Somali Regional State Education Bureau

English, Mathematics, Physics and Chemistry

Short Note + Worksheets + Solution

Somali Regional State Education Bureau Remedial Program

to Enhance Grade12th Students Performance
for 2023 ESSLCE

Chemistry Module

12/3/2023

Dr. Anley Education Services Related

Consultancy Company
anleygesese@gmail.com
About the Module

Focusing on four subjects namely Mathematics, English, Physics and Chemistry this module
provides short notes (summarize Grade 9 – Grade 12 text books) as well as previous year ESSLCE
exam along with solution. Since the short notes includes only relevant formulas and definition,
from the exam point of view, it will help the student to be focused and save time. However, this by
no means is a substitution for the text book.

Indeed, access to short notes that summarize high school syllables will helps the students to
review the whole high school syllables in short time and hence be time effective. In addition,
the previous year ESSLCE exam paper and its solution will allow the students to practice and learn
from mistake.

The module is prepared by

Dawit Alemu
Chemistry Lecturer at Jigjiga University.

Dr. Yohans Birhanu (Editor)

Assistant Professor of Physics at Jima University.

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 Study Tips
ESSLCE is one of the crucial exams for students as it determines whether the students will join
Universities or not. It is important that students try to get a good hold on the concepts being
taught as well as be familiar with ESSLCE exam pattern. The following are some general
preparation tips for the ESSLCE:

Make a detailed study plan

Proper planning is required if you want to achieve your goals. To get good marks in your ESSLCE, it
is a must for students to create a proper study schedule and follow it regularly. Following a proper
plan will help students to study at a consistent pace. Give more time to tough subjects.

Textbooks
Stick to the textbooks and have few good reference books for more understanding.

Practice previous year’s ESSLCE papers

Keep solving Sample Question Papers for all the subjects. Students should practice previous year’s
ESSLCE question papers to test their level of preparation. This will give the exam temperament
and help you avoid stress during the exams.

Take regular breaks while studying

Students are advised to take short breaks while studying. Students should go for a little walk and
talk with the family to stay fit, active, and refreshed.

Study in Groups
It’s always more fun to study with friends. Group learning helps students to grasp things more
quickly. In addition, boring topics will become interesting in group study sessions, allowing
students to extend their study time.

Take Plenty of Rest

Stress, anxiety, and fear obstruct preparation and negatively impact your exam performance. Get
a good night’s sleep, especially the night before the exam.

Enjoy the process and stay focused.

Best of Luck!

3
 CONTENT

ABOUT THE MODULE --------------------------------------- 2

STUDY TIP --------------------------------------- 3

Chemistry

Work Sheet I --------------------------------------- 5

Work Sheet I Solution --------------------------------------- 25

Work Sheet II --------------------------------------- 44

Work Sheet II Solution --------------------------------------- 60

4
 EDUCATIONAL ASSESSMENT AND EXAMINATION SERVICE ETHIOPIAN
SECONDARY SCHOOL LEAVING CERTIFICATE EXAMINATION (ESSLCE)

2022 Chemistry ESSLCE Questions

1. Which of the following statements is correct regarding alkenes and alkynes?

A. Alkynes have longer bond length and less surface area than alkenes.
B. The molecules of alkenes and alkynes are held together by weak intermolecular force.
C. Alkenes and alkynes are soluble in polar solvents.
D. Alkenes are soluble in polar solvents, while alkynes are not soluble in polar solvents.

2. What is the general formula of alkynes?

A. CnH2n C. nH2n-2 (n 2)
B. CnH2n+2 D. CnHn-2(N )

3. Which functional group containing compound is named using the suffix "-ol"?
A. Hydroxyl C. Carboxyl
B. Phenyl D. Aryl

4. Which of the following represents the general formula of monohydric alcohols?

A. CnH2nOH C. CnH2n-2OH
B. CnH2n+1OH D. CnHn-2(OH)2

5. What is a Lewis acid? It is

A. an electron pair donor. C. a proton donor.
B. a proton acceptor. D. an electron pair acceptor.

6. In the first order decomposition of dinitrogen pentoxide at 335K

N2O5 (g) → 2NO2(g) +1/2O2(g)

A reaction was carried out with 2.5g of N2O5 samples at 335K and after 109 seconds, 1.50 of N2O5
remained. What is the value of the rate constant?

A. 6.25 10-2s-1 C. 2.25 10-5s-1

B. 7.63 10-2s-1 D. 4.69 10-3s-1

5
7. What is the difference between reversible and irreversible reactions?
A. In reversible reactions, the reaction goes to completion. ducts and reactants.
B. In irreversible reactions, there is a mixture of products
C. In reversible reactions, there is equilibrium between reactants and products.
D. In irreversible reactions, there is equilibrium between reactants and products.

8. Consider the reactions all given bellow are in gaseous states. For which of the following reactions
is Kp less than Kc?

A. N2O4 2NO2

B. 2SO2 +O2 2SO3

C. 2HI H2 + I2

D. N2 + O2 2NO

9. The heating curve shown below shows a substance in the solid, liquid and gas phase. Which
segment represents only the liquid phase?

100

A. 3 B.5 C.1 D.2

10. The general formula for saturated monocarboxylic acids is

A. RCOOH B. RCOR C. RCHO D. ROR

11. What is enthalpy change'? It is

A. The amount of heat given out or absorbed in a reaction at constant pressure and volume.
B. The amount of heat absorbed in a reaction.
C. The amount of heat given out in a reaction.
D. The amount of heat given out or absorbed in a reaction at constant pressure.

6
12. What is oxidation'? Oxidation is
A. The addition of electron(s) to the oxidizing agent.
B. The reduction of the oxidation state of the oxidizing agent.
C. The addition of hydrogen to a substance and the removal of oxygen from a substance.
D. The loss of electrons by' a species, accompanied by an increase in oxidation number.

13. What is meant by preferential discharge, if a number of ions are present in a solution? It means that
the one which requires
A. Highest energy will be liberated first at a given electrode.
B. Highest energy will be liberated last at a given electrode.
C. Least energy will be liberated first at a given electrode.
D. Least energy will be liberated last at a given electrode.
14. Faraday's Second Law states:
A. The amount of a substance consumed or produced at an electrode is directly proportional to
the quantity of electricity passing through.
B. The amount of a substance consumed or produced at an electrode is inversely proportional
to the quantity of electricity passing through.
C. Passing the same quantity of electricity through solutions that are of different directly
electrolytes produces masses of substances proportional to their molecular masses.
D. Passing the same quantity of electricity through solutions of different electrolytes produces
masses of substances that are directly proportional to their equivalent masses.
15. Which of the following is true about Zn-Cu voltaic cell?
A. The electrons flow from right to left through the external circuit.
B. As the cell operates, electrons are continuously generated at the cathode and consumed at
the anode.
C. The anode half-cell consists of Cu electrode dipped into a Cue solution.
D. After the cell runs for several hours, the Zn electrode weights less.
16. What is the significance of electron probability distribution? It tells us about
A. Finding the electron very close to the nucleus at all times.
B. The probability of finding an electron is very far away from the nucleus.
C. The uncertainty to assign fixed path for electrons.
D. Finding the electron in its orbit at a particular time.

7
17. Which group in the periodic table contains elements with the valance electron configuration of
ns2np1?
A. III C. I
B. IV D. II

18. Which of the following is a correct Lewis structure for diazomethane (CH2N2).

A. C.

B. D.
19. Which of the following is a property of covalent compounds? Covalent compounds
A. Is generally insoluble in water.
B. Is a crystalline solid at room temperature.
C. Is non-volatile.
D. Has high melting and boiling points.

20. Which of the following is a covalent molecule?

A. [NH4] + C. PCl5
B. CO3 D. NaCl

21. What is the concentration of a solution? It is

A. The amount of solute needed to make a concentrated solution.
B. Number of moles of solute and number of moles of solvent.
C. The quantity of solute in a given quantity of solution.
D. The amount of solvent needed to dissolve a solute.

22. How many moles of C12H22011 (sucrose Molecular weight = 342.91 g mol) is needed there to
prepare 2.0L of 0.3 M solution?
A. 0.6 B.6.6 C. 0.15 D.0.43

8
23. At 75 the vapour pressure of pure water is 39 kPa, pressure of a solution obtained by dissolving
34.2 g sucrose in 180 mL of water? (Assume that the density of water is I .000 g/mL)
A. 41.1 kPa C. 31.2 kPa
B. 44.5 kPa D. 38.6 kPa

24. Which of the following statements is NOT true about the colligative properties of electrolytes and
non-electrolytes?
A. The effect of non-electrolytes on colligative properties is very low compared to
electrolytes.
B. The effect of non-electrolytes on colligative properties is the same as those of electrolytes.
C. The effect of electrolytes on colligative properties is very high compared to non-
electrolytes.
D. The colligative properties of non-electrolytes are not considerably changed.

25. For the reaction below, which of the following is conjugate acid base pair?
HC2O4-(aq) + H2O(l) ↔ H3O+ +C2O4-2

A. H3O+ and HC2O4- C. HC2O4- and H2O

B. HC2O4- and C2O4-2 D. H2O and C2O4-2

26. What is the purpose of synthetic cryolite in the extraction of aluminium by the Hall’s process?
A. Cryolite increases the melting point of almunia.
B. Cryolite is used as a catalyst in the extraction of' alulninum.
C. Cryolite increases the purity of the extracted all!' nil I um.
D. Cryolite reduces the melting poin( of almunia

27. Which of the following is a chemical property ol' alunlinum'?

A. Aluminum is a good conductor ol' heat and electricity.

B. Aluminum has a lower density than any other coniinercial Inetal.

C. Aluminum liberates hydrogen gas frorn dilute acids like HCI and H2S04
D. Aluminum is a grey metal in color.

9
28. How is tanning carried out? In tanning the hides or skins are
A. Treated with chromium salts.
B. Treated with dilute hydrochloric acid to remove the lime.
C. Soaked in water for several days.
D. Soaked in lime and water for several days.

29. How can a project of establishing an industry that consumes coal affect the environment?
A. Production of high level of lead in the atmosphere
B. By changing the pH of water
C. Increment in concentration of nitric oxide
D. Rise in global temperature

30. Which of the following is a fundamental quantity SI unit?

A. Pressure C. Speed
B. Length D. Force

31. Which of the following postulates of Dalton's atomic theory was modified by the modern atomic
theory?
A. Atoms are neither created nor destroyed in chemical reactions.
B. Compounds are formed when atoms of more than one element combine.
C. Atoms are the smallest particles of all elements.
D. Atoms are indivisible and indestructible.

32. Which of the following includes all of the known atomic models?
A. Bohr Model, the Quantum Mechanical Model, Rutherford Model, Thomson Model, Dalton
's Atomic Model
B. Bohr Model, Thomson Model, Rutherford Model, Dalton's Atomic Model, de Broglie
Model
C. Bohr Model, Quantum Mechanical Model, Dalton's Atomic Model, Valence Bond Model
D. Bohr Model, the Quantum Mechanical Model, Thomson Model, Rutherford Model

10
33. The electro configuration of Cu (Z=29) is
A. [Kr]4s23d9 C. [Ar]4s23p8
B. [Ar]4s13d10 D. [Ar]4s23d9

34. What does Mendeleev's Periodic Law state? properties of elements are periodic functions of their.
A. Electron configurations. C. Atomic numbers
B. B Atomic radius D. Atomic masses.

