Anatomy and Physiology Laboratory Manual

Volume 1, Series of 2022 JBD

_____________________________________________________________________________________________

MODULE 4

Body Tissues
These are a group of cells that are similar in structure and function and represent the next level of
structural organization. The four primary tissue types are epithelial, connective, nervous, and muscle
tissues interweave to form the fabric of the body. If we had to assign a single term to each primary
tissue type that would best describe its overall role, the terms would most likely be covering
(epithelium), support (connective), movement (muscle), and control (nervous). However, these terms
reflect only a tiny fraction of the functions that each of these tissues performs. Tissues are organized
into organs such as the heart, kidneys, and lungs. Most organs contain several tissue types, and the
arrangement of the tissues determines each organ’s structure and what it can do.

Learning Objectives

When you finish this module, you should be able to

1. Name the four major tissue types and their chief subcategories.
2. Explain how the four major tissue types differ structurally and functionally.
3. Give the central locations of the various tissue types in the body.
4. Describe the process of tissue repair

EPITHELIAL TISSUE

Epithelial tissue is the lining, covering, and glandular tissue of the body. Covering and lining epithelium
covers all free body surfaces, both inside and out, and contains versatile cells. Because epithelium forms
the boundaries that separate us from the outside world, nearly all substances that the body gives off or
receives must pass through the epithelium.

FUNCTIONS:

The following are the functions of the Epithelial Tissue

1. Covers & protects surfaces

2. Support and attachment
3. Movement and locomotion
4. Transport of materials (blood tissue)
5. Secretion
6. Absorption

_____________________________________________________________________________________
All rights reserved. No part of this Manual maybe reproduced, distributed, or transmitted in any form or any
means, including photocopying, recording, or other electronic or mechanical methods, without the prior written
permission of the Nueva Ecija University of Science and Technology.
Anatomy and Physiology Laboratory Manual
Volume 1, Series of 2022 JBD
_____________________________________________________________________________________________

Figure 5.1. Types of Epithelial Tissue

Classification of Epithelial Tissue

Source: https://www.easybiologyclass.com/epithelial-tissue-types-structure-functions-examples/

_____________________________________________________________________________________
All rights reserved. No part of this Manual maybe reproduced, distributed, or transmitted in any form or any
means, including photocopying, recording, or other electronic or mechanical methods, without the prior written
permission of the Nueva Ecija University of Science and Technology.
Anatomy and Physiology Laboratory Manual
Volume 1, Series of 2022 JBD
_____________________________________________________________________________________________

Activity 4.1
Epithelial Tissues

Name: _________________ Date:__________

Section:________________ Score:_________

A. Identify and Label the Types of Epithelium

B. Fill-in
1. This type of cell is found in simple columnar and pseudostratified tissue that secretes
mucous. ________
2. One of the two types of glands, it secretes substances onto epithelial surfaces.
_________________________

3. A cellular organelle, it is a projection that moves substances along the surface of a cell.
______________
4. This type of epithelial tissue is specially well adapted to excessive stretching.
___________________________
5. Mucous membrane secretes this water-based protein solution.
_____________________________________
6. This tough, waterproof material is found in the upper layers of some examples of
stratified squamous epithelium. ___________________________________
7. This type of epithelial tissue is likely to form glands. ___
8. This type pf epithelial tissue is found on the palm of the hand.
_______________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________
All rights reserved. No part of this Manual maybe reproduced, distributed, or transmitted in any form or any
means, including photocopying, recording, or other electronic or mechanical methods, without the prior written
permission of the Nueva Ecija University of Science and Technology.
Anatomy and Physiology Laboratory Manual
Volume 1, Series of 2022 JBD
_____________________________________________________________________________________________

CONNECTIVE TISSUE
Connective tissue connects body parts. It is found everywhere in the body. It is the most abundant and
widely distributed of the

tissue types. Connective tissues perform many functions, but they are primarily involved in protecting,
supporting, and binding together other body tissues.

The distinguishing characteristics of connective tissue include the following:

Variations in blood supply. Most connective tissues are well vascularized (that is, they have a good
blood supply), but there are exceptions. Tendons and ligaments, for example, have an inadequate
blood supply, and cartilages are avascular. Consequently, all these structures heal very slowly
when injured.
Extracellular matrix. Connective tissues are made up of many different types of cells plus varying
amounts of a nonliving substance found outside the cells called the extracellular matrix.

The matrix, which is produced by the connective tissue cells and then secreted to their exterior, has
two main elements, a structureless ground substance, and fibers. The ground substance of the matrix
is composed mainly of water plus some cell adhesion proteins and large charged polysaccharide
molecules. The cell adhesion proteins serve as a glue that allows the connective tissue cells to attach
themselves to the matrix fibers embedded in the ground substance. The charged polysaccharide
molecules trap water as they intertwine. As these polysaccharides become more abundant, they
cause the matrix to vary from fluid to gel-like to the firm in its consistency.

