Chapter - 5 Periodic Classification of Elements Notes

VELAMMAL VIDYALAYA-PARUTHIPATTU
HIGH SCHOOL COMPARTMENT
CHAPTER-5
CLASS:10 PERIODIC CLASSIFICATION OF ELEMENTS NOTES
Dobereiner’s Triads
Dobereiner arranged a group of three elements with similar properties in the order of increasing atomic masses and
called it a triad. He showed that the atomic mass of the middle element is approximately the arithmetic mean of the
other two. But, Dobereiner could identify only the following three triads from the elements known at that time.
Newlands’ Law of Octaves

sa (do) re (re) ga (mi) ma (fa) pa (so) da (la) ni (ti)
H Li Be B C N O
F Na Mg Al Si P F
Cl K Ca Cr Ti Mn Fe
Co and Ni Cu Zn Y In As Se
Br Rb Sr Ce and La Zr ______ _____

When the elements are arranged according to increasing atomic masses, the physical and chemical properties of every
eighth element are similar to that of the first.
Newlands compared these octaves to the series of eight notes of a musical scale.
Assumptions and Limitations:

1. The law was applicable for elements (Ca)with atomic masses up to 40.
2. Properties of new elements discovered did not fit into the law of octaves.
3. In a few cases, Newlands placed two elements in the same slot to fit elements in the table.
4. He also grouped unlike elements under the same slot.
.
Mendeleev’s Periodic Table and Law

The physical and chemical properties of elements are periodic functions of their atomic weights.
Features of Mendeleev’s Periodic Table
● Eight vertical columns known as groups.
● Groups I to VII subdivided into A and B subgroups.
● Group VIII doesn’t have any subgroups and contains three elements in each row.
● Elements in the same group exhibit similar properties.
Achievements of Mendeleev’s Periodic Table

1. A systematic study of elements: Elements with similar properties were grouped together, that made the study of
their chemical and physical properties easier.
2. Prediction of properties of yet to be discovered elements: Eka-boron, eka-aluminium and eka-silicon were the
names given to yet to be discovered elements. The properties of these elements could be predicted accurately from the
elements that belonged to the same group. These elements, when discovered were named scandium, gallium, and
germanium, respectively.
4. Placement of noble gases: When discovered, they were placed easily in a new group called zero group of
Mendeleev’s table, without disturbing the existing order.
Limitations of Mendeleev’s Periodic Table

1. Position of hydrogen: Hydrogen resembles both, the alkali metals (IA) and the halogens (VIIA) in properties, so,
Mendeleev could not justify its position.
2. Position of isotopes: Atomic weight of isotopes differ, but, they were not placed in different positions in Mendeleev’s
periodic table.
3. Anomalous pairs of elements: Cobalt (Co) has higher atomic weights but was placed before Nickel (Ni) in the periodic
table.
Periods in Modern Periodic Table
On moving from left to right in a given period, the number of electrons in the valence shell increases from one to eight
while the number of shells remains the same.
Number of Elements in a Period

The first period contains only two elements 1Hand2He and is known as the shortest period.
The second period , third period contain 8 elements each and are known as short periods.
The fourth period and the fifth period contain 18 elements each and are called long periods.
The sixth period contains 32 elements and is also known as the longest period.
The seventh period is an incomplete period.
Groups in Modern Periodic Table

The modern periodic table contains 18 vertical columns known as groups.
Group 1 elements are known as alkali metals.
Group 2 elements are known as alkaline earth metals.
Group 15 elements are known as Pnicogens.
Group 16 elements are known as chalcogens.
Group 17 elements are known as halogens.
Group 18 elements are known as noble gases.
Classification of Modern Periodic Table

The modern periodic table is also classified into metals, non-metals and metalloids.
Metals
Metals are electropositive as they form bonds by losing electrons.
In general cases, oxides of metals are basic in nature.
Non-metals
Non metals are electronegative as they form bonds by gaining electrons.
In general cases, oxides of non-metals are acidic in nature.

Metalloids
The elements which show the properties of both metals and nonmetals are called metalloids or semimetals.
For example – Boron, silicon, germanium, arsenic, antimony, tellurium and polonium.
To know more about Modern Periodic Table and Its Significance, visit here.
Trends in the Modern Periodic Table
Trends in Modern Periodic Table

In a group – Elements have the same number of valence electrons.
Down the group – number of shells increases.
In a period – Elements have the same number of shells.
Along the period – valence shell electrons increase by one unit.
Variation of valency
Valency of an element can be calculated from the electronic configuration in two ways –
Valency = number of valence electrons (if they are 1, 2, 3 or 4).
Valency = 8 number of valence electrons (if they are 5, 6, 7 or 8).
All the elements of a group have the same number of valence electrons. Therefore, they all have the same valency.
Variation of Atomic Size

Atomic size or radii: It is defined as the distance from the centre of the nucleus to the valence shell of the atom.
Along the period – Atomic radius decreases because effective nuclear charge increases by one unit and it pulls valence
electrons or the electron cloud closer to the nucleus.
Down the group – Atomic radius increases because new shells are added, hence, the distance between the nucleus
and valence electrons or the electron cloud increases.
Variation of Metallic Properties

Along the period – Metallic character decreases because the tendency to lose valence electrons decreases due to
increasing nuclear charge.
Down the group – As the distance between the nucleus and outermost electron increases, nuclear pull decreases. This
increases the tendency of an atom to lose valence electron/s, hence metallic character increases.
Variation of Nonmetallic Properties

Along the period – Non-metallic character increases as the tendency to gain electrons in the valence shell increases
due to increasing nuclear charge.
Down the group – As the distance between the nucleus and valence shell increases, nuclear pull decreases. This
decreases the tendency of an atom to gain an electron its valence shell, hence non-metallic character decreases.
Variation of Electro negativity

Along the period – Electro negativity increases as the tendency to gain electrons in the valence shell increases due to
increasing nuclear charge.
Down the group – As the distance between the nucleus and valence shell increases, nuclear pull decreases. This
decreases the tendency of an atom to gain an electron, hence electro negativity decreases.

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VELAMMAL VIDYALAYA-PARUTHIPATTU

HIGH SCHOOL COMPARTMENT

CLASS:10 PERIODIC CLASSIFICATION OF ELEMENTS NOTES

Newlands’ Law of Octaves

Br Rb Sr Ce and La Zr ______ _____

Assumptions and Limitations:

Mendeleev’s Periodic Table and Law

Achievements of Mendeleev’s Periodic Table

Limitations of Mendeleev’s Periodic Table

Number of Elements in a Period

Groups in Modern Periodic Table

Classification of Modern Periodic Table

In general cases, oxides of metals are basic in nature.

In general cases, oxides of non-metals are acidic in nature.

Trends in the Modern Periodic Table

Trends in Modern Periodic Table

Down the group – number of shells increases.

In a period – Elements have the same number of shells.

Along the period – valence shell electrons increase by one unit.

Valency = number of valence electrons (if they are 1, 2, 3 or 4).

Valency = 8 number of valence electrons (if they are 5, 6, 7 or 8).

Variation of Atomic Size

Variation of Metallic Properties

Variation of Nonmetallic Properties

Variation of Electro negativity

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Br Rb Sr Ce and La Zr __ _