35. Among the following reactions which one shows a coordinates covalent bond formation?

36. What is the mole ratio of oxygen gas to carbon dioxide gas in the following reaction?
C3H8 (g) + 502 (g) =3C02 (g) + 4H20 (l)
A. 2 mole oxygen gas to 3 mole carbon dioxide
B. 7 mole oxygen gas to 5 mole carbon dioxide
C. C. 10 mole oxygen gas to 6 mole carbon dioxide
D. 5 mole oxygen gas to 3 mole carbon dioxide

37. Consider the following chemical equation for the combination of ethane (C6H6) in the presence of
oxygen to produce carbon dioxide and water.
2C2H6(g) +7O2(g) → 4CO2(g) + 6H2O(l)
In this reaction:
A. water is formed at a rate equal to 2/3 the rate of formation of CO2
B. CO2 is formed twice as fast ethane is consumed
C. The rate of consumption of ethane is 7 times faster than the rate of consumption of oxygen.
D. the rate formation of CO2 equals the rate formation of water

11
38. Which of the following factors DOESNOT affect the rate of a reaction?
A. Ttemperature B. Enthalpy C. Concentration D. Surface area

39. How does a catalyst increase the rate of a reaction?

A. By a catalyst lowering the activation energy
B. By changing the equilibrium constant
C. By forming an intermediate complex
D. By increasing the activation energy

40. Which of the following statements correctly describes Boyle's Law?

A. The volume of a gas at a given temperature is proportional to the square root of the applied
pressure.
B. The volume of a gas at a given temperature is inversely proportional to the square root of
the applied pressure.
C. The volume of a gas at a given temperature is directly proportional to the applied pressure.
D. The volume of a gas at a given temperature is inversely proportional to the applied
pressure.

41. What are intermolecular forces? They are forces between

A. nuclei and electron pair.
B. cations and delocalized electrons.
C. molecules.
D. cations and anions.

42. Which of the following belongs to chemical bonding theories?

A. Molecular orbital theory and kinetic- molecular theory.
B. Valence bond theory and valence shell electron pair repulsion theory.
C. Kinetic-molecular theory and valence shell electron pair repulsion theory.
D. Valence bond theory and molecular orbital theory.

43. In which of the following molecules is the central atom sp hybridized?

A. SO2 B. CO .C.CO2 D. N2O

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44. For a reaction:
1/2A → 2B, the rate of disappearance of A is related to the appearance of B by the expression:

A. - = C.- =

B. - = D. - =

45. The half-life of a reaction is the time taken for the.

A. Rate constant to decrease by 50% of its initial value.
B. Complete conversion of a reactant into a product.
C. Reactant concentration to decrease by 50% of its initial value.
D. Rate constant to increase by 50% of its initial value.

46. For the conversion of 3.5yards into meter using the factor label method, which of the

following is correct step?

1yard = 3.5 feet, 1foot = 12 inch, 1 inch = 2.54cm, 1m = 100cm
A. (3.5yards/1) (3.5feet/1yard) (12in/1foot) (1in/2.54m) (1m/100cm)

B. (3.5yards/1) (3.5feet/1yard) (1foot/12in) (2.54cm/1in) (1m/100cm)

C. (3.5yards/1) (3.5feet/1yard) (12in/1foot) (2.54cm/1in) (1m/100cm)

D. (3.5yards/1) (1yard/3.5feet) (12in/1foot) (2.54cm/1in) (1m/100cm)

47. In the scientific method, a predictive statement that can be tested experimentally is:
A. Proof. B. Hypothesis C. Truth. D. Evidence

48. Which of the following is NOT true about cathode rays? Cathode rays

A. Contain particles, which are positively charged.

B. Are common constituents of all matter and their m/e is constant for all gases.

C. Contain particles, which are negatively charged.

D. Travel in straight lines from cathode to the anode

13
49. Which of the following statements is correct about the energy of a photon?
A. It is directly related to the intensity of the light.
B. It is directly proportional to the wave length of the light.
C. It is directly proportional to the observed frequency of the light.
D. It is inversely proportional to the observed frequency of the light.

50. Which of the following explains the emission spectra of atoms consisting of a series of fine lines?
A. The energy of the atoms is continuous with discreet frequencies.
B. An electron that revolves around the nucleus emits radiation.
C. An electron can have specific energy values in an atom.
D. An electron undergoes a transition by energy changes corresponding to photon of specific
wave length

51. Which of the following is a polyprotic acid?

A. HF B. HNO3 C.HCI D.H3P04
52. Which of the following does represent a general property of a base'?
A. Soluble bases release hydronium ion in aqueous solution.
B. Aqueous solution of bases turns methyl orange in to red.
C. Solutions of strong bases are good conductors of electricity.
D. Aqueous solution of bases turns blue litmus paper to red.

53. What are salts? Salts are

A. Ionic compounds that derive their cations from a base and their anions from an acid.
B. Ionic compounds formed by partial replacement of ionizable hydroxide by metal cations.
C. Ionic compounds formed by complete replacement of ionizable hydrogen by anions of the
acid.
D. Ionic compounds that result from the reaction between metal hydroxide and water.

54. The process in which a compound absorbs electrical energy and decomposes into its element is
A. Hydrolysis. C. Electrolysis.
B. Electroplating. D. Solvolysis.

14
55. Which of the following is five about galvanic cells used in commercial lead storage batteries? In
lead storage batteries,
A. Half of the galvanic cells are connected in series.
B. The galvanic cells are made up ofPbO2 of anodes.
C. Galvanic cells are connected in series.
D. Galvanic cells are connected in parallel.

56. The self-ionization of water can be expressed by the equation:

H2O(l) +H2O(l) → H3O2+(aq) + OH- (aq)

Which of the following is the correct expression of the ionic product of water?
A. [H3O+] [OH-] C. Kw = Kc (H2O)2
B. [H3O+] [OH] / [H2O] D. Kw = Kc (H2O)

57. What is the effect of a common ion in an electrolytic solution?

A. It decreases the solubility of a solute.
B. It has no effect on the pH of a solution.
C. It suppresses the imitation of a weak acid and raises the pH.
D. It suppresses the imitation of a weak base and lowers the pOH.

58. Sodium carbonate is a basic salt because it is a salt of

A. a weak acid and a weak base and the cation of the weak base can hydrolyzed.

B. a strong acid and a weak base and the anion of the strong acid can be hydrolyzed.

C. a strong base and a weak acid and the anion of the weak acid can be hydrolyzed.

D. a strong base and a strong acid and the anion of the strong acid can be hydrolyzed.

59. Which of the following statements is use for an acid-base titration?

A. An acid-base titration is a method of quantitative analysis for determining the concentration
of an acid or base.
B. An acid-base titration is a method of qualitative analysis for determining the concentration
of an acid or base.
C. Indicators catalyse an acid-base titration to show the inflection of the titration curve.
D. Acid-base titrations cannot be carried out in the absence of indicators.
15
60. What is the change in internal energy (AE) for a reaction? In which the system absorbs 650 J of
heat and 125 J of work is done on the system?

A. -775 J C. 775 J
B. -535 J D. 535 J

61. Which statement describes the formation of a covalent bond? In covalent bond electrons are

A. Shared between non-metallic atoms,

B. Transferred from non-metallic atoms to metallic atoms

C. Shared between metallic atoms.
D. Transferred from metallic atoms to non-metallic atoms.

62. How do the elements of Group IIA form ions?

A. By losing 2 electrons
B. By gaining 2 electrons
C. By gaining one electron
D. By losing one electron

63. How is hydrogen bonding formed? It is formed when a hydrogen atom is bonded to
A. Highly electronegative elements, chlorine, oxygen and nitrogen.
B. Highly electronegative elements, fluorine, oxygen and nitrogen
C. Highly electronegative elements, fluorine, chlorine and oxygen.
D. Highly electronegative elements, fluorine oxygen and phosphorus.

64. Which one of the following forms of energy change occurs from the combustion of carbon in
oxygen is
A. Heat energy. C. Light energy.
B. Solar energy. D. Electrical energy.

16
65. What is the molar volume of a gas?
A. The volume of a gas at STP (standard temperature OOC and pressure kPa), which is equal
to 22.4 L/mol.
B. The volume of a gas at STP (standard temperature 25 0C and pressure kPa), which is equal
to 22.4 L/mol.
C. The volume of a gas at STP (standard temperature, OOC and pressure atm.), which is equal
to 22.4 L/mol.
D. The volume of a gas at STP (standard temperature 25 0C and pressure atm.), which is equal
to 22.4 L/mol.

66. Which of the following assumptions of the kinetic molecular theory of gases explains the high
compressibility of gases?
A. Particles are always in random motion.
B. Different particles have different speeds.
C. The actual volume of gas molecules in negligible,
D. There is no force of attraction between gas molecules.

67. Consider a bottle containing water, water vapor and air in equilibrium. If the temperature decreases
slightly, the amount of water vapors

A. Will decrease and the vapor pressure will increase.

B. And vapor pressure will decrease.
C. And vapor pressure will increase.
D. will increase and the vapor pressure will decrease

68. Why do water droplets collect on the outside of a glass of water on a hot day?
A. There will be a condensation of water vapor on the glass.
B. There will be a sublimation of water vapor on the outside of a glass.
C. There is heat exchange between the water in the glass and the surrounding.
D. Water from the glass starts to vaporize.

69. What are hydrocarbons? Compounds that contain

A. benzene rings only. C. hydrogen and carbon with no benzene rings.
B. benzene and its derivatives only. D. hydrogen and carbon only.

17
70. Which of the following statement is INCORRECT regarding the boiling points of alkanes?
A. Boiling points of straight chain alkanes is greater than that of branched chain alkanes.
B. The boiling point of cycloalkanes is higher than that of linear alkanes.
C. Boiling points increases with stronger Van der Waals forces.

D. Surface area is the only factor that determines the boiling points of alkanes.

71. Which of the following statements is NOT correct about minerals and ores?
A. Minerals are the natural forms in which various metals exist.
B. Ores are usually used to extract metals economically.
C. All minerals are ores.
D. All ores are minerals.

72. Why is CaC12 added to NaCl in a l : l- ratio in the Down's ct manufacturing of sodium metal?
A. CaC12 is used to lower the density of the mixture.
B. CaC12 is used as an electrolyte.
C. CaC12 is used as a catalyst.
D. CaC12 is used to lower the melting temperature of NaCl

73. Which of the following is NOT a major step in metallurgical processes,?

A. Pre-treatment
B. Extracting the metal and refining
C. Mining the ore
D. Concentrating the ore

74. Which monomers are used for the synthesis of Teflon?

A. Styrene and Phenol C. Isoprene

B. Tetrafluoroethylene D. Propylcnc

18
75. Which of the following represents the structure of a disaccharide?