Functions of Connective Tissue

The following are the functions of Connective Tissue:

1. Enclosure and separation of structures
2. support and movement
3. Storage of compounds (fats)
4. Cushion and insulation
5. Transport of materials
6. Protecting (the immune system)

CELLS of connective tissue:

Osteoclasts (bone) * Macrophages (WBC)
Osteoblasts (bone-forming cells)
Fibroblasts (fibrous forming cells)
Chondrocytes (cartilage)

_____________________________________________________________________________________
All rights reserved. No part of this Manual maybe reproduced, distributed, or transmitted in any form or any
means, including photocopying, recording, or other electronic or mechanical methods, without the prior written
permission of the Nueva Ecija University of Science and Technology.
Anatomy and Physiology Laboratory Manual
Volume 1, Series of 2022 JBD
_____________________________________________________________________________________________

TYPES OF CONNECTIVE TISSUE

CONNECTIVE TISSUE CELLS

Fibroblasts (fibrin, rebind, renew) Mast cells (secrete histamine, heparin)

Fibrocytes Lymphocytes (making antibodies)
Osteoclasts, osteocytes, osteoblasts Adipocytes (adipose tissue)
Chondroblasts, chondrocytes Melanocytes (skin pigmentation)
macrophages (“large eaters”)
_____________________________________________________________________________________
All rights reserved. No part of this Manual maybe reproduced, distributed, or transmitted in any form or any
means, including photocopying, recording, or other electronic or mechanical methods, without the prior written
permission of the Nueva Ecija University of Science and Technology.
Anatomy and Physiology Laboratory Manual
Volume 1, Series of 2022 JBD
_____________________________________________________________________________________________

Activity 4.2
Connective Tissues
Name:__________________ Date________
Section:_________________ Score:______

A. Using your textbook as a reference, complete the table below

Types Characteristics Location
Dense Fibrous (regular)
Dense Fibrous (irregular)
Loose Fibrous (Areolar)
Adipose
Hyaline Cartilage
Fibrocartilage
Elastic Cartilage
Compact Bone
Cancellous Bone

B. Matching
The answer may be used more than once or not at all
a. Dense fibrous connective tissue
b. Adipose tissue
c. Hyaline cartilage
d. Fibrocartilage
e. Elastic cartilage
f. Compact bone
g. Cancellous bone

___1. Cartilage type with a great deal of collagen in the matrix

___2. Tissue type that is modified areolar tissue
___3. Tissue type that stores lipid molecules
___4. Tissue type composed of Haversian system
___5. The most common type of cartilage
___6. Strong tissue that forms tendons and ligaments
___7. Tissue type associated with red bone marrow
___8. Tissue type that forms the disks between vertebrae
___9. The connective tissue that forms a strong membrane
___10. Tissue types that form hard minerals trabeculae
_____________________________________________________________________________________
All rights reserved. No part of this Manual maybe reproduced, distributed, or transmitted in any form or any
means, including photocopying, recording, or other electronic or mechanical methods, without the prior written
permission of the Nueva Ecija University of Science and Technology.
Anatomy and Physiology Laboratory Manual
Volume 1, Series of 2022 JBD
_____________________________________________________________________________________________

MUSCLE AND NERVE TISSUE

Muscle tissues are highly specialized to contract, or shorten, which generates the force required to move.
There are three types of muscle tissue: skeletal, cardiac, and smooth

Skeletal muscle tissue is packaged by connective tissue sheets into organs called skeletal muscles,
which are attached to the skeleton. These muscles, which can be controlled voluntarily (or
consciously), form the flesh of the body, the so-called muscular system. When the skeletal
muscles contract, they pull on bones or skin. As a result, gross body movements or changes in our
facial expressions occur.

The cells of skeletal muscle are long, cylindrical, and multinucleate, and they have apparent striations
(stripes). Because skeletal muscle cells are elongated to provide a long axis for contraction, they are called
muscle fibers.

Cardiac muscle is found only in the heart wall. As it contracts, the heart acts as a pump to propel
blood through the blood vessels. Like skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle has striations. Still, cardiac
cells have only a single nucleus and are relatively short, branching cells that fit tightly together
(like clasped fingers) at junctions called intercalated discs.

Smooth (visceral) muscle is so-called because no striations are visible. The individual cells have a
single nucleus and are tapered at both ends. Smooth muscle is found in the walls of hollow organs
such as the stomach, uterus, and blood
vessels. As smooth muscle in its walls contracts, the cavity of an organ alternately becomes
smaller (constricts when a smooth muscle contracts) or enlarges (dilates when the smooth muscle
relaxes) so that substances are mixed and propelled through the organ along a specific pathway.
Smooth muscle contracts much more slowly than
the other two muscle types and these contractions
tend to last longer. Peristalsis is a wavelike motion that keeps food moving through the small
intestine, which is typical of its activity.

