List of medical

triads, tetrads, and

pentads

A medical triad is a group of three signs or

symptoms, the result of injury to three
organs, which characterise a specific
medical condition. The appearance of all
three signs conjoined together in another
patient, points to that the patient has the
same medical condition, or diagnosis. A
medical tetrad is a group of four, while a
pentad is a group of five.
Triads
Name Triad Disease

Abdominal aortic aneurysm hypotension, pulsatile abdominal mass, Abdominal aortic

rupture Triad flank pain aneurysm

increased lower esophageal sphincter

Achalasia Triad (LES) tone, decreased LES relaxation, Achalasia
aperistalsis

Eczema (Atopic Dermatitis), Allergic

Allergic Triad Rhinitis, bronchitis || Atopy or Atopic
Triad

Ochronotic arthritis, Ochronotic

Alkaptonuria Triad Alkaptonuria
pigmentation, Urine darkens on standing

Amyand's hernia, Appendicitis,

Amyand's Triad
Undescended testis

Esophageal rupture
Subcutaneous emphysema, rapid
Anderson Triad (likely intra-
respirations, and abdominal rigidity
abdominal)

Pneumonia, Endocarditis, Meningitis (all

Austrian syndrome Triad Austrian syndrome
caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae)

Muffled heart sound, Distended neck

Beck's triad Cardiac tamponade
veins, Hypotension

Budd–Chiari
Budd–Chiari syndrome abdominal pain, ascites, hepatomegaly
syndrome

Right Upper Quadrant Pain, Fever, Ascending

Charcot's cholangitis triad
Jaundice cholangitis

scanning speech, intention tremor,

Charcot's neurologic triad Multiple sclerosis
nystagmus
 Name Triad Disease

Triad of congenital chorioretinitis, hydrocephalus, Congenital

toxoplasmosis intracranial calcifications toxoplasmosis

cataracts, patent ductus arteriosus,

Triad of congenital rubella Congenital rubella
sensorineural hearing loss

Tachycardia, Tachypnea, Tender Congestive heart

Congestive Heart Failure Triad
hepatomegaly failure

Cushing's triad of Increased

Bradycardia, Bradypnea, Hypertension Head injuries
Intracranial Pressure

Danny's Triad Painful urination, testicular pain, diarrhea Chlamydia

hyperesthesia of the skin, exquisite

Dieulafoy's triad tenderness and guarding over Acute appendicitis
McBurney's point

Renal colic, swelling in loin which

Dietl's crisis Hydronephrosis
disappears after urination

Fanconi syndrome triad Aminoaciduria, Proteinuria, Phosphaturia Fanconi syndrome

eating disorders, amenorrhoea, Relative energy

Female athlete triad
decreased bone mineral density deficiency in sport

Sixth cranial n. Palsy, Persistent ear Gradenigo's

Gradenigos Triad
discharge, Deep seated retro orbital pain syndrome

Goiter, exophthalmos, pretibial

Graves Disease Triad Graves' disease
myxedema

Respiratory depression, pinpoint pupils,

Triad of opioid overdose Opioid overdose
CNS depression

Focal necrotizing vasculitis, necrotizing

Triad of granulomatosis with Granulomatosis with
granulomas in the lung and upper airway,
polyangiitis polyangiitis
necrotizing glomerulonephritis

Urinary incontinence, Gait disturbance, Normal pressure

Hakim Triad[1] (Adams Triad)
Dementia hydrocephalus

Malena, Obstructive jaundice, Biliary

Triad (Triad of Sandblom) Hemobilia
colic
 Name Triad Disease

ascites, pleural effusion, benign ovarian

Triad of Meigs' Syndrome Meigs' syndrome
tumor

Hemolytic–Uremic Syndrome Anaemia, Thrombocytopenia, Kidney Hemolytic–uremic

Triad failure (But see Pentad of TTP below) syndrome

Horner's Syndrome Triad ptosis (eyelid), miosis, anhydrosis Horner's syndrome

Hutchison's teeth, Interstitial keratitis,

Hutchinson's triad Congenital syphilis
Nerve deafness

Triad of bronchiectasis, Recurrent

Kartagener Syndrome Triad Kartagener syndrome
sinusitis, and, Situs inversus,

Triad of bilateral hip, thigh, and buttock

claudication, impotence, and symmetric
Leriche's syndrome Triad Leriche's syndrome
atrophy of the bilateral lower extremities
due to chronic ischemia

vomiting, pain and subcutaneous

Mackler's triad Boerhaave syndrome
emphysema

Three C's of Measles cough, coryza, conjunctivitis Measles

Meltzer's triad purpura, arthralgias, weakness/myalgias Cryoglobulinemia

Urethritis, conjunctivitis and anterior

Triad of Reactive arthritis Reactive arthritis
uveitis, arthritis

Saint's Triad Gall stones, Diverticulosis, Hiatus hernia

Samter's triad (also known as

Acetylsalicylic acid triad or Aspirin-exacerbated
Aspirin sensitivity, Nasal polyps, Asthma
Widal's triad or Francis' triad respiratory disease
or Aspirin triad)