76. Which of the following carboxylic acid is a solid substance at room temperature?
A. Nonanoic acid C. Hetanoic acid
B. Decanoic acid D. Octanoic acid

77. What is the IUPAC name of an ester having the molecular formula C6H12O2?
A. Ethyl butyrate C. Ethyl butanoate
B. Pentyl butyrate D. Methyl butyrate

78. What is the formula of pentanoic acid?

A. CH3(CH2)2COOH C. CH3(CH)4COOH
B. CH3(CH2)5COOH D. CH3(CH2)3COOH

19
79. What is the rate of dissolution?
A. It is A. the rate at which a solid dissociates.
B. The speed at which a solid sublimes.
C. The rate at which a solid turn to liquid.
D. the speed at which a solid substrate goes into solution

80. Which one of the following is correctly stated regarding solubility as an equilibrium
process?
A. Supersaturated solution is a solution that contains more than the equilibrium amount of
dissolved solute.
B. Supersaturated solution is more stable than saturated solution.
C. Unsaturated solution is a solution that is in equilibrium with respect to a given dissolved
substance.
D. Saturated solution is a solution in which more of the solute can be dissolve.

20
 EDUCATIONAL ASSESSMENT AND EXAMINATION SERVICE ETHIOPIAN
SECONDARY SCHOOL LEAVING CERTIFICATE EXAMINATION (ESSLCE)

2022 Chemistry ESSLCE Answers

1. B ...b/c
 Alkynes have shorter bond length than alkene.
 Alkene and alkynes are insoluble in water (they are non-polar).

2. C...b/c
 The general formula of alkynes are CnH2n-2 (n ), ethyl is the simplest alkyne molecule
CnH2n+2 for alkane

CnH2n for alkene

3. A...b/c
 The functional group of an alcohol is the hydroxyl group (–OH).

4. B...b/c
 The monohydric alcohols are the hydroxyl derivative of hydrocarbons where only one of
the Hydrogen atom (H) has been replaced by a Hydroxyl (OH) group.
It has the general formula CnH2n+1OH

5. D...b/c
 Some of the definition of acids and base include
A Lewis acid is an electron-pair acceptor.

A Lewis base is electron-pair donor

Bronsted lowery acid is a proton donor

Bronsted lowery base proton acceptor

6. D...b/c
 The 3 common order of rxn with their formula
Zero Order Reaction

21
 [A]t =-kt + [A]o
First-Order Reactions

ln = -kt

Second-Order Reaction

= kt +

ln = -kt, to calculate the value of k both sides divided by –t.

[A]t = 1.50, [A]o = 2.50, t = 109sec, substitute each value in the given formula

k= = = 4.69 10-3s-1

[A]t = 1.50, [A]o = 2.50, t = 109sec, substitute each value in the given formula.

7. C...b/c
 In reversible reactions, there is equilibrium between reactants and products.
In irreversible reactions, there is no equilibrium between reactants and products

8. B...b/c
 Kp = Kc (RT)n
n = (moles of gaseous product) - (moles of gaseous reactant)

A, in N2O4 2NO2, n = 2-1 = 1

Kp = Kc (RT)n = Kp = Kc(RT)1 = Kp = Kc(RT)

B, in 2SO2 + O2 2SO2, n = 2 – 3 =-1

Kp = Kc (RT)n = Kp = Kc (RT)-1

C, in 2HI H2 + I2 , n = 2 -2 = 0

Kp = Kc (RT)n = Kp = Kc (RT)0 = Kp = Kc

D, in N2 + O2 2NO , n = 2 – 2 = 0

22
 Kp = Kc (RT)n = Kp = Kc (RT)0 = Kp = Kc

9. A...b/c
 In Region 1, solid phase In region 2, Liquid/solid phase
 In region 3, Liquid phase In region 4, Liquid / Vapor phase In region 4, Vapor phase

10. A...b/c
 Carboxylic acids are organic compounds containing the carboxyl group (-COOH), wherein
the hydroxyl group (-OH) is directly attached to the carbonyl (C=O) group.
Three representation of carboxylic acid, Such as

11. D...b/c
 The heat absorbed or released by a system at constant pressure is called enthalpy (H)
H = E + PV

or ΔH = ΔE + PΔV (at constant pressure)

Where H=enthalpy, E=internal energy, P=pressure, V= volume

12. D...b/c
 Oxidation is the loss of electrons and is identified by an increase in oxidation number.
 Reduction is the gain of electrons and is identified by a decrease in oxidation number.

13. C...b/c
 According to the preferential discharge theory, out of a number of ions, the one which
requires least energy will be liberated first at a given substance.

14. D...b/c
 Faraday's First Law of Electrolysis states that “The mass of a substance deposited at any
electrode is directly proportional to the amount of charge passed.”

23
  Faraday's second law of electrolysis states that if the same amount of electricity is passed
through different electrolytes, the masses of ions deposited at the electrodes are directly
proportional to their chemical equivalents mass.

15. D...b/c
 At standard condition the mass of copper electrode increase and the concentration of
CU2+in the solution around the copper electrode decrease as the operate.
 The mass of zinc electrode decrease and the concentration of Zn+2 in the solution around
the zinc electrode increase as the operate

16. D...b/c
 There is a certain probability of finding the particle at a given location, and the overall
pattern is called a probability distribution.

17. A...b/c
 In the periodic table the group 3 elements such as boron, aluminum gallium, indium
cetanium, these have the valence electronic configuration of ns2np1.

18. B...b/c
 This is the most stable Lewis structure of diazomethane (CH2N2) because the carbon (C)
and nitrogen (N) atoms have complete octets. The structure is H2C=N=N for diazomethane
and there are 2 lone pairs of electrons on the terminal nitrogen.

19. A...b/c

 Properties of Covalent Compounds:

 The covalent compounds exist as gases or liquids or soft solids.
 The melting and boiling points of covalent compounds are generally low.
 Covalent compound is insoluble in water but dissolve in organic solvents.
 They are non-conductors of electricity in solid, molten or aqueous state

20. C...b/c

24
  A covalent bond is formed when a pair of electrons is shared between two atoms. Some
examples of covalent molecules are HCl, H2S, C2H4, N2, CCl4, BCl3, H2O, NH3, SO2, PCl5,
O3, etc. Generally, substances that contain covalent bonds are called molecules.

21. C...b/c
 The concentration of a solution is a measure of the amount of solute that has been dissolved
in a given amount of solvent or solution.

22. A...b/c
 C= , n= C V(L) where C= concentration, n= mole, V= Volume in litter

n = 0.3 2 = 0.6

23. D...b/c
 Pi = Xi Po, where Po = vapor pressure of pure solvent, Pi = vapor pressure of solution, xi =
mole fraction of solvent

Xi =

n of H2O = = 10 mol

n of sucrose = = 0.0999 mol

Xi = = 0.99

Pi = Xi Po = 0.99 39 kPa = 38.6 kPa

24. B...b/c
 Electrolytic solution produce greater colligative effect than non electrolytic solution.

25. B...b/c
 Once an acid has given up a proton, the remaining part can be a proton acceptor and is,
now called a conjugate base. On the other hand, when a base accepts a proton, the species
formed is called conjugate acid. The conjugate base has one less H and one more minus
charge than the acid. The conjugate acid has one more H and one less minus charge than
the base

26. D...b/c

25
  Cryolite helps the lower melting point of Alumina to around 900° C - 950 ° C in the
electrolytic reduction process of Aluminum extraction. It brings the Alumina in molten
form and makes it a good conductor of electricity for the electrolysis process.

27. C...b/c
 Al (s) + 3HCl (aq) AlCl3 (aq) + H2 (g)

28. A...b/c
 Tanning process is applied in leather industry To prepare the hides for the process of
tanning, the hair, grease, fat and salt is removed, and then the hide is treated with trivalent
chromium salt

29. D...b/c
 Air pollution from coal-fired power plants is linked with asthma, cancer, heart and lung
ailments, neurological problems, acid rain, global warming, and other severe environmental
and public health impacts.

30. B...b/c
 Fundamental quantities are those that have no reliance on any other physical quantity for
their measurement. A derived quantity is the sum, the products and/or ratios of the
fundamental quantities in a system of units. Fundamental quantities are: time, length, mass,
electric current, thermodynamic temperature, amount of substance, and luminous intensity.
Derived units are velocity, power, energy, force and density.

31. D...b/c
 The basic postulates of Dalton’s Atomic
A. All elements are made up of small particles called atoms.
B. Atoms are indivisible and indestructible.
C. All atoms of a given element are identical in mass and in all other properties.
D. Atoms are neither created nor destroyed in chemical reactions.
E. Compounds are formed when atoms of more than one element combine.
F. In a given compound, the relative numbers and types of atoms are constant.
 The Modern Atomic

26
 i. Atoms are the smallest particles of all elements that can take part in a chemical
reaction.
ii. An atom is divisible. It can be subdivided into electrons, protons, and neutrons. An
atom is also indestructible i.e., atoms can neither be created nor destroyed during
ordinary chemical reactions.
iii. Atoms of the same element may not be identical in mass because of the existence of
isotopes.
iv. Atoms of the same elements have identical chemical properties.
v. Atoms of different elements have different chemical properties.
vi. Atoms of two or more elements combine in simple whole-number ratios to form
compounds.
32. A...b/c
 Known Atomic models
i. the Dalton atomic model
ii. the Thomson model
iii. the Rutherford model
iv. the Bohr model
v. the quantum mechanical model

33. B...b/c
 The electron configuration of CU (Z = 29) is 1S2 2S2 2P6 3S2 3P64S1 3d10 but due to full
and half-filled principle[Ar] 4S1 3d10

34. D...b/c
 Mendeleev's periodic law states that the properties of the elements are periodic functions of
their atomic masses.

35. D...b/c
 A covalent bond in which one atom donates both electrons of the bond is called a
coordinate covalent bond.

27
36. D...b/c
 C3H8 (g) +5O2 (g) → 3CO2 (g) + 4H2O (l)

= = 5O2 = 3CO2

5 mole oxygen gas = 3 mole carbon dioxide gas

Therefore, there is no answer in the given alternative but a5to 2 ratio will be the answer

37. B...b/c
 2C2H6 (g) +7O2 (g) → 4CO2 (g) + 6H2O (l)
r C2H6 = r O2 = r CO2 = r H2O where r=rate of reaction

r O2= r C2H6 = r CO2 = r H2O

r CO2 = r C2H6 = r O2 = r H2O

r H2O = r C2H6 = r O2 = r CO2

38. B...b/c
 Factors affecting the rate of reactions are
i. Concentration of reactant
ii. Nature of reactant
iii. Surface area of reactant
iv. temperature of reactant
v. Catalysts
39. A...b/c
 Catalyst increase the rate of reaction by providing a new path by lowering the activating
energy

28
40. D...b/c
 Boyles law, states that the volume of a fixed amount of gas maintained at constant
temperature is inversely proportional to the gas pressure.