Functions:

The following are the functions of the Muscle Tissue

1. Contraction & relaxation

2. Movement and locomotion
3. Attachment and connection to bones
4. Leverage and balance

_____________________________________________________________________________________
All rights reserved. No part of this Manual maybe reproduced, distributed, or transmitted in any form or any
means, including photocopying, recording, or other electronic or mechanical methods, without the prior written
permission of the Nueva Ecija University of Science and Technology.
Anatomy and Physiology Laboratory Manual
Volume 1, Series of 2022 JBD
_____________________________________________________________________________________________

Source: https://www.pinterest.ph/pin/397090892129854773/

_____________________________________________________________________________________
All rights reserved. No part of this Manual maybe reproduced, distributed, or transmitted in any form or any
means, including photocopying, recording, or other electronic or mechanical methods, without the prior written
permission of the Nueva Ecija University of Science and Technology.
Anatomy and Physiology Laboratory Manual
Volume 1, Series of 2022 JBD
_____________________________________________________________________________________________

NERVOUS TISSUE

When we think of nervous tissue, we think of cells called neurons. All neurons receive and
conduct electrochemical impulses from one part of the body to another; thus, irritability
and conductivity are their two major functional characteristics. The structure of neurons
is unique Their cytoplasm is drawn out into long processes (extensions), as long as 3 feet
or more in the leg, which allows a single neuron to conduct an impulse to distant body
locations.
However, the nervous system is more than just
neurons. A particular group of supporting cells called
neuroglia insulates, support, and protect the
delicate neurons in the structures of the nervous
system—the brain, spinal cord, and nerves.

Source: https://training.seer.cancer.gov/anatomy/nervous/tissue.html

_____________________________________________________________________________________
All rights reserved. No part of this Manual maybe reproduced, distributed, or transmitted in any form or any
means, including photocopying, recording, or other electronic or mechanical methods, without the prior written
permission of the Nueva Ecija University of Science and Technology.
Anatomy and Physiology Laboratory Manual
Volume 1, Series of 2022 JBD
_____________________________________________________________________________________________

Activity 4.3
Muscle and Nerve Tissue
Name:_________________ Date:___________
Section:________________ Score:__________
Multiple Choice

1. A voluntary type of pf muscle tissue

a. Skeletal d. a and b
b. Cardiac e. a and c
c. Smooth
2. Involuntary muscle tissue is
a. Skeletal d. b and c
b. Cardiac e. a and c
c. Smooth
3. Which of these muscle tissues are striated
a. Skeletal d. a and b
b. Cardiac e. all
c. Smooth
4. Most likely to be found in the wall of the urinary tract
a. Skeletal
b. Cardiac c. smooth
5. Cardiac muscle fibers are connected end to end through
a. Velcro
b. Intercalated disks
c. Striations
d. Branching
6. Cells that are likely to have multiple nuclei
a. Skeletal muscle d. neuron
b. Cardiac muscle e. a and c
c. Smooth muscle f. a, c, and d
7. Nerve tissue contains cells called
a. Fibers d. striated cells
b. Neurons e. b and c
c. Neuroglia
8. Nerve tissue forms the bulk of the
a. Brain d. vertebrae
b. Heart a and d
c. Digestive tract

_____________________________________________________________________________________
All rights reserved. No part of this Manual maybe reproduced, distributed, or transmitted in any form or any
means, including photocopying, recording, or other electronic or mechanical methods, without the prior written
permission of the Nueva Ecija University of Science and Technology.
Anatomy and Physiology Laboratory Manual
Volume 1, Series of 2022 JBD
_____________________________________________________________________________________________

Multiple Choice

_____1 _____3. ____5. _____7.

_____2 _____4. ____6. _____8.

REFERENCES

TEXTBOOK
Seeley's Essentials of ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY by VANPUTTE, REGAN, RUSSO
LABORATORY MANUAL Essentials of SEELEY'S Anatomy & Physiology 8th Edition

Module 5 Body Tissues

Connective Tissue. - ppt video online download. (n.d.). Slideplayer.Com. Retrieved July 27, 2020,
from https://slideplayer.com/slide/3451541/
Free Online Biology-Life Science Classes Courses & Tutorials. (n.d.). Www.Easybiologyclass.Com.
Retrieved July 27, 2020, from https://www.easybiologyclass.com
Physiology, H. A. A. (2012). Human Anatomy and Physiology: Chapter 4: Tissues, Glands, and
Membranes. Human Anatomy and Physiology.
http://anaphyteachushowtoblog.blogspot.com/2012/01/chapter-4-tissues-glands-and-
membranes.html
Sara Khan. (2015, February 8). Connective tissues.
https://www.slideshare.net/SaraKhan117/connective-tissues-44421897
Epithelial Tissue | Boundless Anatomy and Physiology. (2019). Lumenlearning.Com.
https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless-ap/chapter/epithelial-tissue/
MUSCLE TISSUE: Muscle tissue is important for movement and is highly vascular to meet its
energy demands. T… | Types of muscles, Muscle tissue, Smooth muscle tissue. (n.d.). Pinterest.
Retrieved July 27, 2020, from https://www.pinterest.ph/pin/397090892129854773/
Nerve Tissue | SEER Training. (2019). Cancer.Gov.
https://training.seer.cancer.gov/anatomy/nervous/tissue.html

_____________________________________________________________________________________
All rights reserved. No part of this Manual maybe reproduced, distributed, or transmitted in any form or any
means, including photocopying, recording, or other electronic or mechanical methods, without the prior written
permission of the Nueva Ecija University of Science and Technology.