Tetany in Children - Triad Stridor, Carpopedal spasm, Convulsions Tetany

Trauma triad of death Coagulopathy, Hypothermia, Acidosis Death

Black locks, Occulo-cutaneous Albinism,

Triad of Albinism Albinism
Deafness of sensorineural type

Sensorineural deafness, Progressive

Triad of Alport Syndrome Alport syndrome
kidney failure, Ocular anomalies
 Name Triad Disease

Recurrent oral ulcers, Genital ulcers,

Triad of Behcet's Syndrome Behçet's disease
Iridocyclitis

Triad of Causes of Biotin

Glossitis, Alopecia, Dermatitis Biotin deficiency
Deficiency

Triad of Henoch–Schönlein Palpable purpura on buttock/legs,

IgA vasculitis
purpura arthralgias, abdominal pain

Triad of Hypernephroma Pain, hematuria, renal mass Hypernephroma

Growth retardation, Mental changes,

Triad of Kwashiorkor Kwashiorkor
Edema

Triad of Plummer–Vinson Iron deficiency anemia, dysphagia, Plummer–Vinson

syndrome esophageal webs syndrome

hematuria, palpable abdominal mass,

Triad of Renal cell carcinoma Renal cell carcinoma
flank pain

Triple Test (for diagnosis of

Estimation of hcg, Estriol, and AFP Down's Syndrome
downs syndrome)

Conductive deafness, Immobility of

Nasopharyngeal
Trotter's triad homolateral soft palate, Trigeminal
carcinoma
neuralgia

Unhappy Triad (Also known as

Injury to the ACL, MCL, and meniscus
O'Donoghue's triad or a blown Knee Injury
(either medial or lateral)
knee)

Virchow's triad Stasis, Hypercoagulability, Vessel injury Venous thrombosis

Triad of Wernicke Wernicke

Confusion, ophthalmoplegia, ataxia
encephalopathy encephalopathy

Hypoglycaemia during attacks,

resolution of symptoms upon correction
Whipple's Triad Insulinoma
of blood glucose, symptoms brought
about by low glucose states.

Triad of Aortic stenosis Chest pain, Heart failure, Syncope Aortic stenosis

Murphy's triad Pain-> Vomiting -> Fever Acute appendicitis

 Name Triad Disease

soft fluctuant swelling in umbilical

region, swelling moves perpendicular to
Tillaux's triad Mesenteric cyst
messentery, zone of resonance all
around swelling

small bowel obstruction, a gallstone

Rigler's triad outside the gallbladder, and air in the bile Gallstone ileus
ducts

Chronic peptic ulcer, chronic

Wilkie's syndrome (SMA gastro-vascular
appendicitis and chronic calcular
syndrome) disorder
cholecystitis

Tetrads
Name Tetrad Disease

Tetralogy of pulmonary stenosis, ventricular septal defect, right ventricular Tetralogy of

Fallot hypertrophy, overriding aorta Fallot

Ménière's vertigo, tinnitus, fluctuating low frequency hearing loss, aural Ménière's
disease fullness disease

zoonotic
scrub typhus, chiggers, rodents and birds, scrub vegetation
tetrad
Pentads
Name Pentad Disease

Remembered by the mnemonic "FAT RN" (or

alternatively "ART FaN"); Fever, Anemia Thrombotic
Pentad of TTP (microangiopathic hemolytic anemia), thrombocytopenic
Thrombocytopenia, Renal failure, Neurologic purpura
disturbances

Omphalocele, Anterior diaphragmatic hernia,

Thoracoabdominal
Pentalogy of Cantrell Sternal cleft, Ectopia cordis, Intracardiac
syndrome
defect.

Fallot's tetralogy with a patent foramen ovale

Pentalogy of Fallot
or Atrial septal defect.

Pentad of Primary "Stones", "Bones", "Abdominal groans", Primary

hyperparathyroidism "Thrones", "Psychiatric overtones" hyperparathyroidism

Right Upper Quadrant Abdominal pain, Fever,

Acute suppurative
Reynold's Pentad Jaundice, Shock and Depression of central
cholangitis
nervous system function

See also
Medical eponyms
Pathognomonic
 List of eponymously named medical
signs

References
1. Wallenstein, Matthew B.; McKhann, Guy M.
(July 2010). "Salomón Hakim and the
discovery of normal-pressure
hydrocephalus". Neurosurgery. 67 (1): 155–
159, discussion 159.
doi:10.1227/01.neu.0000370058.12120.0e
(https://doi.org/10.1227%2F01.neu.000037
0058.12120.0e) . ISSN 1524-4040 (https://
www.worldcat.org/issn/1524-4040) .
PMID 20568668 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.
nih.gov/20568668) .

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