th e a n e n m ,
an e

th tri l displ y i te d d to ov e r w e th
ea ca did t e w h
a n n e a e c an a ,
o

h d t t k th
a o th of s e cre cy Th O rd r h its sig s
a e e oa . e e as n ,

gri ps w rds d p ssw rds ;

, o w ord w Fi des whi h w
,
an a o on e as ,
c as

u tt r d l tt e r by l tt r ;
e e e ig w s m d e by pl i g th
e e e on S n a a ac n e

right h d o t h e l eft br st d t th s m e ti m e p o
an n ea ,
an a e a r

n o u c i g th
n w rds Up o my h ur A oth e r S ig
n e o ,
“
n on o .
”
n n

w as m d e by t a ki g h old of th e l ow e r p a rt of th e l e ft e
a n ar
3 10 C
S E RET S O I ETI E S C
with th e th um b d for efi ge r f th e right h a d Wh a t th e an n o n .

sig s grips d p ssw ords ow a i t is i m p ossibl e to t ell

n , ,
an a n re , ,

si c e th e s s th o ly s e crets of t h O rd r e k pt strictly
n e, a e n e e , ar e

s e cre t E v e ry h lf y r
. w p ssw ord i s c om m u i c t e d
a - ea a ne a n a

t tho l dge s I 1 8 1 9 th O rd r w as i tr d uc d i t o th e
e o . n e e n o e n

U i t d S t t e s Th re; e th e d gree s : th e Whit e Blu e

n e a . e ar re e , ,

an d S c rl e t ; th e r is ls o a f m l e d e gr ee c ll d R b cc
a e a e a , a e e e a,

d High Degre s a e c o fe rr d i C a m ps Th Odd “ ”

an e r n e n . e

F e ll ows i th l odges w e r whit pr s e dge d with th e

n e a e a on ,

c ol urs o f th ir d gr e ; i th e c m ps th y w e r bl ck a pro s
o e e e n a e a a n

si m il ly tri m m d S i c e th e Am ri pr os cuti o s of th
ar e . n e can e n e

Fr m s s which ls o ffect ed th e O dd F ll ows th a th

ee a on ,
a a e , e o

of s cr e y is o l g r d ma d d ( s e
ec n on e e n e e

O K P —A r ligi us rit
- e- c omm m or tiv e of th e
7 5
2 e . a . e o e, e a

Fl od which w s pr ctis e d by th e Ma d a s a w xti ct

o ,
a a .
n n , no e n

tri b of R d I di s Th e l br ti o wa a u l d its
e e n an . e c e a n s nn a , an

o bj e ct thr ee f old viz ( )

1 t o k ee p i r,e m m br c e t h sub. n e an e

sidi g O f th e w t rs ; ( 2) to d c th bull d c e t i s u re
n a e an e e an ,
o n

a p l t iful supply of bu ff l e s ( th u gh th e r a d e r will s ee i n

en a o o e

it an allusi o t o th bull of th z odi c th v e r l e q ui ox )

n e e a ,
e na n

an d ( 3 ) t o t st t h e c ur g ed p w r o f e d u r c e of t h e o a e an o e n an

y ou g m wh o duri g th p st y e r h a d rriv e d t th e g
n en ,
n e a a , a a a e

of m h ood by gr t bodily pri v ti o s a d t ortur e s Pa rt

an ,
ea a n n .

Of t h l tt e r w e r e i flict d i
e a th s e cr e cy f t h M dici e n e n e o e e n

hut outsid of whi h st ood th e Bi g C oe o M d u A k

,
”
e c an ,
r an a r ,

which o ly th e Myst e ry M n w e r a ll w d to t ouch

“ - en
”
e o e or

l o k i t o Th t ortur s
o n . wit e ss ed by C a tli c o sist d i
e e ,
as n n, n e n

forci g sti cks of w o d u d r th e d ors a l o p e ctora l m uscl s

n o n e r e

o f t h e victi m d th e s usp e di g h i m by th s e sticks fr om

,
an n n n e

t h e t p of th hut
o d tur i g h i m r u d u til h fa i t e d
e , an n n o n n e n ,

wh e h e w a s t a k d ow
n d ll o w e d t o r e c ov r c o sci ou s
en n an a e n

n e ss wh e r up o h w driv forth m o g th m ulti tud

e n e as en a n e e

a ss e m bl e d with ut w h o ch s d h i m r o u d th e vill ge tr e d
o ,
a e n a ,
a

i g o th c rds tt ch d to th e bits of w o od sticki g i his

n n e o a a e n n

fl sh u til th s e l tt r f ell out by t ri g th e fl sh to pi ec s

e ,
n e a e ea n e e .

L ik e t h i t myst ri e s th e O K ee P e d ed with d u k e
e a n c en e ,
- a n r n n

an d v i c i u s o gi s oTh S i ux t R s bud Ag cy i D k ot
r e . e o a o e en ,
n a a,

still pr ctis th s m b rb r us ri te s but i m ild e r fo rm

a e e a e a a o ,
n a .

7 2 6 P th i
. t —A ss o i ti o xisti g i th l st c e
an e s s . n a c a n, e n n e a n

t ury i this c u try d i G rm y ; Boli gbrok Hu m

n o n an n e an n e, e,

a d oth r
n l bri ti e s b el o ge d to it I ts obj e ct w th e dis
e ce e n . as

f t h e m xi m s c t i e d i Tol d s P ut h ei ti c o
’ ”
us i o
’

c s n o a on a n n an a s n .

J oh Tol d w s b o r i I r el d b out 1 6 70 a d w s
n an a n n an a ,
n a a

D istic l wri t r w h o
e a ti cip a t d t wo c t uri e s g o th
e ,
an e , en a , e

high r cri t i cis m of th e pre s e t d ay i his Chri s ti ani ty

e
”
n n
“
 C
S E RET S O I ETI E S C
at r ligi ou s re form
e , y e t th eir c at ech i sm w as m od ell ed on th at
of t h Fre m s s
e e a on .

7 30 . P oli ce S ecret —
Wh i lst re v luti o a ri e s d dis a ffe ct d
, o n an e

s ubj cts f r
e d s cr t ss oci tio s fo th e ov rt hr w of th e ir
o me e e a a n r e o

r ul e rs l tt r
, r cours t c u t r ss ci ti s o th
th e a e h a d e e o o n e -a o a on ,
r e

S ecr e t P lic Fr c i t w s v ry ti v e i th e ea rly p rt

o e In an . e a e ac n a

o f th e l st c e tury but ch i fly
a th p nd r t th e d eb au , e as e an e o

ch ri e s o f th C ourt F p li tica l purp os e s w om e of l oos

e e . or o n e

m ora ls w e m pl oy d by pr e f e r c
er e Thu s -f m ou s p o e en e . a a r

c r e ss wh o s b o ud oirs w r h u t d by dipl m tists

a ,
e e e a n e o a ,
a

Ma d m Fill o di sc v r e d a d fru str t e d th e c o spi r cy f

a n, o e n a n a o

C e ll am r e th S p ani sh mb a ss a d r i 1 7 1 8 t th e c urt of
a , e a o n a o

th e Re g e t ( Phil ipp d O l é s w h o g ov r d Fr a c duri n g ’

n e r an , e ne n e

t h e m i n ority f L ouis which w s di r ct ed g i st th

o a e a a n e

r ei g i g f m i ly i f v o ur f th e Duk e of M i
n n a ,
Th e m
n a o a ne . a

b s a do w a oblige d t o l e v e Fr a c e
as r s Fr om th e h i qu a n . c r on e

sc an d leus o f th s e ti m e s it i e vid e t th t th p olic w e r

a e o s n a e e e

a lw ys cl s ely o ct e d with th e l ad i e s f e sy vi rtu e wh m

a o c nne o a ,
o

th e y e mpl oy e d th ei r ge ts Tow rds th e d of th as a n . a en e

e ight ee th c e t u ry t h n p olice w r e s cr tly e mploy e d i p e

n e e e e n r

v e ti g th e pr p gati o of philos ophic l w orks c ll e d b d

n n o a n a , a a

b oks Th e R e v luti o b olish e d this s e cre t p olice s i m

o . o n a a

m o r a l a d ill g a l ; but it w s a s
n p olitica l e gi e e-e st b
e a ,
a n n ,
r a ~

li s h d u d r th
e Dir ct ry to which th e xp ll e d r oy l
n e e e o , e e a

f mi ly O pp s ed a cou t e r p lic which h ow e v e r w s di

a o n - o e, , , a s

c ov e r d i th e m th of M y 1 800 N p ol eo to prot ect

e n on a . a n,

hi m s lf g i st th e v ari u s c spir ci e s h tch e d g i st h i m

e a a n o on a a a a n ,

r el i e d g r tly o th s e cr t p olic h h d e st blish e d ; but

ea n e e e e a a

th r e is o d oubt th t th e m d proc e di gs of S v ry Duk e

e n a a e n a a ,

o f R o vig N p ol eo s l st hi f of p olic e h a ste d th e d ow f a ll ’

o, a n a c e ,
ne n

of th e E m pir U d r L uis Phi lipp g i th s e cre t p lic

e . n e o e a a n e o e

h d pl e ty of w rk t d o i c s e q u c of th m y s cr t
a n o o ,
n on en e e an e e

s ocieti s wh os m chi tio s w e h ve lr e dy d e scri b d

e , e a na n a a a e

I Prussi ls th s cr t polic w a s v e ry ctiv e fr m

n a a o e e e e a o

1 84 8 t o th Fr c o P u i a w a duri g which its chi f

e an - r ss n . r, n e

duty w t o pr t ct th e Ki g f Pr ussi his lli e d pri c s

as o e n o a, a n e ,

a d Bis m rck
n g i st th tt m pts t ss ssi ti o whi ch
a a a n e a e a a a na n

w re th e
e rif H w t h e s e r e t p olic h d pl ty of
n so e . o c e a en

o cc up t i o R ussi a wh e r it w s k ow Third “
i a n n s th , e a n n a e

Di vi si o h v e i th e cc ou t of th Nihilists
”
w n, e a e s en n a n e .

I n this c ou try s ecr et p olic h a e v e r b ee t l e r te d ;

n a e s n n o a

it i s O ppos e d to th e s e ti m t f th e p eopl e wh o a lw ys n en o ,
a

c o ct it wi th g t p ro t u
nne a en s roca e rs .

We h v e s e ( 6 9 3 ) th t ki d of s e cret p olic e e xists

a e n a a n

i N ew P om e ra i a a d W e st e r Afr i c
n n n n a .
 MI S C ELL AN E O U S S O C IETI E S 313

73 1 . uri g
P or tug u es e S oci eti es — D
t h rly p a rt o f this n e ea

c e tury v ri us s cr t s ci ti e s w ith p oliti l bj cts w

n a o e e o e ca o e ere

f or me d i P rtug l but n th y v r tt i d t
o a , y as e ne e a a ne o an

i m p ort c o p erm an e e it will b

r s ufli i t t m ti
an en c , e c en o en on

th e m e s f th
na f th m : t h S ept m brists Ch rtists
o r ee o e e e , a ,

an d Mi g uelli t t h e l tt r f u d e d i f v u r f Do Mi gu e l
s s, a e o n n a o o n ,

w h o fo ti m ccupi d th e thro f Portug l

r a e o e ne o a .

73 2 P u . h T h — B tw ee
rra th e riv e r o f S i rr
,
e L e n e a eo n e

an d C p Mont th ra e xist fi ati o s of F ul h S ou

e, e e e ve n n o a s- s ous ,

w h o f or m m o g th em s lv s a ki d of f ed r tiv r public
n e e a n e a e e .

E ch c ol y h as its p rticul r m gistr t s a d l c l g v r

a on a a a a e n o a o e n

m t ; but th e y
en subj ct to i stituti o whi h th y c ll
a re e an n n c e a

Pu h
r ra I t is . ss o i ti o of w rri ors whi ch f m its
an a c a n a ,
ro

e ff cts is v ry si m il r t th e s e r t tribu
e e l form rly xi st
a o c e na e e

i g i G erm y
n n d k w by th an m , f th e H ly V h m
an no n e na e o o e

d o cc u t of its rit s a d myst eri s cl os ely

an n a o n e n e

r e s m bl e s th e cie t i iti ti s E ch of th fi c ol i s
e an n n a on . a e ve on e

h as its ow p culi r Purr h c sisti g of tw ty fi

n e a a , on n en -
ve

m m b rs ; a d fr om
e e h of th e s e p rticul r tribu ls a
n e ac a a na re

t k e fi e p ers o s w h o f rm t h Gr d P urr h o
a n v n , o e an a r

supr em tribu al e n .

T b e d m itt e d t o
o a distri ct Purr h th c did t m u st a a e an a e

b e t l e st th i rty y e s
a a f ag ; to b e m e mb r f t h e ar o e a e o

Gr d Purr h h m ust b e fifty y e rs ol d All his r el

an a ,
e a . a

t i s b el gi g to th e Purr h b e co m e s e curi ty fo th
on on n a r e

c di d t s c o d u t d bi d th em s lv e s by o th to c
an a e
’
n c , an n e a sa

r ific e h i m if h fli h duri g th c e r m o y
,
e if ft r
nc n e e n , or ,
a e

h vi g b e
a n dm itt d h b tr y t h e m yst ri s d t e ets
en a e ,
e e a e e an n

of t h ss o i ti
e a c a on .

I n ea ch distri t c om pri s e d i th e i stituti

c of t h e Purr h n n on a

th er is s cr d w d whith r th e c did t e is c duct d

e a a e oo e an a on e ,

an d wh r e h is c fi e d fo s e v r l m ths i
e e ons olit ry n r e a on n a a

an d o tr ct d h bit ti
c n a d
e e ith e r sp ks a quits a on , an n ea n or

th e dw e lli g ssig d t h i m I f h e tt m pt to p etr t

n a ne o . a e en a e

i t o th e f ore st which su rro u ds h i m h is i n st a tly sl i

n n , e n a n .

Aft r s ve r l m ths pr p ra ti o t h e c did t is d m itt d

’
e e a on e a n an a e a e

to th e tri l t h l st pr a fs of whi h
,
e s id t b t rribl
a oo c a re a o e e e .

Al l th e l e m e ts e e e m pl y d t n sce rt i his r s luti o

ar o e o a a n e o n

an d u g ; li o s d l eop rds i s om d gr ch i d
co ra e n an a , n e e ee a ne ,

a re m d u a of ; duri g t h
e seti m of th pr f th s cr d n e e e oo e a e

w ds r e s ou d with d dful h owli gs ; co fl g ti

oo n pp r
r ea n n a ra on s a ea

i th
n i ght s m i g t o i dic t e g e r l d structi
e n ,
ee n ; whil n a en a e on e

a t o th e r ti m e s fi e is s to p e rv d th s m yst ri ous w o ds
r ee n a e e e e o

in l l dir cti
a s E ve ry e wh s uri sity x it e s h i m
on . on e o e c o e c

to pr o f e th s an s acre d p a rts is s acri fic d w i tho ut me rcy

e e e .
3 14 S E C RET S O C I ETIE S

Wh e n c a did at h as u d e rgo
th e n l l th e d gr e of p o e n ne a e e s r

b ti o
a h e is p e rm itt e d t o b e i i ti t d a o th b i g p
n, n a e ,
n a e n re

v oi us ly x ct e d from h i m th t h will k ee p ll t h e s e cr ts
e a a e a e ,

an d x ut e with ut d m ur ll th e d e cr s of t h e Purr h
e ec o e a ee a

o f his trib o of th Gr d e, d S v e r e ig Pu r h
r e an an o n r a .

A y m e m b r tur i g tr it or
n r be l is d v ot e d t d eath
e n n a or e e o ,

an d s m eti m s a ss ssi t d i th m idst f his f a m il y

o e a Atna e n e o .

a m om e t wh e a gu i lty p rs
n l e st e xp cts it w rri r
n e on a e ,
a a o

a pp a rs b e f r h i m m sk e d d rm d w h s ys : Th
e o e , a an a e ,
o a
“
e

S ov e r eign P urr h d e cr ee s thy d e th th s e w ords ”

O
a a . n e

e v e y p rs o pr s e t shri ks b ck o o e m k s th e l e st
r e n e n n a , n n a e a

r e sist c d t h vi ti m is kill e d
an e, an Th e c omm e Purr h c . on a

of trib t k e s c g is c e of th crim s c om m itt d withi

a e a o n an e e e n

i ts j urisdicti tri e s t h e cri m i ls a d e x ut e s th i r s e

on , na ,
n ec e n

t o s ; d ls pp s s th q u rr els th t a ris e m o g
en e an a o a ea e e a a a n

p ow rful f m ili e s
e a .

I t is o ly xtr rdi ry occ si s th t th Gr d

n on e ao na a on a e an

P urra h ss m bl e s fo t h tri l of th os e wh o b e tr y th e
a e r e a a

m yst ri es e d s ecr e t s of t han O rd e r r eb l g i st its e , or e a a n

dict t e s ; d it is thi s a ss e mbly which g e r lly put s a

a an en a n

en d t t h w rs th a t s om eti m e s br e k o ut b e tw e t w o o
o e a a e n r

m o r trib e s
e Fr m th e m m e t wh th Gr d P urr a h
. o o n en e an

h as ss m bl e d fo th e purpos e o f t r m i t i g
a e r w till it e na n a a r,

h as d cid e d o th subj e ct e v ry w rri r f t h b llige r e t

e n e , e a o o e e n

p rties is f rbidd t S h e d a drop f blo d u d e r p i of

a o en o o o n a n

d e th Th e d lib e r ti s of th P urr h g e ra lly l st

a . e a on e a en a a

m o th n ft e r whi h th e gu ilty tribe is c d m d t o b e

, a c on e ne

pill a ge d duri g f ur d y s Th w rri ors w h x e cut e th e

n o a . e a o e

s t c
e n en e t ke e from th e e utr l c t o s ; a d th y
ar a n n a an n n e

d i sguis th em s elve s with frightful m sks e r m d with

e a ,
ar a e

p o i rds
n a d c a rry l i ght e d t o rch e s
,
an Th y rri v t th e . e a e a

d om d vill g s b for br k of d y kill ll th i h bit ts

o e a e e e ea a ,
a e n a an

th t c ot m k th e ir e sc p e d c rry off wh te v r p o
a an n a e a ,
an a a e r

p rty of v l e th y c fi d Th plu d e r is divid d i t o

e a u e an n . e n e n

t w o p rts ; a p rt b i g ll tt d to th trib e g i st which

on e a e n a o e e a a n

th e gg r e ssi h b
a c om m itt e d whilst th e th e r p a rt
on as een ,
o

goe s t o th Gr d Purr h which distribut s i t a m g th e

e an a , e
'
on

w rri rs w h o e x c ut d th s t c e
a o e e e en e n .

Wh th e f m ily f th trib e s u d r th c m m d f th e
en a o e n e e o an o

Purr h b e c om s to p ow e rful d e xcit s l a rm th Gr d

a e o an e a ,
e an

Purr h a s m bl t d lib r t
a se th s ubj ect d l m st
es o e e a e on e ,
an a o

a lw ys co dem s it to s udd e
a n d u e xp ct d pill g e ; whi h
n n an n e e a c

i s x c ut d by ight d lw ays by w rri or s m a sk d d

e e e n ,
an a a e an

disguis d e .