41. C...b/c
 Intermolecular foresees are forces that hold molecules together. These are attraction
between one molecule and a neighbouring molecule

42. D...b/c
 Chemical bonding theories are
1. The volume bond theory 2. The molecular orbital theory

43. A...b/c
 Two electron sets on the central atom is called SP hybridization (S +P)
 Three electron sets on the central atom is called SP2 hybridization (S +P +P)
 Four electron sets on the central atom is called SP3 hybridization (S +P +P +P)
 Five electron sets on the central atom is called SP4 hybridization (S +P +P +P +P)
 One lone pair, one single bond, one double bound, and one triple bond each used as one
electro sets

44. B...b/c
 A → 2B

Rate = - =

-2 = , both sides multiply by 1/2

- = ,

45. C...b/c
 The half-life of a reaction isthe time required for the concentration of one of the reactants
to decrease to half of its initial value.

46. C...b/c
 Multiply the number with the correct conversion factor

29
47. B...b/c
 In the scientific method, an idea or proposition that can be tested by observation or
experiments about the natural world is called hypothesis

48. A...b/c
 Properties of cathode rays are
i. they travel in straight line
ii. they have negatively charged particles
iii. Common constituents of all matter and their m/e is constant for all gases

49. C...b/c
 Energy of a photon is directly proportional to frequency of light but inversely proportional
to the wavelength.

50. C...b/c
 Each electron in an atom is associated with a particular energy level of the atom.

51. D...b/c
 Polyprotic acid contains more than one ionizable hydrogen atom.

52. C...b/c
 The general properties of base are
i. Good conductor electricity in aqueous or molten state
ii. Release hydroxide ion in aqueous solution
iii. Methyl orange change to yellow
iv. red litmus paper change to blue

53. A...b/c
 Salts are ionic compound obtained by neutralization reaction. The positive ion obtained
from base and the negative ion obtained from acid.

54. C...b/c
 Electrolysis is a process in which the substance undergoes decomposition by passage of
electricity. It converts electrical energy into chemical energy

30
55. B...b/c
 In lead storage battery, the PbO2 is chosen as an anode because it is stable

56. A...b/c
 H2O (l) + H2O (l) H3O (aq)+ + OH- (aq)

K= =

K[H2O]2 = [H3O+][OH-] but K[H2O]2 = Kw

Kw = [H3O+][OH-]

57. A...b/c
 Adding a common ion in electrolytic solution decrease the solubility of a solute, as the
reaction shifts towards the left to relative the stress of the excess product.

58. C...b/c
 Because sodium carbonate is formed from strong base (NaOH) and weak acid (H2CO3)

59. A...b/c
 Acid base titration is a method of quantitative analysis for determination the concentration
of an acid or base.

60. C...b/c
 ΔE = q + w, where, E is internal energy, q is heat, w is work
q = +650J, w= +125J
Heat gain by system is positive
Work on the system is positive
ΔE = 650 J + 125 J = 775J
61. A...b/c
 Covalent bond is formed by sharing of electrons between non-metal elements

62. A...b/c
 Group IIV elements like Be, Mg, Ca form ion by losing 2 electrons because valence
number of group IIV elements are two.

63. B...b/c

31
  Hydrogen bond is formed when hydrogen atom is bonded to highly electronegativity
elements (F, O, & N).

64. A...b/c
 During combustion reaction of carbon in oxygen produce carbon dioxide, and heat.
C + O2 → CO2 + Heat

65. C...b/c
 At standard condition
Temperature(T) = 0 = 273 K =32

Pressure (P) = 1 atm= 101.325 kPa = 760 mmHg

Volume (V) = 22.4 L/mol

66. B...b/c
 Not all of the molecules of a particular gas at a given temperature move at exactly the same
speed.

67. D...b/c
 In equilibrium temperature directly proportional with water vapor and vapor pressure.

68. C...b/c
 There is heat exchange between the water in the glass and the surrounding.

69. D...b/c
 Hydrocarbons are organic compounds that contain only carbon and hydrogen atom.

70. D...b/c
 Factor for determination boiling point of alkane.
i. Surface area
ii. Number of carbon
iii. Chain or branch

71. C...b/c

32
  Minerals are naturally occurring inorganic solids with a crystalline structure and a definite
range of chemical formula. Ores are concentrations of minerals in rock that are high
enough to be economically extracted for use. All ores are minerals, but all minerals are not
necessarily ores.

72. D...b/c
 Because CaCl2 is added to lowering the melting point of NaCl.

73. C...b/c
 A major step in metallurgical process are,
i. Concentration the ore
ii. pre-treatment
iii. production of metals
iv. Refining and alloying

74. B...b/c
 The structure of Teflon is

The monomer unit of Teflon is Tetrafluoro ethylene (F2C=CF2).

75. B...b/c
 Disaccharides are composed of two monosaccharide units linked together by a glyosidic
bond. The most common glycosidic bonds connecting monosaccharide units are O-
glycosidic bonds in which the oxygen from a hydroxyl group becomes linked to the
carbonyl carbon.

76. B...b/c
 Carboxylic acids with higher molecular weights are solids at room temperature.

77. C...b/c
 IUPAC name of ester is alkyl alkanoate as it contains two alkyl group on both side
(RCOOR′). Suffix for ester group is -oate and prefix is alkoxycarbonyl.

33
78. D...b/c
 Pentanoic acid is carboxylic acid that contain 5 carbon atoms, 10 hydrogens and 2 oxygen.
(CH3CH2CH2CH2COOH)

79. D...b/c
 Rate of dissolution is the speed at which the solute enters in to a solution.

80. A...b/c
 Unsaturated solution is a solution where the quantity of solute added is below the solution's
saturation point at a fixed temperature.
 Saturated solution is a solution formed when the maximum amount of solute has been
dissolved in a solvent and equilibrium is reached. Super saturated solution is a solution that
contain more solute than the saturated amount.

34
 EDUCATIONAL ASSESSMENT AND EXAMINATION SERVICE ETHIOPIAN
SECONDARY SCHOOL LEAVING CERTIFICATE EXAMINATION (ESSLCE)

2021 Chemistry ESSLCE Questions

1. One of the following is not among the chemical properties of silicon.

A. Silicon reacts with CH3Cl at 300 in the Cu as a catalyst by further reactions with H2O yields
the polymer [(CH3)2SiO2]n
B. Silicon is resists to attack by all acids except HF, which it reacts to give SiF4 and H2O2
C. Silica dissolves in hot molten Na2CO3 to give Na4SiO4 and CO2
D. Silicon occurs as silica(SiO2) and silicate compounds containing the silicates ion(SiO4-4).

2. Which one of the following is a common reaction of tin?

A. Sn + dil.2HCl → SnCl2(aq) + H2(g)
B. Sn(s) + H20(g) → Sn02(s)
C. Sn(s) + 2H2O(g) →Sn(OH)4(s)
D. Sn(s) + 2C12(g) → SnC12(s) in cold media

3. The monomer of natural rubber is

A. 2-chloro-1,3-butadiene (chloroprene)
H2C=C(Cl)-CH=CH2
B. 2-methyl-1,3- butadiene(isoprene)
CH2=C(CH2)-CH=CH2
C. 1,3- butadiene
H2C=CH-CH=CH2
D. styrene

35
4. All of the following are example of addition polymer EXCEPT
A. -[CH2-CH2] n-
B. -[CH2-CHCl] n-
C.

D. -[CH2-CH2] n--[CH2-CH(CH2)] n-

5. One of the following examples of polymers is correctly matched with its uses.
A. Polyethylene: food containers
B. Polypropylene: electrical insulation
C. Polyvinyl Chloride = making Pipes
D. Polytetrafluoro ethylene: making shoes

6. Natural polymers are

A. Polymers produced by the addition reaction of monomer units.
B. Polymers produced by condensation reaction of monomer units.
C. Polymers found in some substances like rubber in nature
D. Polymers produced by the substitution of one or more atoms in the monomer units.

7. The branch of chemistry that is involved in separation, identifying and determining the relative
amounts of components in a sample of material is known as
A. Biochemistry
B. Analytical Chemistry
C. Physical chemistry.
D. Inorganic chemistry.

8. Significant figures are figures With

A. Measured values with the highest precision.
B. Measured values with the highest accuracy.

36
 C. Measured values with the highest uncertainty.
D. Exactly known digits with the last digit’s uncertainty.

9. The scientific method is

A. a collection of scientific guesses and hypotheses by seeking patterns in the observations.
B. A method of arriving at an organized body of knowledge based on reproducible
experiments and observations.
C. The sum total of unique guidelines for the practice of science in the world.
D. The result of fortunate, accidental discovery in the development of science.

10. For the determination of the density of a new ceramic, a student measured the
mass of a piece on an analytical balance and obtained 3.8056 gram and its
volume 2.5mL by displacement of water in a graduated cylinder. The correct
reported density of the ceramic should be
A. 1.5222 g/mL
B. 1.5224 g/mL
C. 1.5 g/mL
D. 3.5 g/mL

11. One of the following is NOT a cause of uncertainty in measurement?

A. The types of material measured
B. The person doing the experiment
C. The measuring device
D. The environment where the measurement is made

12. One of the following is NOT true about the effects of corrosion?

A. It causes deterioration of metals by spontaneous chemical process.

B. It causes enormous damage to buildings. bridges. ships and cars.
C. Damage from corrosion costs billions of dollars annually.
D. Corrosion forms protection oxide layers to prevent damage.

37
13. In the Galvanic cell given in the diagram below

Identify the component parts correctly labeled for the letters a, b, c. d respectively
A. Zinc anode copper cathode, salt bridge, voltmeter
B. Copper anode, Zinc cathode. voltmeter, salt bridge
C. Zinc anode copper cathode. ZnS04(sol). salt bridge
D. Copper cathode, zinc anode, CuS04(sol). Voltmeter

14. The conversion of nitrogen gas into useful nitrogen compounds is known as
A. Respiration.
B. Photosynthesis.
C. Fixation
D. Oxidation.

15. CO2 is released into the atmosphere by one of the following process
A. Plants consume atmospheric carbon dioxide during photosynthesis.
B. Animals eat plants and release CO2 by photosynthesis.
C. Natural fires and volcanoes release CO2 in to the air
D. Utilization of electrical energy as energy sources.

16. One of the following is NOT a common application of silicon

A. In the construction of transistors and microprocessors.
B. In the control of the frequency of television transmissions.
C. In the production of polish body parts cars.
D. In coating iron to prevent it from rusting

38
17. The sanitizer in wide use for protection against COVID-19 is labeled 83% alcohol. How can one
scientifically check the concentration? This can be done by
A. Forming a hypothesis
B. Experimentation
C. Collection of data
D. Making observation

18. Which of the following is true about isotopes? Isotopes of an element have
A. The same number of electrons and neutrons
B. Different number of neutrons and the same number of protons.
C. C. Different physical and chemical properties
D. The same atomic mass but different atomic numbers

19. The following diagrammatic representation shows the shape for various orbitals?

A. C.

B. D.

107 109
20. Silver (Z=47) has several known isotopes, but two occur naturally, Ag and Ag. Given the
following mass spectrometric data, calculate the atomic mass of A

Isotope Mass amu abundance

107A 106.90509 51.84
109A 108.90476 48.16

39
 A. 108.9amu
B. 107.94amu
C. 107.4amu
D. 107.86amu

21. Which statement correctly describes Heisenberg's uncertainty principle?

A. If we measure the momentum of a particle precisely then its position will be correspondingly
precise.
B. a particle with a mass moving at a given speed can be described by the wave characteristics of
material particles.
C. A small particle like the electron can behave both as a particle and a wave.
D. Both the location and the momentum of a subatomic particle like the electron cannot be
precisely known

22. Which one of the following is NOT correct about electrodes and electrochemical cells?
A. Electrons flow spontaneously from negative to positive electrode.
B. The overall cell potential is calculated by the formula.
E0cell = Ecathode - Eanode
C. EOcell is greater than zero for non-spontaneous
D. The difference in the electrical potential of the electrode is positive that is positive cell.

