ExAMPLEs oF BIoMATERIALs

ExAMPLEs oF BIoMATERIALs
• Intraocular Lenses
• Heart Valve
• Dental Implants
• Vascular Grafts
• Hip-replacements
• Knee Implants
• Kidney Implants
• Artificial Heart
• Pacemaker
• Contact Lens
• Artificial Tissue
• Bone Cement
INTRAoCULAR LENsEs

These are made of PMMA, silicone, elastomer

and other materials.
HEART VALVE
• fabricated from carbons, metals,
elastomers, fabrics and natural valves. It
must not react with chemicals in body. It
is attached by polyester mesh.
• tissue growth is facilitated by polar
oxygen-containing groups
DENTAL IMPLANTs
• Small titanium fixture that serves as the
replacement for the root portion of a
missing natural tooth.
• Implant is placed in the bone of the
upper or lower jaw and allowed to bond
with the bone
• It should be bio-inert; there is no
reaction in tissue and no rejection or
allergenic reactions
VAsCULAR gRAFTs
• It must be flexible, good structure
retention, adequate burst length, high
fatigue resistance, good handling
properties and biostable
• Designed with open porous structure
• It is made of poly (ethylene
terephthalate) PET or Dacron
HIP-REPLACEMENTs
• Most common medical practice using biomaterials
• Made of corrosion-resistant, high-strength metal alloys or very
high molecular weight polymers
KNEE
IMPLANTs
• This piece replaces the joint
9sometimes also the ligaments),
allowing the movement of the knee
and mobility of the leg
• Materials used are plastic and metal
as they help in the performance of
prosthesis
ARTIFICIAL HEART
• Artificial kidney is a device that works like a normal kidney –
it is divided into several parts, where it enters the blood and is
filtered after absorbing nutrients and discarding waste
substances

• Artificial hearts are mechanical

devices typically used in order
to bridge the time to heart
transplantation, or to
permanently replace the heart
It is formed by synthetic
ARTIFICIAL HEART
materials and power suppliesA
possible consequence could be
the body’s rejections
PACEMAkER
• Medical device which uses electrical
impulses delivered by electrodes
contacting heart muscles
• Consists of pager-sized housing device
that contains a battery and the
electronic circuitry that runs the device
• Implanted below the skin in the shoulder
area
CoNTACT LENs

• Corrective lens placed in the

cornea of the eye
• Made of pliable hydrophilic
plastics called hydrogels
ARTIFICIAL TIssUE

• It should be biodegradable
• Polymer result of condensation of lactic
acid and glycolic acid
BoNE CEMENT

• Used very successfully to

anchor artificial joints
NANoMATERIALS
NANoMATERIALs
Nanomaterials are materials where the sizes of the individual
building blocks are less than 100 nm, at least in one dimension.
Nanomaterials have properties that depend inherently on the small
grain size;
May be zero-dimensional (e.g. nanoparticles), one-dimensional (e.g.
nanorods/nanotubes), or two-dimensional (thin films/stacks)

Au nanoparticle Buckminsterfullerene Ti nanoflower FePt nanosphere

CARBoN BAsED
MATERIALs
• These nanomaterials
composed mostly of carbon,
are

most commonly taking the

form of hollow spheres,
ellipsoids, or tubes
• Spherical and ellipsoidal
carbon nanomaterials are
referred to as fullerenes while
cylindrical ones are called
nanotubes
METAL BAsED
MATERIALs
• These nanomaterials include quantum dots, nanogold,
nanosilver and metal oxides, such as titanium dioxide
• A quantum dots is a closely packed semiconductor crystal
comprised of hundreds/thousands of atoms
DENDRIMERs
• These nanomaterials are nanosized polymers built from branched
units
• Its surface has numerous chain ends, which can be tailored to
perform specific chemical functions and can also be used for
catalysis
• Three-dimensional dendrimers contain interior cavities into
which other molecules could be placed
CoMPosITEs
• Composites combine nanoparticles with other nanoparticles or with
larger, bulk-type materials
• There are three types of nanocomposite:
• Zero-dimensional particles in matrix, ideally the
individual particles do not touch each other
• one-dimensional nanocomposites consisting of
nanotubes or nanopods distributed in a matrix
• Two-dimensional nanocomposites built from stacks of
thin films made of two or more different materials
CoMPosITEs