Th e t e rror a d a l a rm wh i ch th i s c on f e d e ra ti o
n e xcit es n
3 16 S E C RET S O C IETI E S

th e s oci e ty but b e i g l ook ed d ow up o by th e th oro ugh

, n n n

br e d Y k e e s th e G rm s s e d d a d f o u d d
an ,
e o rd r an ce e n n e an e

o f th ir w e d oll e d it th e I d p d e t O d r of R d
n , an ca n e en n r e e

Me I b oth s o ie ti s th e r e e thr d egr ee s — th E g

”
n . n c e ar ee e n

lish h as i ts Hu t ers S oldi e rs d C pt i s ; th e G e r m a n , , an a a n n

i d ivi d d i t o t h Bl cks Blu s

s e n d Gr e se Th re a a , e ,
an e n . e re

high r d egr s c f rr d i
e ee c m ps Th e t w o s oci ti e s
on e e n
“
a . e

c ou t b out f rty th us d m emb e rs Afte r th ce ss ti o

n a o o an . e a n

o f th w e w i th E gl d ( 1 8 1 4) th e s ci eti e s l ost th e ir p oli

ar n an o

tic a l ch r ct e r a a d b ec m e m e r b e fit s oci e t i es which

,
an a e en ,

th ey ow e n ar .

i S i U i l — I co m p s d
7 7
3 R g n
. t e e o ty f era n on , t w s e
c e o vers a . a o

of t h e p tri ots o f v rio u s c o u tri e s w h o h d t k

a ar e fu g n a a en e

in S w itz rl d b e tw e e 181 5
an d 1 8 20 But th u gh th ei r
en an . o

a i m s w e v ry c om pr h e siv e th y d d i t lk of which
re e e n ,
e en e n a ,

prof ss d p tri ts lw ys h v e a lib e r l s upply h d

e e a o a a a a on an .

8 S l t t — Th e co u ty of H u e s t i i th Duchy
73 p . e s a e r r . n a n e n, n e

of B d a f r m s tri gl e th e b s o f which is th R hi
en , o a an ,
a e e ne

from S a ki g to W ldshut I t h e l st c en tury th b t

c n en a . n a e a

o f th e ri h m o st ry of S t Bl a sius which m y b e s id t
c na e .
,
a a o

for m th p e x f th e tri a gl x a ct e d b o d s rvic g i st

e a o n e, e n - e e a a n

th e H ue st i a n This th e y r s e t e d ; a s e cre t l e gu e w s
e n e rs . e n a a

t h e r s u lt e Fr m i ts l e d er Frid ol i Albi z d ea l r i s lt
. o a , n e ,
a e n a

p e t i t
re ,t o o k t h m o f S l t p t e na
s T h e bb ot supp rt d
e a e re r . a ,
o e

by Au stri i 1 7 5 5 fi lly comp ll e d th e m t subm it tho ugh

a n ,
na e o ,

th s e ct w a s r viv e d at th e b gi ni g of this c tury t

e e e n n en o

O pp o s r e form t ry t d ci s i church d sch ool M utu l

e a o en en e n an . a

c o ce ssi o s i 1 840 put a e d to th e strife d to th e

n n n n n an

s oci ty I Tir ol th M h a rt e s s o c ll d ft e r th ei r
e . n e an r ,
a e a

l e d r M h rt h a d th s am e obj e ct i vi e w — re sist c e t
a e , an a , e n an o

R e f r m ti o
o pri ipl e s— d w e re succ e ssful i tt i i g
a n nc an n a a n n

th e m th y b i g w r m ly supp ort e d by th e Pop e

,
e e n a .

7 39 S i k h .F ti s — T h e S i khs —
a na S ikh m e s c discipl an a e,

o r d v t d foll owe r— fi s t c am e i t o otice i 1 5 1 0

e o e a r n n n as

r e ligiou s s ect Th ei r proph e t w s N uk Tw c t urie s

. a an . o en

a ft rw e ds Gu ru G ovi du d v l p e d a m ore m il it ry spirit ;

ar n e e o a

h e dd e d th sw o rd t th e ir h o ly b k t h e Gr a th
a e o Fr om oo ,
n .

1 7 9 8 t o 1 8 39 th e S ikh s w e r a t th z ith of th ir p w e r e e en e o .

Th e ir disti guish i g m rks w e r e a bl u e dr e ss b e c us e B l

n n a ,
a a a

R m th br oth e r of Kri sh
a ,
e is lw ys r epr s e t d s w e r n a, a a e n e a a

i g
n blu dre ss with l o g h a ir d b ea rd ; e v e ry m a h ad
a e , n an n

to c rry ste l o hi s p rs o i s om e fo rm Th e ordi ry

a e n e n n . na

S ikh o w dres s es i n p ur w hi t All th e s ct w er e bou d n e e . e n

i a h oly br th rh o d c ll e d th e Kh ls ( m ea i g th e s v e d
n o e o a a a n n a

or lib e r t ed) wh erei l l soci a l d i st i n cti o n s w r aboli sh ed

a , n a e e .
 MI S C ELL AN EO U S S O C IETI ES 3 17

Th e fi erc e f tic l Ak lis w er s oldi e r pri e sts

an a a som br a e -
, a e

br th rh ood of m ilit ry d ev t ee s chi fly m pl y d b ut

o e a o , e e o e a o

th ir gr t t em pl t Am its r ( m i g th f u t i f
e ea e a r a e an n e o n a n o

i m m ort lity ) Th ey i iti t c v erts which is d

a . by n a e on , on e

o rd ri g t h
e n ophyt e t o w r bl
e ne l oth s by b i g p e ea ue c e , e n r

s e t d with fi e w e p o s— sw ord fi elock b w d

n e v a n a ,
a r , a o an

a rr w d pik H is furth e r e j i e d t bst i fr m

o ,
an a e . e n o n o a a n o

i t rc ours with c e rt i s hism atic s e cts d t pr tis

n e e a n c ,
an o ac e

c rt i virtu e s A ccordi g to t diti o G ovi du wh

e a n . s, a n ra n, n , en

t t h p i t of d a th e x l i m d Wh r e v fi S ikhs “
a e o n e ,
c a e ,
e er ve a re

a ss em bl d th e r I sh ll b pr e s e t fi S ikhs
e ,
e ece a e n ,
”
ve a re n s

s ry t p rf rm t h e rit of i iti ti
a o e o Th S i khs m y t e n a on . e a ea

fl e sh xc pt th t of th c ow whi h is s acre d i m zi l to
, e e a e , c a an

th m w ll to th Hi dus
e as e as e n .

Th ph s of S ikh f
e ti is m which r v l e d its existe ce
a e an a c e ea n

i 1 87 2 by t h K k m urd rs m y b e tr a c d to t h f oll owi g

n e oo a e a e e n

s ourc s — Th m v m t w st rte d good m y y e rs si

e e o e en as a a an a n ce

by o R m S i gh S ikh wh os h dqu rt rs w e r fix d t
ne a n ,
a ,
e ea a e e e a

t h vi ll g of B i
e a i t h L od h i
e a district
a n ee , His t ch n e o an . ea

i g is s id t h v
n ai m d t r form i g th ri tu l r th er th
o a e a e a e n e a a an

t h e cr ee d of his c ou try m His f ll w rs m or eov e r s emn en . o o e , ,

e

t h ve b r w d
o a hi t o t w fr m th d ci g d rvish e s
or o e a n r o o e an n e

o f I sl m At th e ir m e ti gs th y w ork e d th e m s lv e s i t
a . e n e e n o

a s rt of re ligi u s fr zy whi h r li e v d its lf by u e rthly

o o en , c e e e n a

h owli gs ; d h e c e th y w r g r lly k w
n an n th e e e en e a no n as e

S h ut e rs Me d w m w s e ct j i e d t
”
o . f th e n an o en o ne o n o

g th r i s rt f wild w d c e y lli g o t rt i form s

e e n a o o ar- an ,
e n u ce a n

o f w ords d stri ppi g off l l th e ir cl thi g

,
an th y whirl d n a o n ,
as e e

m r o e d m r pidly u d R m S i gh hi m s lf h d
an or e a ro n . a n e a

s rv ed i th ld S ikh rm y d o f his first m v s w s

e n e o a ,
an ne o o e a

t g t
o u m b r f his em iss ri s e list d i t th rm y f
e a n e o a e n e n o e a o

th M h r j h f C sh m e r
e a a a a Th t rul e r it is s id w ould
o a e . a a ,

h av t k e wh l r egi m t of K ok I t o his p y ; bu t
a en a o e en o as n a

fo s me r a s
r o o a th r this sch em f ll t th gr u d
e on r no e e e o e o n .

Possibly h t k fright t th p litic l i fl u c which hi

e oo a e o a n en e s

ne w r ru its m ight ec me i ti m t o wi ld g i st h i m co n e e a a n or

his E glish a lli s R m S i gh s foll ow e rs h w e v r m ulti

n e . a n
’
, o e ,

pli d p c ; d t f th ir um b e r h ch os his li ut e ts
e a a e an ou o e n e e e n an ,

wh os e p hi g i ti m sw ll ed th e t ot l f
re a c n n v rts t e e a o c on e o

s om thi g lik e
e n Of th e s ub h o li e ut a ts e so a s, r en n ,

s om tw ty w er e distribut d b ut th Pu j b Th
e en e a o e n a . e

g r t
eabulk f th ir v rt s c oo sist d f rtis e s d p pl
c on e n e o a an an eo e

o f y t l w r e st wh o h vi g othi g t l os e i dulg d i
o e ca e, ,
a n n n o ,
n e n

wi ld dr e m s of futur e g i Th ir l d e r s p ow r ov r th em
a a n . e ea
’
e e

a pp e rs to h a ve b e v ry great Th ey ob ey ed his ord rs

a e n e . e as
318 S E C R ET S O C I ETI E S

ch eerf ully s th e Ass ssi s f y r ob ey d th e Old M

a a f n o o e e an o

t h Mou t i
e I f h e h d a m ss g t s d t o o e f his
n a n . a e a e o en n o

l i e ut ts h w e v r f w y l tt r w s e tru st e d t o
en a n , o e ar a a , a e e a n o ne

o f his dis ipl e s w h o cful l sp ee d t th , xt st ti o ra n d o e ne a n , an

h d d it t a th e r wh f rthwith l e ft his w w rk d
an e o no ,
o o o n o ,
an

h st d i lik m e r t d e liv r t h e l tt r t third I

a en e n e ann o e e e o a . n

o rd r t cl i h his p ow e r o v e r his f ll w rs Ra m S i gh
e o nc o o e ,
n

c o triv d t o i t rp ol t
n e his o w m i
n e p ss g f t h
a e n na e n a a a e o e
“
Gr th —th e S ikh Bibl — whi h f r t lls th dve t of
an
”
e c o e e e a n

ano th r C u u pr ph t o t each er But wh t v e r th e

e r ,
o e r .
, a e

t ea chi gs f this w r eligi ou s l d r th e i r s t

n o ne ea e , er s ea on o

thi k th t his u lti m t e i m w t o r st r th e S ikhs t

n a a a as e o e o

th ir old supr m cy i th Pu j b by m s of a r ligi u s

e e a n e n a ea n e o

r viv l ; d h stirr d up th e r eligi u s f rv u r f his fol

e a an e e o e o o

l ow rs by i m pre ssi g o th e m th t th ir w w
e n w n a e ar as a ar

a g i st th sl ay r of th e s cr d w whi h t th e ir E ur
a n e e a e co , c o o

p e c qu e r rs o f c urs e is ot s cr d d h s
an on o s ed t
o n a e , an a cea o

b e tso m y otiv e s of I di a But t h i surr e cti o w

an na n . e n n as

q uickly suppr ss d Th e wh ol b d which v e r u mb e re d

e e . e an ,
ne n

thr e hu dr e d w s lit e r lly hu t d d w

e n ,
a d th ri g a n e o n, an e n

l d e rs bl ow fr m gu s This m y pp e r s v e e pu ish
ea n o n . a a a e r n

m t ; but it is t b e b r e i m i d th t th o ugh t h e um b r
en o o n n n a n e

of i surg n ts w h o w r e t k with rm s i th ir h ds w
en e a en a n e an as

o ly s m ll th y h d b e hi d th m
n a ,
e b dy f a rly n e a o o n ea

f ll w s b u d t g th e r by
o o er , o c om m f ticism w h o
n o e on e on a na ,

h d t o b t ught by v ry prom pt
a e a d s v e r e cti o th t u e an e a n a o r

p w r i I di is ot t b e ss il e d with i m p u ity
o e n n a n o a a n .

Th e S ikhs e d i vid e d i t o u m r u s s cts th e m ost i m

ar n n e o e ,

p ort t b i g th G vi d S i h i c m m u i ty m pr h d i g
an e n e o n n o n ,
co e en n

t h p olitic l ss ci ti
e f t h e S i kh
a a oti g e lly Th
a on o na on en ra . e

S ikh s ct r ligi ou s d s cre t

e ,
as a i r pidly di m i ishi g
e an e on e , s a n n .

74 0 S i l C i
. l K i g h t
ver
f th e — A s cr
r c e,
e t rg is ti on s o e o an a n

f r m d i th e Rocky Mou t i s i 1 89 3 g i st th s us p
o e n n a n n a a n e en

si o of silv r c oi g Th e K ights thr t d i c s th

n e na e . n ea en e ,
n a e e

S h rm e L w sh o uld b r e p a l d t o c m p e l C o l r d o t
an a e e e ,
o o a o

l e v e th e Am eric U i o
a d u it e with th e r publi
an nf n an n e c o

Me xi co which is ,
silv e r oi a g c u try Th e w st e r a c n e o n . e n

t te s w re at th t ti m h y mb d with s cr t s ci ti s
s a e a e on e co e e e o e e

d e lib r ti g th e qu e sti
e a n f s e c e ssi o M y o f th e s e on o n . an

s oci e ti s w e rm e d org is ti s d w r it is s id i
e re a an a on ,
an e e, a ,
n

th e h bit f h oldi g m o light m ti gs f

a o npurp o s f o n ee n or es o

drill Th e m mb rs h d s cre t sig s d p ssw ds t o

. e e a e n an a or

r c og i s
e n th r i p ublic But th e r p e l f th
e one ano e n . e a o e

S h rm e Ac t i an Au gust 1 89 3 cr ush d th e ir hop e s a d

n e , n

c us ed th e coll ps e of th e s ci e ty
a a o .
 3 20 C
S E RET S O I ETI E S C
Thi r teen Th e — To Ba lz a c s
f e rtil e i m a gi n a t i on we ’
7 44 .
,

a re i n d e bt e d for t h e b ook e n titl e d L es Tr ei ze, th e fictiti o us

st ory of a s oci ety o f thirteen p e rs on s w h o duri n g th e First

E m pir e b o u n d th e m s e lv e s by f e a rful oa ths a n d for O bj e cts ,

t h e a uth or d a r e n o m o r e r ev e a l th a n th e n am e s o f t h e
m e m b e rs , m utu a lly t o supp ort o n e a n oth e r Th e w o rk c on
.

sists of thr ee t a l e s th e first b e i n g t h e m o st i n t e r e sti n g for

,

us , S n ei c it pr t ds t r c rd th st or m y r r of Fe rr gus
e en o e o e c a ee a ,

on e o f th e ss oci t e s d chi e f of th e Dévor ts sp ok e

a a , an an n

o f i th n Fr ch W rk m e s U i o s
e en A s ci ty f o n
’
n n o e o

thirt ee ( ot s ecr t ) h r e c e tly b

n n f ou d d i L d o
e as n e en n e n on n,

i n i mit ti I ss um e of a s oci ety form e d i 1 8 5 7 t

a on , a ,
n a

Bord ux f ea t h s m purp os or th e L o d o o e
e a m ely e e as n n n ,
na ,

by f rce of x m pl t o e xtirp t e th sup rstitio r eg rdi g

o e a e a e e n a n

th e u m b e r thirt
n o f which v e ry f w p rs o s k o w t h e
e en , e e n n

o r i gi I th n . ci e t I di p k of c rds c o sisti g of
n e an n n an ac a ,
n n

s ev ty e ight rds of which th e first tw ty tw o h v e

en - ca ,
en - a

sp eci l m e s th e d e sig ti o f c rd x i ii is D th
a na ,
d na n o a .
“
ea ,
”
an

h c e ll t h e e vil i flu c s a scrib d t th t u mb r !
en a n en e e o a n e

74 5 T o b o
.l g i l S oci ty
— Wh
a cc e i o 5 3 1 Th d
ca
eo r fro m e n n o a

a b ll t girl h d be c om e th wife of th E m p eror Justi i I

a e a e e n an .
,

s h wish e d t o b e surr ou d e d by phil o s oph rs e sp ci lly th

e n e , e a e

e xp ou de rs of Pyth agor s But fo o c th phil os oph rs

n a . r n e e e

st ood th e ir dig ity a d d cli d i mp eri l p tr o ge

on n ,
n e ne a a na .

This l d to th ir p e rs e cuti o a d t h closi g of th ir sch ools

e e n, n e n e

an d d e m i s ; th ey w e re ot a ll ow e d t o h old m ti gs
a ca e n ee n .

But Pyth g r s m ust m ee t h e c e th ey m et i s cret first

a o ean , n n e ,

i a rui d t e m pl e o f C r e s o t h b ks f th I lissus
n ne d e n e an o e , an

a ft rw rds i a oct g l t e mpl bu i lt by o e f th m at

e a n n a on a e, n o e ,

th e f oot f M u t Hy m e ttus o Th e y c ll e d th em s e lv s P e d
o n . a e

no o s ph s which i er a phil l gic lly i c orr ct m a

,
n r th e o o a n e nn e y

i te rpr t d a m e i g Childre f Wisd om F o th e ir ”

n e e s an n n o . r

sy mb ol th ey d opte d t h e em o e which fl w r w s s id t o
a an n , o e a a

h a v spru g from th e bl d of Ad is w ou d e d by a w i ld
e n oo on ,
n

b r— phil os ophy ro s e fr e sh from phil os phy p e rs cut e d

oa so a a o e

by sup erstiti o At first w om e n . d childr w re a d n an en e

m i tt d b u t th e y w r t o ld p a rt o ly o f t h e s e cre t wh t v e r
e ,
e e n ,
a e

it w s Th e sig w as cr ossi g th e rm s
a . n th e br e st s n a on a ,
o

th t th e i d x fi ge r t uch e d th e lips Th e s cr d w rd
a n e n o . a e o

w a th us th s H p i G d Th chi f f th e Ord r “ ”
s e - eo o e n o . e e o e
,

w as k ow to but f w m e mb e rs by his r l m e ; t th
n n a e ea na o e

r st h p a ss ed u d r ps e ud o y m Th e r w r e di ffer e t
e e n e a n . e e n

d gree s i th O rd r which p rp e tu t e d its lf u t i l 1 6 7 2 i

e n e e ,
e a e n n

v ri ous c o u tri e s E gl a d i clud ed I this y r Ch a rl s

a n ,
n n n . n ea e

I I pr ohibit e d
. ll s e cr e t s oci eti e s d th
a P ed os op h e s ,
an e n r
 MI S C E LL AN E O U S S O C I ETI E S 32 1

ch g d th ir m to T b c l g
an e e dna d opt d th e o ac o o e rs , an a e e
t b cco pl t s th ir m bl m its d fl w r sugg sti n g t
o a an a e e e ,
re o e e o

th m phil s phy p rs ecute d by Ju sti i

e o o d th rs e At n an an o e .

th i r m ti gs th ey discuss d chi fly c d m ica l s ubj cts i

e ee n e e a a e e n

f ct m d r c d m i s ow e t th m th i rigi M y m
a ,
o e n a a e e o e e r o n . an en

o f t b l g d t th O rd r which w d ivid e d i to four

no e e on e o e e , as n

d gr e s — th gl m ur f s e cr e cy m ust b k pt up to th e l st !
e e e a o o e e a

Th e m m b rs i th
e l odg w ore a tri gul r pr
e n Te e an a a on . o

w rds th e d of th e l st c tury th e O rd e r d cli d i this

a en a en e ne n

c u try d its p p rs its r cords a d m yste ri s v tu lly

o n ,
an a e ,
e ,
n e e en a

f ll i to th h ds of th e Fr e ch M rquis d E ta d ue e w h
e n e an n a
’
n r , o

l ft th em t his
e t wh o s e d th th y w e r e x m i
o s on , a d by ea e e a ne a

M Do i t o wh m h h d l ft th e m
. us s n , d this M D u i
o e a e an . o ss n

th r up o r c stitut e d th e s ci ty at P iti rs i 1 80 6
e e n e on o e o e n ,

wh e re it c ti u ed till b out th e ye r 1 84 8 Th t b cc o
on n a a . e o a

pl t its cultu re d m uf ctu e w re th e subj cts of

an ,
an an a r ,
e e

s y m b olic l i structi s d f th e r l m s of t h t ow s
a n on , an or ea na e e n

wh er l d g s e xist d th
e o m s o f l c liti s f m o us f
e e fi, e na e o a e a or ne

s rts of t b cc w r substitut e d P rs o s k w t bel g

o o a o e e . e n no n o on

t th s oci ty p pul rly w e t by t h e d e sig

o e e oti f s uff
a n na on o n

t k rs
a e .