23. The mathematical expressions for Faradays first law is summarized as

A. n= mlt/MF
B. m = MIt/nF
C. M=mlt/nF
D. m=lt/F

24. In the electrolysis of copper Sulphate solution using graphite electrodes, 0 2 is liberated at the anode and
copper metal is deposited at the cathode. If the electrolysis of CuS04 is performed using copper electrode,
what happens at the anode and cathode?
A. At the anode the copper electrode dissolves and copper metal is deposited at the cathode
B. At the anode H2 is liberated, whereas copper is deposited at the cathode.
C. At the anode copper is reduced, whereas copper is oxidized at the cathode
D. No electrochemical reaction takes place involving copper.

40
25. The statement the amount of a substance consumed or produced in electrolytic cell is directly
proportional to the amount of electricity that passes through the cell' is known
A. Dalton's law.
B. Raoults law.
C. Faradays law
D. Henry's law.

26. Given the following electromotive series of selected metals with their standard reduction potentials
Metal and their EON
Cu = +0.34
Pb = -0.13
Ni = -0.25
Cd = -0.40
Zn = -0.76
Al = -1.66
Ca = -2.87
K = -2.93
Which of the following statements is correct about reactivity of the metals?
A. Cu is the strongest reducing agent in the group.
B. K is the strongest reducing agent among the metal silver
C. The reaction Cu + Zn2+ ↔ Cu2+ + Zn is spontaneous
D. Pb is more easily oxidized than Al.

27. Which of the following statement is correct about energy changes when an electron changes its
energy level?
A. When an electron jumps from a lower energy level to a higher level. the photon emitted is
equal to the difference between the two energy
B. When an electron falls from a higher energy level to a lower energy level, the energy is equal
to the difference between the two energy levels is observed.
C. When an electron falls from a higher energy level to a lower energy level. the energy is higher
than the difference between the two energy levels is emitted.
D. When an electron jumps from a lower energy level to higher energy level, the energy is equal
to the difference between the two energy levels is absorbed.

41
28. The correct electronic configuration for chromium (Cr, Z=24) is
A. 1 s22s22p63s23p63d44d2
B. 1 s22s22p63s23p64s03d6
C. 1s22s22p63s23p64s13d5
D. 1 s22s22p63s23p64s23d4

29. According to Hund's rule equal energy(degenerate) orbitals are filled with
A. Two electrons of opposite spins placed in the first orbitals.
B. Maximum number of unpaired electrons with parallel spins
C. Two electrons of parallel spins placed in the first orbital.
D. Maximum number of unpaired electrons with opposite spins

30. In the modern periodic table

A. Nonmetals are placed on the right hand side of the periodic table
B. Elements with similar properties are placed in the same period.
C. Metals are placed on the right hand side of the periodic table.
D. Transition and inner transition elements are placed in the middle of the periodic table.

5
31. The Ka of acetic acid CH3COOH is 1.8 x 10- . What is the percent ionization of 1 M CH3COOH?
A. 3.6
B. 1.42
C. 1.34
D. 4.2

32. In the reaction mixture of the two species NH4OH and NH4Cl
NH4OH ↔ NH4++ OH-
NH4Cl→ NH4+ + Cl-

A. The NH4+ ion is a spectator ion in the reaction mixture.

B. The presence of NH4 ion suppresses the dissociation of the weak base NH4OH
C. The presence of NH4 in the reaction mixture makes the solution more basic.
D. The reaction equilibrium is shifted towards the right due to the presence of NH4+ ions.

42
33. Which one of the following is correct about K2 at different temperature? The ionic product of water
Kw equals
Kw 1.0 X 10-14 at 250C, Kw= 1 X 10-7
Kw = 2.92 x 10-14 at 400c, Kw= 1 x 10-7
A. water is dissociate to a higher extent at 400C than 25
B. At 400C pure water is no more neutral.
C. Hydrogen ion concentration at 250C is higher than at 400C.
D. Hydroxyl ion concentration is higher at 400 than hydrogen ion concentration

34. The electrolysis of liquid (molten) NaCl in the set up for the electrochemical cell is given in the
following figure below

Which of the following statements is true about the electrolysis of molten sodium chloride?
A. Cl2 is formed at the cathode
B. Na is oxidized at the anode
C. The net reaction produces Cl2 at the anode Na at the cathode
D. O2 is produced at the anode due to oxidation of water.

35. What is reduction? Reduction is

A. Gain of electrons and increase in oxidation number.
B. Loss of electrons and decrease in oxidation number.
C. Gain of electrons and decrease in oxidation number
D. Gain of electrons and no change in oxidation number.

43
36. During the electrolysis of dilute aqueous sulphuric acid, the ions present in solution are H+, OH-and
SO4-2. Which ions are preferentially discharged at the cathode and anode, respectively?

A. Anode = 4OH-(aq) → H2O(l) + O2(g) +4e-

Cathode = 2H+(aq) +2e- → H2(g)
B. Anode = SO4-2(aq) +4H+(aq) +2e- →SO2(g) +2H2O
Cathode = H+(aq) + 2e- →H2(g)
C. Anode = 4OH-(aq) →H2O(l) + O2(g) +4e-
Cathode = 2H2O(aq) + 2e-→H2(g) +2OH-(aq)
D.Anode =2H2O(l) →O2(g) + 4H+(aq) + 4e-
Cathode = 2H+(aq) +2e- → H2(g)

37. Which of the following is an example of exception to the octet rule?

A. CCl4
B. NH3
C. H2O
D. PCl5

38. Covalent compounds are liquids or gases at room temperature and have low melting and boiling
points. Which of the following statements explains these properties of covalent compounds?
A. The intermolecular forces of attraction in covalent compounds are strong.
B. The unit of particles in covalent compounds are ions.
C. There are no forces of attraction between the molecules in covalent compounds.
D. Covalent compound exists as separate molecules.

39. Both carbonyl sulphide, COS (SCO), and carbon dioxide (CO2) are linear molecules. COS is polar
whereas CO2 is non-polar. This is because
A. CO2 has a net dipole moment of zero
B. The C=O bonds in both COS and CO2 are polar.
C. Regions of high negative charge is distributed equally around the central atom in COS.
D. Sulphur is more electronegative than oxygen.

44
40. Which of the following statements is true about the formation of CH4 according to valence bond
theory?
A. The 2s and two 2P orbitals in carbon hybridize to form three sp2orbitals.
B. The 2s and three 2p orbitals in carbon hybridize to form four sp3 orbitals
C. The 2s and one 2P orbitals in carbon hybridize to form two sp orbitals.
D. Carbon can form two hybrid orbitals as it has got only two half-filled orbitals.

41. Phosphorous(Z=15) has the electronic configuration 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p3, what kind of hybridization
does phosphorous undergo in the formation of phosphorous pentachloride (PCl5)?
A. A.sp3
B. SP3d
C. sp2
D. sp

42. The reaction between a weak acid and strong base as represented by the reaction between acetic
acid and NaOH gives a basic solution because
CH3COOH + NaOH → Na+ + CH3COO- + H2O
A. Na+ is a strong acid and causes high concentration of H+
B. CH3COO- as a strong base picks up H+ and causes execs of OH-ions
C. The OH- ions from NaOH are not completely neutralized.
D. CH3COOH does not produce sufficient amount of ions.

43. An acid is a substance that

A. Has a bitter taste.
B. Produce more OH- ions in water than ions.
C. Donates a proton in a chemical reaction
D. Donates a pair of electrons to a chemical species.

44. One of the following given masses of acids constitutes the corresponding equivalent of the acid
A. H2SO4 = 98 = 2 equivalents
B. HCl = 36.5g = 2 equivalents
C. H3PO4 = 49g = 4 equivalents
D. H3PO4 = 98g = 2 equivalents

45
45. One of the following pairs shows Bronsted-Lowry acids behavior in water? Bronsted Lowry acid
A. HNO3 and NO3-
B. H3O+ and NH3
C. HPO4-2 and PO4-3
D. HCl and NH4+

46. One of the following reactions illustrates the formation of coordinate covalent bond?
A. NaOH + HCI NaCl + 1-120
B. Be + 2F2 → BeF2
C. NH3 + HCl → NH4+ + Cl-
D. CaCO3 + HCI →CaC12 + H2O + CO2

47. Hydrogen bonding occurs in compounds that contain H-N, H-O and H-F bonds. These bonds are
stronger than the ordinary dipole-dipole interactions because
A. The partially positive H of one molecule is attracted to the partially negative lone pairs on the
N, O, or F of another molecule.
B. The H-N, H-O and H-F bonds are less polar than ordinary covalent bonds.
C. The small sizes of N, O and F makes these atoms so electropositive that their covalently
bounded H is highly negative.
D. The H-N, H-O and H-F bonds are non-polar and thus do not interact with neighboring
molecules.

48. Which of the following pair is true about the general properties of the different types of crystalline
solids?
Conduction of
Type of solid Hardness Melting Point
heat of
I. Ionic Hard High Good
II. Covalent Hard High Poor
III. Molecular Soft Low Good
IV. Metallic Soft to hard Low to high Good

A. I and Il
B. Il and Ill
C. I and Il
D. I and IV

46
49. When the boiling points of hydrides of group VIA elements, H20, H2S, H2Se and H2Te are
arranged in the order of increasing boiling point. The trend is H2Te < H2Se < H2S < H2O, water
having the highest boiling point, this is due to
A. The small size of oxygen (O) compared to the other group VIA elements.
B. The basic different structures of each hydride.
C. Increasing boiling points with increasing molecular mass.
D. Hydrogen bonding present in H2O molecules

50. Given the following catalyzed reactions

I. 2SO2 + O2(g) → 2SO3(g), V2O5(s) as a catalyst
II. OCl-(aq) + I-(aq) → OI-(aq) +Cl-(aq), OH-(aq) as inhibitor
III. CO(s) +H2 → CH4(g) + H2O(g), Ni(s) as a catalyst
IV. CO(s) + H2(g) → HCHO(g), Cu(s) as a catalyst

Which reaction(s) is/are example for homologous catalyst?