(a) zero-dimensional particles in a matrix, (b) one-dimensional nanocomposites and (c)

two-dimensional nanocomposites
PRoPERTIEs oF
NANoMATERIALs
PRoPERTIEs oF NANoMATERIALs
• Optical properties
• Electrical properties
• Mechanical properties
• Magnetic properties
OPTICAL PRoPERTIEs
• The optical properties of nanomaterials depend on parameters
such as feature size, shape, surface characteristics and other
variables including doping and interaction with the surrounding
environment or other nanostructures
ELECTRICAL PRoPERTIEs
• Electrical properties of nanoparticles discuss about
fundamentals of electrical conductivity in nanotubes and
nanorods, carbon nanotubes, photoconductivity of nanorods, and
electrical conductivity of nanocomposites.
MECHANICAL PRoPERTIEs
• Deals with bulk metallic and ceramic materials, influence of
porosity, influence of grain size, superplasticity, filled polymer
composites, particle-filled polymers, polymer-based
nanocomposites filled with platelets, carbon nanotube- based
composites.
MAgNETIC PRoPERTIEs
• Bulk Au and Pt are non-magnetic, but at the nano size they are
magnetic.
• Actually, it should be possible that non-ferromagnetic bulk
materials exhibit ferromagnetic-like behavior when prepared in
the nano range.
SELECTED APPLICATIoNs oF
NANoMATERIALs
MICRoBIAL FUEL CELL
• Microbial fuel cell is a device in which bacteria consume water-
soluble waste such as sugar, starch and alcohols and produces
electricity plus clean water.
• this technology will make it possible to generate electricity while
treating domestic or industrial wastewater.
CATALYsIs
• Higher surface area available
with the nanomaterial
counterparts, nano-catalysts
tend to have exceptional surface
activity.
• Catalysts assisting or retarding
the reaction rates are dependent
on the surface activity, and can
very well be utilized in
manipulating the rate-
controlling step.
PHosPHoRs FoR HIgH DEFINITIoN TV
• The resolution of a television or a
monitor depends greatly on the size
of the pixel.
• These pixels are essentially made
of materials called “phosphors”
which glow when struck by a
stream of electrons inside the
cathode rat rube (CRT)
• The resolution improve with a
reduction in the size of the pixel,
or the phosphors.
NExT-gENERATIoN CoMPUTER CHIPs
• Nanomaterials help the industry
break these barriers down by
providing the manufacturers with
nanocrystalline starting materials,
ultra-high purity materials,
materials with better thermal
conductivity, and longer-lasting,
durable
interconnections
• E.g. nanowires for junctionless
transistors
ELIMINATIoN oF PoLLUTANTs
• Due to their enhanced chemical
activity, nanomaterials can be used
as catalysts to react with such
noxious and toxic gases as
carbon monoxide and nitrogen
oxide in automobile catalytic
converters and power generation
equipment to prevent
environmental pollution arising
from burning gasoline and coal.
SUNsCREEN LoTIoN
• Sunscreen lotions
containing nano-TiO2
provide enhanced
sun protection factor
(SPF) while
eliminating stickiness.
sENsoRs
• Sensors rely on the highly active surface to initiate a response
with minute change in the concentration of the species to be
detected.
DIsADVANTAgEs oF
NANoMATERIALs
• Instability of the particles
• Fine metal particles act as strong explosives owing to their high
surface area coming in direct contact with oxygen
• Impurity
• Biologically harmful
• Difficulty in synthesis, isolation and application
• Recycling and disposal
SYNTHEsIs AND PRoCEssINg
oF
NANoMATERIALs
SYNTHEsIs AND PRoCEssINg
Nanomaterials deal with very fine
structures: a nanometer is a billionth of a
meter. This indeed allows us to think in
both the ‘bottom up’ and ‘top down’
approaches to synthesize nanomaterials
i.e. either to assemble atoms together or
to disassemble bulk solids into finer
pieces until they are constituted of only a
few atoms.
METHoDs FoR CREATINg NANosTRUCTUREs
There are many different ways of creating nanostructures: of course,
macromolecules or nanoparticles or buckyballs or nanotubes and so
on can be synthesized artificially for certain specific materials.