74 6 T u f S .i ty fo th e — Wh th f il ur f th e C
r ,
oc e en e a e o ar

bo o c
n ar spir cy d sp i lly its
on a succ ss i its
,
an e ec a n on - e n

a tt e mpt o M r t l d t th t m p r ry s up p
n a ce a a e o e e o a re s

sio f th e C b
n o o s ci e ty t h e y ou ths
ar f I t ly w h h d
an a r o , o a , o a

h op ed t di sti guish th m s e lv s by fighti g d drivi g th e

o n e e n an n

Austri ut of I t ly an f lt s or ly dis pp oi t d Th m or e
o a ,
e e a n e . e

r ti l o s sub m itte d t th i vit bl

a on a ne d r tur d t o e ne a e, a n e ne o

p c ef ul occup ti s But th m or h t h d ed d r stl e ss

ea a on . e e o - ea an e

m em b e rs f t h s ci ty s o ught o utl ts fo th e ir xub r t

o e o e e r e e an

s pirits i for mi g ss oci ti s f v ri ous ki ds d s om e

n n a a on o a n , an

ti m e s of th m ost obj ctio bl e ch r ct r S uch o w a

e e na a a e . a ne s

th C mp g i
e o d ll T p p a o Turf S ci e ty which r s e t
n a e a e a, r o , a o a

Mi l i an n

Tw o d riv ti s of th e e m f th e s ci ty
a on giv na e o o e a re en .

Th e m m b rs f th s oci e ty w r e plush h ts
e e o d it w e o a ,
an as

a r gul t i e th t this plush w to b u t a s sh ort d

a on a as e c an as

1
Th t w hi h f ll w s i s t k
e a c coun hi fl y f m th C c A i f o o a en c e ro e en to nn o
R v o an i w h li d i his tu th
o re st t m t f
e M il si
n m mb rn , on e a e en o on e e a e er
f t h Tu f S w hi h fi
, , ,

o i ty Th is ls
e r oc ep t f t h p li lly
ere a o a re or o e o ce, c na
s up p ss d th s i t y b t t his p t is i ssi b l t th p ub li I t h
.

re e e oc e u re or n a cc e e o e c n e
y t Mil h is MS i s v l v lum s w i t
.
,

Am b i i L ib
ros n a n ra r a an t e re a . n e e ra o e , r t en

by P b d y M t v i g ivi g th his t y f th T p p b t t h is
re en ar an o a n n e or o e e a, u
i f m i h d t h t h t l t t b u ilis d h
,

n or a t o n re a c e A h w v
e au or oo a e o e t e ere s, o e e r,
M il si f s u ti
.

e t h t MS h p
re e r b b ly i
to p t d i
a his w e ro a nc or ora e n o n a c co n ts
m y s f l lu d t h t i R i
.
,

m s t i m p t t d t ils th t w
'
o or a n e a so a e a a e y c on c e a n o va n s
b ut t h T p p
,

w k w h v
or l l t h t is k
e wa e a a no n a o e e a .

VO L I I . .
3 22 C
S E R E T S O I E TI E S C
s mooth turf Th oth e r d m o prob bl ori gi f th
as . e , an re a e, n o e

na m is th e f ct th t t h m m b e rs h ld th e ir m ti gs t
e a a e e e ee n a

first t h l a w s of b utiful turf i th e P i

on e n C s t ll t ea n a zza a e o a

Mil anTh ir pursuits m ay b e d scribe d s

. e r viv l of e a a e a

M oh oc ki g ; th ey b o u d th e m s e lv s t o b e t v e ry m a th e y
n n e a e n

m t i
e th e str ee ts ft r d rk which pr ctic
n h ow e v r w sa e a ,
a e, e , a

chi fly r e s ort d to g i st m e h avi g h ds om wive s wh m

e e a a n n n an e , o

m e m b rs f t h s ci e ty wish d f r ibly
e o with c o s e t to
e o e o c ,
or n n ,

disg u st w i th th ir husb ds bduct from th ir h om e s ;

e an or a e

an d c rt i m ou t of ridicul tt chi g t o t h i flicti

a e a n a n e a a n e n on

o f s u ch a b a ti g t h victi m s i m st c s s m d
e n , o public e n o a e a e n

c om pl a i t Of c o urs e i m a y c s e s it w th e Tu fi t
n .
,
n n a as r s s

wh g t
o t h e w rst o f t h c ou te r T h e A u stri
o p olic o e en n . an e

sh ut its y e s t al l th s pr c di gs of which thr ugh i t

e o e e o ee n , , o s

spi e s it w a s fully c g is t
,
th pri cipl th t it w o n an ,
on e n e a as

b tte r th e s yo u g m h uld v e t th e ir v e rfl w of spi its

e e n en S o n o o r ,

th ei r physic l d m e t l e rgi e s o s uch f olli s d e v e

a an n a en ,
n e , an n

o n c i m i l xpl oits th
r na m pl y th em i p olitic l sch e m
e ,
an e o n a es

a d purs u its which w ou ld b

n c e rt i to b e di re cte d g i st
,
e a n a a n

Au stri a rul d rul e rs

n Th e s ci ty m ight h v subsist e d
e an . o e a e

l ge r th it did h d i t ot grow foolh rdy by l o g i m p u

on an a n n a n

n i ty Wh a t t l a st c om p ll e d th e p olice to i t e rf r e w a as
. a e n e s

foll ows
Th e r liv e d i t h e Vi P e
e c ch i i a dw rf k w by th e
n a nna ar a no n

n ick a m e of Gas g i ott w h a r d his li i g by ti fici l

n ,
o e ne v n ar a

fl w e r m ak i g H w as of vi l e t a d qu a rr lsom
o n . e a o n n e e

te m p e r but th ught hi m s lf grea t f vo uri t with th

,
o e a a e e

wo m e ; o e of th m h f ci ed c o uld withst d hi m
n n n e ,
e an , an .

O e n i ght s s om e m m b rs f t h T pp h pp e d t b e
n ,
a e e o e e a a ne o

i t h e Vi P e
n cc hi i gi rl compl i d t
a nn a of th m ar ,
a a ne o on e e ,

Mi l si ( th e a uth or of th e M S c o sult d by R ov i
e . n e an a

m an of thl tic prop ort i s th t G g i ott h ad gr ssly

a e on ,
a as o

i sult e d h
n Mi l si b e st w d er . t h dw rf s ou d thr sh
e o e on e a a n a

i g a d c a rryi g hi m to
n ,
n i wh r e Ba r Bo t m p o
n an nn, e on n e ,

th e chi f f t h T pp e w s w iti g f
o h i m sugg st d
e e a, a a n or , e e

S h utti g up th dw a rf with s ty food fo s m ti m

n e ,
ca n ,
r o e e

th e c o u t y t o co l h i bl o d which w s d “ ”
in n r But o s o ,
a on e .

o e id ea sugg e sts
n oth r : th e c ptur of d w rf led
an e a e on e a

t o a r g ul r hu t e fte r th sp i s a d i
a sh ort t i m
n a e ec e ,
n n a e

a bout a d z e of th e m w r e sh u t up i
o n m si o b l e n a an n e on

i g to B r
n Bo t m p c ll e d S i m o tt
a on d s i t u t e o utsi d
n e e o, a ne a , an a

t h w ll of M il
e a Th e
s oth e r th ought sugge st ed its lf
an . n an e

to th e m emb r s f th e T pp e o e a .

Am o g th fi e pr e t ce s with which th y s ou ght t o

n e n en e

j usti fy th e ir qu sti o bl e pro ce edi gs w s th e ll ga ti o e na n a a e n

3 24 C
S E RET S O I ETI E S C
whi ch w er e c o st tly ch g d Th e s o ci ety w s m or eov r
n an an e . a , e ,

di vid e d i t o two gr d c tr s th e c e tr e of N obl e s a d th t

n an en e ,
n n a

o f C omm o e rs n .

7 47 Ut p i.
— A s oci e ty f u d e d t Pr gu e i th e fifti e s
o a . o n a a n ,

an d which h d su h succ ss th t i a 1 88 5 it r e ck o
c d e ighty e a n ne

fi e l dge s i G r m y Aust i
v o n H u g ry S witz e rl d d
e an , r a, n a ,
an ,
an

o th e r c o u tri e s A c ou cil f th l g e w s h e ld t L e ipzig

n . n o e ea u a a

in 1 87 6 d oth r
, ant Pr gu an i 1 883 Th pr sid e t o f
e a a e n . e e n

e v e ry l odge is c ll e d Uhu ( s r e ch w l ) ; at m i f st ti o s f
a c e -o an e a n o

j y th tr sgr ssi s g i st l ws
”
o
y A h
ey c r ! a d t o a t h no f a an e n a a n e a

Utopi Oh o Th m m b rs
a, di id e d i t thr e d eg r e s
e e e a re v n o e e :

S quir e s Y o u k rs ,
d K ights gu sts
n e e c ll e d P i lgri m s
, an n e ar a .

Th e G e r m m of t h s oci e ty is A llsch l
an n a e
fi ; S c hl f e a ra a ara

fe l d i G r m m s th l d f m il k d h o y
n an n e an ea n e
“
an o an ne ,

th el d f C oc g
an wh e r ro st-pig o s fly i t yo ur
o a n e, e a e n n o

m outh wh e y ou O p e it n d r oa st e d pigs u a b o ut th e n ,
an r n

str ets with k if d fork i th ir b cks Fr m th e m

e n e an n e a . o na e,

t h e h r ctc of th
a a s oci ty m y b e i fe rr ed
er e e a n .

7 4 8 W h a.b es — T his
a s ct t h e m me b e rs o f.wh i ch a ttr a ct ed e ,
e

c o sid r bl
n tt e ti o i 1 87 1 o ccou t of th e ir s u sp ecte d
e a e a n n n ,
n a n

c on n e ctio with th e m urd rs of Chi f Ju stic N or m

n t e e - e an a

C lcutt
a d of L o rd M y o i
a, an 1 87 2 h s th e f oll owi g a n ,
a n

o rigi Ab out 1 7 40 a Moh m m d r for me r pp r d t

n : a e an e a ea e a

N ejd m d Abdu l W h ab
, na e d co qu e r d g r e t p rt of
’
a , an n e a a

Ar bi fr om t h e Turks
a a H di d i 1 7 87 h vi g f u d e d . e e n ,
a n o n a

s ct k ow
e n th e W h bn as Th e w ord W h b sig i fi e s a a e es . a a n a

Be st w e r o f Bl e ssi gs a d is o e f th e pith e ts o f G d
o n ,
n n o e o ,

an d Abdul W h b m ea s th e s e rv t of th e All Bou ti ful

a a n an n .

Th e W h b es t k M c a a e d M di a d
oo l m o st xp ll d ec a an e na, n a e e e

t h Turk fr om th e l
e d of th e Proph t But i 1 8 1 8 th an e . n e

p w e r f th e s fi e rc e r f r m rs— th e ir d octri e b i g ki d of
o o e e o e n e n a n

I sl m S oc i i is m
a ll o wi g o titl t d r ti o t o Moh m
n an , a n n e o a o a n a

m d— w e d i
e A bi a t o r e pp r i I di a u d r a
an n ra w , a ea n n n e ne

l e d r o e S iyid Ah m d w h o h d b ee a g dl ss tr o p e r
a e ,
n a a ,
a n o e o

i n th plu d e ri g b ds f Am i r Kh a th first N w b
e n n an o n, e a a

o f To k But i 1 8 1 6 h w t to D lh i t o study l w
n . n d e en e a ,
an

his fe rvi d i m gi ti dr k i gr eedily th ew subj e ct

a na on an n e n .

H b c a m e bs o rb d i m dit ti o whi ch d ge r a te d i t o
e e a e n e a n, e ne n

e pi le ptic tr c s i which h e s w vi si o s I three y e rs

an e , n a n . n a

h e l e ft De lh i s e w pr oph e t d j o ur eyi g t o P t
a a n , an n n a na

an d C lcutt a w s surr ou d e d b y
a , d m iri g cr wds w h
a n a n o ,
o

hu g up his cce ts
n on d r e c i v d wi th e cst sy th e
a n ,
an e e a

divi e l e ss o to sl y th e i fid l
n n d driv e th e a r m i e s f
a n e ,
an o

th ef re ig e r from I di
o n I 1 8 2 3 h e p ss d thr ough n a . n a e

Bom b y t o R ohi l k h a d
a d h vi g th e r r a is e d n rm y , an a n e an a
 MI S C E LLAN EO U S S O C I ETI E S 325

of f ithful h r ss d t h l d of th Fi v Riv rs d
th e a ,
e c o e e an e e e ,
an

s ttl d li k
e e thu d er l ud e th m u t i s t t h
a n rth c o on e o n a n o e no

e st o f P sh wur
a S i c e th
e th r b l c m p thus f u d d
a . n en e e e a o n e

h s b
a f d fr m th e h d
een e tr t P t wi th b ds of
o ea ce n e a a na an

f ti s d m y r ai s d by t xi g th f ithful T cc u t
an a c , an on e e a n e a . o a o n

fo such succ e ss t h r e d r w i ll h v t o b e r i
r ,
m i d th t
e a e a e a n n a

in Moh m m d c o u tri s a d ct r f ivi l l w su h

a e an n e o o o c a ,
c as

S iyid Ah m d w s m y hold th issu s o f p

a a a , w i a e e e ac e o r ar n

his h ds fo wit h M h m m d s th l w d t h gosp e l

an ,
r o a e an e a an e

g o t g e th or d t h K e r r
, pr e s
an e ts b th Akb r th e o an e n o . a , e

gr t e st Moh m m d m o rch w e rly hurl d fr m th

ea a e an na , as n a e o e

h eight f his p w r by d cisi o f t h J u pur l wy e rs

o o e a e n o e a n a ,

d cl ri g th t r b lli a g i st h i m w s l wful A d
e a n a e e on a n a a . n

th W h b
e d ctri e is th t w m ust b m d o ll
a a ee o n ,
a ar e a e n a

wh o t of th ir f ith
a re no d sp ci lly ga i st th e e a ,
an e e a a n

British G v r m t s th gr e t ppr ss or f th M h m
o e n en ,
a e a o e o e o a

m d e w ld Tw ty s gui ry m p ig s g i st this
an or . en an na ca a n a a n

r b l h st id d by th surrou di g Afgh tri b e s h v

e e o , a e e n n an ,
a e

f il d t disl d ge th m ; d th y r m i t c ura ge y
a e o o e an e e a n o en o an

i v d e r f I di
n a o
y e m y f nt h E glish t
a , an wh m th y ne o e n , o o e

w uld u d oubt dly ff rd i mm s ssist c Th ough th

o n e a o en e a an e . e

g e r l i m p ssi i E gl d d I di s m s t b th t
ne a re on n n an an n a ee o e a

t h e m urd e r f M N r m is t to b ttri but d t

o r . o an no e a e o a

W h b ee pl ot y t s littl is k w of th c o stituti
a a , e o e no n e n on ,

n u m ri l str e gth d i m s f th s e cr t s oci ti s f I di

e ca n ,
an a o e e e e o n a,

th t a v rw i g c fi d c i th l y lty f th e li
an o e e en n on en e n e o a o a en

m ss s — th Ti m es cu i o usl ugh t m s th m—ou th en o

a e as
y e r er e e

p rt f th E glish r sid ts I di i S g e tly t b c

a o e n e en In n a, r a o e on ~

d m m d f th er still xists
e e ,
or ctiv p op g d of f tic
e e an a e r a an a an a

Wh b a a t g t M ussul m c tr s
ees a r ead th ugh t h v st an en e an o e a

M ussul m c mm u ity thr ugh ut I di l k t h f ti s

an o n o o n a oo on e an a c

with dislik o i di ff e y e t th yr
'

e d n ful l o ki g er n ce, e e ne c a re o n

a ft r by G ov r m e t Cycl op aedi f I di by S urgeo

e e n n a o n a,
”
n

G r l E dw rd B lf ur Th v ls L d o 1 88
en e a a a o . ree o . on n,

A f w li e s high r up w e r f rr d t o s cr t s i ti s of
e n e e e e e e oc e e

I di ; fr m m o g th s w m y sp e ci lly m ti
n a o a n th e e e e a a en on

Mi r bb s ttl m t t S h hj h pur wh i h t w f rm d
na o er e e en a a a an , c o n o e

p rt of th e p oss ssi o s of th R hill P t u s wh s e d m i

a e n e o a a a , o o

n i on w ov rthr w
as by th British i 1 7 7 4 Th M i s
e o n e n . e na

a re th e d s d ts f Rohill chi fs d th distri t th ey

e c en an o a e , an e c

o ccupy b i g t h c t of s mall trac t f l d e ti ly

e n e en r e a o an , n re

surrou d d by i d e p d t ativ e st t s ff rds th em r fug

n e n en en n a e ,
a o e e

an d r dy m ea s of sc p e wh pr ss e d by th British
ea n e a en e e

p olic e A d th y . d ubtl ss fo ste r d d prot ct e d by

n e a re o e e an e

th m i o chi fs
e n d h d -m
r of etive st t s w h sh r
an ea en na a e ,
o a e
3 26 C
S E RE T S O I E TI E S C
th e p oi l Th ey e suppose d to for m c rp or ti o s om e
S . ar a o a n

wh t si m il r to th G du a ( 30 6
a a e It h
ar n b ee as n

s u gg st e d th a t th e M i s p oss e ssi g S pl did physiqu e

e na , n a en

an d an i m l c urage th e v e ry qu liti e s ed d f r such

a o ,
a ne e o a

p urp os sh o uld b e util is e d i n fro ti r d b rd r f rc s

e, n e an o e o e ,

a s th Maz b i a s i m i l r m r a udi g tri b w r ut i lis e d

e s, a a nd e, e e an

r ecl a i m e d .
328 ADDE N DA E T C ORRI G E N DA
P a ge 5 3 , li n e 13 f ro m b ottom, delete a
’
be f ore
‘
hi erog ra mm a ti lca .
’

P a g e 6 4, li n e 5 f m b ot t om , for ff d r ea d ff
‘ ’ ‘ ’
1 ro o ere o er .

P age 99 , li n e 1 2 rom to p , del ete f aft it er

‘
.
’

P a ge 1 1 3 , li n e 1 4 rom to p , for ‘ f s id
a
’
rea d
‘
a f rm efi d .

P a ge IVa ldo —Acco1 d i n g to a g en ea ogy com p e b y il d l

i s h f J s u l ti u d t d
1 42 , 1 78
ld f i l
. .

Morr C ar e s on e ( p b i ca on n ’a e ) , th e Wa o am y i s
d s d df
e ce n e rom h s ld i s
T oma Wa o o f L on , o n e of th e f r w h o p b c i st u l i ly
u d
ren o n ce th e d ti s
oc r n e of th e C rc hu h
o f Ro m e Th e re re en a
p e s t ti v
l ish h f il thi s u t y i
.

o f th e E u b ra n c of th e am y ca m e to co n r i n th e re g n

u
o f Q e en l i th
zab e .