A. I and II
B. II
C. II and III
D. IV

51. Water is a weak electrolyte, because

A. It has a very high ionic product, Kw.
B. It can accept a proton from an acid and donate a proton to a base
C. It undergoes a reversible dissociation with a very low ionic product, Kw
D. It acts both as Bronsted-Lowery acid and base

52. Which of the following reactions represent the amphiprotic behavior of water?
A. NaOH + H2O → Na+ + OH-
B. HCl + H2O ↔ H3O+ +Cl- and NH3 + H2O ↔ NH4+ + OH-
C. H3O+ + OH- → 2H2O and H+ + OH-→ H2O
D. H2O + H+ ↔ H3O+ and NH3 + H+ ↔ NH4+

47
53. What is the pH of 0.25M HF solution at 25 ? The ionization of the weak acid, HF is given by
HF (aq) + H2O (l) ↔ H3O+(aq) + F-(aq)
A. 12.1
B. 1.89
C. 12.3
D. 1.741

54. One of the following given pairs represents examples of buffer systems
A. NaOH / HICI and HNO3 / KOH
B. NH4Cl / H2O and H2O /CH3COONa
C. NH4OH / CH3COOH and NH4Cl CH3COONa
D. NH4OH/ NH4Cl and CH3COOH/CHCOONa

55. Which statement is true about catalysts?

A. a catalyst slows down or speeds up a reaction, itself being consumed.
B. a positive catalyst decreases the rate of a reaction by increasing the action energy.
C. a negative catalyst increases the rate of a u reaction by decreasing the value of activation
energy.
D. The role of a catalyst is to increase or decrease the rate of a reaction by lowering or increasing
the activation energy.

56. According to the transition state theory

A. The collision between two reacting species results in the formation of an activated complex,
which has less energy than both the reactants and products.
B. In the activated complex, the original bonds are weakened and the new bonds are partially
formed.
C. The activation energy is the energy that must be absorbed or released by reactants to reach the
activated complex.
D. The standard reaction enthalpy (AHO) depends on the magnitude of the activation energy (Ea).

48
57. Which of the following is true about the rate constant?
A. It expresses the relationship between the rate of a chemical reaction and the volume of reacting
species.
B. The value of a rate constant tells us how fast or slow a reaction is
C. The value of a rate constant is Independent of reaction conditions.
D. A small rate constant indicates a faster reaction and a larger rate constant indicates a slower
reaction

58. For a first order reaction. the concentration versus time of the reaction mixture is given by
the following graph.

If a is the initial concentration of the reactant and if

the half-life is 1hr, how many hours would be the
concentration of reactant reduced to a/32?

A. 1
B. 4
C. 5
D. 3

59. The mathematical expression , Logk = + LogA, Derived from the Arrhenius equation is

of important as it shows
A. Reactions with larger activation energies have higher values of k and are therefore faster.
B. For a given value of activation energy, the value of the rate constant increases as the
temperature increase.
C. Reactions with larger activation energies, the (2) value of the rate constant decreases as the
temperature increases.
D. For a given value of activation energy, the value of the rate constant decreases as the
temperature increases.

60. The "like dissolves like" rule accounts for one of the following observation
A. The solubility of C6H6 in CCl4
B. The solubility of C2H6 in H2O

49
 C. The solubility of KBr in C7H8
D. The insolubility of 12 in H2O

61. Which of the following concentration units is correctly defined?

A. Mass percentage = (mass of solute / mass of solvent) x 100
B. ppm (parts per million) = (mass of solute / mass of solvent) x 106
C. ppb (parts per billion) = (mass of solute / mass of solvent) x 106
D. Mass percentage = (mass of solute / mass of solution) x 100

62. The concentrated sulphuric acid H2SO4 we use in the laboratory 's 98' H2SO4 by mass and has а
density of 1.83g/mL. Below are given the given concentration of the acid in various units. Which
of the alternative correctly describes the соncentration of acid?

A. Molarity= 18.3M, Normality =36.6N, mole fraction= 0.9

B. Molarity= 36.6M, Normality =18.3N, mole fraction= 0.1
C. Molarity = 18. ЗМ, Normality = 3.66N, mole fraction = 0.9
D. Molarity = 1.83М, Normality = 3.66N, mole fraction = 0.9

63. The solubility of a substance is the amount of a substance that

A. Gives an unsaturated solution of the substance at given temperature.
B. Dissolves more amount of solute than it can normally dissolve.
C. Given a saturated solution of the substance at a given temperature
D. Dissolves double the amount of solute than it can normally dissolve.

64. According to the Lewis definition of an acid, an acid is a substance that

A. Dissociates in water to yield H30+
B. Accepts a H+ ion
C. Donates an OH- ion
D. Accepts a pair of electrons

65. From the magnitude of the equilibrium constant, Keg one can deduce that
A. Small Keg values indicate the reaction yields very higher amounts of products near
equilibrium.
B. Large Keq value indicates that the reaction reaches equilibrium with very little reactants
remaining.

50
 C. Intermediate Keg value indicates that the reaction does proceed in the forward direction.
D. Keq will be larger when we have higher amounts of reactants over products.

66. The statement "If a system at equilibrium is subjected to a stress, the system will readjust itself to
reduce the effects of the stress is known as
A. Faradays law
B. Avogadro's principle
C. Boyle's law
D. Le-Chatelier principle

67. The law of mass action states that

A. The rate of a reaction is directly proportional to the product of the concentration of reactants
raised the power of their respective coefficient in the balanced equation.
B. The Keq exprestion is the ratio of the concentrations of reactants to the products raised to their
coefficients.
C. A chemical equilibrium is attained only when the reaction is started with reactants.
D. For a reaction at equilibrium. the reaction quotient. Q is always less than the equilibrium
constant Keq.

68. For the reaction between gaseous NO and 02 to form N02(g), what will be the equilibrium constant
expression.
2NO(g) + O2(g) ↔ 2NO2(g)

A. Kc = [NO2]2 / [NO]2[O]
B. KP = (PNO2) / (PNO) (PO2)
C. KP = (PNO2)2 / [PNO] [PO2]
D. KP = (PNO2)2 (PO2) / (PNO2)

69. The equilibrium constant KP for the reaction 2SO2(g) ↔ 2SO2(g) +O2(g) is 3.8 x 10-3Kp at 227
What is the value of Kc for the reaction at the same temperature?
A. 1.8 x 10-3 mol m-3
B. 4.6 x 10-4 mol
C. 9.1 10-4 molm-3
D. 2.3 x 10-4 mol m-3

51
70. The difference between colloids and suspension is that
A. Colloidal particles are small enough and do not settle down unlike suspensions
B. Most colloids and suspensions appear cloudy.
C. Both colloids and suspensions are heterogonous mixtures
D. Colloids are as transparent as solutions.

71. The solubility of a substance is the amount of a substance that

A. Gives an unsaturated solution of the substance at given temperature.
B. Dissolves more amount of solute than it can normally dissolve.
C. Gives saturated solution of the substance at a given temperature
D. Dissolves double the amount of solute than it can normally dissolve.

72. 50mL of the supernatant saturated solution of NaCl was taken in an evaporating dish (weight =
Wo) and evaporated over a Bunsen burner until all the water has evaporated and dry sodium
chloride is left in the evaporating dish. The evaporating dish with the dry sodium chloride is
weighed (weight = W1). Given the following information, Wo = 47.5g and W1 =66.2g. Calculate
the solubility of NaCl in water assuming 50mL of the solution is equal to 50mL of the solvent

A. 37.4 / 100 of water

B. 113.7g / 100g of water
C. 18.7g / I 00g of water
D. 187g / 100g of water

73. In the production of NH3 by the Haber process according to the equation

N2(g) + 3H2(g) ↔ 2NH3(g) ΔH = -92KJ mol-1

What are the favorable conditions for the production of high yield of NH3?
A. Low pressure and low temperature
B. High pressure and low temperature
C. High pressure and high temperature
D. Low pressure and high temperature

52
74. Which one of the following statements describes laboratory and industrial preparation of acetic
acid respectively?
A. Reduction of toluene by KMnO4
B. Reduction of ethanol by NaBH4 and fermentation of propanol.
C. Oxidation of toluene by KMnO4 and fermentation of ethanol.
D. The oxidation of ethanol by sodium dichromate and fermentation of ethanol.

75. Which of the following is true about carboxylic acids?

A. Carboxylic acid with the formula RCOOH
B. Methanoic, ethanoic and Citric acid are monocarboxylic acids.
C. Propanedioic acid is the simplest dicarboxylic acid.
D. Citric acid is a typical dicarboxylic acid.

76. What is the IUPАС name for the branched carboxy1ic acid
CH3-CH(Cl)-CH(CH3)-CH(CH3)-COOH
A. 1, 2-dimethyl-4-chloro- 1 -pentanoic acid.
B. 4-chloro-2- methyl -1-pentanoic acid.
C. 4-Chloro-2,3-dimethyl-1-pentanoic acid.
D. 4-chloro-1-methyl -1 -–pentanoic acid

77. Esters are characterized by the following properties EXCEPT

A. Esters have pleasant odors of perfumes and food flavoring.
B. Esters have lower boiling point compared to the carboxylic acid and alcohols.
C. All esters are soluble in inorganic solvents and organic.
D. Esters have higher boiling point than carboxylic acid and alcohols

78. Oils are unsaturated fatty acids. The process of converting oils to solid fats involves
A. Esterification of the acids.
B. Saponification with NaOH
C. Hydrogenations of the C-C double bonds
D. Halogenations of the C-C double bonds.

53
79. A chemistry teacher has added different reactants and reagents in three different test tubes as
described below
I. in to the test tube A he added ethanol, sodium dichromate. sulphuric acid.
II. in to the test tube B he added acetaldehyde, sodium borohydride and water.
III. in to the test tube C he added methyl acetate and ethanol and sodium hydroxide. In which
test tube would a reaction take place that provide acetic acid?

A. III
B. I and Il
C. Il and Ill
D. I

80. In the reaction

AlCl3 + Cl– → AlCl4 –, AlCl3 acts as

A. Salt
B. Lewis acid
C. Lewis base
D. Bronsted bas

54
 EDUCATIONAL ASSESSMENT AND EXAMINATION SERVICE ETHIOPIAN
SECONDARY SCHOOL LEAVING CERTIFICATE EXAMINATION (ESSLCE)

2021 Chemistry ESSLCE Answers

1. We believe there is a mistake in the equation. Let’s see each Choice one by one
 Choice A
Si(s) + 2CH3Cl(g) → (CH3)2SiCl2(l)
(CH3)2SiCl2(l) + 2H2O(l) → (CH3)2Si(OH)2(l)+2HCl(g)
(CH3)2Si(OH)(l)→ [(CH3)2SiO]n(s) +nH2O(l)
in the last reaction, the polymer formed is
[(CH3)2SiO]n not. This is incorrect about the chemical properties of silicon.