They can also be arranged by methods based on equilibrium or

near-equilibrium thermodynamics such as methods of self-
organization and self-assembly
METHoDs FoR CREATINg NANosTRUCTUREs
Methods include:
• Mechanical grinding
• Wet chemical synthesis
• Sol-gel process
• Gas phase synthesis
• Furnace
• Flame-assisted ultrasonic spray pyrolysis
• Gas condensation processing (GPC)
• Chemical vapor condensation (CVC)
• Sputtered plasma processing
• Microwave plasma processing
• Particle precipitation aided CVD
• Laser ablation
MECHANICAL gRINDINg
Mechanical attrition is a typical
example of ‘top down; method of
synthesis of nanomaterials, where the
material is prepared bot by cluster
assembly but by the structural
decomposition of coarser-grained
structures as the result of severe
plastic deformation.
WET CHEMICAL sYNTHEsIs
In principle, we can classify the wet chemical synthesis of
nanomaterials into two broad groups:
1. The top down method: where single crystals are etched in an
aqueous solution for producing nanomaterials
2. The bottom up method: consisting of sol-gel method,
precipitation etc. where materials containing the desired
precursors are mixed in a controlled fashion to form a
colloidal solution
SoL-gEL PRoCEss
This process involves the
evolution of inorganic
networks through the
formation of a colloidal
suspension (sol) and
gelation of the sol to form a
network in a continuous
liquid phase (gel).
GAs PHAsE sYNTHEsIs
The gas-phase synthesis methods are of increasing interest
because they allow elegant way to control process parameters in
order to be able to produce size, shape and chemical composition
controlled nanostructures.
FURNACE
The simplest fashion to
produce nanoparticles is by
heating the desired material
in a heat resistant crucible
containing the desired
material.
This method is appropriate
only for materials that have
high vapor pressure at the
heated temperatures that can
be as high as 2000˚C
FLAME AssIsTED ULTRAsoNIC sPRAY
PYRoLYsIs
In this process, precursors are
nebulized and then unwanted
components are burnt in a
flame to get the required
material, e.g. ZrO2 has been
obtained by this method from
a precursor of Zr(CH3 CH2
CH2O)4.
GAs CoNDENsATIoN PRoCEssINg (GPC)
In this technique, a metallic or
inorganic material, e.g. a
suboxide is vaporized using
thermal evaporation sources
such as crucibles, electron
beam evaporation devices or
sputtering sources in an
atmosphere of 1 – 50mbar He
(or other inert gas like Ar, Ne,
Kr)
CHEMICAL VAPoR CoNDENsATIoN (CVC)

The evaporative
source used in GPC
is replaced by a hot
wall reactor in the
CVC process.
SPUTTERED PLAsMA PRoCEssINg
In this method is yet again a
variation of the GCP method
excepting the fact that the
source material is a sputtering
target and this target is
sputtered using rare gases and
the constituents are allowed to
agglomerate to produce
nanomaterial.
MICRoWAVE PLAsMA PRoCEssINg
This technique is similar to the previously discussed CVC method
but employs plasma instead of high temperature for decomposition
of the metal organic precursors.

It uses microwave plasma in a 50mm diameter reaction vessel

made of quarts placed in a cavity connected to a microwave
generator.
PARTICLE PRECIPITATIoN AIDED CVD
Colloidal clusters of materials are
used to prepare nanoparticles. The
CVD reaction conditions are so set
that particles form by condensation
in the gas phase and collect onto a
substrate, which is kept under a
different condition that
allows
heterogeneous nucleation.
LAsER ABLATIoN
Laser ablation has been
extensively used for the
preparation of nanoparticles and
particulate films. In this process a
laser beam us used as the primary
excitation source of ablation for
generating clusters directly from a
solid sample in a wide variety of
applocations.