P g 5 li 3 f m t p f H st s d N t
’ ’
a e 1 2, ne ro o or o e r ea os e s .
,

P g 68
a e 13 V h m — Add Th l s t
21 . m d w k e th V h m :
‘
e a na e or on e e

l is t f u th i t i s u d th h d i g f F J u d g s is th t
,
“ ”
in o ur o a or e n er e ea n o r ee e a
o f Th d Li deo It t
or ts th su b j t fu ll y
n n er m y y hre a e ec on e a sa ex au s

mp isi g m th l g l s l y p i t d p g s Hi
.
,

ti vely co 67 r n ore an 0 ar e, c o e r n e a e s

summi g p h t d w ki g f th i st tu t i whi h
.
,

th
n u on e c a rac e r an or n o e n i on , c

w m y
e pta fi l is th t th V h m th u gh t s m x t t
a cce as na a e e o o o e e en a

p l l i t iv f th l w l ss ss f th ti m s w t b us s
, ,

a a e o e a t li b l t ge ne o e e as e a e o rea a e ,

d p w fu l p s s l w ys 1 h v s t s p ss d
,

s 1 n ce
g t re a an o er e r on a a c on ( a e en en ce a e

on th m b y e C u t u ll d b y th B s i d s w h t w th
on e o r an n e an o er e e a as e

i s t whi h u ut
.
,

g ood f p ss g
o s
a n ld t b x
en e n c e d ? F m t h c co no e e ec e ro e

a cc o u ts gi v b y Li d — u ts b s d
n en ffi i l d u m ts
n ner a c co n a e on o c a oc en
i t is l th t p u b l i d
c e ar d s u i ty w
a v i w s li ght
c or e1 an n a
d u i g th m st fl u i shi g d ys f th V h m N y th t ib u l
ec r ere n e er or e
th an r n e o o r n a o e e a e r na

ff d m y vill i th p t ty f p l u gi g h s t p p l i t
.
,

o e re an a a n e o or un i o n n on e eo e n o

t ub l
ro d xp e an s Th hm e i th p u ifi d
en e i mp v d l g l e e ne er r e n or ro e e a

d u b t th w i t i t g t fu si
.

’
p roce re , u re n o re a e r con on .

P g 69
a e
5 1 B ti P ,
li — Add 21 Gi h im Gi v
ea hi ao :
‘
oac o , or o a cc n o,
hi s m s m ti m s w i tt w C i st i m k
. .

as na e is C l b
o e i e r en , as a a a res an e rc a n on ,

an d bb t f 0 a o wh s f m
o p ph t w
11 1 a01 0 , g t th t K i g
o e a e as a ro e as s o rea a n
Ri h d I whc ar p ssi g th u gh S th en I t l y w ish d t
a n v s ro ou e1 n a e o c on e r e
w i th h i m b t m t th l usi th t th p h t w i dl
.

“
u ca e o e c on c on a e ro e as an e
l l th p d i ti s h t wh t w
,

b bbl
a m er v ”
o reo tt
er, a e re c on e u er e an en a as
t h pp th H l y L
en I n dp v dw S ti ll h st hv
an ro ron e
l y v s di th l gy
o a e o e e a e ar o a
pp
f p ts ; h w u th
,

b een a m an o d ar d th
e as ee n an e a or

D t p ks F
er e eo o
f m y w ks h i p p h t i p w s i th P
,

o an or . an e S di
ea O s ro e c o er n e a ra s o,

0 x11
J h f P m l i v d i th tw l fth tu y d hi s b k E g li m
. .

‘
o n o ar a e n e e ce n r an oo va n e u

p ub l i ly b u t b y
,

Aft m wer n u as d f P p Al x d I V i c rn or er o o e e an er . n 12

P g 7 3 li
a e 1 f m b tt m f T u l u s
,
ne 1 1 d T u s
ro o o ,
or
‘
o o e rea
‘
o r .
’

P g 7 5 li
a e 1 f m t p f md d d
,
ne 2 1 ro o ,
or a
’
rea
‘
an .
’

P g 98
a 39
e Add
1 F m th H m i t i 2 f M h 89 7 :
‘
ro e u an ar an or a rc 1
th t t i tu ll y t th s t d y As t l gi l S i ty
, .

I l s ac a a e ) re e n an

u l m ti g fw h h M Al L g v
ea rn a er e a ro o ca oc e

i Ln d on t th on , a e a nn a v y ee n o 1c r an eo a e
“
a er
i t sti g dd ss i whi h h s i d th t st l gy w b ui l t
.

’ “
n e re n a re n c e a a a ro o as 11 on

b utifu l sym b l gy th sym b ls f whi h w sm t

,

a ea o o th e o o c ere e a e o a
b gi i g ; th i l whi h p s ts th
,

as t th a e e nn n ; th h l
e c rc e , c re re e n e s un e a

i l whi h m s th m ; d th
c rc e , c ea n ss p s ti g th e th
oon an e c ro re re e n n e ea r
ss v th i l M s W s s u d th i l V nus
, .

A c ro o er e c rc e 1 8 ar or a r, a c ro n er e c rc e, e
or L v Th S
o e M s d V us e p s t th S p i it
un , arI th an en re re en e r n e
h lf i l ll tli p l ts l ti g t th mi d A s s v th
.
.
,

a -c rc e a re a e ane re a n o e n c ro o er e
h l f i l i S tu
a c rc e th D vils th a h l f i l v th
rn or ss i e e e a c rc e o er e cro s

J u p it J h v h th High Mi d E v y p s is b u d
,

e r or e o a ,
e er n . er er on orn n er
 ADDE N DA E T C OR RI G E N DA 3 29

ome i fl u n d th s tu d y f st l gy
e n ce , a n bl s p pl e tl y t o a ro o en a e eo e corre c o

cc th q u li t i s t h y h v i
e a th m Th s p k
e eh ll d y m a e n e e ea er c a en e an an

h w th t t l i s t t u s l t i t w il b m th
.

t o S o a as ro o no r e oo n e r or a er e co e e

re l ig i f th w l
on o S u l y ft e th i s d gm t i d l u id x p s i ti
or re a er o a c an c e o on ,
ou r ub l i s h ls d u iv s iti s w ill t
c oo dd th s tu d y f
an n er e a o n ce a e o
s t p t th i u i u l u m ! S i Ri h d Ph i ll i p s l l d s t l gy
c

a ro O o e r c rr c r c ar ca e a ro o

th m t
e o f th s i er o s th ugh h s l f th d ug h t f s u p s ti ti
e c e n ce ,
o er e e a er o er on .
’

P g 7 f m b tt m f Ep l g d Ap l gu d ’ ‘ ’
a 4 li
e 22 ne 1 ro o o or o o ue rea o o e, an

d E p i l gu
, ,

for Ap i l g
‘
o ue
’
rea o e .
’

P g a 3 e 2 8 0,T h R i i —
2 0 At th d f 8 dd
e I os cr uc a n s e en o 2 0 a :
‘
n

ym us p ub li ti
.

“
th e a n on o D G ll g h im O d
ca bi on as a n ze a er e e en r en s uer n

( Fu ll A u t f ll S t O d s) L i p ig 8 5 v i d tly
”
d g un en c co n o a ecre r er e z 1 0 e en
w i tt fu lly i i ti t d I fi d th f ll w i g t th is
, , ,

r enby on e n a e n e o o n no e on
M st M s b f
,
a Pi
er H h d l g b
a n co :
“
e h b m
a on een a a on , e ore e e ca e a
R si u i
o cr Hi
c an hi f w hyb i d b tw m s c d b
e t N as a r e ee n an an eas . o

h s t C h isti u ld p with h i m with u t f f b i g fl y d

.

on e r an co co e o ea r o e n a e
a l i v I f d ub ts w su gg s t d t h i m h utt d b l sp h m i s f
e o e re e e o e e re a e e ,
o

whi h th m st i l t m is t w u ld h v b sh m d Pi
.
,

c e o V o en crea n o a e e en a a e a n co

sh k ff th d ust f hi s h m b mp i hi p f s u h
.

oo o e d fl d th o c a er, a n e e co a n ons o c

h th s Thi s sh ds th u i u s l i ght th mp si ti
ea en
”
e a ra d er c r o on e co o on a n
h t f th R s i u i f t i ty wh s b w sup p s d t
.

“
c a ra c e r o e o cr c an ra ern o e ea r as o e o

b t th m st g t l st f tu s
,

d an ce t o n on e u e o e n ee e o ne .
”

P g a
3 e 2 8 A i
1, ti B th — A dd
2 1 A s w
s a i d is c re re n
‘
s oon a s e a re n
ugh t p y b hi d th s s f s t s i ti s th ill u si
. .

cr ee t en o o r e n e cen e o ec re oc e e e on

th i e r o u tw d s m i g g d u p d u s v ish s d th h ll w ss
ar ee n ra n e r ro ce an e an e o o ne
f th i p t s d sh ll w ss f th i h l t i s m b m p
,

o e r re e n c e an a o ne o e r c a r a an eco e a

p a r en t Th O d i th e Asi t i B th r er owh t xt st t s
e
“
a c re ren ,
”
o, a s ou r e a e

k hi gh s u d i g titl i th i p iv t t s ti s p v d b t
.
,

too so - o n n a e, n e r r a e ra n a c on ro e u
a p oor d p i tifuanl l t M us B B i d — w h v s o th t th y a rc en n e a e ee n a e
ff t d J wi s h m s— w m st ti v i d v l p
.

a ec e e m mb wh w
na e as a e er o as o ac e n e e o
i g th O d
n e H i t d u d th
r er b l i st i es n ro d f i fu l ce e
“
ca a c n o n e ns e
”
an an c

i v ti s wh i h f m d i t b s is d m s t f i t p p s w h i
.

n en on c or e s a an o o s a er ere s

p p ty Th s th hi fs j l d t f h i m gi vi g h i m th
,

ro er e e e c e ca o e ou o n no o er

s ti th m k i g h i m O k H i m C h i f C u s t di
.
,

co mp en a on an a n f c er- ar or e o an o
th A hi v s Wh h mp l i d h s uff
,

e rc e d f i t (p b b ly h w
en e co a ne e e re or ro a e as

i m p i s d ) B t th hi fs v th l ss d mi tt d d d mi d h i s
.
,

r on e u e c e ne er e e a e an a re

m it d p f u d wi sd m h k p t ddi g b lis ti d H b w
.
, ,

er s an ro o n o as e e a n ca a c an e re
t m s t th i i tu l Th y m d f h i m p m i si g h i m t
,

er o e r r a e a e use o ro n re a

thi gs ; b t wh sk d f m y th wi p u ll s b hi th
.
,

n h
u en e a e or on e e re - er e n e

u t i fus d i t th y d d g t d l f th ms lv s h w t
,

c r a n re e e n ee e a rea ea or e e e e as o
b s ti s fi d w i th t h u mb s wh i h f ll f m th i h m s t b l s ’
e a e e cr c e ro e r c en a e
Th ll y s ig d d hi s v l ti s w
.

en h b ll de re d fi e e an na t t re ne an re e a on e re a re a

ut id w s
, ,
”
f or th e o s e co an .

P g a
5 8 e 2
3 6 T h C
, d —Add 0 Th S p i sh w d g d
e ar un a
‘
e an or ar a na

s m t d it i s w i th w w u s
. .

m ea n a a r en , a n g d t th ll k q l i i f re ar o e e - no n a t e o

th t i m l th t i S p i l v d x p t thi f is f m ili ly k w
a an a a n a n a c e e r an e er e a ar no n

ga r d u n o
’
as a .

P a g e 2 70 , S 3 2 1 Th e Ca morr a — A d : Accor n g to th e l a w o f t h e
d ‘
di
u qu si s
. .

2 8 th S ep te mb e r 1 82 2 o f th e Bo rb on l i
o c e,
“
e c re t or a - ec re t s
a ss i i s
oc a t on a r e c on e m n e to t h e r e ree i n c a n
g d
th e ch e to d th i d hi s i fs
ll ws
t h e ga o a n d a fin e of r om on e t o an to o r t o an ca t
”
f h us d f u h us d d u s
i di Ju
.
,

An d a ga n , a c c or n g to th e l a w of th e 2 4th n e 1 8 2 8,
“
th e m e e t n g i
o f tw o
p er on s s i s suffi i
c en t to con t e a e cre t oc e
”
An d y e t th e s itut s s i ty
tuhd
.

C a morra w a s n ot o c e ’
.
3 30 ADDE N DA E T C O RRI G E N DA
P a ge Th e Ca mor ra
2 7 4, : Th e recen t -p b h e
3 25
— A dd ‘
ly u l i s d
t is lt h ls
.

S or e o f N a l es a n d th e C a m orra b y th e a e C a r e Gran t, a ffor d

fi t i l h t f hs
,

b ut a a n ref ex of th e terr b e c a ra c er of th e C a m orra W oo

wish s th u h ly s u d
s u j t sh u ld d i tu d i
.

e to or o g t y th e b ec o r ea I Verm : S
i i l ss
S tor c s u l e C a e Per c o o e i n i ls ap o N li s
d i F ra n ce co Mas tri an i
N l v l
( a p o i , 1 87 7 5 o s ) An d th e p re en s t w it
r e r h as b een a m on g th e

is i fu d h d i f u s
. .

N l s
C a morr t a t ap e , a n d o n i n t em n on e o f th e re ee m n g ea t re
.t l
Mr Gra n a l o ws h
t em th
e y a re a ll u i i t d s u d ls
n m t ga e co n re
’
.

4 f m b tt m f d ts d d t
’
P g a
9 9 lie 2 , ne 1 ro o o ,
or a e rea
‘
a e .
’

P g 3 6 a e 6
3 4 T1h G m U i — A dd Th i hist y f
e er an n on
‘
e n n er or o

U i p s ts s m u i us f tu s B h d t its p u t d
.
,

th G m
e er an n on re en o e c r o ea re a r re e
f d w i 7 77 i L d d th i iti t d i t F m s y
.
,

o un er , as n 1 n on on , a n e re n a e n o ree a on r

pi i m s f
.

H h d b t
e a u fG m
a F
o or o d th n on o er an ree a on r y an e re ore , on
tu t m y v isi t d h i gh ffi i l
, ,

hi s re rn o f th l d g s
er anB t e n on e o e o e u a o c a
f th I mp i l C h m b Di tfu th su gg st d t h i m
.

o e t W t l
er a V a er a e z a r, on r e e o
th f m ti s i ty whi h sh u ld y t th t u bj ts f
,

e or f a on o a oc e c o ca rr ou e r e o ec o
F r ee m s y i th s t ti f hu m i ghts d th f
a on r v z e re f o ra on o an r an e ree u s e o

iv d ym us l tt tii g
.
, , ,

s
r ea on I 7 85 B h dt n 1 a r r e ce e an a n on o e er, con a n n
U i sig d F m s m
.
,

th p l
e f th G m
an o Th l tt
e w er an n on e e er as ne ,
ro o e
M s s y u g t d mi s I th s m y v isit d b y
.

”
a on o r rea h w
a re r n e a e ear e as e an
E gl ish m wh u g d hi m t st b l i h l d g p m i i t t
.
,

a s n o co nn ec
y B h dt sh w d h i m th s h m fth U i
n an , o r e o e s a o e, ro

i t wi th E g lis h M s n a on r a r o e e c e e o e n on ,
whi h th E gl i sh m high l y p v d f B h d t f u d d l d g
.

c e n an a ro e o a r o n e a o e,

s isti g f fiv f his d si x t yu m

.

c on n i o i d e or s x o B t r en s an ee n o n tt7 en u
l dg w d u d i l s l ti B h dt g w
.

?
th e o e fi
as en o n ce as a n an c a ec u a on a r re
sy sp i ll y wh i 7 87 h iv th ym us m
.

un e a ,
e ec a en , n 1 , e r e ce e an o e r a n on o co

m i ti
u n ca f m th s m s u
on ro th fi st u i g th f m ti
e a e o rc e as e r an n o nc n e or a on
U i whi h h w i v i t d t j i Th l tt ti d
,

o f G m
a er an n on , c e
'
as n e o o n e e er con a n e

p i t d d t i ls d f m s f th s whi h w ft w ds p ub l ish d i
.

r n e e a an or o oa c e re a er ar e n

N t s th T x t B h dt l y mb d t h
,

th e b k M
oo
“
ore o e an e
”
a r ea g e r e ra ce e

d x t d hi m s l f t x t d th G m U i
.

o ffer , a n e er e H b em o e en e er an n on e e ca e
i t d w i th p ut ti f b i
.

ac ua n e D P tt w h h d th a r w g o , o a e re a on o e n a a

m i g f l f v yb d y d p h ps i s qu f t is
.
,

a n a oo o e er wo an er a n c on e en ce o ne
qu i t 7 88 l s t th us d d ll s th u gh th U i t
,

ac a n an c eh i e, n 1 o a o an o ar ro e n on o

whi h h d v t d ll hi s ti m I th su m m f th s m y h
,

c e o e a e e a ea r
'
e n er o e e

i v d f m B l i — B h d t ll g s— th MS f th s ti
.

r e ce e ro er n as th a r a e e e o e a r e on e
E d i t f R li gi wh i h h g t p i t d t Vi Th i s w ll
.

“ ”
c o e on , c e o r n e a en n a ,
as e

p u b l i ti N t s th T x t d th t h y f
.

as th e f M ca on o
“
o re o e an e an e rea c er o

m ti u t f th G m U i t hi s
,

Rop l d
er , e d i th as en on e n e a cc o n o e er an n on , o

fi l i
,
’
na r un .

VO L . II .

P a ge 6 0 , 439 Afri ca n A rchi tects — Add : A fe w a

‘
t on al d e dd i i
i ls hit s fi v u i t si
.

“ ”
ta on t h e A r can Arc ec t m a n ot p ro e n n e re t n g Th e
d i v id d i t s i s st hi h is d
.

d
O r er w as e n o t w o e c t on , t e fi r of w c c om r e
p fiv e
d s y i s ts ll d
( 1 ) Th e A re n ti ce o f E g p t a n ec re , ca e M en es M u s es ;
i i t i pp s s
eg r e e

2 ) th e I n t a e n t o l g ea n e cre t s l it
3 ) th e C o mop o a n ( 4) th e C r
‘

h is
t hi l s h
i an P o op er v uth
( 5 ) th e A letop h i le, or L o e r of Tr Th e econ or s d
i s i is d t ld wh t
.

d
n n e r ec t o n o f th e O r er c o m p r e ( 1 ) Arm i ger, w h o w as o a
d w d si i d
F os Bre e e r L a w a n d th e or Gal d e g n fi e ( 2 ) M i les, w h o w as i h
’

f d h
o r me l s d id
t a t th e e t te r G a n d L y
n o t m ea n
g eom e tr a n d og c, b ut l i
w i i i ls
e re th e n t a fu d d
o f th e o n e r o f th e O r e rk ( 3 ) E qucs , o r n g ts , w h o ih
332 ADDE N DA E T C ORRI G E N DA
P a ge 20 7 , 60 1 P oli h P a tri oti sm — Add : Th e O p n on
‘
s ere e x i i sh
ss d li k h st h h ll
. .

p re e m a y , e t o e oi 5 1 9 ( see n o e t ereon ) , c a en g e con tra d i c

t i on , b u t as th y e sd f s hy
a re b a e on ac t , t e su s i d
ca n b e b ta n t a te Here I .

con ten t m ys l f with f i

e r e err n
g to M C u i
C o rr e d i
re , a n a m rer of th e

his is t u s i tu
. .

l s
Po e , w h o i n H tory o f C on em p ora n eo L te ra re a m on g th e
l v i
S c a on a n s ”
is
( Pa r , f ss s h t
c on e e t a i n th e w s whi h
ar c l e d to th e
dis m e m b e rm en t o f th e ki d l sw
n g o m , th e P o e f hi
ere m ore o te n fi g t n g for
s v i
th e p re e r a t on o f t h i is
e r a r tocrat c i iv i s th
p r l eg e i l li
a n fo r n a t on a b e r ty .

Th e Po i l sh t J u li us
p oe d
S l o w a ck i ( b 1 80 9 , s yl dt e b y N i ck i ew i cz
y s ki l hus
. .