 Choice B
Silicon is resistant to attack by all acids except HF, which it reacts to give SiF4, and H2O not
H2O2
SiO2(s) +4HF(l)→SiF4(g) +2H2O(l)
This incorrect about the chemical properties of silicon

 Choice C
Silica dissolves in hot molten Na2CO3 to give NaSiO4 and CO2
SiO2(s) +2Na2CO3(l) → NaSiO4(s) +2CO2
This correct about the chemical properties of silicon

 Choice D
Describes the occurrence of silicon rather than its chemical properties.
This incorrect about the chemical properties of silicon

Therefore, the answer can be A, B and D

2. Common chemical reaction of tin:

 With water
Sn(s) + 2H2O(g) → SnO2(s) + 2H2(g)
 With acid

55
 Sn(s) + dil. 2HCl(aq) → SnC12(aq) + H2(g)
 With halogens
Sn(s) + 2C12 → SnC14 in cold media

Ans: A

3. The monomer of natural rubber is 2-methyl-1,3- butadiene(isoprene)

Ans: B

4. Addition polymers are made from one type of monomer

 A is polythene. It is a synthetic polymer. formed by addition of polymerization of ethylene.
 B is polyvinyl chloride (PVC). It is a synthetic polymer, formed by the addition of
polymerization of vinyl chloride.
 C is polystyrene. It is a synthetic polymer. formed by the addition of polymerization of
 D is formed by the combination of more than one different monomer. it is not an addition

Ans: D

5. Here is the correct match of polymers with their uses.

 Polyethylene: squeeze bottle, plastic wrapping, electrical insulation.
 Polypropylene: food containers, ropes, carpets
 Polyvinyl chloride (PVC): pipes, leather like materials, shoes, raincoats.
 Polytetrafluoroethylene: coating cooking utensil.
Ans: C

6. Natural polymers are those that are found in nature. They are obtained from animals and plants. One
example is a natural rubber which is obtained from a rubber tree.
Ans: C

56
7. Biochemistry: studies the chemical substances and reactions that occur in living organisms.
 Analytical chemistry: involves identifying, separating. and determining the relative amounts of
components in a material.
 Physical chemistry: deals with the relations between the physical properties of a substance and
its chemical composition.
 Inorganic chemistry: deals with inorganic compound

Ans: B

8. Significant figures are defined as all digits with a known value and one with an uncertain value.
They also indicate the precision of a measurement.
Ans: D

9. A scientific method is a process of experimentation that is used to seek knowledge and answer
questions
Ans: B

10. Density= mass / volume

Density: 3.8056g / 2.5mL
Density= 1.5g/mL

Note: when dividing a number, the least number of significant figures in any number determines
the significant figures in the answer.

 3.8056 = has 5 significant numbers

 2.5 = has 2 significant numbers
 The result must be a 2 significant number; hence the result is 1.5g/mL.
Ans: C
11. Uncertainty in measurement can be caused by
 the person doing the experiment
 the measuring device
 the environment where the measurement is made
 the variability in the item being measured.
Ans: A
57
12. A spontaneous reaction is a reaction that favors the formation of products without an outside source
of energy.
 Corrosion is when a metal is converted into a more stable form such as oxide. hydroxide.
carbonate or sulphide. It is a destruction of metal such as bridges, buildings and vehicles.
For metals, oxidation is thermodynamically favorable at room temperature. hence it is a
spontaneous reaction.
Ans: D

13.

Ans: A

14. Nitrogen fixation is a process in which nitrogen gas(N2) is converted into ammonia (NH3)
Ans: C

15. Carbon dioxide is released in the atmosphere through:

 Burning of coal and natural gas.
 Natural fires and volcanoes
 Respiration

Ans: C

16. Some of the common applications of silicon:

 in the construction of transistors and microprocessors
 in the control of the frequency of radio and television transmission

58
  in making lubricants and car polish
 in making ceramics and bricks.

Ans: D

17. It is through experimentation, we can prove something is true or not, like in this case checking the
alcohol concentration of a sanitizer

Ans: B

18. Isotopes are atoms with the same number of protons or atomic number but that have a different
number of neutrons.
Ans: B
19. Here is the name of the orbitals of each choice.
A: 3dz2
B. 2pz
C. 3dxy
D. 3dxz

Ans: A
20. Atomic mass = A1f1 + A2f2 + + Anfn
where, Al, A2, A3 are relative masses of each isotope

fl, f2, f3 are frequencies of each isotope.

A = Alf1 + A2f2
A = 106.90509 x 51.84/100 + 108.90476 x48.16/100
A = 55.42 + 52.44
A = 107.86amu
Note: when multiplying a number, the least number of significant figures in any number
determines the significant figures in the answer.
51.84% and 48.16% both have 4 significant figures.

Ans: D
21. Heisenberg uncertainty states that the position and the momentum(velocity) of a particle cannot
both be measured at the same time.
Ans: D
22. For spontaneous reaction AG < O and EOcell > O

59
 For non-spontaneous reaction AG > O and EOceIl 0

Ans: C

23. Faradays first law formula is given by: m = Mlt/nF where,

m= mass of substance deposited or liberated
M=molar mass of the substance
l= current
t= time
n= number of moles of electrons lost or gained
F=Faraday constant
Ans: B

24. The electrolysis of copper Sulphate solution using copper electrodes is exactly the same with
platinum(inert) electrodes.
 Copper Sulphate solution contains Cu2+, H+ and OH- ions. When a potential difference is
applied across the cathode and anode
 Cu2+ and are attracted towards the cathode. Cu2 being lower on the electrochemical series.
it is discharged in preference of H+
 OH- and SO4-2 are attracted towards the anode. OH- being lower on the electrochemical
series, it is discharged in preference to SO4-2
At anode = 4OH-(aq) → 2H2O(l) + O2(g) +4e-
At cathode = Cu2+(aq) + 2e-→ Cu(s)
Overall rxn = 2Cu2+(aq) +4OH-(aq) →2Cu(s) +2H2O(l) +O2(g)
 During electrolysis of copper sulfate. copper is deposited on the cathode and the same
amount of carbon is dissolved from the anode.
Ans: A

25. faradays first law states the mass of a substance deposited or liberated on an electrode is directly
proportional to the total quantity of electric charge passing through the electrolyte. Its formula is
given by: m = Mlt / nF
m: mass of substance deposited or liberated
M: molar mass of the substance

60
 I: current
t: time
n: number of moles of electrons lost or gained
F: Faraday constant

Ans: C

26. Reducing Agent loses or donates an electron to the other reactant, by being itself oxidized.
 The more positive the standard reduction potential, the more difficult to oxidize the metal or
easier to be reduced. From this, we can deduce the following among the specified metals:
 Cu is the least to oxidize and the easiest to reduce.
 K is the most to oxidize, meaning it is the strongest reducing agent.
Ans: B

27. When an electron jumps from a lower energy to a higher energy level. the energy absorbed is equal
to the difference between the two energy levels
Ans: D
28. The electronic configuration of chromium is not
1s22s 22p63s2 3p64s2 3d4 instead it is 1s22s 22p63s2 3p64s1 3d 5

This is because a half-filled 4s subshell and a half-filled 3d subshell give extra stability.
Ans: C
29. Hund's rule states that all orbitals will be singly occupied before any is doubly occupied, and all
electrons in singly orbitals have the same spin (parallel spin).
Ans: B

30. In the modern periodic table

 metals are placed on the left-hand side of the period table
 transition elements are placed in the middle of the periodic table and inner transition
elements are placed in the bottom of the periodic table.
 Nonmetals are placed on the right-hand side of the periodic table
 Elements with similar properties are placed in the same group
Ans: A
61
31. We wrote the question exactly as it is.
Percent ionization = 100%

[ ]
[ ]
A) let’s first find [H3O] eq
CH3COOH(aq) + H2O ↔ H3O+(aq) + CH3COO-
Initial 1 0 0
Change -x +x +x
Equilib. 1 – x x x

1.8 10-5 =

1.8 10-5 = , since x 0

1.8 10-5 = x2
x = [H3O+] eq = 0.0042

B) we can now find the percent ionization:

The percent ionization = 100% = 0.42%

Therefore, there is no answer!!

32. Due to the presence of common ion (NH4+) in NH4CI, it suppresses the ionization of weak base
NH4OH.
Ans: B

33. H2O ↔ H3O+ + OH-

 According to Le Chateliers Principle. when a system at equilibrium is subjected to stress
(such as a change in concentration, temperature. or pressure), the equilibrium will shift in
the direction that tends to reduce/counter the effect of the stress.
 The above reaction is an endothermic reaction. if the temperature of the water is increased,
the equilibrium favors the forward reaction meaning, it results in more [HI+ and [OH]-
being formed, which increases the value of Kw as temperature increases. This implies
water dissociates more at a higher temperature.

62
  In water, at all varying temperatures [H]+ = [OH]- and increase and decrease by the same
amount affecting the value kw. This means it remains neutral with varying temperatures.
Ans: A

34. In the electrolysis of molten sodium chloride

At cathode, reduction of Na+ +e- →Na
At the anode, oxidation of 2Cl- → Cl2 +2e-
Net reaction 2Na+ + 2Cl-→ 2Na+Cl2
Ans: C

35. Reduction is the gain of electrons and decrease in oxidation number.

 Oxidation is the loss of electrons and increase in oxidation number.
Ans: C

36. Dilute sulphuric acid contains H+, OH-, SO42- ions.

 When a potential difference is applied across the cathode and anode.
 At the cathode, H+ is migrated and gains electrons.
 At the anode, OH- and SO42- are migrated, OH-, being lower on the electrochemical series,
it is discharged in preference to SO42-
 At anode = 4OH-(aq) → 2H2O(l) +O2(g) + 4e-
 at cathode = 2H+(aq) +2e- → H2(g)
 Over all rxn = H2O(l) →2H(g) + O2(g)
Ans: A

37. The octet rule is the tendency of atoms to have eight electrons in the valence shell.
PC15 is an exception to this octet rule.
P, has 5 valence electrons.
Cl, has 7 valence electrons.

Ans: D
38. Covalent compounds have weak intermolecular forces and exist as separate molecules. Because of
this they exist as liquid or gas at room temperature and have low melting and high boiling point.
Ans: D

63
39. CO2 is non-polar because it contains two polar bonds that are arranged symmetrically so that the
two bond dipole moments cancel each other resulting in no dipole moment.
 COS is polar because the C=O and C=S bond moments are not equal.
Ans: A
40. The one 2s and three 2P orbitals of carbon are mixed to produce four sp3 orbitals.
Ans: B

41. In PC15 five orbitals are used, to have sp3d hybridization.

Ans: B
42. CH3COOH is a weak acid. and its conjugate base CH3COO- is relatively a stronger base. It
releases OH- ions resulting in a basic solution.
Ans: B

43. An acid is a substance that produces more H+ ions in water than OH- ions.
 It has a sour taste.
 According to Bronsted Lowry, it donates a proton in a chemical reaction
 According to Lewis, it accepts a pair of electrons in a chemical reaction.
Ans: C

44. Here is the correct equivalent of each acid:

A. 1 mole of H2SO4 = 2 equivalent
B. 1 mole of HCI = 2 equivalent
C. 0.5 mole of H2SO4 = 2 equi. x 0.5= 1 equivalent
D. I mole of H3PO4 = 3 equivalent
Ans: A

45. Bronsted Lowery acid donates a proton(H) in a chemical reaction.

HCI + H2O ↔ Cl- + H3O+
NH4+ + H2O ↔ NH3 + H2O
In the above reaction HCI and NH4+ donates a proton (H), hence are called Bronsted Lowry acids
Ans: D

46. In the formation of NH4+, the fourth hydrogen is attached by a coordinate covalent bond.
Ans: C
64
47. The partially positive hydrogen atom is attracted to the partially negative atom (N, O, or F). For
this reason, it is stronger than ordinary dipole-dipole interaction, this is why compounds like H2O
have a high boiling point.
Ans: A

48. Here is the correct pair

Type of solid Hardness Melting Point Conduction of heat of

I. Ionic Hard High Poor
ll. Covalent Hard High Poor
II. Molecular Hard Low Poor
IV. Metallic Soft to Low to Good
hard high

Ans: D

49. Here is the boiling point and molecular mass of the compounds respectively.
H2S: O and 34g/mol.
H2Se: -41 and 81 g/mol.
H2Te is -2 and 129g/mol.
H2O is 100 and 18g/moI.
So, The boiling point in order is H2S < H2Se < H2Te H2O
Ans: D

50. A homogenous catalyst is a catalyst that exists in the phase as the reactants. In ll. OH(aq) inhibitor
is in the same state as OCl-(aq) and I-(aq).
Note: Inhibitors are called negative catalysts which decrease the rate of reaction.