“
ad
th e S a ta n o f P oe tr , p ea n g i n th e n a m e o f th e p e op e, t
d ss d
re e t i s u d si sk i
th e p oe S i g m n K ra n

T b l i v th f th o bl m e e e e e , s on o e no e an ,

It w vi tu i u s t d u s l v y ere r e n o en re a er .

A d S l w k i hi m s l f w
n o ac f g t l b i th C t s s u d
e ti
as o s en e r er e o n er n o on as
P l ish p t i t is m p v ai l i this g ti th w u ti
.
,

to o a r o re n en e ra on an e re c rr en n

f m t i m b t w s ti ll h t mu h b u t th
or er es , u e i m f th ea r oo c a o e cr e
”
o e

p ti ti
ar f P l d
on o Th s m s s whi h l d t th t p titi
o an e a e r e a on c e o a ar on a re
ly j usti fi ti f p s t i t f i Tu k y
.

’
th e on ca on or o u r re en n e r e ren ce n r e .

P g a 59 6
e 2
5 B S t i — A dd 0 Th g lly p t d st t
a ron e n : e en era -a c c e e a e
m t is th t S t i f u d d f th f u d s f th T g d
.
,

en a w e n o n e or as on e o e o n er o e u en
b d b t th fi s t i d su gg st d b y H y B d l b wh m
, ,

un u f it w e r ea o as e e en r ar e e en , o
St i d le n d t b t i ti b t s h t s ight d Hist i s y th t
e c a re o e a r o c, u or - e . o r an sa a
St i w
e n f i d p t t f th U i b t i his
as a r en an sp d
ro e c o r o e n on , u n c or re on en c e
w fi d p g s l i k th f ll wi g I f th w ll m i g
n - ean n
e a ss a e e e o o n ere a re e

p s s wh
er on pl s d t b l g t s
o a re t s i ti s w h y sh u ld w
ea e o e on o e cre oc e e o e
qu l wi th su h w k ss ? Th U i f V i tu fu ddi
,

a rre c ea ne e n on o r e, o n e n
1 8 i
1 2, sp t b l b u s f i t g d i t ti s b t hi th t it h
s re ec a e eca e o s oo n en on u er o as

w k i t is g y w i th th F h b t its g p p s
,

d on e n o or v er an r e r en c u an er a ea r

t m l i k th m i g sh p A d f J h wh m i t w
,
”
o e e f e an er o rea n ee n o a n, o as
t h i m h s id D t l t th g t squ (f t
.

p p s dt i t
’

ro o e o n ro uce o e a on e e ro e e ra zen

h f t ) f ll w
a en m e m o A d y tJ h
co is w ll k w d
e n ea r e n e a n , as e no n , an as
t x t p ti lly sh ws d d g t s vi t th G m p p l
.

ou r e ar a o re n ere r ea er ce o e er an eo e .

C u i u sl y ugh th B St i t b id ti fi d
,

r o en o wh an o er a ro n e n, o ca n n o e en e

th ugh h i d s i b d i th j u l s f th d y ( 7 8 t 7 88)
,

o e s e cr e n e o rn a o e a 1 1 o 1 as
P i v y C u i ll
r t oth C u t P l ti
nc or f C l g
o t v ll d
e b ut o n a a ne o o o ne, ra e e a o
S ua bi d th L w
a an Rh i i vi ti g p l f k t j i s t
e o er n e, n n ) eo e o ran o o n a ecre
s i ty p s ti g th m wi th l d m l f P p P i u s V I d p
oc e re en -n e ea en e a s o o e an ro

m i i g t g t th m i st ll d K i ghts f th P p l O d
,

s n o e e n f th G ld
a e n o e a a r er o e o en
S u St i ll d h i O d th t f J sus C h is t U d th p t
e n ca n re e n ce

pw iti g t p g p h i l w k S b i h d v u d t m k
r . e s r er a o e r . er e
0 r n a o o ra ca or on ua a, e en ea o re o a e

u s fu l qu i t s d b t i i fl u
e ac a n a n ce b t f i l d ; th j u
an ls f
o a n n e n ce , u a e e o rn a o

th d y p
e a u d his O d t b s m wh t f swi dl
ron o n ce d it r er o e o e a o a n e, a n

co ll p s d i
a s qu
e n co n e e n ce .
’

P g a 6 e 65 2 T g db d
0, It w 1 p tl y w i g t th s d is
u en un as ar o n o e e

s si s th t wh t is ll d th i s i g f G m y t x p l th F h
. .

en on a a ca e e r n o er an o e e e re n c
re su l t d i th d m l y i th f m ti f F C p s whi h
e n e en e re n e or a on o a r ee or c
wi th l l his ff ts L ii t w u ld ly b i g p t s t gth f th
,

a e or zo co on r n u o a re n o ree

th us d mb t ts Th w
o an co lly s p t
a an us i s i g th ugh e re as rea no on an e o r n o
th w i s l t d i t s f ti l thus i sm d i d i v i d u l
.
,

e re ere o a e ns a n ce o na ona en a an n a
b v y
ra er Th K i g f P u s si e t wh m S h n h st h d p p s d
o r a, o o c a rn or a ro o e

p l t th l y l ty d p t i ti s m f his p p l h d l i ttl f i th
.

th e a ea o e o a an a r o o eo e, a so e a
in e it th t f e r, l g ti m h fus d th p p l t b m d b t
a or a on e e re e e a ea o e a e, u
 ADDEN DA E T C ORRI G E N DA 333

wh d u i g h i s s t y t B sl u igh ty w g g s fu ll f v l u t s
en , r n a a re a e a on o o n e er
m d th i hi s f i th i h is subj ts w
,

a e pp e r a e a ran ce , t d dh a n ec as r es ore an e
w p t t s f j y Th ki g w g t fu l f s m ll m i s
e ea r o o e n as ra e or a e rc e .
’
,

P g a7 8 e 26 6 6 F i O i g i f N m —
. Ad d I t is
en a n s u i us r n o a e a c r o
i id — i f m i id s ul t f
,

co nc en c e it b d t th
ere c o n c en c e e, a n no e re o a co n n ec
ti tym l gi lly t b l w i th th t i b f B j mi ( 9 )— th t i
on e o o ca ra ce a e e r e o en a n 1 a n
F h R m th w d F i sh u ld m
re n c o an e ei dl l y
or en a n o ea n
“
e,
” “
az
”
an

p i h t wh i h i s j u s tl y p p l i b l t th b lk f th m mb s f th t
,

e t e c a ca e o e u o e e er o a
I is h ss i ti
r a I h
oc a m l y th w t hi t ; th qu s ti d
on . e re e re ro ou a n e e on e
s v s f ll wi g p
er e o o n u
’

w i t i g my su mm y f F i ism I h v p u s d M J h
.

Si n ce r n ar o en a n , a e er e r o n
tl y p u b l i s h d s d F i
.

OL ’
ea r
y
’
s r ecen R ll ti s f F - e
‘
ec o ec on o en i a n an en a n
i m Th w k i d is p p i t i g It ti s v l ti s s u h
’
s e or s a o n n co n a n n o re e a on c as
m igh t x p t f m d p l y i i ti t d i t l l th s t f
. .

one e m ec ro a an ee n a e n o a e e c re s o
F i i sm
en a n Al l w g th f m i t i s th t th ss i ti t l s t th
e a er ro a e a oc a on , a ea e
l ish b h f i t w lw y s i w t f fu ds d th t i t v
.

E u ra n c o as a a n an o n an a ne er
t h f w s ti g I l d f m th g sp f E g l d
, ,

h a y gan re a c an c e o re n re a n ro e ra o n an
u th d s wi th th s w d s p u b lish d ly f w m th s
.

Y t th e e a or e n e e or e on a e on
h h th f s t ti t th t s i i t [l gi g
,

a g d
o, a n w i d v c t B
e re o re e er e a en on u a r on n
f for d m]i s t d d
re e o b tm no ly sl p th d i th b m
ea u ere ee e an e re e en
stil l i I l d d sti l l m b ys g w i g i t m w i ll i g t s t iv
n re a n an or e , o ro n n o en , n o r e
d s t u g gl d s i fi if ds b l ib ty li f f I l d t
, ,

an r e an a cr ce , n ee e, er or e or re a n o
F i is m m th t ught ls i s th t sp i i t d f l i g d
,
’
e n an or e an o a e e a r an ee n ue
m y l i s t f Au th i t i s C s u l t d J h Ru th f d s S t
.

’
I n o
‘
or e on e o n e r or
’
e c re
H i s t y f th F i sp i y is i l u d d M O L y p i i
,

C ’ ’
or o e en an on ra c nc e r e ar s o n on
f thi s b k is f ll ws Th is i s ib l l i b l f m b g m i g
. .

o oo as h o o on e orr e e ro e n n
t o en d d s ms t b an m p i l d l t g th
ee t f th
o p ts f th
e co e a o e e r ou o e re or o e
v i u s S t t t i ls f th A m i C v ti s d ti v
,

ar o a e r a o e f er c a n on en on an a n a rra e o
J h O M h y Al l th s w ss i b l s u s d th
, ,

o n
’
a on
’
ssil y e e e r e ea a cce e o rc e an ere
thi g i th l st s t b ut th m Thi s Hist y is
.
,
“ ”
w as n o n n e ea ecre a o e or
v il I h v d J h Ru th f d i s f u s
.

as b k
e a v
oo as a e e er re a o n er o r o co r e
f ls m d I t th t g iv
.
, ,
a a e na t m k
e, an y can n o v a e ou a an on e ca n e e en a

p b b l g ss t th
ro a e ffi ue wh us d i t A d f u s ls M
a e ru an o e
’
n o co r e, a o, r
it s ti th s i d
. .

OL
’
ea r
y w p r s — f th
e as a ar an o e o er e .

P g a 99 e 2 7 H m L p d02 — Add Th l p d s u s id
an eo a r s :
‘
e eo ar a re a
t w shi p id l ll d B fim wh i h is s i lly l t t f i dly
.
,

o or an o ca e oo a, c o cc a on a en o r en

t i b s f d ivi ti
r e or i t ti na d th m m b s f th s i ty
on or n ca n a o n , an e e er o e oc e
d i v th i m f m th i u s t m f p l u gi g th p
er e e r na e ro d f kse r c o o n n r e e - ro n e or
sh p p i t d utti g k iv s sh p d l i k l w s d fi i th i k
,

or ar - o n e c n - n e a e e c a an xe n c

g l v s th y w i t th b d i s f th p s th y tt k H w
, ,

o e e ea r, n o e o e o e er o ns e a ac o
u i usl y B fim m i ds f B ph m t
.

c r o oo a re ( 4) n on e o a o e 20
W m y d d th t th W st
e a a s t f Af i b u ds wi th a e ll d e coa o r ca a o n s o-ca e
s t s i ti s i t whi h b ys d gi l s
e cre oc e e n o i iti t d w h t c o an r a re n a e en en or
tw lv y s f g b t th i i ms t i vi l th i it s b s u d
,

e e e ar o a e u as e r a are r a e r r e a r or
h id u s th y i t i s i lly p ss ss b t l ittl i t st th ugh l t iv ly
,

eo e n r n ca o e u e n ere o re a e
th y d s v tt ti sh wi g th u i v s l l y d iffus d l gi g f
, ,

n er a - n
e e er e a en on , as o n e e on o

m ft m yst y d th d i ss f m d i i m sh m s b s
an a er er an e r ea ne o e c n e- en , a an on ze
b u ts p i s ts d m y st y m g s f ll s ts t m i is t t th t
, , ,

m ara o r e an er - on er o a or ,
o n er o a

l gi g
, ,
’
on n .

P a ge 3 0 1 , I n di a n (N or th Am eri ca n ) S oci eti es — Add : Ma n a

‘
70 5
di di i u l us i h
.

b o zk o, a c cor n g to th e I n an egen , w as a p er on of m rac o b rt , l d s

w h o ca m e to tea c h
th e Re d m en h o w to c ea r th e ore t, to s ow t e r l f s h i
fie ld s wi h
t g ra n , to re a an d r e i
He w as n o n a mong th e ffe re n t d w it . k w di
0
3 34 A DDE N DA ET C ORRI G EN DA
t ib s b y th s v l m s f Mi h b u C hi h l y w g
r e e e e ra na e o c a o a o,
' '
a re n a a on ,
d m g t h Oj i b w ys th s u th sh f L k S up i
,

an a on e a on e o ern ore o a e e r or a s
H i w th u d whi h m h is f m i l i t E u
a a a, n er s th ugh L g
c na e e a ar o ro ea n ro on
f ll w s I di E dd b i g th t t i tl Th
e o
’ “
n an q i w shi p p d
a
”
ea r n a e e ro uo s or e
him u d hi s igi l m f M b h C h i b i b h i f i d
.

n er or na na e o an a oz o a os , s r en

mu s i i u l f th L d f S p i i ts f L i ght th I d i
.
,

w as a th c an , e r er o e an o r or o e n an
I I di f lk l Hi w th i v y d iff t p s f m
, ,

Ap ll o o . n n an o -
o re a a a s a er e re n e r on ro

th e h f th p m
e ro o I th p s t l s f th R d m
e oe h is n e ro e a e o e e en e a
t i us l i u l d t h u s d st y f ll h g t i t
.

no or o a r, a c r e an rea c e ro e ro er o a e c an e n o
hi p w
’
s o er .

P g a5 P S
e 10 F h d E g l ish j u l s f th th d t
- re n c an n o rn a o e 20 an 21s
Ap i l 89 7 h v p u b l ish d t th w ld t h f t th t th t l f Di
. . .

r 1 a e e o e or e ac a e a e o an a
V ugh
a d h di b li m i g
an a n d th b k f th m y thi l D
er a o c a rr a e, an e oo o e ca r
B t il l w u v t
.

a a
p e, m y ti fi ti
ere b y M L e T i
rel th p t d s ca on o ax , e re or e c on er

C th l i th d x y h i g f u d ti wh t v i l i ty
.

t R m
o o an a o c or o o av n no o n a on a e er n rea
Th p u b l i th p i s ts th d i l s y th p p hi m s l f w t k
, .

e c, e r e e ca r na ea , e o e e e re a en
b y th m — d th y g t th th y d s v d I t w
, , ,

i
n e m an e o no o re an e e er e a s, n o
d ub t d st h x s f this tu y d s ys
.

o f th fi s t
, on e o d g e ne an ra n e oa e o ce n r , an a
b t l i ttl i f v u
u ef i t ll tu l p g ss th t i t s h u ld b p s s ib l
n a o r o our n e ec a ro re a o e o e
i
n o ur d If it ay v l ti wi ll t h s u p sti t i u s p p l
s re l ss
e a on eac er o eo e a e on ,
th y m y i futu b s v d f m th h g f d i g th ms lv s
.

e a n re e a e ro e c ar e o r en er n e e e
s up m l y i d i u l us
re e r c o .
3 36 I N DE X
Ath l st d M s y i E gl d
e a n an a on r n n an Bl an q ui , c hi f e o f th e
“
S ea s s on
y 5
,

5 1 s oc i e t 20
A th u m qu t d 7
,

e n ae o e 21 accus d e ofh vi g b a n t yd
e ra e
Au g stu s S t i sl us 9 7 s i ty
,

u an a th e oc e 5
20
Au s i i t m f It l y
,

l i fM s y 7
, ,

on a , an c en na e o a ,
B az n g S ta r o a on r , 1 ,
28
S ta r, O r er d of th e, 5 5
Av g s 9 4
en er 2 B lu h G c e r,l e n e ra 259
l u L tu s H l l
, ,

B e o a 132
Mas onr y,
,

1 8
lu d s
B n e r of I p sil ti
an ,
1 48, 1 4
9
Bo a z, 1 7
BAB E U , 1 1 3 F J s h
Bona p a rte , o ep , 1 86
i
Ba b K ora n , 2 6 6 ui
L c en , 1 7 8
is
Ba b , 2 6 3 —2 6 9 Bon a nni f s l is
or e
g t of dGran
a t tr b t e i u a t e to s i l qu l i i s M s t s 47
a er
p ec a ,

u
n mb e r 1 9 , 26 6 B vil l C h v l i d 5 5
on n e e, e a er e,

is
Ba b m , oc tr n e o f, 2 6 5d i s B k f C stitu ti s [ M
oo o i ] on on as on c

ro re o f 264 ss f I l d 8
or re a n
”
p g
B u b i 7
,

Ba ku i
n n, 2 1 8
,
o s dC b
r on an ar on a r , 1 1

Ba lki s u
, Q
e e n o f S eb a, 4, 7 h B S
ra ze n fS l m s t mp l 5
ea o o o on
’
e e,

s h
Ba ra b a Bre t ren , 1 7 9 B k i D y B ys 7
r ea -o - a o 2 1
B i dg f S w ds C hi s
,

di hi
Ba r n a S op a , a 22 1 Ni hi l ist r e o
34 or ne e, 1
B ig ds f m d i t s
,

s st i u ltu
,

Bas i l i d ean y e m of a g r c re , r an t or e n o ecr e so

c i e ty , 1 7 1

Bazf I t e, n ern at on al i C on g ssre a t, d

Bro e, Ma a m , 2 6 1 d
121 u
Br ce, Rob er t, 5 1 , 5 2
B t i ll
a a D e, r h i s b oo k on De v il u swi k v i
Br n c C on en t on , 5 9
,
uk
.

w shipor 10 5, 3 34
D e of, 6 1 , 6 2
Beh a i s , a Ba b e c t, 2 6 6
,

is B uddh i h l l if
a , b rt i
p a ce, e, an d ma e
g
t t J
Bel , comp on en p ar of ab ul on , 3 1 of, 3 2 7

lf
Be ort, re o v l uti
on a r y tt t
a emp a t, ui d s d is ut
B l er ’
d
p e i n L on on , 1 1 4
20 2 ll
Bu -roa re r, 3 0 5
B ll
e S Iv y ee or u ls d s i t
B l ’
Hea , oc e y of th e, 47
B ll y B d s uk h s
.

B r e , T om a , 2 8 1
e 95 an e1 2
P 94 aa ro, 2
,
ush shf
B r c en c a t, 2 6 1 , 2 6 2
B j m i t ib
en a f 33 3
n, r e o ,
y d
B ron , L or , 1 86
B en on i f i d f Hi m 5 r en o ra ,

B ti k
,

en L d IVi ll i m
nc , 7 or a , 1 0,

184
B li C g ss
er n on re 21 1
C u il p s ut s
,

B ern e , f o nc o , e r ec e G I
C A L O S TR O , 44, 6 1 , 7 8, 7 9 , 80
M s s a on ,
102 i
Ca n , 3 , 6
B th l d y B
er o 33 a ron , 1 i l d
C a r o, o ge of, 4 8
B y E x p si t
,

e B b
an , or 65 a o or , 2 l i
C a ab r a, D e of, 1 7 3 uk
Bi ran , M q u i s f 47 ar o , s i is
oc e t e i n , 1 80
Bi re n ,f v u i t f E mp ss A
a o r e o re nne C a l d era ri , 1 7 1 , 1 7 2 , 1 84
of Ru ss i 9 6 a, lf i s i y
C a i orn a n oc e t , 2 9 4
Bi sm k d C ss 5 8
a rc an an o a, 2 v y t
C al a r , Moun , 40 , 42
Bi y y S B y
an ee e an s
C a m b a c ere , 6 4, 6 5 , 6 7
C hi s s i ty 3 3
.

Bl k F l
ac ,
ne e oc e , 1 id s t s i t
C a mb r ge ec re oc e y , 2 9 4
K i t 6 n 6 s, 2 0, 2 1 h t
C a m o rra , c ara c er o f th e, 3 2 9 , 3 30
N dl s i ty 9 8
ee e oc e , 1 d i id s i
C an a a, F en a n ra n to , 2 7 9 ,
O r e r, 2 5 7 d 2 80
Vi rgi ris , 3 2 7 i l is fi
C an n b a m i n A r ca, 2 99
Bl a n e, Lo ,
1 13 ui s s i
C a n o a , Pr n ce o f, 1 7 1 , 1 84
 I N DEX
u
C a n t , C e a re , 1 6 9 s C hi g F i C v t i
ca o, t en an on en on a
C ap e C oa t C a t e , Ma on c o ge s sl s i ld ,

a t, 9 8 C h ild f th Wid w 7
re n o e o 2
iu u
,

C a p t l a C a n oni cor m , 5 7 f Wisd m 3 o o 20

u C h i s l dg s
,

C a p e d I s tri a s , C o n t, 1 4 3 , 1 46 , 1 4 7
’
ne e o e 1
34
ish C hu h t h
,

C a ra v a ts , I r So c et , 274 i y rc d C b , i 75 e, a n ar ona r ,
1
C a rb on a r , 1 5 7 - 1 7 7 3 3 1 i G l 8 e n e ra 1 0
u l hs M s s 95
.
,

an d G e p 1 78 a on 2
s i tu i f
,

C h is t s m ty d m p s t d i
,

e ma n d co n t t on ro m d r
’
ar r o re re en e n
i
K n g of ap e , 1 7 3 N l s C b ar is m 6 on a r 1 2
V i Ci i i C v ti t
,

i n L om b a r y a n d en et a, d ti F
n c n na , en a n on en on a ,

76
d
17 2
C a rb i 42
na r i s m i n Sp a n, 1 C it ti s b f
a M s i t i b u ls
on e o re a on c r na
m ks t si t i p i d i
,

ar ra n on er o n
h i t y f s t s i ti s 1 7 4
s or o e c re oc e e C i vil w i F 9ar n ra n ce , 1 1

h t p p sed to
,

C b ar o n a ro c a r er ro o Cl a n -n a -Ga e l , 2 8 2 , 2 8 3 , 2 8
5
E l d 1 69
n an Cl e m en t V Po p e , 296
m st s t 1 67
, .
,

g e re e , o ecre XI I , 1 1 , 1 00
m i f st 1 66
,

l k well us t ti
.

an e o, C er en Ho e of De en on ,
sym b l si g i fi ti of 1 6 5 o s, n ca on i
F en a n a tta c on , 2 80 k
y J m s sh t b y O D l l
,

C are a e o
’
on ne ,
l t h
C e rm on , C ap ter of, 5 5 , 5 7
li l d s
,
,

281 C o, o g e a t Mo cow , 9 7
”

l
C ar o i n e , Q ee n , 7 3 u l v l vs
C o e r ea e , 6 6
s s
C a rra co a , Gen era , 1 7 2 l C l us ere t, Ge n era , 1 2 1 , 2 80 l
sl
C a t e Ta e rn , L on on , 9 3 v d kl s
C oc - a n e gh o t, 1 0 4
h i
C a t er n e 97 ll u
C o eg i m Mu ri or um , 1 0
s
C a t a n d Dog , 1 9 5 s ll dv
C o etta , a oca te, 1 7 2
v dish
C a en L or F 2 8 1 d l
C o ogn e, 1 0
s i y u
,

l
C e l a ma re, con p rac o f, 3 1 2 C omm n e , 1 1 3
t is
C e n e n a r e of Ma o n c o ge , 9 8 s i l d s u is i s i i s
C om m n t c oc et e , 2 0 6
Cen to An n i b y R o an , 3 2 1 v i C o mm n u i sts d f d d
e en e by In ter
s
C e n tre , I ta a n , 1 7 9 li n a t on a i l 1 23
i s i di l us i i i
,

C e re m on e , r cu o at n t a i s
C om p a n on of Pe n e op e, 8 5 l
ti s s till p t is d 7 4 y th
,

on rac e 2 C om p a n o f Dea , 2 00
C ti fi t s f th D isi
,

er ca e 8 83 o e ec 1 2, 1 u
C om n e ro , 1 3 9 —1 42 , 1 7 6 s
s i ty f th 8 5
,

Ch i a n, oc e o e, C on ce p ti on i s ta s , 1 40
C h al turi n , 2 29 , 2 3 0 Con ci li a tore c i Ca r bon a r i ote 1 69 qu d
C h a rc oa l
b urn er , 1 5 7 , 1 5 8
- s C on c nl u di
g ’ c e re mon y o f K n i g t hs
C h ls
a r e I i n ti a te i d
i n to Ma on r 9 s y , Temp a r l s i i i ti
n t a on , 5 0
i ti t d i s y
.

I I ni a e n to Ma on r , 9 C on cor d i s ts , 2 60
s s i ti s
.

I I I o f ap e , 7 3 N ls C on go e cre t oc e e , 2 9 5
h ls i h li s
.

C a r e Al b e rt, 1 90 C on g rega z on e C a t o cs Ap o
h ls
C a r e , Arc hd u k e, 2 60 li
to ca Ro m an a , 1 9 4
h l u d
C ar o tt en b rg , O r e r of, 2 9 5 C on g re o f Wi lh el ms b ad , 1 1 , 6 1
ss
h l
C a rte r of C o og n e, 9 C on a s lvi
, C
ar ina , 1 9
5 d l
h s uk
C a rtre , D e o f, 1 2 , 5 5 C o n s i s tori a l s , 1 9 3
h ss uus
C a rti t , Port g e e , 3 1 3 s i i
C on ta n t n , S an ta , 1 9 2
u
C h e n -k i n -L n g, 1 3 7 s i u i ll d h v
C on t t t on a eg e to a e b e en
i
C h erk es o ff, Pr n ce , 2 1 8 d s
g ra n te b y T a r 2 2
sl t kd i s t i u i s l vi
,

h s
C e ter C a t e a t a c e b y F en an , C o n r b t on e e b y I n te r
i
n a t on a l , 1 2 4

C h v li s Bi f i s ts 6
e a er en a an ,
2 v ti
C on en on a t Br n u sw k i c , 59
C hi bi b 3 a 3 34 os , 0 1, i
C op n g S ton e , th e, 60 , 6 1
Ch i g ca h i f s t f A hi s m
o, c e ea o n arc C orco ra n , Ge n era , 2 7 5 l
ish s y
,

7 12 d s
C or e r , I r oc i e t , 2 7 4

V OL I I . . Y
i fi I N DE X
s
C orre p on en ce , d
re o on ar , v l uti y Don ega l , Marq of, 2 7 1 uis
h ow ca rr e on , 1 89 i d Dorr i n g
'

S ee De W t it
y il s
.

C or , G e , 3 1 9 Dous s i n , M , 3 2 1
i i ys i s
.

os mop oli ta n s , 1 8 7 Dra m a t c p ort on of m ter e , 2 7

ss iss
o e -Br a c, D e o f, 4 7 uk Dren tel n , Ge n e ra l , 2 2 5
Co stu
m e o f Ma on i n o ge, 1 6 s s l d Dre ssl e r, An a rc is t, 1 2 7 h
o f Pr i n c e Ro e -C ro x , 4 1 s s i ui s
Dr d , m od e rn , 2 9 5
C ou gourd e, th e , 2 9 5 u y
D dl e , Mrs , a t em p Ro a t ts . ss s ’

C o nc u il o f th e E mp eror o f th e s l if 8 e, 2 2
s
Ea t an d We t 9 2 s Du k -Duk , 2 9 5
i hs st
,

o f th e K n g t of th e E a , 5 5 Dum ou ri ez, Gen era l , 6 3

Cousi n a ge, ban , 1 5 8 u
D n ki r k M a s on i c l od g e , 5 4
J
C ou s tos , oh n 1 0 1 i
Dvorn k , 2 2 6 , 2 49 , 2 5 0
w ll h s l vs it u s
,

C rom e , T om a , ea e th e Dy n a m e o trag e , 2 8 1
Ma ons s u
p er a n n m , 7 4
ss
C ro , th e, 3 3 E
u l i s ti d is
C r e t e p ra c s e on Bab , 2 6 4,
69
2 EA GLE an d Pe li ca n , Kn g i ht s of

p tis d N ihi l i s t
rac e on th e , 40

p is r s on e r 2 1 k t D
E c er r E E ,
qu ote d , 6 2, 1 04
l ti i t
. . .
,

ti s S ib i x il s
,

ra c e on er a n e e E c ec c r e, 1 4
p ,

E gb o s i t 95oc e y 2
i y
,

C s d s M s s ll g d t b
r ua er a on a e e o e E gy t
p M
an s 7 8 79 a on r , ,

d s d df m
e cen
,

e ro 1 1 s i ty s t 8 5
oc e ec re , 1
E l uth i p ssw d
, ,

C ust m s M s i
o 4 a on c , 1 e er a , 94 a or 1
E l hi m 3
, ,

o
E l id i R ussi b ks ll
,

n, t an oo e er a

g v 53 en e a, 2

DA N G E RS th t i
rea e n n g L on d on , 8 1 1 E m ig ts N ihi l ist 5 3
r an 2
Em il i i S i g
,

h i
,

Dea t , s oc ety of, 1 7 6 an 88 n or , 1

ii l Vi t
,

Dec s , 1 80 , 1 8 1 , 1 82 —1 8 4 mm an u e 87 c or, 1

f s hs it E mp i h d I t ti l
,

De en d er , I r is oc e y , 2 7 1 F
re , r en c an n e rn a on a ,

f th F i th 4
,

o 4 e a 1 0, 1 2 1 19
D f l i t s A d gy us s i ty
,

e o a or n ro no oc e , E n ca m p m t s 49 en
d I t ti l i
, ,

86 E gl
n an n ern a 8 on a n, 1 1

D g i ff N ihi l i s t 3 8 E g l i sh p p siti y 3
,

e a e 2 n o t M s o on o a on r , 10
h py 4 5
,

h 3
,

D l h dd
e a o F e, a r en c s , 20 , 20 E n oc
D l p hi p i sth d 84
,

e c r e oo , 1 Ep i t s
ro e 47 1
Eug
,

D m e it ocrby W b 58 os
”
e er , 2 P i
en e , 65 r n ce,

D w tw t
er en L d 54 a e r, or Eu p ro e anP t i ts Whit Pi l
a r o or e

i s i s i ty
, ,

D g li
es a u D ers , r 1 1 g rm C l b a a 8 r an oc e ,
1 0

D s h mp s S i é tés S et s
.
, ,
’ “ ”
e c a 4 oc ecr e 10 E v e, 3
D ut h f W tt
,

e sc S im m mb f on , e er o Ev ly e n,G g eor 33 e, o o on , 1
Y u g Tu k y p ty E x h i b i ti
,
“
o n r e ar , 2 1 0, 2 1 2 f 86on o 6 1 2, 1 1

D vil i t h N i t
e n th C tu y e n e ee n en r , E li B b i s t 6 6
ze s, a ec , 2
”
th e,5 10
D vil w sh i p
e -
5 95
or , 10 , 2

Dév ts 3
oran 20
D Wi tt Do i g 6 6 6 7 6 8 9 4
,
F ABR é -PAL A PR AT, 48
‘

e rr n 1 1 1

Di ffusi fF m s
on o
,

y 96 re e
, ,

a on r
,

,
,
il i s
Fa m e , th e , F ren c oc e ,
20 5h s i ty
Di ysi s 9
on ac 10 F a n or, a Ma on , 5 s
Dis v y co f st tut s
er f T d
,

o
,

a e o ri a F a r m a k i s , a Heta r , 1 5 3 , 1 5 5 i ist
s i ty 3
oc e 1 2 F a rm as s on i , a R an us si s
e c t , 9 2 , 93

D g St
o - 8 a r, 2
,
l i ity d
Fe c O r e r o f, 86
ll w f d
,

D h y Mi h l F i
o en , 75 c ae ,
en a n , 2 F e o -cra t egre e , 2 3 , 2 4
3 40 I N DE X
h ss i i
G e e Hi n a oc a t on , 1 3 3
i di i
G a r n e r e, 1 7 7
i lt s i
G b ra a r, Ma on c l od e a t, 9 6 HAD HAD, b id r me ss en ge r o f th e
id
G eon, p a ssw d O
or of ra n e m e n ,
g ii
g e n of t h e , 6
y id i
273
G i Bl i g S t
n

h i m C i st
35
az n a r, H 1 Se y
ih y l w d
- ea r

d i
y
K az m , 2 6 8
or d
o f comm a n of
Gi oac i m k 3 8
o, e rc a n on 2 Gra n O r en t, 6 6
G sis f G d M st A hi t t i
,
no o r an a er rc ec Ha m l ton , George , 9 7
qu d
,
“
3s Ha ml e t ”
o te , 2 8
G n osti s t i cRussi 9 ec n a, 2 d u
Ha r e n b e rg , C o n t, 2 5 9
G ts 9 6
oa 2 y d
Ha rm on , O r er o f, 89
N ihil i s t 5 6
,

G ld b g
o en er a 22 22 H g i
ar u a r 97 2
Li ly H i H th
, , , ,

G ld
o en 37 u 1 a t mp l
or, f D d e e o at en e ra ,
O h id Di s t i t 3
, ,

rc r c 1 2 3 7 2
G e F d i k H w k symb l f E t si wi d
,

on re 3 3 er c v on , 0 a , o o e an n 28
G d C usi s i H ts f S t l 7
, ,

oo S C b
o n ee ar on a r ear o ee 2 1
E mp s s 3 9
.
,

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 N DE X 34 1 I

H g s t i k s m g N ih ili ts
un e r- I i s h s i ti s
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,
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p pl eo e. 279 30 2
342 I N DEX
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Kn gge , Baron d e , 1 4 y
L a F a e tte , Ge n e ral , 1 7 6 , 1 8 7 , 20 2
h
K ni g t of Ka d os h 5 5 i J
L a n ez, a me , Ge ne ra o f e s l J suits
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l li
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o f L b er , 30 5i ty us w k s ss
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3 44 I N DE X
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.

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,

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,

p roc a a on n a n

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2
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,

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,

fav u s M d K i ghts
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 I N DE X 345

N o th r ussi s i ty 5
Th e, R an oc e 21 Or d e r of
Fr e n p , 257 i d shi
f u d s s i ty f
, ,

N os t i z , Ba ron, o n oc e o of th e Te m l e , 1
4
K i gh ts
“
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P u ssi r 59 a,
”
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, 3 33
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o re - a e o ar se on re l s
O r ea n , D e o f, 6 9 uk
s tu d ts 3 en 20 O ro -Te ti fa , a Ta t a n god , 2 9 3 hi i
N um b t d b y B b is si i s
,

9 v er 1 en e ra e a , O r , 27 , 28
2 66 O ud e t, C o on e a me lo ep h , 1 9 6 ,lJ sJ s
I 97

O A K -BO Y S , 2 7 0
h
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o f C a l d era r i , 1 7 2 PA CIFIC U i n on , 1 9 4
o f C a rb on a ro, 1 6 1 , 1 6 3 di J h
Pa ll o, o n , 1 40
o f Fs ll ow -c ra i n Ma on ry , 2 4 ft s s
Pal m e r ton , L or , 1 87 , 1 89 d
o f Ma te r i n Ma o n r , 2 6
ys s i i
Pan zz , 1 89
o f Mo e C b, 257 s l lu Pa ns l a v i s m , 2 1 0 , 2 1 1
of R e ds
o f th e Mo n a n , 2 06 u ti h is s
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it i s h re th t its n e w d e e l p me ts h v f th e
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m era ti o th t th e a ri u w rk s m us t no t b e
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o n ec - a n s, v n e a

th es o p f th bibli ogra phy h a b e d me d u

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w rks o f M A E W it e h e b ee n p l a e d i n
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s epa r t e s ecti o u d e r th e ame o f th e a uth r

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A NN A N G S FO RD H L i f L tt s Di y d W k By
KI . er e, e er , ar , an or .

h C ll b
er t E DW A D M A I TL A N D
o a I llu s t t d w i th P
o ra or, R . ra e or

t i ts V i w s F
ra ,si m il s & Tw v ls D my 8 3 6 d t
e , ac e , c . o o . e vo, 15 . . ne .

Th g e sis f th N w G s p l f I t p t ti w hi h f u d i t fi t
ene o e e o e o n er re a on , c o n s rs
ex p ssi i T h P f t W y is h f lly t f t h b y th su vivi g
re on n e er e c a ere u se or e r n
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ent fg t m
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o e o e eere e a n an co e te ot an no
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r r n a as ee n e o t cce s or o s n s e
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ur n e a e e on .

PS Y C H IC P HI L O S O P H Y AS THE FO UN DATIO N O F A
RE L IG IO OF AT N N U RAL LAW By V C D . . . E S E R T IS .

Wi th I ntro du ti b y A F D R u
c on WA L AC D C L L RE sss r L E, . .

LL D . .
, F R S
. . . C row n 8v o , 5 3 . net .

Th gh p p i g u d
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ea r n n er a na e re ou n no n n c o o ca
li u this w k h b w l m d p h p s th b st i i g
tera t re . or as ee n e co e as er a e e ex s t n
e x p si ti f th p hil s p hy f S p i i l s m A D W ll
o on o e o o xp l i s m o r tua i s r a a ce e a n
his p f i t f u ds p hil s p hy f th u iv s d f h m tu
. .

re a ce , o n a o o o e n er e a n o u an n a re o n

th f ts f p y hi
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o s c ca re e arc ss ily e a o c o o 1s n e c e ar
f m ili p p si i t h t f i h m us t b j u ti fi d b y k wl d g Th
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th e a ar ro o t on a a t e s e no e e. e
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e ra on i s e n o o ar t e r ea n t e e x er
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na l ; s m f tho uth s m st i mp t m t i l d iv d f m m d
e o e a or
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men a . By th e l t WI L I
a e L A M G RE O R Y , M D , G . .

Fo u h Edi i
rt t on . Wi th I t du i n ro c t o n b y th e a te MA l . .

y8 6 t
De m v o, s . ne .

Si th nced ys f D G g y d th l si m s m is s w h m w
e a o r re or an e c as c e er t o e
dly w i h his p i d i m l m g e is m h ssum d
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t b
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d p ssi b ly m s i i fi t m i l g y ; b i t is m f s p is
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an o o re c ent c er no o ut a a tte r o ur r e, on

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m d o s i is T h x p i m ts f this
ern c ent ful b s v
t h v l st e e er en o care o er e r a e o
f th i i m p d h i t d i fM S i t M s
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n o ne o e r o rta n ce an t e n ro uc t on o r ta n o n o es
w i p vi s di w v y w ill h th v lu
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f
r tte n or a re ou f th e ti o n , n o er ra re . en a n ce e a e o e
w k i th
or y f ll E glish S p i i u l ists
n e e es o a n r t a .

THE TARO T O F THE BO HE M IA N S Th m s t i t . e o anc e n

b oo k i n th e w or ld . Fo r th e x lusiv
e f I i ti t s
c By e use o n a e .

PAP U S . Tra n sl t d a e by A . P . M O TO N Wi th um u s I llus

R . n e ro

t ra ti o n s . C ro w n 8v o , 5 5 . n et .

O st si b ly th T t is m h d f divi i
en e m p is d i s v y
a ro a et o o na t o n c o r e n e e nt
i g h t sym b ls f m w hi h m d ds h v d s d d T h f t b f
,
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e o ro c o ur o e rn c a r a e e ce n e e ac
xis s ms h v b fi s t d is v d b y F h h l g is
, .

its e te n c e ee to a e ee n r c o ere a re n c a rc ae o o t
a t th el s f th i g h h
C o e uy db
o e t d i e fi g s wi h te e n t ce n t r an e c o nn e c e ts ure t
p i m i iv E g y p i sym b lis m Th sub j w f th d v l p d b y
,

r t e t an o e e ct as ur er e e o e
L evi w h g d d it h fi st b k f h m i y d h ug h t
.

E li p h as o re ar e as t e r oo o u an t an t o
t h t ll p b l ms f s i p hil s p hy li g i ld b s lv d b y
, ,

a a ro e d o c enc e , o o an re o n co u e o e
s f i mb i s Th w k f P p wh h tt i d si mil
,

m ea n o ts c o n a ti o n e or o a us , o as a a ne ar
l i s is h fi s f m l d l b t is up th w h l f this
.

c o n c us o n t e r t or a an e a o ra e t rea t e on e o e o
i s ti g q u s i l ms t g iv ls f th fi s t i m h K y
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nte re n d h e t on , a n e c ai o e, a o or e r t e, t e e
to th st u i
e con d p p li i f th T
r c t on a n a ca t o n o e a ro t .