Ans: B

51. Water is a weak electrolyte because a small fraction of molecules in water dissociate to form H +
and OH- ions. It has a very low ionic product equal to 10-14kw
Ans: C

65
52. HCl + H2O ↔ H3O+ +Cl-
In this reaction, water is acting as a Bronsted Lowery base, it accepts a proton(H+)
NH3 + H2O ↔ NH4+ + OH-
In this reaction, water is acting as a Bronsted Lowery acid, it donates a proton (H+)
Ans: B

53. A) Lets first find [H3O] eq

HF (aq) + H2O (l) ↔ H3O+(aq) +F-(aq)

Initial 0.25 0 0
Change -x +x +x
Equilib. 0.25 – x x x

6.8 10-4 = , since x 0

6.8 10-4 =

1.7 10-4 = x2
x = [H3O+]eq = 0.013M
B) We can now find the pH of the solution
pH
Ans: B

54. Buffer is a solution that contains either a weak acid and its salt or a weak base and its salt. This
means it is a solution that contains either a weak acid and its conjugate base or a weak base and its
conjugate acid.
Ans: D
55. Catalyst slows down or speeds up a reaction, without itself being consumed.
 A positive catalyst increases the rate of a reaction by lowering the activation energy.
 A negative catalyst decreases the rate of a reaction by increasing the activation energy.
Ans: D
56. Transition state theory states the collision between two reacting species results in the formation of
an activated complex. An activated complex is a temporary and high energy state. In this complex,
the original bonds are lengthened and weakened, and the new bonds are partially formed.
Ans: B
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57. A Rate constant (k) is a constant that shows the relationship between the rate of a chemical
reaction and the concentrations of the reacting substances. It indicates how fast/slow a reaction is.
x y
Rate = k[A] [B]
y
k = rate / [AIX [B] ,
Where k is rate constant, A and B are concentrations of A and B.
x and y are the order of reaction

Ans: B

58. After 1 hours reduced to a/2

 After 2 hours reduced to a/4
 After 3 hours is reduced to a/8
 After 4 hoursn is reduced to a/16
 After 5 hours is reduced to a/32
Ans: C

59. By the removing the logarithms of both sides, the equation becomes
-Ea/RT
k = Ae
In the above expression, the symbols represent
k = rate constant at temperature (T)
A= constant
e = 2.303
Ea = activation energy
R = ideal gas constant
From this formula, we understand
 reactions with larger activation have smaller reaction constant and therefore slower
 for a given value of activation energy, the value of the rate increases as the temperature
increases.
Ans: B

60. "Like dissolves like" means substances with similar chemical characteristics will dissolve each other.
Polar solutes dissolve in polar solvents and non-polar solutes dissolve in non-polar solvents.
C6H6 is soluble in CCl4, they both are non-polar compounds
Ans: A

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61. Mass percent of solute = (mass of solute / mass of solution) x 100
 ppm = (mass of solute / mass of solution) x 106
 ppb = (mass of solute / mass of solution) x 109

Ans: D
62. Given: Mass percentage of H2SO4 = 98%
Density of solution = 1.83q /mL
Molar mass of H2SO4 = 98g/mol
Molar mass of Н2О = 18g/mol
Solution: To find Molarity

A) Let’s first find the number of mole of H2O4

98% of H2SO4 by mass, in 100g of solution, there is 98g of H2SO4 of water.
Number of moles = given mass/ molar mass
Number of moles = 98/98 = 1mol
B) Let’s now find the volume of the solution
Density = mass/ volume, thus, volume = mass/density
Volume = 100g/1.83mL = 54.6mL = 0.0546L
C) we can now find the molarity of the solution
Molarity = Number of moles of solute/volume(L) of solution
Molarity = 1mol/0.0546L = 18.3M

Solution: To find Normality

If we know the molarity, we can easily find the normality of an acid by,
Normality = molarity hydrogen ion ( in H2SO4)
Normality = 18.3M 2 = 36.6N

Solution: To find mole fraction

A) Lets first the number mole of solvent
Number of mole = given mass/molar mass
Number of mole = 2/18 = 0.11mol

B) we can now find the mole fraction

mole fraction = 1/ (1+0.11) = 1/1.11 = 0.9
Ans: A

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63. Solubility is the maximum amount of a substance that will dissolve in a given amount of solvent at
a given temperature. It is the amount of a substance that gives a saturated solution (maximum
amount of solute dissolved) at a given temperature.

Ans: C
64. According to Lewis definition
Acid is accepting a pair of electrons.
Base is that donates pair of electrons
Ans: D
65. A large equilibrium constant Keg means the reaction proceeds in the forward direction. resulting in
an increase in the concentration of products.
 in the opposite direction, resulting in an increase in the concentration of reactants.

Ans: B

66. According to Le Chatelier's Principle, when a system at equilibrium is subjected to stress (such as a
change in concentration, temperature, or pressure), the equilibrium will shift in the direction that
tends to reduce/counter the effect of the stress.
Ans: D

67. The law of mass action states that the rate of a chemical reaction is proportional to the product of
the masses of the reacting substances. with each mass raised to a power equal to the coefficient
that occurs in the chemical equation.

This means
For a reaction aA + bB ↔ cC + dD
Rate of forward reaction α [A]a [B]b
A and B represents the concentration of reactants a and b represent the coefficient of reactions.

Ans: A

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68. For a reaction, aA + bB ↔ cC + dD
 The equilibrium constant will be
[ ] [ ]
[ ] [ ]
 When the reactants and products are in gaseous Keq the concentration can be written in
terms of partial pressure and the equilibrium constant is denoted by KP
[ ] [ ]
[ ] [ ]

Thus, for the reaction 2NO(g) + O2(g)↔ 2NO2(g)

[ ]
[ ] [ ]

[ ]
[ ] [ ]

Ans: A

Δn
69. KP = Kc(RT)
Where, Kp: equilibrium constant in terms of atmospheric pressure = 3.8 x 10-3Kp
Kp: equilibrium constant = 3.8 x 10-3kPa = 3.8N/ m2
R: 0.0821 L. atm/mol kelvin = 8.3 Nm/mol Kelvin
T: 2270C = 227 + 273 = 500K
Δn: change in moles number of products-number of moles of reactants = 3- 2=1.

KP = Kc(RT) Δn

Kc = Kp / (RT) Δn

Kc = 3.8 / (8.3 x 500K)1

Kc = 9.1 x 10-4 mol/m3

Ans: C

70
70. Solution is a homogenous mixture that doesn’t settle out. e.g., a mixture of salt and water.
 Suspension is a heterogeneous mixture in which some of the particles settle out of the
mixture upon standing. e.g. a mixture of sand and water. they will mix upon stirring but
eventually settle
 Colloid is also a heterogeneous mixture in which the dispersed particles are intermediate in
size between solution and suspension. Unlike a suspension. they are small enough and
settle down. e.g. clouds are a mixture of air and water
Ans: A

71. Solubility is the maximum amount of a substance that will dissolve in a given amount of solvent at
a given temperature. It is the amount of a substance that gives a saturated solution (maximum
amount of solute dissolved) at a given temperature.
Ans: C

72. Given: Evaporating dish weight (Wo) = 47.5g

Evaporating dish with dry sodium chloride (W1) =66.2g
Assuming 50mL of the solution equals to 50mL of the solvent (water)
We also know that density of water = 1 g/cm3 =1 g/ml
Solution

i. Let's find the mass of the dry sodium Mass of dry sodium chloride
= W1— Wo
= 66.2g - 47.5g = 18.7g

ii. Let's find its solubility in water:

The solubility of NaCl is 18.7g in 50ml of water. Since the density of water is 1 g/mL. We
can say its solubility is 18.7g in 50g of water. This is equivalent to 37.4g in 100g of water.

Ans: A

73. Pressure at equilibrium depends on the number of moles. For a reaction

aA + bB → cC + dD
Δn = (c+d) — (a+b)

If An 0 like in the formation of NH3, increasing pressure favors the production of a product.

71
  Temperature at equilibrium depends on whether the reaction is endothermic or exothermic.
The formation of NH3 is exothermic, it releases energy when the reactants combine.
 For exothermic reactions, low temperature favors the production of a product.
Thus, high pressure and low temperature favors the production of NH3
Ans: B

74. In Laboratory. acetic acid is prepared by the oxidation of ethanol with one of these:
 Potassium permanganate (KMnO4) or
 Potassium dichromate(K2Cr2O7) or
 Sodium dichromate (Na2Cr2O7)
Industrially, acetic acid is prepared from the fermentation of ethanol.
Ans: C

75. Ans: A

76.

 The 1ongest сагbоn chain contains 5 саrbon atoms each with а single bond. Having СООН
functional groups R is а Pentanoic acid. Counting from right to left, the methyl groups (СН3)
are attached to the 2nd and 3rd саrbоn, R becomes 2.3 — dimethyl pentanoic acid. Final1y. the
chloro group attached to the 4th саrЬоn; it is name becomes 4-ch|oro, 2,3-dimethyl-1 -
pentanoic acid

Ans: C

77. All options are correct except choice D, esters have lower boiling points than carboxylic acids and
alcohols with similar molecular mass.
Ans: D

72
78. Hydrogenation is the process of converting oils to solid fats under high temperature and pressure in
the presence of a catalyst.
Ans: C

79. Acetic acid is produced in the laboratory by the oxidation of ethanol. For this reaction. we can use
ethanol. sodium dichromate, sulphuric acid and carbonate solution to produce acetic acid. Ethanol
will serve as the main reactant and the rest as reagents and catalysts.
Ans: D

80. According to Lewis, a base is any species that donates an electron pair, and an acid is any species
that accepts an electron pair.
 The Bronsted-Lowry definition is more general, and considers an acid as a proton donor
and a base as a proton acceptor
 AlCl3 is accepts an electron pair.
 Cl– is donates an electron pair.

Ans: B

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