THE M AG IC AL RIT A L O F THE S A U N C TU M RE G NU M .

I n te rp rete d b y th e Ta ro t Trump s T sl t d f
ra n a e ro m a M S of

m
. .

u m s h i m, and E di t d e b y Dr . W Y NN Wa s r c or r.
'
Wi th
h l u d Pl t s C w 8 7 6 d t
Eig t C o o re a e . ro n vo, s . . ne .

A sp i l i s ec a h s t his p ub li ti w hi h h
n tere t a tta c b p i t d e o t ca on , c as n o t een r n e
i th l gu g
n e f h an i g i l Th M S w i t h i t
a e o fully d w fi g u s
t e or na e s c a re ra n re
w i i l v d p y f s m ll L i t is b y T i th mi
. .
, .

w as i r tte n n an n te r ea e co o a a at n re a t e r e us
d s t t B S p d li i 8 6 ; i t is th s b j t f
,

an en o i a ron f e i a er c r ca 1 1 e u ec o re ere n c e n
f Levi s l t s t h t d is i p l b y w h m i t w ul i m ly p s t d
,
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o ne o e te r o t a c e, o as t a te re e n e
to M Ed w d M i l d M M i l d s m s
r . ar h v g d d it
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comm t y th w k f T i h mi
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not d it it w
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:
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th t i t w
a dis v d t b as i g i l d hig hly i t sti g i t l f
co e re o e a n or na an n e re n r ua o
m ag i c
‘

.
THE RATIO N A L E O F M E S M E RIS M A T tis th . re a e on e

O l t L w s f N u g v i g M s m i Ph m
cc u a o By A at re o ern n e er c e no e na. .

P S I NN TT S
. d Edi ti 6d E t . eco n o n. 25 . . ne .

I dd i ti t th s u s f ult k wl dg wi h w hi h M S i tt
n a on o e o rce o oc c no e e t c r. n ne
l ims b
c a t d h
to h h d si d b l x p i
e c on n e c e
p i l e as a con e ra e e er e n ce as a ra c t ca
m s m is t d is h ti tl d t s p k up his sub j t w i th p s l
,

e er f an t ere ore e n e o ea on ec e r o na
w ll d iv d u h i ty
,

as e as er e a t or .

L IG HT O N THE P ATH : KARM A : G RE E L EA E S N V .

is i
A Trea t e w r tte n for th e p er o na us e o f t o e w h o a re gn o ran t s l h s i
o f th e E a te rn om s
By MABE L C O L L i N s Wisd
mp e r a 3 2 mo , . . I il
I5 . 6d . n e t.

s i s f p h isms m xi m s p ly f b l t O i t l S i p t s
A er e o a or or a a rt re e ra e o r en a cr ure
his li l w k h b G ld R ul m g T h s his s
,

t tt e or
p d t h
as een a o en e a on eo o t an no t e
l s p p ul b us f th u h p p y t v sy f w h h i t sub s qu ly
,

es o ar e ca e o e n a c o n ro er o ic e en t
b e ca m e th e c e n tre .

THE S TO R Y O F THE E AR Y . A Re c o r of F e a t d ss a nd C ere

ism on e . By M A E L C O L L N SB I . I il
mp e r a 3 2 m o , 1 5 6 d . . ne t.

A s qu l t e e o i h
L g t o n th e P a t a nd a h ki d n of T eo op h s hi l ca c omp a n on i
to th C l e d a en ar ; su
gg es t e a n d w t a n iv , ih i t i
n er o r m ea n n g i .

A HA N DBOO K O F P A L M IS TR Y AFTE R THE AN C IE NT

M E THO DS . S ix th a nd Re vis d E di ti
e By R A BAU G H N o n. OS A .

Wi th F iv Pl t s D my 8 1 t e a e . e v o, 5 . ne .

T h m s t p p ul
e i d u ti t th s udy f th H d v p ub lish d
o o ar n tro c on o e t o e an e er e
i E gl d
n It h
n b i i ul ti f t y s d is s till lw ys i
an as ee n n c rc a on or en ea r an a a n
d Th p s t vis d di ti sup s d s ll th s d th wh
. ,

d m e an e re e n re e e on er e e a o er an ose o
h v li i m p ssi s wi ll d w ll t sult this
.
,

a e ear e r re on o e o con .

THE G N OS TIC S AND THE I R RE M AI NS : An c i e n t a nd

M ed i e W KI NG S Wi th W d
val. By C . . . eco n d E di ti on . oo

uts d Pl t s
c y l8an 6d t a e . Ro a v o, 1 05 . . ne .

M K i g is r ly h i ty th tt tiv b t p p l xi g subj t
n our o n a ut or on e a ra c e u er e n ec
sti s s d this s d di ti f his st d d w k is
.

of h G t e no c ec t an e c on e on o an ar or so
mu h l g m t up h fi st th t i t is l m s ti l d t k
,

c a n en a r e en on t e r a a o t en t e o ra n as
an i d p d t is I t is h ff d t th p ub li t h lf i t i gi l
n e en e nt rea t e ere o ere o e c a a s or na
st d w h h p s m i d is xh us d th p i s w v il
.

co an en t e re e n t re a n er e a te e co e no a a
bl s m ll p i w ill b m mu h h d i v lu Wi h t b i g
, , ,

a t e a a a r ce e co e c en a n ce n a e. t ou e n
app ly mys i d w i ti g th f m th st d p i t f hist y d
aren t a t c . an r n ra er ro e an o n o or an
numism i s th uth p p h s his subj t symp th ti lly d is
at c e a or a roa c e ec a e ca an
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, ,

n o re ec an a or a e e.
THE I RG I V
O F THE W O RL D O F HE RM E S M E R N
C U RI US TRIS M E G IS T S U
R e n e red n to E ng by . d i lish
A NN A K I N G S F O R D d E D W AR D an MA I TL A N D Au h s f Th
, t or o
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P f t W y
e r ec Wi th I llust tia . ra on s .
4to . I mi t ti P h m t
a on a rc en .

1 05 . 6d . n e t.

s i t i t tt i b u i
De p e T h Vi g i
s a f th W ld
r p s ts
t on , sh l e r n o e or re re en a c oo

o f i i ti ti
n w hi h is
a lly g d d dis ti t f m th t w hi h p d d
on c us ua re ar e as nc ro a c ro uce

th e oth w i ti g s er f d t H m s T is m g ist
r n I t di ff s
re e rre th o er e r e us . er , on e

o ne h d f m th D ivi Py m d w hi h p h p s
an , ro e t m ne an e r,
"
c , er a , c o n n ec s o re

l s ly wi th N -Pl t is m f th C h isti
c o e eo ; d h
a on h f m o e r a n e ra an on t e o t er , ro

d t d mu h li th th
,

th e G ld
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en t b re a e, c can n o e a e c ear er an e

fi ft th tu y A l p i s I i ti ti
ee n ce n r th D fi i i s f A l
“
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e n t on o sc e

i lud d i th v l m
.

pi s d s m F g m ts f H m s “
o an o e ra en o er e a re nc e n e o u e,

i disp s b l m p i t C h mb s lu b l di ti f th
. ,

w hi h is
’
c an n en a e co a n on o a er va a e e on o e

oth w ks
er ib d t H m s
or as c r e o er e .

THE KABBAL AH UN V E I L E D C t i i g Th . on a n n ree Boo ks f o

th Z h e T sl t d f m th C h ld
o a r. d H b ra n a e ro e a ee an e re w te xt b y
S L MAC G RE G
. M AT H E RS P s t 8
. Wi th Di g OR . o v o. a ra m s .

[ Ou t of p ri n t .

No a tte m p t lish fu ish

h as as mp l t
y e t b ee n m a
d d
i n E ng e to rn a co e e an

ca th li o u t f th d v l
c a cco s n lis i li tu t h ug h h
o e e e o p m e nt o f K a b b a t c te ra re , o t e

k ys f th H b w d C h isti S i p tu
e o e e re b th s id b an t i d r an cr res a re o a to e c on a ne

th i Th li t tu is i d d l g d p s ts m y d ifii lti
e re n . e e ra re n ee so ar e , an re e n 50 an cu es

o fi p t ti
n ter t h t th f w s h l
re a s mp t t f th t sk h v vid tly
on , a e e c o ar co e en or e a a ee en

sh u k f m u d t ki g i t I th b s
r n ro n f y th
er a su f i
n . n e a e n ce o an o er o rce o n

f m ti
or th
a w k f M
on , M th s h e b i sid b l d m d
or o r. a er as ee n n con e ra e e an .

It t sl s i t
ra n t i
a te i mp t t b ks f th Z h g ivi g
n ex en s o ce r a n or a n oo o e o a r. n an

i t li
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co s t t h th s
e n ar on e r . an c0 ous n o te o e o er

is l l g i t d u ti w hi h is i f mi g d v lu b l
.

Th e re a so a on n ro c on , c n or n an a a e .

M AG IC , W HITE AN D BL AC K ; o r, Th e S c i e n c e o f
Fi n i t e an d In fi n i t e L i fe By F RAN H ARTM A
.
, MD Z NN . .

hi d Edi ti
T vis d d l g d C w 8
r F ti p i
o n , re e an e n ar e . ro n vo. ro n s e ce

d W d uts
an 6 t oo c . 5 . ne .

A p s t ti f m gi l d t i
re e n a f om Th s p hi l s t d p i t
on o a ca oc r ne r a eo o ca an o n

thi l v lu h hi g h b y uth i ti s i th s m
.

Th e e b g d d
ca a e as e e n re ar e as a or e n e a e

li f th ug h t d D H t m s t is
ne o o l g d d vi s d f
, an r. ar an n
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rea t e , en ar e an re e or

h u s iv di ti h b si g ul ly su ssful
ea c s c ce s e e on . as een n ar cc e .
 J
8 \

P O S TH M O S H M A U U N ITY : A S t ud y of P h a n to m s
U .

By ADO L PH E D AS S E R
’
I T sl t d d A t t d b y H N Y
. ra n a e an nno a e E R

S OL. CO TT, Pre sid t f th Th s p hi l S i ty C w 8

en o e eo o ca oc e . ro n v o,

7s 6 d . . n e t.

A p res e n ta t s s b li shi g h xis i f p s th m u p

on of fa c t e ta n t e e ten c e o a o u o s er

s o nali y t ly
t g ds m
, no b t th i m ls d v v g t b l s
on a s re ar an , u o er a n a ,
an e en e e a e .

S h t ly p t i t is
or t mp t d m st t h
u , lt d i f h a n a te t o e on ra e t e o c cu oc tr n e o t e
fl i di f m
u cF m p i t f vi w
or his st d y f p sy hi p h m
ro one o n o e t u o c c en o en a

u t iv t st th m ysti d t i f u i wi th th
. ,
'

O fi er s an n a tra c t e c o n ra to e c o c r ne o n on e

D ivi b t t his is b
ne , s i t d ls ly w i th th l m
u y sp h s f e ca u e ea on e e e e n tar ere o

t s d t l xp i
ra n c e n d i t mu t
en at b g d d e l ss m k b l
er e n c e , a n s no e re ar e as e re ar a e

or l ss s gg s iv b u s i t i f
e u s s m w h t d is m l
e t e e ca e s n e re nc e are o e a a .

THE O S O P H , RE L IG IO , AN D O C C LT Y N U S C IE NC E .

By H E RY S O L O TT N
C ro w n 8v o, 75 6 d n et . C . . . .

A s i s f l t s p s ti g th l
er e o t iv b tw T h s p hy
e c ure d re e n n e a tern a e e ee n eo o an

M t i lis m
a er a d d li g m p h siv ly w i th l d W s t
an M gi m d ea n co re en e o e e rn a c, o e rn

S p i i tu lis m E s t s p i lly I di R li g i s
,

r a S i l gy d E st , a e rn oc o o an a ern , e ec a n an , e on

s ful w k v p ub lish d b y C 1 O l tt
.

I t is p h p s h m s s er a t e o t ucces or e er e 0 co

p p ul
.

Sc h l ly w ll x p ss d t
o ar , d tt
e iv i f m It h
e re e , a o n ce o ar a n a ra c t e n or . as

h d a w id s l
a d d s v d it e a e, a n e er e .

I N C I DE N TS IN THE L IF E O F M ADAM E BLAVATS KY .

C m p il d f m i f m ti
o sup p li d b y h R l tiv s d F i ds
e ro n or a on e er e a e an r en ,

d E di t d b y A P S I NN TT
an Wi th P t i t D m y 8
e . . E . or ra . e v o,

1 05 . 6d . n e t.

l v sky w h s lf mi
M ad a m e B a p it m f th at ult s i s as er e a rror or e o e o e oc c c e n ce .

S h p s i fi d l l th i wisd m
e er o n ll th i xt v g e w hil
a h ls e r o , a e r e ra a a nc e, e s e a o

i p t d i t h his t y m st f h
n cor o ra e s ti s w hi h h v b
n o er or o o t e a cc u a on c a e een

m d g i st h m H s t y is h t ld wi th M t w ll k
’
a e a a n t eSi w er or ere o r. n ne t s e - no n

s f s yl d sid b l li t y skill I t is t w mp l t lif

.

ea e o t e an con e ra e e rar . no no a co e e e,

f
or n o t ly h th sub j t p ss d w y si i t w w i t b t mu h
on as e ec a e a a nc e as r t en, u c

a ddi ti l k wl dg h b m d p ub li
o na no i g h It d s v s
e e as een a e c c on c ern n er. e er e

an d w ul d p y ow i ti g d y t i t s t ds i t is l w ys f sh
re a re d r n an e , as an , a a re an

h w v th s m livi g d m vi g p t i tu
,

i t s ti g T h is
n ere n . ere not , o e er , e a e n an o n o r ra re

o f M d m Bl v tsky w hi h is t b f u d i
a a e h b illi
a t t h ug h u
a c o e o n n t e r an , o n

h p p ily h stil b i g p hy f M S l y ff
a o e, o ra o . o ov o .
 ( 9 )
THE P HI LO S O P H Y O F M S TIC IS M Y
By C ARL D U P R EL . .

Tra n sl t d f
a e ro m th e German b y C C M AS S E Y 8v o Tw o o . . . . v ls .

1 05 . 6d . n e t.

h s b l v lum s th
T e e no m f h p p y mb i i — h
e o e a re e o utc o e o a a co na t o n on t e
o ne h d uth wh is m g th fi st f livi g G m M ysti s ;
an an a or o a on e r o n er an c on
th sl t wh is hi m s lf Mys i d f s b lish d p
,

th e o t e r, a ra n a or o e a t c, an o e ta e re u te
a m g m y li k hi ki g i
on E gl dan I is i m p ssi b l i
e -t b i f p n n n n an t o e n a r e S a ce

p s t s tisf y lysis f w k w hi h is i mp t t d t
.

to re e n a a a c to r a na o a or c so o r an an a
th s m t i m
e v lumi us T h th xp l i s th h h
a e e so o m d no e au or e a n at e as a tte te
p hil s p hi l f b i fd t i m p i i l b sis
.

t t
o e re c a h o o th ca a r c o o c r ne on t e e r ca a 0 e
sl p li f
ee d t d is p v th
- e, f ls p s m p
an ht o Eg is ro e e a e re u ti on
"
t a
“
o ur o
w h lly mbo d i s l f s i us ss I is m i i d t h t
e ra ce n lysise -c o n c o ne
"
t a n ta n e a a n a na
”

m li f hi b i ts h E g x d g th t li m i A v y si m l
.

o f h d t e re a - e ex t e o as e c ee in a t er i ar
i w p p d d i Fi h W y th Bl ss d L i f m ly
.

'
d o c tr n e as ro o un e n c te s a to e e e e, na e
h t ly s m ll p i f b i g is ill m i d by h
,

t a on a a f o rt o n o o ur e n u n a te t e s un o c on
s c i ous n es s .

THE I N DIAN RE L IG IO N S ; o r , Re s u l ts of t h e M y s t e
r i o us Bud d h i s m By HA R G RAV E JE N N i NGs
. 8 v o , 6 5 ne t . . .

u i
S ffi c i h t b g iv t
en t a tte n t o n t h v y u i us s p ul i a s no een en o e er c r o ec a t o ns
in t his v lum s m f w hi h o hi g hly s g g s iv th g h m d b y
e, o e o c a re u e t e, ou arre
i i s x v g s d d m i d ff t t w i i b i
n a ccur a c e e tra a ance an a e te r ne e or o r te n a za rre
f shi t h ti m p ub li i it w p d
, ,

a By h w y
on f i t e a a t e e o ts ca t o n as a c ce te as a
w w k b t it w lly d d f h p ub lish s f m m i l i
. ,

ne or u as re a e i te or t e er ro a ter a s n
li v l m b y M J i g s w l g f p i t d x
,

e ar er o u es t d
r. enn n no on S i nce o u o r n an e ce e
x mp l C u i s Thi g s f h O tsid W l d Th
,

i g ly
n f ra re , a s , or e a e, r ou n o t e u e or e
w k hu s p ss s s t i b i b l g p hi l v lu l
.

or t o p t f m h
es e a c er a n io ra ca a e a ar ro t e o ccu t
l ub i s w hi h h v lw ys tt d
uc ra t o n i l ss f mi ds t th
c a e a a a ra c te a c e r ta n c a o n o e

a u h f h R si i s
t or o t e
,

o cruc a n .

THE I N FL U E N C E O F THE S TA RS . By R O S A BA U G H AN .

8v o , 5 5 . net .

M iss B ug h h f m y y s p ss ss d l m s t u iv ll d p ut
a an as or an ear o e e an a o nr a e re a
t oni as ap f ssi l p lmist d w ld s m t b
ro e l ss kill d i dis
o na a an ou ee o e no e S e n

i g h f t b y m s f th li s th h d th w M dll
,

c ern n t e u ure ea n o e ne on e an an as e.
L e n or m d b y h h lp f h
an mb i i s f t m y At t h s m
t e e o t e co na t o n o c ar o a nc e a e
i M iss B ug h p ub lish d w ks is p ud tly disi li d t
.

t me i h a an , n er e or r en nc ne o
h k h ld d i f hi m y b y th sult f h p s l b s v
, ,

c ec t e o oc tr ne o c ro an c e re o er e r o na o er a
i
t on Th t h l s i s d lt wi th i his b k
e re e o c c u tlu id t d i c e n ce ea n t oo are e c a e n a

ti lm d th i i v y l ly xhi b i t d
.

ca a n ner , a n e r co nn ec t o n er c ea r e e
p ra c .

P AL M IS TR Y AN D ITS P RAC TI C AL US ES . By L O U ISE

C O TTO lts C w 8 6d N t. Wi th Tw e lv e P a e . ro n v o, 2 5 . . ne .

A l ss l b ti th t ti d b v th l t M C s '
t t eth e a o ra e rea se an a no ce a o e, e a e rs o tto n
k is l m t y ly d th l t x t w hi h is s is d b y x ll t
.

b oo e e e n ar on an e c ear e c a s te e ce en
illust ti s h p v d s ful t m y b gi s
, ,

ra on , as ro e u e o an e n ner .
THE TA RO T : Its O c c u l t S i g n i fi c a i o n , U s e i n F o rt un e t :

Te l l i n g , a n d M e h o d of P l a y By S L M A RE O R t . . . CG G
H
MAT Wi h P E RS . t ac k of 7 8 Ta ro t C a r ds , 55 . net .

T his li l w k w ill b
tt e or as e s is d si g d
ee n , mp y t fT e ne to a c co an a se o a ro t

ds d i m k s si d l lb w i th h
,

c ar an p t a e no re te n on to m ea i n an e a o ra te a nn e r t e
m p l x sy mb lis m f h k f ti qu i i i ti ; b t i t m y s v
,

co e o o t e b oo o an e n t a on u a er e

as a s ll b us
y a du i o r i n t ro c t on t th om m b i i us x p s i
e by P pore a t o e o i t on a us ,
an d h bas f u d us f l i
ee n o n e u n ca rto ni a n cy b y h s d isi li d t d th t o e nc ne ou ar s e
s udy f l g
t o d m
a ar er a n o re t h i l k
ec n ca u or .

THE L I F E O F P ARAC E L S S A N D THE S U U BS TAN C E

O F HIS TE AC HI G S By F R A HART M A N . NZ NN M D P s t, . . o

8v o , 1 05 . 6d . n e t.

Th e l p hil s p hy f P
occu t lsus i g M g i P m t l gy
o o o ar a c e co n c e rn n a c, ne u a o o
y Al h my As l g y d M di i is h f h d xp l i d
,

S o rce r c e tro o an e c ne . e re s e t o rt an e a ne
d g th s f T h s p h I h th f si d b l
, , ,

a c c or in to e te n e t o eo o y t as , ere o re , co n era e
i t s t f h f ll w s f his s h l w hil th t m p t i p t
.

n ere or t e o o er o t c oo e e a te t o n ter re
h f ult p hil s p hy f m th s t d p i t f l vi w s is
.

an o ld t ea c er o oc c o o ro e an o n o a te r e
no t w i th u t i m p o f th m g l s ud t f h sub j
o rtan ce or e o re e n e ra t en o t e ect
s is di g st h thus b l w ys i quisi ti
.

D H m
’

r. a rt ann c on c e e as e en a a n re on .

THE HI DDE W AY A C RO S S THE THRE S HO L D ;

N or,
st
Th e M y e ry w h i c h h a t h b e e n Hi d d e n fo r Ag e s an d
fro m G e n e ra t i on s Wi h l s
t P a te L a rg e 8 v o , r5 5 n e t . . . .

T his v lu m i s t is thus sugg s tiv ly ti l d is s

o n ou ly p b l
re a t e, e e en t e ca rc e ca a e
f b i f d s i p ti l g is th fi ld f ult i s t w hi h i v s
,

o r e e cr on. S O ar e e e o occ n tere c t c o er

P h p s th b s t w hi h b s id f i t i t his p l is th t th uth
.

er a e e c ca n e a o n a ce a e a or
l i m s t h v b i i ti d b y s v l s t i i s p ss ssi g
c a o a e een n ul
a te e e ra e c re s oc e t e o e n a n oc c t
t di ti
ra d h t his w k h
on , a n b g d d by
t a p b l j ud g s i di
or as ee n re ar e ca a e e as n
i g
ca t n ss s u s f i f m ti whi h uld t w ll b tt i d
a n a c ce to o rc e o n or a on c co no e e a a ne
b y th di
e or y m h ds f study
na r et o o .

THE L I F E O F J AC O B BO E HM E , THE GO D- TA U G HT
P HI L O S O P HE R An I n tro ct on to th e S t of . du i udy his W ks or .

By F R A H ART M A , M D NZ
De m 8v o , 1 05 6d n et NN . . y . . .

Here Dr Hartm a n n h as foll w d th s m p l i th s f th o e e a e a n as n e ca e o e

L if d W i i gs ls s W h v fi s
.

"
e an f P r t n o t f th arac e u e a e r t an a cc o un o e
m ys ti d th m p di u s d i g s t f his d t i g d i s ti s
.

c, an en a co en o e o oc r n e a rra n e n ec on
wi h T h s p hi l mm t y w h is T h s p his t
,

t a eo o Th d ca t
co e n ar e re a er o no a eo o
dis p s wi h th mm t y d w i ll s till h v h d b k t th
.

ca n en e t e co e n ar an a e a an oo o e
w i ti g s f B h m w hi h w ill b v l b l b s m sym p
,

r n o oe m e c e o re a ua e, ec a u e ore a
t h ti
e th
c, th f Bish p M t s
an at o o a r en e n .
A B L A K P AG E N . A S tor y for th e Berea vd
e . By P I G IM
L R .

C ro w n 817 0 , 5 5 n e t . .

A gra ce ful a nd to c u hi g s y d li g s n tor ea n s iv ly wi h th x p i s f

ug g e t e t e e er e n ce o

M od ern S p i i u lism r t a . It is c erta n i ly h t e be s p h p s th

t, er s p i i tu li ti
a e one r a s c

no ev l w hi h h p p c as a e ar e di n En gl d an .

T HE S E C RE T S O C I E T I E S O F A L L A G E S A N D
CO TRIE S UN
By C W HE C K E T H O R N N e w E ti o n ,
. . . . di
h
t o ro g re i e u hly v s d
a n d g rea t e n a rg e Tw o o Dem 8v o , ly l d . v ls . y
£1 , I IS . 6d . n e t.

A n ew k wor ra t h th er w d i ti th sult f
an a ney y s e on, e re o twe nt -fiv e ear
'

study d s an re e ar c h d t uly y l p di i i t
an g x t di g f m
r enc c o ae c n s ra n e, e en n ro

i s t th l t st d i g s f th Nihilists d i ludi g 6
,

E g y p ti M yst
an er e o e a e o n o e , an nc n 1 0

Se cre t O g is r an a ti s i ll I t is th ly b k f i t ki d d is t
on n a e on oo o s n an no

lik ly t b sup
.
,

e o e er e sdd e .

HU M AN M AG N E TIS M ; o r, Ho w to Hy p n ot i s e . By
JAM E S C O ATE S C ro wn 8v o 5 5 n et .
, . .

i l w k b y w i t wh s l g x p i
A p ra ct ca or qu li fi s h i m t
a r er o e on e e r en c e a e o

s p k w i th uth i ty Th i s t u ti s
ea a orf ll x p li i t d illu t d
. e n r c on are u , e c , an s ra te

wi th d mi b l p h
a
g p hs ; b t i is m
ra e th b
o to r ak f i st t i i t u t ore an a oo o n ru c on ,

is l s
a i ti l
o a cr u t f th sub j t p t d t f m th st dp i f
ca a cc o n o e ec u o a e, ro e an o nt o

A i m l M g tis m
n a i h d d qu li fi d b y full qu i t
a ne , e nr c w i th ll e an a e a ac a n a n ce a

Con ti t l th
nen a is eo r e .

Z E N IA T HE V E S TAL ; o r, Th e P r o b l e m of Vi b ra t i on s .

G A T B PE K E S d Edi ti
By M A R RE S m ll 4t 5 t . E . ec o n on . a o, 5 . ne .

A ult v l w hi h l i ms h w v t b i sp i d b y di t l
n occ no e c c a o e er, o e n re re c oc c u

hi g d iv d f m xisti g
, ,

t
ea c n er ef i i ti ti ro I t is i y s e n ce n tres o n a o n. n an ca e a

i ti g s t y h vi g g ui
,

f
as c na n or m i m iv s m dmi b l
a n a en ne ro a nt c ot e, o e a ra e

p i tu s f Eu p
,

c re o t v l d s m li vi g h
ro ea n t s ra e , an o e n c ara c e r .

Fo r a ny o
f fire Boo ks i n th i s L i s t a pp ly to

th e P ub li s h er

G E O RG E RE DWA Y , 9 H ART S TRE E T, BL OO M S BU R Y

LO N DO N
 ( 1 3 1

Wor k: by M r . d r t/J ur Edw a r d Wa i te

DE V IL -W O RS HIP N C E ; o r Th e Q ue s t i o n of
IN F RA ,

L uc i fe r . A R d f Thi g s S e c or d H d i th S t
o n ee n a n ea r n e ec re

S oc i ti s
e e , a cc o r di g t th E vid n f I i ti t s
o By A E W AI T E
e en ce o n a e . . . .

C ro w n 8v o , 5 5 . ne t .

An xh us iv x m i ti f ll th vid
e a t f b i t d i F
e e a na on o a e e e nce a r ca e n ra n ce c o n

i g th
c ern n l xist f li g i f L u i f I d di i t i
e a c tua e e n ce o a re on o c er n a t on o ts
t i b uti
.

ul i t
oc c t s t i t s ti t s m s t m k b l
n e re con t th li t ute a o re ar a e c on r on o e e ra

tu h t f t i y is h sub j t f s p i l us i
,

f F
re o m s y re e a on r , as t a ra e rn t t e ec o ec a a cc a t on

i ti
n c on n e c w i th d vil w shi p b y
on h st f F h w i s s m f w h me - or a o o re n c r te r , o e o o

hi g h g d M s s T his M W i t s l s t w k h
a re - ra e a on iv d m k d. , r. a e
'
a te or , as re c e e ar e

g i i
re c o f m h g
n t on l p ss ro t e e n era re .

TRA N S C E N DE N TA L M AG IC ; It s Do c t r i n e a n d Ri ua l t .

By EL I P H AS L EV I . N o w fo r th e fis i r t t m e tra n a te sl d i
n to E ng lish
by A E A TE Wi th ll th O
. . W I Bi . a e r i gi l Ill s t ti s
na u ra on , a o

g p hi l P fra pi ca s I dx re a c e , F h co ou n e , an d P t it f th
or ra o e re n c

M g s D my 8 a I 5s t
u . e v o, . ne .

A u b idg d d f i th f l d i g f Eli p h L evi s m s t i mp t '

n na r e an a u re n er n o as o or a n t

w k w hi h i
or th ig i l is w ll k w b y s d s s ly t
c n e or na so e no n tu e n t as carc e o
l i w ill d ub t b m t x
,

n ee d d i p ti Th p s t t
es c r on. e re e n ra ns a t o n , no o , e co e a e t
b oo k f E g lish d s Eli p h L evi m y b t s m x t t g d d
or n re a er as a e, o o e e en re ar e

ul tis m d h is t i ly th m st b illi
.
,

as th f e d f m d oun er o o e rn o c c , an e c er a n e o r ant

an d m p lish d f ll th
acco x p si s f t s d l s i
e o ad p hil e e o to r o ra n c e n e n ta c e nc e a n o

So p hy Th D gm t Ri e l d l H u M g i m ks
o
p hi
e e t ue e a a te a e ar an e oc n
s t i lit tu
.

e o er c d i t is hera m d ssi b l ll
re , a n e re a e a c ce e to a .

THE T U RBA P HIL O S O P HO RUM T sl t d i t E glish . ra n a e n o n ,

w i th th v i ti s f th S h t R si e x p l ti s f
ar a on o e or e r e ce n on , e a na on o

b s u t ms
o d p
c ll ls f m th By ti Al h m is ts By
re er , an a ra e ro e za n ne c e .

A E WA I T . C w 8 . 6 t E . ro n vo , 5 . ne .

Th T be P h il“
ph m is th m st i t L ti
ur a tis os o oru
”
e o a nc e n a n tre a e on

Al h m y
c e d h G t W k ; i t is th
an sub j t f i u l f
t e re a by or e ec o c o nt n a re ere n c e

all l t d p ts ki g s d ly t th w i i g s f H m s T is m
a er a e , ra n n eco n on o e r t n o er e r e

gi t d
s us , a n g is d fi l th i ty i th p ti f th p h l
reco n e as a na au or n e ra c ce o e i o

s p h s Whil i t h b th s bj t f i u m b l mm t i s
o er e as ee n e u ec o nn era e co e n ar e

p t f H m ti s tud t t his
.
,

an d f th m st p i
o sv ti
e tho ou e ne ra on on e ar o er e c en s

u i u f u t i h d f l h mi l li t u i th W st h v b
,

c r o s o n a n- ea o a c e ca e ra t re n e e as n e er een

p vi usly t
re o sl t d ra n a e .
 ( 1 4 )

THE M YS TE RIE S O F M A G IC : A Di g e t s of th e Wri t

i ng s of E l i p h a s L ev i . Wi th i
B og ra p hi l ca and Cr i ti l E s y
ca s a

by A E . . WA I T E . Re vis d E di ti
e o n. C rown 8v o , 1 05 . 6d . n e t.

his w k f l fi ls p p s qui t disti t f m th t f T s d t l

T or u a ur o e e nc ro a o
“
ra n ce n en a

M gia i s mu h i t is t si m p ly t sl i b t p s ts i
c,
"
na c as no ra n at on , u re e n n an

ab id g d
r d d i g s t d f m th
e an ti w i i g s f El i p h
e e Levi w hi h h d
or e en re r t n o as c a

app d p t th ti m f i t p ub li ti
ear e u o M W i t s xt d d
e m e o s ca on r a e
'
e en e su

i d d th l g i mp ssi issu d i
. .

m y h
ar b as
g l ly p p ee n e n era a re c a t e an e ar e re on e n

886 b i g xh u s t d t his
,

1 e n vis d d l g d di i f ll wi g
e a e w re e an e n ar e e t on , o o n a ne

tly issu d
,

and i mp v d p l h b
ro e an , as ee n rec e n e .

T H E RE A L H I S T O RY O F T H E RO S I C RU C I A N S .

Fo udd n e on th e i r o w n M a n i fe s toe s , a n d o n F a c ts a n d Doc m en t u s

ll t d f m th W i ti g s
co ec e ro e r n of I n t a te ii d Bre t h re n . By A . E .

WA I TE Wi th I llus t ti s . ra on . C ro w n 8v o , 7S 6 d . . n et .

Wi r tte n f
his t i l s dp i t g ivi g th hi f d um ts i
ro m th e o r ca ta n o n n e c e oc en n

l b t summ y d lysis f th v i u
,

t t g th
ex e n s o , w i th o e er an e a ora e ar an an a o e ar o s

vi ws whi h h v p v il d f m i m t ti m b ut Th Vi gi F t i ty
e c a e re a e ro t e o e a o
“
e r n ra ern

f th R s M W it s pt d th s t d d '
o e o e .t h b r
. a e a c co un as e e n a c ce e as e an ar , as

i t is i d d th
n ly s i us s u
ee f i f m ti
e on up th sub j t i er o o rc e o n or a on , on e ec n

E gl d
n an .

THE O CC U LT S C I E N C ES : A C om p en d i u m of Tra n s
c e n d e n ta l Doct ri n e a nd P ra c t i ce . By A . E . WAI TE .

C ro wn 8v o, 6 5 . n et .

To fu ish p li mi y d l m y u f h v i us d ivisi s
rn a re n ar an e e e n tar ac co nt o t e ar o on

o f th e tra n cens d ls i sh b mp d b y m h
e n ta i c e nc e as e e n a tte te ore t a n o ne w r ter ,
b ut not us lly f m sy m p h i s d p i
ua d i ly h
ro a at et c ta n o nt, a n n o t ce rta n as t e

sl
re u t o f a n y c o nsid b l k wl d g s h Th p s t w k d ls
e ra e no e e or re e a rc . e re en or ea

w i th l m s t ll th
a o lt s i s f m Al h my t th mi m th d s
a e o ccu c ence , ro c e o e n or e o

of D ivi ti ; i h
na ls on hist i l s ti g ivi g s m
t as t a f o an or ca ec on , n o e a ccou n o

M ys ti s R si u i s
c , d tho s t i si d f F m
cr c an y L tly th
, an e e o er c e o re e as o nr . as , e

m d o ph
e rn m t d wi t h M s m is m
e no d S p i i tis m t g t h
en a c on nec e e er an r , o e er

w i t h th l i m f Th s p hy
e c a d lt w i th i
s o m p h siv su v y eo o , are ea n a co re e n e r e .

This w k f M W i t h
or ob p ti ul ly su
r. ssful d i l w ys i
a e as e en ar c ar c ce , an s a a n

d ema nd .
 ( 1 6 )

Mr . G E O R GE R E DWA Y i s a ls o th e Ag en t for th e fo llo w i ng

Works of M r . A E . . WA I TE firs t p ubli s h ed ,
by JAM E S
E LL I O TT 65 °
CO .
,
a nd i n clud i ng an un i q ue s eri es of

Herm eti c tra n s la ti o n s .

THE HE RM E TIC A N D A LC HE M IC A L W RITI G S N OF

P A RAC E L S S U fis i
N o w fo r th e r t t m e tra n a te sl d i h fully
fa t
d u b id g d i t E glish
.
,

an na r E di t d w i th
e Bi g p hi l P
n o n e a o ra ca re

f E lu id t y N t s s H m ti V b ul y d
, .
,

a ce, c pi a or o e , a co ou er e c oc a ar , an

I d x b y A E VVA
n e , Tw v ls C w 4t £
. . 6d t
'
II E
‘

. o o . ro n o, 2, 1 2 5 . . ne .

THE HE RM E TIC M U S E U M R st d d E l gd m . e o re an n ar e co

p isi g T W N T Y T w T
,

r n tis s E th M ys t i s f Al h m y
- d o rea e on e er e o c e an

th m p si ti
e co f th M di io f th P hil s p h s
on N w fi st
o e e c ne o e o o er o r

d i t E g lish f m th
.

on e n o L ti E di ti
n f 6 78 Wi th ll ro e ra re a n on o 1 a
I llus t ti s p d d i f si mil b y p h t g p hi p ss
.

th e ra on re ro uc e n ac e a o o ra c ro ce .

Tw v ls o S m ll 4t £
o . t a o, 2, 2 5 . ne .

THE NEW P E A RL O F G RE AT P RIC E : A Trea t i se

c o n c e r n i n g t h e Tre as u r e o f t h e P h i l o o p h e r s S t on e
’
s
sl d f u h i d ldi di i
.

Tra n a te ro m th e m c - r z e A n e E t o n o f 1 5 46 , a n d
p
E di t d w i th P f
e re a ce a n t d I d x Th O i g i l I llu s t ti
n e s ph e r na ra on o o

p du d
.

g p hi lly
ra ca C w 8 re 6d t
ro ce . ro n v o , 1 25 . . ne .

A G O L DE N A N D BL E S S E D C AS KE T O F N ATU RE S ’

M A RV E L S c o n c e r n i n g t h e Bl e ss e d Trea s u r e o f t h e
P h i l o s o p h e r s S to n e By B N D I C T S F G
,
’
Wi th E E U I U L US a

f th Au th b y A E WA I T
. .

L if e o e C w 8 6d or t . . E . ro n v o, 1 2 5 . . ne .

THE TRI U M P HAL C HARIO T O F ANTIM O NY By BAS I L

VAL N T I N Wi th th C mm t y f Th d K k i gi
.

E E e o en a r o eo o re e rc r n us ,
sl t d f m th L ti E di ti f 6 85 w i th
.

th P hysi i
e T c an ra n a e ro e a n on o 1
d C i t i l I t du ti b y A E WA I T
.
,

Bi g p hi l
o ra ca an E r ca n ro c on, E n

f Al h m i l V ss ls
. . .

g v d Ti tl
ra e d Pl t s e an C w 8 a e o c e ca e e . ro n vo,

1 05 . 6d . n e t.

THE AL C HE M IC A L Y W RITIN GS O F E DWA RD K E LL E

sl t d f m th F i s t H mb u g E di ti f 6 76 d Edi t d
.

T ra n a e ro e r a r on o 1 an e
du ti u t f K ll y s l ti s
, ,

w i th Bi g p hi l I A
’
a o ra ca n t ro c o n, a n c co n o e e re a on
w i th th lb tdD D e d
ce e T s i p t f th
ra e ll d r. e e, an a ra n cr o e s o -c a e
“
B k f S t Du s t
oo o b y A E WA I . Wi th Illus t ti s
n a n, . . TE . ra on .

C ro w n 8v o , 7 5 6 d . . n e t.

C O L L E C TA N EA C HE M IC A
Be ng certa n S e ec t Trea t e o n . i i l is s
A c e m a n d H e rm e t c M e c n e , b y E I R E N /E U S P H IL AL E TI—
lh y i
IE S , di i
G
G EO R E S TARx EY , S i r GE O R E R L E , & c t Pre a to r G IP Y Wi h f y
W I
.

N o te b y A E A TE C ro wn 8v o. 7 s 6 d n et
. . . . . .
 T H E L I BR AR Y
U N I VE R S I T Y O F C AL I F O R N I A
S a n ta B ar b a ra

S er i es O 4 RZ